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Transcript of Catalogue 0 1" Th E Ohelonian& - Forgotten Books
AL E RE FLAMTWAM.
P RINTE D B Y TAYL OR AND FRAN C IS,R ED LYON C O URT, FLEET STR EET.
P REFA C E.
THE collection of Tortoises and C rocodiles in the British Museum
was that part of the herpetological ser ies to which the late Dr . Graypaid special and unremitted attention . Besides numerous paperswhich appeared in variou s periodicals , he prepared the followingCatalogues for publ ication by the Trustees
1 . Catalogu e of Tortoises , Crocodile s, and Amphisbaenians . 1844 .
12° (pag es
2 . Catalogue of Shield R eptiles . P art I . Testudinata. 1855.
4° (pages 79 , wi th 50 plates) . P art II . Emydosaurians,
R hynchocephal ia, and Amphisbaenians . 1872 . 4° (pages 41 ,with woodcu ts) .
3 . Supplement to the Catalogu e of Shield R ep tiles . P art I .
Testudinata,with figu res of the sku lls of 36 genera . 1 870.
4° (pages x and
4 . Appendix to the Catalogue of Shield R eptiles . P art I . Testu
dinata . 1872 . 4° (pages
5 . Hand - List of the Specimens of Shield R eptiles . 1873 . 8°
(pages iv and
The collections made during the Transit of Venu s Expedition
and the opportun e visits , in the year 1875 , of British vessels to theGalapagos I slands furn ished unequalled materials for the thoroughexamination of a group of Tortoises which previously had not been
well understood . This examination was undertaken by myself, and
the results were published by the Tru stees in6 . The Gigantic Land - Tortoises (Living and Extinct) . 1877.
4° (pages iv and 96 , with 54 plates) .
iv PREFAC E .
In these works,however
,there i s great divergence as to the
c lassificat ion and nomenclature of the specimens,Dr . Gray , especi
ally after he had commenced to study the configu rati on of the
skulls , having i ntroduced at su ccessive periods numerou s changes
wh ich cannot be maintained in the present state of ou r knowledge .
Also the Hand - List of 1873 has become antiquated, not only onaccount of the addit ions of more recent years , but also in consequ enceof the elimination of numerous duplicates which were transferred toother public Museums .
Thu s it appeared desirable to prepare another issue of this
Catalogu e on the plan of the new series of descriptive Cataloguesof the Zoological Collections . Numerou s woodcuts have been
introduced , chiefly with the obj ect of illustrating the principle sadopted in the c lass ification ; all are taken from Specimens in the
Museum , but many have already appeared in Dr . Gray’s papers in
the ‘ P roceedings of th e Zoological Society ,’and are reproduced
here by the kind permission of the Council of that Society .
ALBERT GUNTHER ,
Keep er of the Dep a r tmen t oj'
Zooloyy .
B ritish Museum (N .
January 13, 1889 .
INTRODUC TI ON.
IN striking contrast w ith what has occurred in other groups of lowerVertebrates , the increase of known species of Chelonians has beenvery slight within the last twenty y ears . In fac t , the presentvolume records a considerably smaller number of specie s than did thelast- published treatise , vi z . Dr . Gray
’s Supplement to the Catalogu eof Shield R eptiles , in 1870. This decrease is o f cou rse due to thedifferent v iews held by the writers as to what deserve to constitu tespecific characters
,and also
,I tru st
,to a better understanding, at
the present day, of the amount of variation within given formBut the fact that hardly 20 val id spec ies have been discovered sin < ethe close of Dr . Gray
’s labours shows that our knowledge of theexisting Chelonians is far nearer completion than that of any OtlIt I'
group of R eptiles,Crocodiles excepted .
Though deficient in novelties ,— not a s ingle new species or genusi s established
,—I tru st that the present account will prove of interest
for the thorough revision which h igher and lower groups haveundergone
, and for the information it contains on the osteologicalcharacters , which have hitherto been much neglected . Figu res o fthe skulls and shells (stripped of the epidermal shields , and showing the arrangement of the latter as well as of the underlying bonyplate s at ) are given for the princ ipal genera . Although imperfectas regards the su tu res and other detai ls , the woodcu t s of the sku llsgiven by Dr . Gray in some of hi s papers are still u sefu l to showthe shape and general characters of the skulls
,and therefore have
been reproduced in the present volume . As to the original figu res ,which have been e xecuted with great care , I hope they will provewelcome to palmontologists as well as to zoologists .
C rosses have been inserted in these figures to indicate the po sution o f the
axillary and inguina l bu ttresses of th e plastron ,which anchy lose w ith the lower
su rface of the carapace .
INTROD UC '
l‘
lUN
The number of spec ies of Chelonians,regarded as well established ,
amounts to The Collect ion contains representatives ofthe number of spec imens be ing1 665 . Gray
’s Hand—li st,
’ issued in1873, records 107 species and 1371 specimens . During the preparation o i this Catalogue the series of skeletons has been greatlyenlarged .
23 species of Emydosaurians appear to be well established18 of whi ch are represented in the Collection by 236 specimens .
Since the publication of the ‘Hand - l ist,
’in which 23 spec ies and
304 specimens are enumerated , a number of defective or duplicatespec imens have been el iminated ; this accounts for the de creasein the number of spec imens
,as well as the fact that
,through over
s ight,the same spec imens were occasionally put down in the
Hand—lis t ’ under differen t spec ific h eadings,and e xtracted skull s
or othe r detached portions of one and the same individual werereckoned as so many specimens .As in the other volumes of the Catalogu es, the affi xes to the names
o f Donor s &c in the third column of the lis t of specimens,may be
explained as follows [P J”signifies P resented by”;
Collected by [E ] Obtained in exchange.
G. A . BOULENGER .
Department o f Zoology ,December 17, 1888 .
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
R H Y N C H O C E PH ALIA .
Fam . l . HATTE R I IDJE .
l . Sphenodon, Grayx l . punctatus, Gray
C HE LON IA .
Subord . I . ATHEC /E .
Fain . l . SP HAR GIDJE .
Fam . 5 . P LATY S'
I E R N IDJE .
l . Dermoche lys , B la ine .
1 . coriacea, L .
l . P latysternum ,Gray
megacephalum,Gray .
Subord . II . THEC OP IIOR A .
Superfam . 1 . C R Y P T o D I R A .
x Fam . 2 . C HE LY DR IDE .
1 . Chelydra, Sclzw .
i 1 . serpentina,(LJ2 . rossignonii, B ecourt
2 . Macroclemmys , Grayl . temminckii, Holbr
Fam . 3. DE RMATEMY D IDJE
1 . Dermatemys, Gray1 . mawii, Gray
2 . Staurotypus , W ey l .l . triporcatus, W rap/Ha .
2 . salvinii, Gray3 . C laud ius
,C op e
1 . angustatus, Cop e
0 0 0 0 0
Fam . 4 . C IN O STER N IDEE .
l . C inosternum,Sp i t
1 . odoratum,B and .
2 . car inatum , Gray3 . h irtipes, W ayl. .
4 . pensylv anicu in ,Gm .
sonoriense,Lecow/e
5 . flavescens, Ag .
6 . henri ci , Leconte7 . scorpioides
,L
8 . integrum,L ecorzte
9 . 1eucostomum,A . D am .
lO. berendtianum , Cop e .
l l . cruentatum ,A . D am
albogulare , B ecourt
x Fam . 6 . TE STUDIN IDE .
l . Kachuga, Gray1 . l ineata
,Gray
2 . triv ittata, D . (Se B .
3 . dhongoka , Gray4 . sm ithi i
,Gray
5 . sylhetensis, Jerd
6 . intermed ia, Elan/Z7 . tectuni
,Gray
2 . C allagur, Gray1 . picta , Gray
3 . Batagur,1 . baska
,
4 . Hardella,Gray
1 . thurgi , Gray5 . Me renia, GrayA 1 . oce llata, D . S
’ B
2 . petersii, And .
6 . C‘hry semys, Gray .
pi cta, Sclm.
cinerea, B onn
reti cu lata , D aud .
troostii,H olbr .
Ol ivacea,Gray
hieroglyphiea, H all) ;
scripta,Se/zoepfi
Q
a
m
p
www
SYSTEMAT IC I NDEX .
7 . d01bigny i , D . g B . .
8 . ornata,Giay
9 . gray i , B ocou rt
10. concinna,Leconte
l l . rubri ventris, L econte12 . mobiliensis , [i nlbl
‘
7 . O cadia, Grayl . sinensis, Gray
8 . Malacoclemmy s,Gray
l . te1rapen, Sc/eoepfi2 . geograph ica , Lesueur
3 . 1es ueurii , Gray9 . Damonia
,Gray
l . hamiltonii,Gray
2 . subtri1uga , Seal . 8 ma.
3 . reevesii,G1 ay
4 . mutica,Cant.
5 . nigricans , Gray10. Bellia
,Gray
l . crassi col l is,Gray
2 . borneensis , Gray
1 . caspi ca, Gm .
leprosa,Sei ne .
3 . japoni ca,Schl.
4 . bealii , G1 ay .
5 . insculpta, L econte6 . n1uhlenbei g11, Sclzoepj
‘
7 . guttata, Sei ne .
8 . marmorata, B . 5° G .
Emys , D am .
l . orbicularis, L .
2 bland ingi i, H olbr .
13 . Cistudo , Flea1 . carol ina, L .
2 . ornata, Ag .
14 .
1
Nieoria, Grayl . spengleri, Gm
2 . ti ijuga ,3.
punctularia
,D aud .
unereus C ope
4 . gabbii, Cop e5 annu lata
, Gray6 . rubida
,Cope
15 . C yclemys, B elll . platynota, Gray
x 2 . dhor, Gray
3 . mouhotii , Gray4 . trifaseiata, B ell5 . amboinensis , D aad
6 . flavomarginata, Gray16 . Geoemyda, Gray
1 . spinosa, Graygrandis
,Gray
3 . d epressa,And .
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C haibass ia,Theo!)
l . triearinata,Bly tiz
2 . theobald i, And .
17 . C inix y s , Bell1 . erosa
,Seine .
2 . homeana , B e ll3 . belliana
,Gray
18 . l’yx is , B e ll1 . arachnoides
,B e ll
19 . Homopus, D . 5‘ B
1 . areola tus , Tizu nb
2 . femoral is,B/gr .
3 . s ignatus, W a le.
4 . nogueyi, L a tast‘
e
20. Testudo,L
1 . po lyphemus,D aad
2 . agassmii, Coop er3. berland ieri
,Ay .
schw eiggeri , Graytabulata, IVa ib.
emy s , Scizl. 5 Ma il .
argentina, Sclatercalcarata
,Sci m.
pardal is,B e ll
e legans, Schoepfi'
platynota, B lythgeometri ca
,L .
verreauxii, Smith
trimen i,B lyr.
14 . tentoria,B e ll
sm ithi i , Bly r .
16 . fi skii , B iyr .
17 . oculifera,Kali l
18 . rad iata,Sizaw
19 . elephantina, D . 5 B .
20. g iorantea
,Seine .
hoIolissa, Gtizr .
daudinii , D . 5 B .
nigi ita, D . 5G
B .
24 . nigra, Q . 5 Ga: vicina
,Gtizr
26 . microphyes Gtizr .
eph ipp ium,Gtier .
28 . abingdoni i , Gtizr .
29 . indi ca,Sci m
30. triserrata , Gtizr .
31 . inepta,Gtizr .
leptocnemis , Gtizr
vosmaen’
,Fitz .
e longata, B ly tiz .
34 . fe l stenii, St il l. 5 WI NG.
35 . ma1ginata , Scizoepfi'
36 . leithii,Gtiir
ibera,P a ll.
1 38 . graeca, L
0
~
O
®
Q
Q
Q
W
A
Mi—J
srsrmu rrc rxnnx . ix
39 . horsfieldn, Gray40. angulata, Seine .
41 . yn iphora,
O O O O O O O O O O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fam . 7 . C HE LON ID .
‘
E .
1 . Chelone,B ronyn .
l invdas , L
2 . inibricata , L .
c) Thalassoehely1 . caretta
,L . .
2 . kenipii, Garm .
Supe1fam . 2 . P L F. U II O D I R A .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fam . 8 . P EL OMEDL’
S IDJE
1 ' S
l
te
gngglh ze
bus
é BB e ll .
Fain . 10. C A R E TTO C H ELY D IDA;
2 . sinuatus, s tiz 1. C are ttochelys , R amsay .
3 . nig 1 icans , D enmi . . 1 . insc ulp ta, R amsay4 . derbianus , Gray5 . adansoni i , D . 5
' B .
6 . gabonensis , A . D am.
2 . P elon1edusa , IVaql.
1 . galeata, Selma/f .
3. P odocnem is i i ay l.
1 . dume l iliana,Se ine .
2 . lewyana , A . D am .
3 . unitilis,Troseiz . .
4 . expansa , Seine”5 sex tube 1culata, Corn . 204
6 . madao asca1 1ens i s,G1 and 205
7 . tracaxa , Sp ar 206
cou tinhii,Ge
'
ldl
Fam . 9 . C H E LY D IDEE .
0
1 . Chely s, D am
l . fi 1nbriata,Scim .
2 . H vdmmedusa , Ii ay l. r
1 . max im il iani,
1 11110.
2 . tectite 1a,C ope
3. Che lod ina , Fat:
1 . long icollis, Sizaw”
2 . novae—guine ee , B/yr .
3 . expans a,Gray
4 . ob longa, Gray4 . R hinem y s
,IVay l.
1 . nasuta,Seine .
5 . H yd i aspis, B e l l1 . hilarii, D . 5 B .
2 . tuberosa , P trs .
3. geoti'
roy ana, Sei ne .
4 . gibba, Seine .
5 . radiolata, Al lie.
6 . rufipes, spa;
7 . w agleri, D . 5 B .
affi nis,Gray
be llii, Gray
6 . P latem y s,iVay l.
1 . s D . 5‘ B .
2 . platycephala, Sella7 . Em y dura , Bp .
l . inacquarize , Gray .
2 krefi‘
tii,Gray
3 . albertis ii,B ly r
4 subglobosa , Krefit5 aus tra li s , Gray6 . 1atis te rnun1
,Gray
novae -
gu inem, zll ey er
8 . Else y a , Gray1 . dentata Gray
C
0
Superfam . 3. T R 1 0 N Y C H 0 I D
x Fa in . l l . Ta ro xy cm nm .
1 . Triony x , Geofi‘
r
1 . s ubplanus, Ge
gangeti cus, C ueleithii
,Gray .
burn in,Gray
formosus , Gray
phayrii, Tiaeob
carti lagineus, B edd .
triungu is, Forsic.
sinensis, W z
'
eym .
sw inhonis,Gray
11 . euphraticus, D aad
12 . emoryu’
,Ay .
13 . ferox , Scim .
14 . spinifer, Lesueur
15 . mutie us,L esaea )
asper, Ay
nuchal is,Ag .
2. P elochely s, Gray
1 . 03 11130113,Gray
3. Chitra,Gray
1 ind i ca, Gray .
4 . C ycloderma,P trs
frenatum,P trs
2 . aubryi , A . D am
5 . Emyda, Gray1 . granosa
,Seizeepfifi.
2 . vittata,P trs .
3 . scu tata,P trs .
6 . C yclanorbis , Gray1 . senegalensis , D . 5 B2 . elegans , Gray
O
CD
QD
Q
GD
OHfi—OO
N)
t
SYSTEMATI C INDEX .
EMY DO SAUR IA .
x Fam . C nocomm nm.
1 . Gavialis,Opp .
l . gange ticus, Gm .
2 . Toni istoma, S . Mall”
l . schlegelii , S . 111 1111.
3 . Crocod i lus , L aar .
1 . cataphractus , C a r .
2 . 1ohnston ii, Krffl t3 . intermedius
,Grares
4 . am eri canu s , Lau r .
5 . siamensis,Seim .
niloticu s,Laa r .
x 7 . porosu s , Sei m.
8 . palustris,Less
9 . robustus,Va z
'
il. 5' Grand .
10. rh ombifer,C a r .
1 1 . morele tii,A . D am
planiro stris , Grat es
4 . O steolaemus, W e
1 . tetraspis, C ap e
5 . All igator, C .a e
{ 1 . ni i ssissippiensis D aaci .
2 . helois,C op e
3. s inens is, I
f'
aarel
6 . C airnan , Sp ice
1 . niger, spa2 . latirostris
,D arrel“
x 3 . sclerops , Seim
4 . trigonatus , Sei m.
5 . palpebrosus , C u e
P erosuchus, C op e
fuscu s, (
‘
ope
C A T A L O G U E
01" TU E
C H E L O N I A N S
RHY N CHO CEP HA LI A NS
AND
EMYDOSAUR IANS
O rder RHY N CHO CEPHALIA.
lhynehocephalia, G'iintizer
,P ia
’ l . Trans . c lvi i . 1867 .
Quadrate bone immovably un ited to cranial arches ; two horiz ontal bony temporal arches . Dorsal ribs s ingle- headed
,arti culat ing
with the centrum and the neu ral arch . A well - developed sternalapparatus and a plas tron ,
the latter formed of very numerous spl int ,
like bones or “abdominal r ibs ,
”each composed of three piecesforming an obtu se angle d irected forward s , and s i tuated in the subcutaneou s ligamentou s t is su e Teeth present
,not implanted in
alveoli . Anal cleft transverse . Copu latory organs none .
The Li zards”constituting this O rder may be regarded as themost general i zed of all recent and
,perhaps
,of all known R eptilia
in many points they approach the Stegocephal ian Batrach ians ;i t i s poss ible that the common ancestors of the Chelon ia, theP les iosauria
,and the Lacert i l ia wou ld fall in this O rder . The
affin i ti e s of the R hyn chocephalia to the Chelonia are at least asgreat as to the
' Lacertilia . Only one species has survived to thepresent day , the Sp itenoclon of New Zealand , which is closely alliedto
,th ough less speciali ze d than ,
the forms of the Trias : i ts claimsto being the oldest existing R eptilian type are therefore unques
tionable .
I t is notew orthy , as the fact does not appear to have been pointed out
before , that the anterior extrem ity of the p lastron overlap s the posteriorextremity o f the sternum .
2 anvnenoenrnama .
Fam . 1 . HATTER IIDE .
llatteriidae , Cop e, P rec . A c. P iu'
iacl. 1864.
Ilatteriida’ , G-
uu tizer,P ia
'l. Trans . c lvii . 1867 .
Sphenodontidzc, C op e, P roc . Amer . A ssoc . x ix . 1870, p . 235 .
ltliynchocephalidze , H efl‘
man'
n,B rorm
’
s Klassen a . O rrin . d . Tia'
err .
1883 .
Sphenodontidze, H a r ley , Q. Je arn . Geo l . Soc. xl i i i . 1887, p . 692 .
Vertebrae amphicoelou s,the centra conically excavated ; inter
eentra present be tween the dorsal vertebrae ; ribs with uncinateprocesses . Clavicles and interclavi cle present . Limbs ambulatorydigits with not more than five pha langes ; humeru s with an
entepicondylar and an ectepicondylar foramen . P remax i llariesd istinct
,beak - l ike , toothed , separat ing the nasal open ings ; parietals
distinct ; a parietal foramen vomers distinct,in contact w i th the
pterygoids ; a large columella (epipterygoid) . Dentit ion acrodont .
1 . SPHENODON .
Sphenodon, Gray , Zoe l . fil e'
s-
c . p . 13 and C at. t. i i .p . 30
Hatteria,Gray , Zeal. Misc . p . 72 and C at. Liz . p . 249 (1 845)
Gareth . P ia'l . Tr . clvi i . p . 595
R hynchocephalus, Owen, Tr. Geo l. Soc . v i i . p . 83
A single ser ies of teeth on the outer border of the palatine ,parallel with the max i llary , separated from the latter by a groovein wh ich the edge of the mand ible is received . O ne or two teethoccasionally present on the vomers . Body slightly compressed ;tail long, strongly compressed . Limbs well developed ; digit s short,all clawed , webd at the base . No ear - opening . Eye large , withvertical pupi l . Scales of upper parts small
, granu lar intermixedw ith small tubercles ; a nu chal , dorsal , and a low. caudal crest ;ventral scales large , squar i sh , arranged in transverse series "5:New Zealand .
1 . Sphenodon punctatus “
t“
.
Sphenodon,Gray , 1. c .
l- lat teria punctata,Gray, ll . cc . , and Zeoi. E reb. and Terr. pl . xx .
(1845) Giintiz . i. c . pls . xxvi .— xxv i i i .lhynchocephalus, Owen, l. 0. pl . vi . figs . 5—7 .
The sim ilarity o f the integuments of Sp ieeaocloa and of a C helonian (e . g.
C iaeiycira) is very striking , especial ly if they be compared with those of an
Agamoid Lacertil ian .
1‘
0 11 variou s points O i’ana tomy , qfl z P eters, Mon . Be rl . Ah. 1874 , p . 40 ;
Albrecht, B ul l . Mus . B elg . i i . p . 185, pl. V111. Bayer , Sitz ungsb . Ah.
W'ien ,
xc. p . 237, pl. Dol lo,Zool . Anz . 1884, p . 5-18 ; Fiirb ringer,
Morphol . Jahrb . xi . 484 Baur, Am . Nat . 1885, p . 1112, and 1886,
pp . 733, 979 , and Zool . Anz . 1886, p . 685 .
Harrnnnnzs . 3
Sphenodon punctatum,Gray , C at. Sit . R ep t. 11 . p . 30 B a ller
,
Tr . N . Zea l. I nst. ix . p . 317 and x . p. 222 and x i .p. 349 R aise/mic, Tr. N . Zea l . Inst. xvi i i . p . 108
Sphenodon guentheri, B a ller, Tr. N . Zea l. I nst. ix . p . 324 ; Newman ,Tr. N . Zea l. Inst. x . p . 222
Sphenodon diversum,Co lenso, Tr. N . Zea l . Inst. xvi i i . p . 118
O live or blackish , w ith small yellowish dots lobe s of nuchal anddorsal crest yellowish .
Total length 50 centim .
Small islands east of Northern I sland .
a . Ad .
,spir. Karewa
,Bay of P lenty . Dr . Dieti'enbach [R ]. (Type
of IIatterz'a p unctata . )Ad . ,
sp ir . Brothers Id .
,near Cook
Strait . Sir NV . B u l ler [R ]. (As0. Ad .
,skel . Brothers Id .
,near Cook typi cal of S . y zwnticerl. )
Strait .(i,0. Ad . ,
spir. N . Zealand . Capt. Druryf . Y g .
,spir . N . Zealand . H aslar Hospita l .
y . Ad .
, stfi'
d . N . Zealand . Dr. F. Knoxskel .
it . Ad .,spin
,d is N . Zealand . Sir A . Sm ith [P M]
seeted, skul lseparate .
5. A d .
,s ir .
is. Ad .
, 8 ull.
4 CHELONI A
O rder C HELON IA .
C heloniens, Ih'
enynz'
art,B u ll. Soc . P in
'
lom. 11 . 1800.
Testud inata,Opp e l, Ordn. R ep t. 1811 .
Quadratc bone immovably united to cranial arches . Dorsal r ibssingle—headed
,the anterior attached between two vertebrae ; body
encased in a bony shell . A plastron formed of a small number o felements in addition to the clavicles . No sternum . No teeth ; j aw scovered with horny sheaths . Anal opening round or longitud inal .C opulatory organ present , s ingle .
Suborder I . ATHEC IE .
Vertebrate and ribs free , separated from a bony exoskeleton . Skullwithou t descend ing pro cesses of the parietal bones .
Fain . 1 . Sphargidae . Limbs paddle—shaped , clawless ; phalangeswithou t condyles . E xoskeleton consi sting of numerou ssmall bony plates arranged like mosai c .
Suborder II . THEC O PHO RA .
Dorsal vertebrm and ribs immovably uni ted and expanded intobony plates forming a carapace . P ari etals prolonged downw ards
,
form ing a su ture with the pterygoids , or separated from the latterby the interposition of the epipterygoid .
Superfam . A . C R Y PTODIRA .
Neck bending by a sigmoid cu rve in a verti cal plane ; cervicalvertebrae without or with mere ind i cations of transverse processescentrum of the last cerv i cal articu lating w i th the centrum of thefirst dorsal . Mandible w i th articulary concavities ; ou ter border oftympani c cavity deeply notched ; pterygoids narrow in the middle
,
in contact on the med ian l ine . P elvi s not anchylosed to the carapace and plastron . Digits with not more than three phalanges .Epiplastra in contact with hy oplastra entoplastron
,if present
,oval
,
rh omboidal, or T - shaped . A complete series of marginal bones,
connected with the ribs .I . D igits short or moderately elongate ; phalanges wi th condyles ;
claws fou r or five . N eck completely retractile . Squamosalbone widely separated from the parietal .
A . Nu chal plate (bone) w i th costiform lateral processes , extendingbelow the marginals .
Fam . 2 . Chelydridze . Caudal vertebrae mostly opisthocoelous pub i csymphy si s widely separated from ischial .
P am . 3 . Dermatemydidae . Caudal vertebrae procoelous ; plastralbones n ine pubi c symphysi s widely separated from ischial .
C HELON IA. 5
Fam . 4 . C inosternidae . Caudal vertebra) procoelous ; plastral bonese ight
,the entoplastron be ing absent ; pub i c and isch ial
symphyses in contact, separating two foramens .B . Nu chal plate w ithou t costiform processes symphysial branches
of pub is and isch ium paralle l,in contact o r narrowly sepa
rated from each other .
Fam . 5 . P laty sternidw. Caudal vertebrae mostly opisthocoelou s .Fain . 6 . Testudin idae. Caudal ve rtebrae procoelous .I I . Limbs paddlelshaped phalanges without condyles ; claws one
or two . Neck incompletely retracti le ; cervical vertebrae sho rt ,mostly art iculated by amph iarthros i s . Squamosal bone forminga suture with the par ietal .
Fam . 7 . Chelon idae .
Superfam . I3. PLEUR ODIRA .
Neck bend ing laterally ; cervical vertebrae w i th strong transvers eprocesses
,the cup—and - ball arti cu lation s ingl e throughou t ; centrum
of the last cervical articu lating w ith the centrum of the firs t dorsal .Mandible w i th an articulary condy le fitting into a concavity of thequadrate ou te r border of tympan ic cav i ty completely enc ircled bythe quadrate ; pterygoids very broad throughou t , form ing wing—likelateral expansions , and in contact on the median l ine . P elvi sanchylosed to the carapace and plastron . Digits with not morethan three phalanges . Epiplastra in con tact w ith hyoplastra ;entoplastron oval or rhomboidal . A comp lete series of marginalbones
,connected w i th the ribs .
Fam . 8 . P elom edu s idae . P lastral bones eleven,m esoplastra being
present . Neck completely retractile within the shell.
Fam . 9 . Ch elydidaa. P lastral bones n ine . Ne ck bending underthe margin of the carapace , alwav s e xposed .
Fam . 10. Carettochelyd i dae . Shell w ithou t epidermic shields .Limbs paddle - shaped
,with only two claws .
Superfam . C . TRIONY C HO I DEA .
Neck bending by a sigmoid curve'
in a verti cal plane ; cervicalvertebrae withou t transverse processes ; art i culation between the
last cervical and the first dorsal vertebra by the zygapophyses only .
Mand ible w ith articu lary concav ities ou ter border of tympan i ccavity notched ; pterygoids broad throughou t , separated from eachother
,the basisphenoid j oin ing the palat ines . P elv is not anchylosed
to the carapace and plastron . Fou rth dig i t w i th fou r or more phalanges . Epiplastra separated from the hyoplastra by the - shapedentoplastron . Marginal b ones absent or forming an incompleteseries
,not connected w ith the ribs .
Farm. 1 1 Triony chidw.
6 CHELONI A.
The external characters are of little avai l as indicative of ther elationships of the higher groups of Chelonians ; and the characterson wh ich the preceding synopsis is founded are mostly osteologi cal .The following key i s appended for the u se of those not fully expe
rienced in the “ physiognomy”of Chelonians
, who have not an
opportunity of investigating the osteologi cal characters ; i t i s madeup of read i ly as certa inable pecu liarities
,however trivial , and with
its aid the family to which every known recent Chelonian belongsought to be recogni zed withou t hesitation .
I . Shell covered with epidermal,horny shields .
A. P ectoral shields of plastron in contact with the marginals .
1 . P lastral shields 1 1 or 12 Testudinidae , p . 48 .
2 . P lastral shields 13,an intergular being present .
Neck retracti le within the shell ; no nu chal .P elor dusidae, p .
Neck constantly exposed ; nu chal u sually prei mt .Chelydidae, p . 206 .
B . P ectoral shields widely separated from the marginals .1 . Tail more than hal f as long as the shell .
P lastron very small , cru ciform Chelydridw,p
. 19 .
P lastron large P laty sternidw,p . 45 .
2 . Tail not half as long as the shell .a . Digits distinct
, four or five clawed .
23 sh ields round the carapace and 4 or 5 on the anterior lobe of theplas tron C inosternidw, p . 33.
23 sh ields round the carapace and 2 or 3 on the anterior lobe of theplastron , or 25 marginals Dermatemydidze , p . 27 .
b. Limbs paddle - shaped , with one or two claws .Chelonidae, p . 180.
II . Shell without epidermal shields .
Limbs paddle - shaped,clawless Sphargidae, p . 7 .
Limbs paddle - shaped,w i th two claws . Carettochelydidae , p . 236 .
Digits dist inct,claws three Tr iony chidae, p . 241 .
8 SPHARGIDZE.
The cervicals are short and similar to those of the Chelonidae . All
th e dorsal r ibs e xcept the last articulate with the neural arch and
two centra the first and tenth ribs are short . The caudal vertebrmare procoelous . Chevron bones are absent .The dorsal shield cons ists of a mosaic of extremely numerou s
polygonal bony plates of u nequal s iz e , the largest forming sevenlongi tudinal kcels or ridges ; i t i s produced in to a pointed supracaudal portion , which covers the tail . In the y oung the dorsalsh ield i s soft and leathery . Between the sh ield and the last cerv icalvertebra a bone is present wh i ch i s the homologue of the nuchal ofother Chelonians .The ventral sh ield is similar to and continuou s with the dorsal ,
and l ikewise bears r idges o f enlarged tuber cles ; in the young bothsh ields are ex tremely sim i lar , but , w ith age , th ey d iffer in the ventralremain ing soft
,only the tubercles of the longi tudinal ridges and
a few others being bony . There i s an underly ing annulus of slenderbones , eigh t in number— the plastral elements— viz . the ep iplastra,the hyoplastra, the hypop lastra, and the xiphiplastra ; an entoplastron or interclavi cle i s absent .The skull bears a certain resemblance to that of C'helone, wh i ch
is,however
,l im ited to the shape and the general constitu t ion of the
temporal roof ; in the absence of the column - like processes of theparietal s descend ing to the pterygoids in front of the supraoccipitaland the prootics, and in the opisthoti c not com ing in contact w iththe squamosal , it differs from that of all other Chelonians .The external bony nostr i l is very large and situated entirely upon
the upper su rface of the skull,in front of the orbits ; the choanze
are qu ite anterior , the nasal duct being nearly vertical , and are
separated by the vomer , wh ich also separates the palatines . The
praemaxillaries are d is tinct ; the praefrontals , wh ich j oin the postfrontal s
,form a very shor t sutu re in front of the frontals . In one
of the adu lt sku l ls in the Briti sh Mu seum,the lachrymals are nearly
completely separated from the maxillaries but this i s merely an
ind ividual pecu liarity . The parietals entirely or nearly ent irelycover the supraoccipital ; they form a long su ture w ith the postfrontals , and a short one with the squamosals . The lower borderof the pos tfrontal j oin s the jugal and the squamosal
,and
,contrary
to what exists in the Chelon idae,is separated from the quadratojugal
by th e two latter bones . The quadrate bone is a good deal w i thi nthe ou ter border of the sku ll , and separates the op isthoti c fromthe squamosal ; the ear - chambers are open behind . The foramenmagnum , which is deepe r than broad, i s bordered by the basi as
well as by the supra and ex occipitals . The pterygoids are smallerthan in any other Chelon ian ; they are nearly entirely separatedfrom each other by the large basi sphenoid , which ex tends forwardsas far as the posterior borders of the orbits , and widely separatedfrom the max i llarie s by the palatines ; their lateral borders are
n early straight , and withou t “ ectopterygoid”processes : in front
,
they are in contact with the large palatines,beh ind with the
quadrate and the basioccipital . The mandible has the same strue
1 nmmocnnw s .
ure as in the Cryptodira ; but in one adult skull the symphy sia lu ture persists . The hyo id (accord ing to Gervais) lacks the anter io rornua and the posterior are oss ified prox imally the body i s oss ifi edn its posterior half, and a small os s ification i s present on each side11 front of the cerato - hyals , which are large and bo ny .
Sku ll of Dermochelys cortacea .
The pectoral and pelvi c g irdles agree in all essential charactersvith the Chelon idae ; but the l imbs , in spite of adaptive sim i lar i ty ,liffer in important points — Thus
,in addition to the shape of the
10 SP HARGIDJE .
humerus and the proportions of the phalanges , the fore limb differsin the radiu s and u lna being subequal in length and placed side bys ide in a hori zontal plane, and in the fifth metacarpal , instead ofthe first
,being the shortest also in the absence of synovial artica
lations between the phalanges . Nine carpal bones,the centrale
being present in the Br i ti sh Museum skeleton as well as in thatfigured by Gervais . Two tarsal bones in the prox imal row
,four in
the distal (five in Gervais’s figure).
1 . Dermochelys coriacea.
Testudo coriacea, L inn. S . N . i . p . 350 Schocpfl‘
, Test. p . L3,pl . xxix . B and . B ep t. ii . p . 62, pl . xv i i i . fig. 1
arcuata,Catesby , N at. H ist. Carol . i i . p . 40
Che lonia coriacea,Schwez
'
yy . P rodr. p . 20
Sphargismercurialis,Merr. Tent. p . 19 (1820) Schley . Faun . Japan ,
R ep t. p . 6, pls . i . - i i i .
Ooriudo coriacea,H arlan
,Journ . A c. P hilad . vi . p . 37
Sphargis tubercu lata, Graeenh . D ella. Illas. Vratt’
sl. p . 9
Dermatochely s porcata, W ay l. Syst. Amph . pl . i . figs . 1— 23Spharg is coriacea, Gray , Syn. B ep t. i . p . 51 D am . S B z
'
br .
i i . p . 560,p l . xx iv . fig . 2 (1835) B ell, B rit. R ep t. p . 11
,fig . (1839 )
B onap . I con . Faun . I ta l . pl . (1841) H othr . N . Am . Il erp . 11.
p . 45, pl . vi . Gray , Ca t . Tort . p . 51 and Sh . R ep t.i . p . 71 Agassiz , Contr. JV. H . U. S . i . p . 373
Gray , Supp l. p . 119 (1870) Gerea z'
s,N A rch . Ala s . vi i i . p . 199
,
pls . v .
— ix . (1872) Schrez'
b. H erp . Ea r . p . 509 (1875) Garman,
B u ll. U . S . Arat. lVIus . no . 25, p . 303 (1884) ZVI ‘C oy , P rorlr . Zoo l .
Ve’
ct. pls . xli i . x li ii .Dermatochelys coriacea, Straach, Che lon . Stud . p . 180 and
Verth . Schilcllcr. p . 133 Gilnth. B ep t. B rit. Incl. p . 55
Fore limbs as long as the dorsal shield in the young, shorter inthe adult . Colou r dark brown
,uniform or spotted with yellow ;
the longitudinal series of enlarged tubercles and the border of thel imbs yellowish in the young .
The largest specimen in the collection is nearly 2 metres long.
Generally d i str ibuted between the tropics an accidental visi tor tothe temperate coasts .
a . Ad ., stfi'
d . Coast of Dorsetsh ire .6. Ad .
,skel . A tlanti c O cean .
0. Ad .
,stfid . Cape of Good Hope . Sir A . Smith
( l. Ad ., stfi'
d . Muscat, Arabia . A . S . G . Jayakar, Esq [P M]0. Ad .
, skul l . So lomon Islands . 0 . M. W oodford,Esq. [CH]
fl y . Y g .
,spir. 9
Y g .
,ske l .
C RYPTODIR A.11
Suborder II . THEC O PHO RA .
Thecophora, D o llo,B ull. Alas . B ely . iv. 1886 , p. 9 1 .
Dorsal vertebrae and ribs immovably u nited and expanded intobony plates form ing a carap ace . P ar ietals prolonged downward s ,forming a su ture with the p t erygoids or separated from the latterby the interpos ition of the ep ipterygoid .
Superfam . A . C RY PTODIRA .
C helonii, part , Amydae, part , Oppel, O reln. R ep t . 1811 ; Agassiz ,Contr. N . H . U . S . i . 1857 .
Testudinea, Emydea streptopelyca, Euereta, part , Stannius, Zoot.Amph . 1854 .
Ty lopoda, Steganopodes, O iaC O podes, part , Gray, Supp l . C at . Sh.
R ept. i . 1870.
Cryptod ira, part , Cop e, P roc . Amer . A ssoc . A rlv. Sc. x ix . 1870,
p . 235 .
P eltochelyidae , part , See ley , Q. Jo urn . Geo l . Soc. xxxvi . 1880,p . 412 .
Dactylosterna, part . C lidosterna, Lysosterna, C ap e, P roc .Amer . P hi/e s .
Soc . xx . 1882,p . 143.
Dactyloplastra, part , C lidoplastra, Lysoplastra, D o l lo,B u l l . lil ies .
B elg . iv . 1886,p . 9 1 .
P aradiacostoidea,part
,B aur
,Zool . Anz . 1887 p . 99 .
Neek bending by a sigmoid cu rve in a vertical plane ; cervicalvertebrae withou t or wi th mere indications of transverse processes ;centrum of the last cervical articu lating with the centrum of the
first dorsal . Mandible with articulary concavities ; ou ter borderof tympanic cavity incompletely bony ; pterygo ids narrow in them iddle , in contact on the median line . P elv is not anchylosed tothe carapace and plastron . Digits with not more than threephalanges . Ep iplastra in contact w i th hyoplastra entoplastron
,i f
present , oval , rhomboidal , or T—shaped . A complete series ofmarginal bones , connected with the r ibs .
The following is a bri ef sketch of the O steology of the Group .
DORSAL VERTEBRAL C erium: AND Gu nm en — There are ten dorsalvertebrae , the first and last of which have no share in the formation ofthe dorsal shield . The first has a short depressed centrum
,concave
anteriorly , with strong praez ygapophyses articulating with the postzygapophyses of the last cervical ; it bears a short rib anteriorly ,which. i s connected with the second rib
,and, in a few genera
(Kachuga , B atayur , Gallagu r, B a rdella) , also with the as cending
12 CRYP TODIRA.
ax illary buttress of th e plastron th is first rib is considerably moreelongate in the Chelydridae . From the second to the eighth vertebra inclus ive the centra, wh ich have flattened art iculary faces ,are connected by suture w i th the neural arches , wh ich expand intobony (neural) plates alternating w ith the centra, and w i th strongr ibs which
,at a short d istance from the i r attachment (between
centrum and arch), expand into large bony (costal) plates sutu rallyuni ted with the neu ral plates . The neural spine may be low orobsolete
,or more elevated , in wh ich case i t is reduced to a narrow
septum pierced with fontanelle s ; the latter being special to adu ltspecimens of the genus Testa clo. The capitular ex tremity of thesecond rib articulates between the first and second centra, and s o do,as a rule , the th i rd and fourth ; but the follow ing generally sh iftback so as to art i cu late with the m iddl e of the posterior centre . In
very old specimens it not unfrequ ently happens that the cos tal“eapitula
”become atroph ied or d isappear altogether . The tenthvertebra forms the counterpart of the firs t : the centrum i s veryshort
,with a posterior condyle , and a shor t r ib wh i ch may (in
C'helyelra and P la tysternam) abut on the eighth r ib in the samemanner as the firs t does on the second ; but , as a rule , it d ifferslittle in appearance from the penu ltimate do rsal and the foll ow ingsacral . W ith the ex ception of the first and hindermost, the centraare l onger than broad : they may be flattened inferiorly (secondvertebra of most Emydines , second to fourth or fifth of Chelydridae) ,feebly compressed , or strongly compressed and forming a keel (Derma temys, B a tagu r , Chrysemys , Testudo).In front o f the series of neu ral plates is a large plate
,the nu chal
,
situated above the first dorsal vertebra : th is plate , wh ich is presentin all Chelon ians
,is a carti lage bone , developed simultaneou sly w ith
the neural plates ; the fact that i t i s connected , by l igament , w iththe last cervical vertebra, and that it assumes on each side
,in the
C helydridze , the form of a rib,suggests the poss ibil i ty of its repre
senting,in part at least , the mod ified r ibs of the last cervical . Su ch
rib—like processes are als o present,well developed in the young and
shorter in the adult , in the Dermatemydida} and C inosternidae,
underlying the firs t or first two marginals ; in Uhelyelra and lila
creclemmys the r ib—l ike process extends to below the third marg inaland abu ts on the d istal end of the first costal . A mere indi cationof th i s process i s found in some young specimens of Emys orbicu lar isand other Emydines . The nu chal i s si x—sided and broader thanlong ”F.
There are normally eight neural plates . In a few genera,how
ever (Dcrmatemys , S tanrotyp us, Ginosternnm , Gis tndo), the series isreduced by one to three of the h indermost , and the correspondinglast or last two or three pairs of costal plates meet in a su ture on
A fossi l Chelydra, (Chelydrop s is , C . P eters) has been described as havingtwo nucha ls ; but that such is d ue to an anomalous transverse d ivis ion , I havel ittle doubt.
cnrrroni nx. 13
the median line . In a specimen of C inos ternum a lboy ula rc, the firs tneural plate is also absent . The shape o f the neu ral plates affordsgood gener ic characters . They may be tetra hexa or octagonalthey may be all s imi lar in shape (hexagonal), or hexagonal plate smay al ternate w ith octagonal
,or tetragonal w i th octagonal (e . g .
Testado) . W hen hexagonal , thei r lateral sides may be of equal o rsubequal leng th (c . y . some Chelon idae) , or the ant ero - lateral (e . g .
Emys) or the postero - lateral (e . g . Uyclemys) the shorter ; the hindermost plates are as a general ru le short - sided in front ; the first i s
,
w i th few exceptions,tetragonal . I t not unfrequently happens for
one or more of the neural plates to Split up into two or three , or fortwo to amalgamate into one
,bu t such are u sually eas ily re cogni zed
as anomalies .The costal plates number eight on each side In the new ly
hatched young they are s carcely developed , and the ribs do not comeinto contact with one another ; ossificat ion starts a short d istancefrom the neural plate and seen works up towards the latter bu t i ttakes some considerable time until it reaches the d i stal extremity , astage which i s attained bu t late in life in C hely clra and lilacro
clemmys , and very late or perhaps never in the marine Turtles . In
B a tayur small fontan elles pers ist between the marginals and costalsin specimens which have nearly attained full size . As a rule
,the
carapace of land Tortoises os sifies more rapidly than that of freshw ater . The d istal extremity of the rib pers i sts as a free pointfitting into a corresponding socket in the marginal plate . The firstcostal plate is constantly the broadest (perpendi cularly to the axis),the last the smalles t ; in Oinosternnm the latt er i s unu sually smalland destitute of the distal point . In Testaclo
,Homop us , and Oin ixy s ,
and to a lesser degree in a few freshwater Tortoises,especially old
individual s,these plates are un equal in width
,alternately widen ing
proximally and narrowing dista lly .
Continu ing the series of the neu ral plates are two to fou r azygou smembrane bones termed the pygal plates , the last of which , in shapeand posit ion , forms part of the marginal ser ie s ; thi s distinction i smost obv iou s in immatu re Chelonidm,
the azygou s marginal beingseparated from the true pygals by an interspace .
In Tha lassochelys u sually and in Ohelone ex ceptionally , the lastpai r of costals meets on the middle l ine , between the last neu ral andthe anterior pygal , of which two or three are present beside s theazy gou s marginal .In add ition to the azygous posterior marginal , there are eleven
(exceptionally twelve) marginal plates on each side,ex cept in
S taurotyp us and Ginosternum ,which have only t en .
P LASTRON .~— The plastron is composed of nine bones “
i“
,viz . an
N ine or ten in some fossi l marine form s .
1“In the fossil Bae’nidas an add i tional bone (mesop lastron) is presen t on each
side, between the hyo and the hypop lastron .
14 C RY PTODIRA.
entoplastron, and , on each side, an epiplastron, a hyoplastron , a
hypoplas tron , and a xiphiplastron. The epiplastra may be regardedas the homologues of the clavicles , the entoplastron of the interclavicle
,and the other elements as a mod ification of the Stegoce
phal ian and lthynchocephalian abdominal ribs .” The entoplastroni s absent in the C inosternidae, even at b irth . In the early stage ofl i fe
,the shape of the ep iplastra and entoplastron are high ly sug
gestive of their homologues in other R ept iles and Stegocephalians,
and the paired abdominal bones are separated by wide fontanelles .This embryoni c condi tion is retained until late in life in the Chelydridac and throughout in the Chelonidae
,whilst in all other recent
Cryptodira the plastron forms in the adult a solid shield,which may
be divided into two or three portions by the presence of one or twotransverse ligamentous hinges, as in C istuclo, Emys , Cyclemys, andC inosternum . I t i s well to state
,for the fact has often been over
looked,or even denied , that th is h inge i s developed with age , the
more distin ct the o lder the specimen it is absent,or very ind istinct ,
in qu ite young specimens . In the adult of most genera the byeand hypoplastra are united with the marginal plates by suture ; ina few (C istuclo, Emys, Cyclemys, P la tystern
’
um) they are narrowlyseparated from the latter by l igament, the plastron being movableupon the carapace or the ou ter border of these bones form digitat edentations , wh i ch may either arti culate by gomphosis with themarginals (Chelydridae) or be entirely free (Chelonidee ) . The spacebetween the body of the plastron and the marginals is called thebridge ; it - is particularly short or absent in those Testudinidae inwh i ch the plastron is movable , and long and narrow in these forms(Chelydridae and S taurotyp us) in which the plastron is particularlysmall , the whole sh ield be ing cru ciform . In su ch Testudinidae as
have the plastron su turally un ited w ith the carapace,the hyo and
hypoplastron each send up a process , respectively termed the axillaryand ingu inal buttress , wh ich anchylose either with the inner surfaceof th e marginals or w ith the costals ; these buttresses are least developed in the land Tortoises and most in the Testudinidm frequ entingdeep water (B a tayur, Qa haya , C allayur , and Harclella), in whichgenera they form very large septa nearly reaching the vertebralregion and forming two lateral chambers occupied by the lungs ,which are particularly developed in correlation with the divingpowers .In the embryonic stage the entoplastron or interclavicle is con
stantly longer than broad, rhomboidal or T - shaped, terminatingposteriorly in a sharp point which persists , as a more or less elongatespine
,on the inner surface of the plastron
,in the adult of all Tes
tudinidae except Cyclemys, Geoemyda , and N icoria , in wh ich it i susually total ly absent . The entoplastron is dagger - shaped in C'lwlonemydas . The shape and connections of the plastral bones in newlyhatched Cryptodira vary considerably according to the genera .
The hyoplastra are widely separated from the hyp oplastra in theland Tortoises , and in contact in the aqua ti c
,broadly in Eniya, as
I t} C RYPTOD IRA.
illied genera (Cistudo and Enro
l/s) . The centra '
are proceelous ,ex cept in the C helydridze and l’latysternidze ; in C kc]ydm and
illucroclemmg/s the two or three anterior are procoelous,the next
biconvex,the rest opisthocoelou s in P lu g/sternum the last ten are
again procoelou s . Transverse processes or cestoids are present on
most of the v ertebrae and connected with the centrum and the
arch . Neural sp ines are not developed . Chevron bones are absent,
or vestigial,ex cept in the C helydridze and I
’latysternidze , wh i chhave them well developed , and mostly intervertebral , although perta in ing more to the posteri or part of the centrum than to theanter ior par t of that foll ow ing .
SKULL — The skul l of all Cryptodira i s comparatively very convex .
mostly so in the Chelonidae and terrestr ial Testudinidze , least in theC helydrida) . The deeper the skull the larger the orbits how ever ,in the C helonidm the orb it s , wh i ch are enormou s in the y oung and
half- grown , are comparati vely small in old age . The orb it is comple tely encircled by fou r o r five bones , viz . the max i llary , the przefrontal (the frontal), the postfrontal , and the jugal ; in P la tysternumalone the jugal is excluded , and, the praefrontal forming a suturew ith the postfrontal , only three bones enter the orb i t . The bonyexternal nostril is s ingle , bounded by the preemax illaries , which are
constantly di stinct , the max i llaries , and the pracfrontals th e fron tal sand the parietals are also d i stinct . The latter bones send down a
prolongat ion to th e pterygoid , from which it is u sually separated bya small scale - l ike bone , the homologu e of the columella or epipterygoid . The postfrontals are large in most genera , small and forminga narrow postorbital arch in most land Tortoi ses
,especially in P yx is ,
in which i t i s extremely slender ; this postorbi tal arch i s comparatively broad in o ther Testudinidae , and in the Dermatemy didae and
C inostcrnidae ; and in the Chelydr idae, P latysternidze , and Chelonidmthe postfrontal unite s in a long suture w i th the parietal
,the whole
or greater part of the temple being covered by a bony roof.The cranial arches of other Monimostylicate R eptiles
,viz .
the postfronto—squamosal, the quadrate—jugs ] , and the parieto—squamosal
,are all three represented only in the C helonidze , in wh i ch the
temporal roof reaches its greatest development . In all other C ryptodira the parietal i s widely separated from the squamosal . In
some genera (Chelydra ,Illac'
roclemmg/s , P la tysternum , Erin/3, Chrysemys , B ellia
,Ma lacoclemmys , Ocadia ) the two lateral arches are
represented in the zygomati c”arch,whilst in all others the
squamosal i s separated from the postfrontal , so that the lower onlyi s represen ted in a few (Geoemyda ,
C isludo) there is no bonytemporal arch , and the quadrato—jugal is rudimentary or absent. In
S tau rolyp u s , Oinoslernum , and P la tysternum the maxillary forms a
sutu re with the qi zadrato - jugal .The supraoccip ital forms a crest which is produ ced beyond a l ine
drawn betw een the posterior extremities of the squamosal s . The
foramen magnum i s deeper than broad and bounded by the supraocc ip ital and the exoccipitals, and in C
’lzelone and l alassoclzelys
earrrooma . 1 7
also by the basioccipital . The three element s are u sually d i stinctin the occip ital condyle .The ou ter border of the tympanic cavity is never completely
encircled by bone , at least a w ide notch be ing present in the tympani c frame of su ch forms (the Chelydr idae , P laty sternidae , and landTortoises) as have the ou ter ear- chamber closed beh ind ; in otherforms
, especially the mar ine Turtles,the stapes are completely ,
o rnearly completely , exposed behind . In the Chelonidae
,C helydridm,
Dermatemydidae , C inostcrnidae, and P latysternidae the tympan icframe is not formed by the qu adrate alone , as in the Testudinidze ,
but also by the squamosal and the quadrate - j ugal .The palatal surface is characteriz ed by the comparative narrow
nes s of the pterygoids , the outer borders of wh ich are concavelyarched or convergent beh ind a more or less distin ct process whichapparently answers to the ectopterygoid process of the R hynchocephalia and Lacertilia ; this character i s most marked in M’
acro
clemmys , least in the land Tortoises . In the latter the palate i sdeeply concave , and the voxner develops a more or les s strongmedian keel or r idge which
,in Testudo p o lyphemus and calcara ta
,
i s produ ced far back betw een the pterygo id s . A foramen,analogous
t o the palat o - pterygoid , i s present in all forms save the Chelonidae .
The basisphenoid i s separated from the qu adrat e by the pterygoids ,whi ch form a su ture w i th the basiocc ip ital , or very nearly reach thelatter bone , and are in contac t w ith the max illar ies (except in theChelon idae) ; the vomer , wh ich is single , forms a septum betw eenthe choanae
,and j oins th e praemax illaries on the palate
,separating
the max i llar ies (ex cept in some spec imens of Tha lassochelys ).The mandible contains a s ingle dentary and five paired elements,
v i z . the coronoid , the opercu lar , and the angular on the inner s ide ,the supraangular on the ou ter side , and , between the opercu lar andthe supraangular, the articula r , whi ch is small and with a concavesurface .
Hrorn Al ma — The body is shor t,ossified in one
,three
,or
fou r parts in the freshwater forms ; entirely cart ilaginou s or wi thtwo or four small ossifications in the terrestrial and mar ine . The
entoglossal , wh ich is s ituated below the anterior extremity of thebody of the hyoid , i s small and cart ilaginou s . In most freshwaterCryptod ira three pa irs of cornua are present— the anterior verysmall and cart i lag inous , the med ian largest , bony , and w i th a cartilaginou s ep iphys is , the posterior similar to the med ian but shorter ;in the Chelonidae th ere are l ikewise three pair s of cornua, but theposterior are cart ilaginous ; in the land Tortoises and in N icor ia
there are no distinct anteri or cornua , and the po ster ior are but
cartilaginous .P EC TO RAL AR C H AND FOR E LIMB .
- Of the three branches whichconstitute the pectoral arch
,vi z . the scapu la , the prae coracoid , and
the coraco id, the latter is the longest in the Chelonidae , the former
in all other Cryptodira . In the land Torto ises the coracoid is mu chexpanded , subtriangu lar , its w idth nearly equall ing it s length: The
C R YP TODI R A.
humerus i s nearly straigh t in the Chelonidae, more or les s stronglycu rved in the other fam i lies . The radiu s and ulna are subequalin length ,
except in the Chelonidae , where the former i s muchlonger and s i tuated below the u lna and the intermedium carpi . In
the terrestrial and mar ine Chelon ian s,the rad iu s and u lna are in
contact d i stally ; they are separated by the intermed ium in mos tfreshwater forms .The carpus , in the embryo , contain s n ine elements
,v iz . the
rad iale,intermed ium ,
u lnare , centrale , and five bones in the secondrow . All these persist d istinct in the Chelydr idae , Dermatemydidae ,
P latysternidze ,Chelon idae ,
and a few Testudin idae (Damonia , Ma la
coclemmys) ; in most Testud in idae the rad iale coalesces w ith thecentrale
, and the carpals of the se cond row may be reduced to fou rby fus ion of two elements . A pa ir of additi onal bones
,one on the
inner and one on the outer s ide , are present in Enzys , Oistudo,Geoemyda , and N icoria . In Chelone the outer of these add it ionalbones i s larger than,
and on a l ine with,the other carpals of
the second row . The number of phalanges i s in
the Che lydridae , Dermatemydidae, C inosternidae , P latystern idae , and
some Testudinidse (B a tagu r, B ard ella,llfowm
'
a,Damonia ,
Bellia )2 3 3 3 2 in most freshwater Testudin idae and the Chelon idae ;
in C'istw/o ; and or 1 in
Testudo and al li es .P ELvrs AND HI N D L ina — The ilium is loosely attached to the
sacrum and to the e ighth costal p late . The pubis and is ch ium forma ventral symphys is , and the ir symphysial bran ches are e ither w idelyseparated from each other , merely connected by a l igamentou s orcarti laginou s band (Chelydr idae , Dermatemydidae , Chelonidae ), or incontact and l imiting two obturator foramens (C inosternidae, Testudinidae ). The pub i s sends off a more or less developed process
,
directed forwards and ou twards , which may be subcylindrical, rodl ike , or flat and expanded d istally a lateral pro cess i s also present
,
but u sually less developed than that of the pu bi s , in the i schium o fall Cryptod ira ex cept the Chelon idae . An epipubic oss ification i spresent in adu lt spe cimens of Macroelemmys and Derma temys .
The tarsus contains two bones in the prox imal row ,vi z . a large
inner (t ibiale —l—intermed ium), in contact w ith both tib ia and fibula,
and a smaller ou ter (fibulare) ; a centrale is dist inct only in the
Chelydridae the d istal row contains five bones (i f, following Hoffmann , w e reckon as su ch the ou ter , larger bone wh i ch i s regarded bymos t authors as the fifth metatarsal) , ex cept in the Che lon idae
,
where only fou r are present . The phalanges number 2 3 3 3 2
or I in most Cryptod ira ; 2 3 . 3 3 3 in B a tagwr , and
Hard ella ; 2 3 3 3 O in C'istu do ; and 2 2 . in Tes tudo .
Homop ns , Pyx is , and Oinixys .
C HELYDR IDE . 19
The followi ng figure refers to the terminology of the epide rmalshields of the shell .
Ckelone mydas .
A . C arapace . B . P lastronb . H umeral .Intergular .
am. Inframarginal.m. Marginal .
Fam . 2 . CHELY DR IDE .
Emydidae, part., Gray ,A nn . P hil . (2) x . 1825 .
Emydidae, part ., B ell,Zoo l . Journ . iii . 1828 .
Steganopodes, part . , W ay ler, Sys t . Amp le. 1830.
Emydes , art .
,Gray , Syn . R ep t . 1831 .
Elodites gryptoderes, part . , Dumém'
l B z’
bron,E 17) . Gé n . n . 1835.
Emydi dae , part . , Gray, C at . Tort. 1844, and Sh . R ep t . i . 1855.
C helydroidae, Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . 1857 .
C hersemyda, part . , Strauelz , Che lon. Stud . 1862 .
C hel dr1dae, pa1 t Gz ay, Supp l. C a t . Sh . R ep t. i . 1870.
C hely drinae,part.
,Cope, F1 00. A c. s lad . 1872
, p . 2
Chelydridae , part .
,Cop e, P 1 00 Am. P lu
'
los . Soc. xx . 1882,p . 144 .
Nuchal plate with long costiform processe s , underly ing the mar
ginals . P lastral bones n ine . Shell covered with ep idermal shields .Caudal vertebrae mostly opisthocoelous . Neck completely retractile
20 cn srrnmnxs .
wi thin the shell . Temporal region incompletely roofed over ; noparieto - squamosal arch . D igits moderately elongate ; phalangesw i th condyles ; claw s four o r five .
The two closely allied genera which constitute this fam ily agreein the following charactersCarapace comparatively small , with serrated posterior border ;
neu ral plates broader than long,form ing a complete series one or
two pygals ; twenty - three marginal plates . P lastron small, crueiform
,arti culating wi th the carapace by gomphosis . The sh ell attains
complete ossification bu t late in li fe . Abdominal sh ields not meetingon the median l ine
,separated from the marginals by a series of
inframarginals . Head large,incompletely retractile jaws strongly
hooked . Chin with one or more pa irs of small dermal appendages .Digits webbed . Fingers all clawed
,ou ter toe claw less . Tail long,
crested above . Cervi cal vertebrae : se cond and th ird opisthocoelou s,fourth amph i cyrtou s, rest procoelou s .
1 CHELYDR A.
Chelydra, Schweiqg . P rodr . p . 23 H'
tz ing . N . Class . R ep t.
p . 6 (1826) W ag ler, Syst. Amph . p . 136 Gray , C al.
Tort. p . 34 and S/i . R ep t . i . p . 48 (1855) Agassiz , C’ontr
N . H . U. S . i . p . 416 Strauch,Chelon . Stud . p . 36 (1862)
Gray , Supp l . C at. S/i . R ep t. i . p . 64
C helonura, Fleming, P li il. Zool. i i . p . 270
R apara,Gray , Ann . P hil. (2) x . p . 211
Saurochely s , L at? R . A . p . 92
C heliurus,R afin . A tlant. Journ . p . 64
Emysaurus, D am . B ibr . i i . p . 548
C helonura,part .
,H olbrook
,N . Am . H arp . i . p . 139
No supramarginal shields . O rbit dire ct ed ou twards and upward s .
Tai l w ith large shields infer i orly .
North America to Ecuador .
1 . Chelydra serpent ina.
Testudo serpentina, Linn. S . N i . p . 354 Sclmeid . Sc/z ildkr .
p . 337 Schoepfi, Test . p . 28 , pl . vi . B and . R ep l .
i i . p . 98, pl . lxxxvi . fig. 2 L econte,Ann. Lye . JV. Y . ii i .
p . 127
Chelydra lacertina, Schweigg . P rodr . p . 23
serpentina, Schweigy . l. e . p . 24 ; W agl. Syat. Amph . p . 136 ,pl . v . figs . 46 47 (1830) Gray , C at. Tort . p . 34 and Sh .
R ep t. i . p . 48, pls . xxxvi i i . fig . 1
,xl. fig . 2 Agass iz , Contr .
i . p . 417,pl . iv . figs . 13— 16
, pl . v . figs . 18,19 P eters
,
M on . B er l. A 0. 1862,p . 627 Straucli
,Chelon . Stud . p . 139 (1862)
C op e , P roc . A c. P /n'
lad . 1872 , p . 23.
Emy s serpentina, Merr . Tent. p . 23
C helonura serpentina,Fleming , P hil. Zoo l . 11 . p . 270 H olbr .
N . Am . H arp . i . p . 139,p l . xxi ii . (1842) D eKay , N . Y ork Fawn
,
R ep t. p . 8,p l . i i i . fi O '
. 6 W ied,N . A cta A c. L eap
- Caro l.xxx ii . i . p . 47 (18653.
R apara serpentina,Gray , Ann. P hil . (2) x . p . 211
1 . CHELYDRA.
Emysaura serpentine , D am. SrB ibr. i i . p . 350,p l . xvn . fig . 1
A . D am. C al. zll é t/z . R ep t. p . 15 (1851) B acourt,Miss. Sc . Mean
,
R ep t . pl . v . fig . 10
Che lydra emarginata, Agassi z , l. c . p . 41 1
C ar-
space rugose and with three tubercu lar keels in the adult and
Fig . 3.
Skull of C ’lzely dra serp entine .
22 en e nmnin .
halfgrown ,becoming gradually smoother w ith age . Vertebral
sh ield s much broader than long, at least th ree fou rths the width ofthe costals . P lastron with angular lobes br idge very narrow ,
somewhat variable in width , but never more than one t enth of thelength of the plastron the hypoplastral bones enter for a muchgreater part in the formation of the bridge than the hyoplas tra, theouter
,d igitate portion of which is s carcely expanded . A series of
two or three inframarginals separates the marginals from the abdominal
,the transverse diameter of which equals at least twice the
Shel l of C'fielydra scrp eni ind .
longitudinal . Snout short and po inted ; interorbital space narrow .
Skin very warty ; a pair of very small barbels on the chin . Tai lnear ly as long as
,or longer than
,the carapace in the young, two
thirds or three fourths that length in the halfgrown and adult ; a
strong crest of large compressed tuber cles along its upper surfacea ser ies of large div ided scu tes along its lowe " surface.
From wha t is known to be the case in Shan e/gyms , we ma y conclude tha tthe specimens w ith bro ade r bridge a re fema le s .
CHELYDR I DJE .
Skull ofMacroclemmy s temmiwckiz’
.
NJ
0!
2 . Macnocw nnrs .
1 . Macroclemmy s temminckii .
C helonura temminckii (Troost) , H olbr . l. c . p . 147,p l . xx iv .
Emysaurus temminckii, A . D um Mé th . R ep t. p . 16
Macroclemy s temmincki i, Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 49, pls . xxxv i ii .
fig . 2,xxx ix ,
xl . fig . 1 .
Macroche l y s temmincki i,Gray, P roc. Zoo l . Soc. 1855, p . 200
,and
Supp l. C at. Sb . R ep t. i . p . 64 .
Gypochelys lacertina. Agassiz , l. c. p . 414,p l . v . figs . 23—27 .
Macroclemmys temminckii, Straw /c, l. c . p . 134 .
Macroche lys lacertina, C ap e, Free . A c. P hilad . 1872,p . 23.
Carapace strongly tricarinate . Vertebral shields much broaderthan long, at leas t three fourths the width of the costals . W idth
Shell o fMacroclemmys temminckii .
of the bridge one seventh to one n inth of the length o f the plastron ;the hypoplastra take a rather greater share in the formation of thebridge than the hyoplas tra . P lastral shi elds subject to great variation ; the arrangement in the three specimens in the Museum isshown by the follow ing figu res (fig . Fig . 6 affords good supportto the v iew that the shield covering the bridge is the di splacedabdominal ; it also offers the striking example of an intergular ,placed as in C helodina fig . 0 shows a pair o f intergulars , as in thefossi l genu s B aé ’na .
26 C HELYDR IDZE .
P lastra ofMacrod emmys te77zminckz’
i .
Head extremely large eyes lateral and widely separated . Neckand chin with small dermal flaps . Tail two thirds or three fou rth sthe length of the carapace in the adul t
,with three series of feebly
elevated large tubercles above .
The largest specimen measur es z— Hcad and neck 86 centim .,
carapace 58 , tai l 45 .
North America, from W est ern Texas t o Florida , northwards toMi ssouri .a,b. Ad .
, stffd .
c, d . A d ., skel . John Di l lon, Esq. [P f
0. Ad .
,stffd. I V. P . Smith [CH]
f . n .
, skul l shel l . Smithsonian Inst .
Druimrmi rni nm. 27
Earn . 3. DERMATEMYDIDIE.
Steganopodes , part . , W ay ler, Syst . Amp le. 1830.
od ites C ryptoderes, part . , D umé r il S B ibron, E rp . Gé n . 11 . 1835 .
Emydidae, part. , Gray , Cal. Tort. 1844, and R ep l. i . 1855 .
C hersemyda, part . , Straucll, 01101071. Stud . 1862 .
Dermatemydee , Chelydridae , part . , Gray , Supp l . C a t . S11 . R ep t . i . 1870.
C hely drinee , part . Cop e , P roc. A c . P la'
lad . 1872, p . 22.
Chelydridae , part . , Emyd idae , part . , Cop e, P roc. Amer. P hi los . Soc. xx .
1882, p . 144 .
Staurotypid ze , Gunther S B oulenycr , “Tortoises, Encycl. B rit. 1888 .
Dermatemydidae, B aur, Zool. /1m . 1888,p . 595.
Nuchal plate produced into co st iform processes , underlying themarginal s . P lastral bones n ine . Shell covered with epidermalsh ields . Caudal vertebrae procoelou s . Neck completely retracti lew ith in the shell. Temporal region not roofed over ; no pari etosquamosal arch . Digits moderately elongate ; phalanges with condyles claws fou r or five .
This fam i ly is intermediate between the Chelydridae and the Cinosternidze , agreeing with the former in the presence of the entoplastral bone , and the absence of a symphy sial br idge between thepubis and ischium , with the lat ter in the procoelou s caudal vertebrae .
In the mode of articulation of the posterior cerv ical vertebrae,and
in the development of rib—l ike transverse processes to the nu chal,
the three fam ili es agree . The Dermatemydidae and C inosternidm
furth er agree in the neu ral p lates forming an incomplete series,the
posterior costals meeting on the median line .
External ly , the separation of the plastral shields from the mar
ginals by the interposition of a series of inframarginals di stingu ishesth is family from the Testudinidae , and the short tai l readily from theChelydridae and P latysternidae .
In Derma temys, the second cervical vertebra i s biconvex and all
the following are procoelou s ; in S taurotyp us, as in Oinosternum,the
second i s opisthocoelous,the third biconvex
,and the res t procoelou s .
The habitat of the Dermatemydidae i s restricted to CentralAmerica .
Synop sis of the Genera .
I . P lastron large , connected wi th the carapace by a broad bridgeplastral shields eleven or more ch in withou t dermal appendages 1 . Dermatemy s , p . 27 .
II . P lastron small, cruciform , with from seven to nine shields ch inw ith a pair of dermal appendages .
P lastron j oined to carapace by suture 2 . Staurotypus, p . 29 .
P lastron j oined to carapace by ligament 3 . C laud iu s, p . 32 .
1 . DERMATEMY S.
Dermatemys , Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1847,p . 55, and C at. Sh. R ep t. i .
p . 49 and Supp l. p . 49 B ocourt,M iss . Sc. Mea
'
,
R ep t. p . 17
C hloremy s , Gray, P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1870,p . 715, and Supp l. C at. Sle.
R ep t . p . 50.
28 DERMATEMY onu s.
Carapace much depressed ; marginal shields , one azygos nuchaland 12 pairs . P lastron large, extensively un ited to the carapace by suture , with short axi llary and ingu inal buttresses , theformer just reach ing the first costal plate , the latter terminating onthe eighth marginal . Six pairs of plastral sh ields , the anterior(gu lar) u sually fused a series of inframarginals separates the mar
g inal from the plastral sh ields . Skull with a bony temporal arch
Fig . 8 .
Shel l of Dermatemy s mawii
alveolar surfaces very broad , of upper jaw with a strong denticulatedmed ian ridge and a short perpend icular one in front ; lower jawwith two cu tting- edges on each side
,which are connected an ter iorly
by a short perpend icu lar ridge edge of jaws toothed . D igits vervbroadly webbed . Ta il very short .Central America.
1 Dermatemys maw u.
Dermatemys mawn , Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc . 1847, and C at. Sh . R ep t. i .p . 49 , pl . xx i . Cope, P roc . A c. P l u
’
lad . 1868,p . 120 ; de
In this and in the fol lowing figures the crosses on the carapace ind icatethe position of the extremity of the axil lary and inguinal peduncles of the
plastron,which anchy lose with the lowe r surface of the carapace .
1 . nnnn arnn rs .
— 2 . sraunorrrus . 29
B arre,B u ll. A c. B e lg . (2 ) xxvi i i . p . 1 16 Gray , Supp l . p 50
(1870) B ocourt,l . c . p . 17
,pl . vi i . fig . 2 ; R ufimeyer, N . D e nksclcr .
Schweiz . Ges . N a turw. xxv . p . 152 Giinllz . B io l . C .- Am .
,
R ep t. p . 10
Emy s berardii, A . D am . C a t. Met/i . R ep t. p . 11 and A rch .
Mu s. vi . p . 231,pl . xv .
Dermatemys abnormis, C op e, l. c .berardi i
,Cop e, l . c . ; Gray , Supp l. p . 50.
salvinii, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1870, p . 517, and Supp l. p . 50.
C hloremys abnormis, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1870,p . 7 16
,pl . xl ii . , and
Carapace of adul t vermiculated , keelless , or with a very obtu sekeel posteriorly of young keeled throughou t ; posterior marginexpanded , not serrated ; vertebral shields much broader thanlong and broader than the costals in the very young, longer thanbroad and mu ch narrower than the costals in the adu lt ; anteriorborder of second to fourth vertebrals straight tran sverse in the
young, convex or obtusely angular in the adult . P lastron with thelobes rather narrow and mu ch shorter than the bridge front loberounded , hind lobe angularly notched ; gu lar shield often single orsemi - divided , longer than broad , sometimes with a small azygosshield beh ind it four or five inframarginal shields , first (axillary)smal lest , last (inguinal) largest . Head moderate ; snou t pointed,very prominent, turned upwards . Digits webbed beyond the baseof the claws
,the web forming a mu ch developed fringe on the ou ter
edge of the hand and foot ; limbs with widely separated narrowtransverse lamellae. Tail e x tremely short, with two rows of conicaltubercles above and one on each side . O live above , yellowish inferiorly sides of head speckled with blackish .
Length of shell 38 centim .
Tabas co , Y u catan , Guatemala, Belize , Honduras .Guatemala. 0 . Sal vin, Esq . [R ] .
(Type of D . salvimz . )Science 81. ArtDepart . [R ].L ieut .Maw [R ] . (Type . )
2 . STAUROTY PUS.
Staurotypu s, W agl. Syst. Amp h. p . 137 (1830) Gray, C at. 871. R ep t .
i . p . 47 Straucli,C/zelon . Stud . p . 37 (1862) Gray ,
Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 65 B ocourt, Miss . Sc. Mean,
R ep t. p . 21
Staurotypus, part ., Dun-
i . B ibr . i i . p . 354
Kinosternon,part .
,Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 34
Stauremys, Gray, P roc . Zool. Soc. 1864,p . 127
,and Supp l. C at. S71 .
R ep t. 1 . p . 65.
C laudius, part ., Cop e, P roc. Ac. P iz ilad . 1872, p . 23 .
Carapace mu ch depressed,tri carinat e ; marginal shields, one
azygos nu chal and 11 pairs . P lastron narrow,cru ci form ,
angu larposteriorly, arti culating wi th the marginals by su ture , anterior
30 nrnn s rnnrmnr .
lobe movable with four pairs of sh ields , of which the pos terior oranal are u sually coalesced into a s ingle shield ; a very small gularmay be present ; abdom inals separated from the marginal s by two
sh i elds . Beak scarcely hooked ; j aws w ith a single sharp edgeorb its directed upwards post orb ital and temporal arches moderate .
C hin w i th a pair of barbels . Digits webbed . Tai l short .Central Amer ica .
Sku l l of Staarolyp as salvim i . (From Gray , P . Z . S.
The two Spec ies agree in the following characters z— Vertebralshields not broader than long
,not two thirds the w idth of the
costals ; an emarginat ion in the posterior border of each of thevertebral and costal sh ields , correspond ing to the three keels wh i chrun along the carapace . Head extremely large ; a large hornysh i eld covers the upper jaw ,
another the mandible , and a thi rd theupper surface of the snou t soft parts w i th small warts ; tympanumindi stinct under the th ick skin . W ris t and heel with curved bandl ike lamellae. Male with a patch of small horny , sharp - edgedtubercle s on the lower surface of the leg and another under thethigh . Tai l w ith more or less d istinct small conical tubercles
,
form ing paired longitudinal ser ies .In S . sa lv inii the neu ral plates are s even in number
,about as
broad as long ; the last is separated from the pygal by the seventhpai r of costals ; the eighth pair of costals i s separated by the pygal ,wh ich i s either single or divided into a small anter ior and a largeposterior plate . The hyoplastra] bones have a greater share
“
in theformation of the bridge than the hypoplastrals .
32 Drunarmrrmm c.
2 . Staurotypus salvimi .
S taurotypus (Stauremy s) salvinii, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1864,
i . 127 .
Stzluremys salvinn ,Gray , Supp l. C a t. Sh . R ept. i . p 65 Cop e ,
P roc . A c. P hi/ml. 1872, p . 28 .
S tauroty u s salvinn, B ocourt,JVI is s . Sc . filer ,
R ep t. p . 22,pl . v .
fig . 3 1870) Giinth. B iol . C .- Am .
,R ep t . p . 11
marmoratus, J. v . Fischer, A rch. f . N a t . 1872 , p . 265,pl . x .
C laud ius severus, Cope, l. c . p . 24 ; Sumichrast, B u ll. Soc . Zoo l.France, 1880, p . 167 .
pi ctus,Cope, l. c . p . 26 .
Staurotypus (C laud ius) severus, B ecourt,Journ . Zool. v . p . 387
Anterior lobe of plastron semiellipt i c or angular ; bridge narrow,
its diameter more than five times in the length of the plastron (5%to 7 times in females , 7% to 10 times in males) . A small gu larsh ield i s present or absent ; su ture between the humerals the
longest abdom inal s much broader than long inframarg inal shieldsusu ally not longer than broad .
Length of carapace 18 centim .
Mex ico, Guatemala .
52 spir . Huamuchal, Guatemala . 0 . Salv in,Es
q.
‘ e .)b. n .
, skel . Guatemala .
yp
c,d,e . d
‘
9 ,spir . Tapana, Tehuantepec . F. Sumichrast [C H]
Messrs . Salvin Godman
f . d‘
, stffd . F. Sumichrast [G ] .g . d , shell and F. Sumichrast [C U]skul l .
h,i,k. d 9 ,
she l ls . F. Sumichrastl. Y g .
,spir.
3. CLAUDIUS.
C laud ius,Cop e, P roc . A c. P hilad . 1865, p . 187 B ocourt
,Miss . Sc .
fli er, c l. p . 19 Cop e , B u ll. U.S . Nat . Mus . no . 32
,
p . 23
C laud ius,part., Cop e, P roc . A c . P hilad . 1872, p . 23.
D iffers from the preceding genus by the very slender bridge,wh ich does not expand towards the marginals , to which i t i s j oinedby ligament anterior lobe of plastron not movable .
Vertebral n eural segments eight , the las t pair of costals meet ingon the median line , but s eparated from the small pos terior marginalby a large penu lt imate shield (C op e) .Mex ico .
This i nd ica tes a shape o f both the hy o and hypoplastra l bone s sim ilar totha t o f the hyoplas tra l 111 ( ‘
helydra scrp cntma .
C I xosrnnmnm. 33
1 . C laud iu s angustatus .
C laud ius angustatus,.
Cope, P 1 cc A c. t lad . 1865,p . 187 , and P 1 oc
A 111. P hilos . Soc x i . 1869,pl . ix . ; B oco111 t, p . 20, pl . iv . Cop e ,
P roc . A c. P hi .lad 1872 p . 28 ; G il11th. B i .ol C.- A in .
,.R ep t p . 12
megac ephalus , B ocourt, A 1111 . Sc . N a t (5) x . p . 122
Cope, P 1 00. A c . P in/ad . 187L , p . 27
P lastron rhomboidal, anterior and posterior lobes angu lar a verysmal l gu lar may be present ; abdominal s twice as broad as long ;anals d i st inct or united . No warts on the neck .
Length of carapace 105 millim .
Mex ico .
Fam . 4 . C INOSTERNIDE .
Emyd idae, part . , Gray , A 1111 . P hil. (2) x . 1825.
Steganopodes, pa1 t 1Vag le1 , Sy st. A 111p h . 1830.
Emydee, par .,t Gray ,
Elodites C 1yptoderes, pa1 t . ,D 111né 1 il S B ibron, E 171 . Gen . i i . 1835 .
Emydidae , part . , Gray , C at . Tort . 1844,and Sh . R ep t . i . 1855 .
C inosternidee , Agass1z , Cont1 . N . H . U. S . i . 1857 .
C he1 semy da, part ., St1 auch, Che lon . Stud . 1862.
C helydradee , part . , G1 aJ, Supp l C at. Sh . R ep t. i . 1870.
C inosternidae , Cop e, P 1 00 A 111. P hi los . Soc. xx . 1882,p . 144 .
Nu chal plate produced into costiform processes , underlying themarginals . P lastral bones eight, the entoplastron being absen t .She ll covered with epidermal shields . Caudal vertebrae procoelou s .Neck completely retractile within the shell. Temporal region not
roofed over ; no parieto—squamosal arch . D igits moderately elongate ; phalanges with condyles ; claws four or five .
1 . CINOSTERNUM.
Ten apene , part ,Men Tent. p . 27 (182Kinosternon , Sp i r, Sp ec . 5 0v. Testud . p . 17 Gray, C at. Tort .
p . 32 and C at. Sh . R ept. i . p.
p43
Kinosternon,part B e l l
,Zoo l. Journ . ii . p . 302
Ste i nothaerus,part .
,B e ll
,l. c. p . 305 .
C inosternon , W ag ler, Syst Amph . p . 137 D am . & B ibr . i i .p . 361 Strauch , Chelon . Stud . p . 39 B ocourt
,
Miss . Sc . Mean, R ep t. p . 23
Uronyx , R afin . A tlant. Journ. p . 64
Diclida , part . ,R afi n. l. c .
Monoclida, R afi/11. l. c .Staurotypus, part. , D am . 11 . p . 354.
Swanka, G1 ay , C at . Tort . p . 32,and Supp l. C a t. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 67
(18 10Kinostefnum ,
Leconte, P roc . A c . P hilad . 1854, p . 180.
Aromochelys, Gray , C at . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 46 ; Strauch, l. c . p . 38 .
Goniochelys , Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 423
34 cmosrnnmnm.
O z otheca, Agassiz , l . c . p . 424 Leconte,P roc . Ac . P hilad . 1859
,
p . 5 .
C inosternum,Ayassiz , l . c . p . 426 L econte, l . c .
Thyrosternum,Agass iz , l. c . p . 427 Lecontc, l . c .
l’lutythyra, Agass iz , l. c . p . 429 .
F ig . 1 1 .
Sku l l of C iaostcrnum leucostomum .
Carapace more or less depressed ; marginal shields one azygosnu chal and 1 1 pairs . P lastron articu lat ing with the marginals bysu tu re, front and b ind lobe movable ; gular shield single or absent :pectoral shields not extending on the br idge . P os torbital an d
t emporal arches moderate . Digits webbed ; fingers all clawed ,
ou ter toe claw les s . Tail short .America, north of the Equator .
1 . C i s o s'
rnaxun .
The rib - l ike process o f the nuchal is long and s itua ted behindthe marginals in the young , short and e xtend ing below the firstmarginal in the adu lt. Neural plates narrow
,forming an incom
ple te ser ies , five or s ix in number,the two or three last pa irs of
costals, and sometimes al so the firs t pai r , in contact on the med ian
line ; eigh th costal sometimes (0. oclora tum, C
'. scorp ioides) very
small , and wi thout d i stal po int . Vertebral and costal shields usuallyimbricate . Limbs and tai l s calele ss ; two o r three curved lamellaeon the front of the forearm
,and some on the hinder side of the
leg .
F ig . 12 .
Shell of C inosternam leucos1‘011111111 .Y oung specimens of all the specie s are very similar , and the i r
determination meets with great difficulties . There is bu t a smalld ifference in the s i z e of the plastron between a newly born Gino
s ternum of Group 1 . of the follow ing synopsi s and a correspond ingone of Group whilst that betw een the latter and one of Group I V .
i s quite ins ignifi can t , if at all perceptible . The following synops i sof the specie s applies therefore only to adult specimen s .It mu st be born e in m ind that , as in all Chelonians with hinged
plast ral lobes , the mobi lity does not exist in the qu ite young spe
cimens , and i s often scarcelv d istinct , or restricted to the frontl obe only , in the halr
'
growu .
36 cm osrisnmnm.
Synop s is of the Sp ecies .
I . P lastron small , the w idth of th e posterior lobe no t more than halfthat o f the shell a narrow br idge connects the plastron W iththe carapace ; lobe s of plastron sl igh tly , i f at all
,movable .
Male with a patch of small horny , keeled tubercles on theb inder side of the leg and another below the th igh .
Gu lar shield well developed , triangular 1 . odora tmn,p . 37 .
Gu lar shi eld vestigial or absent 2 . ca rina tum, p . 38 .
11 . P lastron of moderate si z e , smaller than the open ing of the shell,
connected w ith the carapace by a bridge, the w id th of wh ich is
cons iderably less than the l ength of the front plastral lobe ;front and bind lobes movable ; plastron notched posteriorly .
Male w i th a patch of small horny , keeled tubercles on the
b inder side of the leg and another below the thigh .
A . Front plastral lobe considerably narrower than the openingthe shell .
P ectoral sh ields tr iangu lar or forminga very short med ian su ture 4 . p ensy le an icum ,
p . 39 .
Suture between the pectoral sh ieldstwo third s the length of that betweenthe humerals ; gu lar sh ield not one
third the length of the front lobeof the plastron 3 . hirtip es , p . 38 .
Sutu re between the pectoral sh ieldsnearly as l ong as that betw een thehumerals ; head and j aw s withoutany spots 5 . flavescens , p . 40.
B . Fron t plastral lobe nearly closingup the shell . 6 . henr ici
,p . 40.
I II . P lastron narrow er than the open ing of the shell,connected
w i th the carapace by a very short br idge , the width of whi chnearly equal s the length of the fron t plastral lobe ; front andbind lobe s movable ; plastron notched pos ter iorl y . Malew ithou t patches of horny tube rcle s on the h ind limbs .
F7Carapace tr i carinate 1 . scorp ioides , p . 4 1 .
IV . Lobes of the plastron movable and completely clo sing the shell
in the adu lt , th e pectoral and femoral sh i elds be ing then incontact w ith the ax i llary and ingu inal ; plastron not or butvery feebly em arginate posteriorly . Male w ithou t patches ofhorny tubercles 0 11 the hind limbs .
A . Carapace unicarinate .
P lastron sligh tly n i cked poste1 ior1y 8 . in tey rmn,p . 42.
1 . C INOSTERN UM. 37
P lastron without trace of a notch , frontlobe longer than the fixed portiongular sh ield not more than half thelength of the front lobe 9 . leucostomum
,p . 42 .
P lastron withou t trace of a notch , frontlobe not longer than the fixed port ion ; gular more than half thelength of the front lobe 10. berend tianum, p . 43 .
B . Carapace tricarinate 1 1 . cm enta tum, p . 44 .
1 . C inosternum odoratum.
Testudo pensy lvanica, B .,Sclzoepfi
'
,Test. p . 110, pl . xx iv . fig . B
(1792oddrata (B ose) , D aud. R ep t . i i . p . 189 , pl . xx iv . fig . 3 (1802)
L ccom‘
e,Amt . Ly e . N . Y . iii . p . 122
Testud o glut inata,D aud . l. c . p . 194
,fig . 4 .
Emy s odorata, Sclzwez'
yy . P rodr . p . 44
Terrapene boscii, ltl err . Tent. p . 27
odorata,
.Me7'r . l. c .C istuda odorata, Say , Jom'
u . A c. P iz z'
lad . iv . pp . 206,216
Sterno thaerus odoratus,B e ll
,Zoo l. Jom '
n . i i . p . 307 H olbr .
N . Am . H elp . i . p . 133,p l . xx i i . W eed
,N . A cta A c. L eap .
Caro l . xxx i i . i . p . 43
boscii, B e ll, l . c . p . 308 .
Kinosternum odoratum,part .
, B onap . Osserv. sulla sec. edlz . del
R eyna Am’
male,
’ p . 168
Kinosternon odoratum,Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 35 and C at . Tort.
p . 43 (1844) L eccmte,P roc . A c . P ltz
'
lad . 1854,p . 185 .
Staurotypus odoratu s, Dam . é" E t
'
or . ii . p . 358
Kinosternum gu ttatum ,Leconte
,l. c .
Aromochely s odorata, Gray , C at. Sit . R ep t . i . p . 46 Straw /z,
C belon. S tud . 140 and Verth. Sclu'
ldlcr. p . 94
Gray , Supp l . Gilt. Sit . R efi t. i . p . 66
O z otheca odorata,Agass . Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p. 425, pl . iv . figs. 1—6
(1857trigtyeha, Agoss . l . 0. pl. v . figs . 20—22 .
A romoch elys guttata, Sty-
ouch,C lzelon. Stud . p . 39 .
tristycha, Slrauclz , l. c .
Head large ; jaws very strong, upper not hooked ; symphy si s o fthe mand ible abou t half as long as the whole mand ible .
, Limbsextensively webbed . Carapace keeled in the young, the keel u suallyd isappear ing in the adu lt first vertebral sh ield narrow
,mu ch
narrower than the second , th ird and fourth not longer than broad .
P lastron narrow ,the w idth of the posterior lobe not more than half
that of the shell ; lobes slightly , if at all, m ovable bridge narrowfron t lobe rounded anteriorly , hind lobe notched posteriorly gularsh ield well developed
,triangu lar, abou t as long as th e su tu re
between the humerals, wh ich n early equal s that between the
pectorals ; axi l lary and ingu inal sh ields largely in contact . The
E 2
38 cmosrnnmnzn.
sh ields of the plastron are often,especially in fu ll - grown spe
cimens,mu ch smaller than the area ass igned to them, the inter
spaces show ing the exposed underly ing bones . Male with a patchof smal l , horny , keeled tub ercles on the h inder s ide of the l egand another below the th igh . Tail w ithout a nail - l ike h ornyappendage . Carapace yel low ish or brown,
un i form or spotted orstreaked w ith dark brown ; the sh ields margined w ith black i sh ;plastron yellow ,
un i form or w i th dark brown blotches somet imesnearly covering the shields . Neck and l imbs marbled w ith brown ; twoparal lel y ellow lines on each s ide of the head , the u pper passing abovethe lower be low the eye a yellow streak on each side of the mand ible .
Length of shell 1 1 centim .
Eastern North America,from Canada to the Gulf of Mex ico .
a— b. 9 yg .
,spir. Carl isle
,P ensy lvania. Smith sonian Inst.
0. Y g .
, spir. Delaware . H . Doub leday, E sq.
P .
a., 52, stuffed .
1
e . d ,sp ir . Dr. A . Giinther [R ] .
f .
53‘ sp i r. Lord Ampth i ll [R ] .
y— z
,k . d
“
9 ,Spir .
l. d , ske l .m . n .
,shel l .
2 . Cinosternum carinatum.
Aromochelys carinata, Gray , C a t . Sit . R ep t . i . p . 47, pl . xx . A (1855)Slramciz
, Gizelon. Stud . p . 39 and Verliz . Scit z'
ldkr .p
. 9 6Gray , Supp l . C at. Sit . R ept . i . p . 66 Y arrow
, inW 7zeeler
’
s E a'
p lor . Sure . W 100th Mer . v . p . 582Goniochelys tr iquetra, Ag oss . Contr . N . H U. S . i . p . 423, 11 .
p . 642
Goniochely s m inor, Ayass . l . c . p . 424.
E’ Aromochelys m inor, Strau cit, l l. cc .Head larger , jaws stronger than in the preceding.
Carapacetectiform , with a strong keel throughou t l ife ; sh ields distinctlyimbricate, vertebrals all longer than broad . P lastron truncateanteriorly ; no di stinct gular shield ; humeral shields forming a
shorter su tu re than the pectorals , femorals a longer one than theanals . Shell and soft parts pale olive or yellow i sh brown,
spottedor streaked w ith black ish brown ; sh ields of the carapace edgedwith black , the b inder black edge of the costals broad .
Length of shell 13 centim .
Georgia to Ari zona .
a,b,c,d . 3 stuffed . Lou isiana . W . P . Smith (Types )
3 . C inosternum hirtipes
C inostern on hirtipes, T'Vayler, Syst. Ampil . pl . v . figs . 29
,30
and I con . pl . xxx . (1833) D amn . i i.p
. 370 B oco urt,
lli z'
ss . Sc . Meat,R ep t. p . 25 and Journ. ele Zool. v .
p. 393
(1876 )
Type examined .
40 envosrrnm j a.
Q . spir .
Y g .,s ir .
( l . Y g . , shell.
e— it . £3 9 ,8: hgr. ,
Spir.
i—it . Y g . ,spir.
l, d 9 , s tfi d .
o, p . d
‘
,s tflil.
q . l ig h ,she l l .
r . Y g . , spin ,very bad state .
S . 9 S tiltl.
I,u . Y g . , s
pir.
r , w . 9 igr.
,she lls .
:r . 9 ,spir .
y . 9 she ] .
z 9 11gr. , stfl'
d .
The latter specimen ,referred w i th some doubt to this species , is
specimen 0 of Gray’s G. it t
'
pp ocrep is . As a lready noti ced by Gray ,i t is anomalou s in having the pectoral and abdom inal sh i elds united ;it d iffers al so from all C't
'
nosterna in hav ing only 21 sh ields roundthe marg in of the d isk , instead of 23. The carapace i s mu ch moredepressed than in O . ltt
'
pp ocrep t
'
s,of which i t i s
,however
,perhaps
only an anomalou s Specimen .
C'i ttosterttum sonoriense,Leconte
,P ro c . Ac. P hilad . 1854
,p . 184
(Tity rosternum sonoriertse,Agassiz
,Contr . i . p . 428
,pl . v . figs . 8
appears to be very close ly allied to the preceding species . The differential characters have not been clearly defined — H al) . Ari zona.
5 . Cinosternum fiavescens
P latythyra fiaveseens, Agassiz , Contr. N . H'
. U . S . i . p . 430,pl . v .
figs . 12— 15
C inosternum fi avescens, Cop e, C itecit - L t'
st N . Am . R ep t . p . 52C ones, t
'
tt W iteeler’
s Eap lor . Surv. FV. 100tit M er. v .
p l . xvn .
Jaws weak , beak not hooked . Nose short . Su ture between thepectorals nearly as long as that betw een th e humerals (in the adu l t) .O therw is e apparently l ike 0. p ettsy lva ttlctmt , bu t stouter . Y ellowishgreen
,shields edged w i th black beak unspotted .
Lengt h of shell 11 centim .
Arkansas , W estern Texas, and Gila R ive r .
6 . Cinosternum henr i c i .C inosternum henri ci , Leconte, P roc. A c . P itt
'
larl. 1859,p . 4 Y arrow
in iV/teeler’s R ep . E tp lor . S ttrv. iV. 100tit M er. v . p . 583
,p l
.xvii
Swanka henric i , Gray , Suppl. C at. Sit . B ep t . i . p . 69
Th i s species has never been described , and rests on the generic descriptionp ubl i shed by Agas siz , in wh ich no thing bu t cranial characters are given , andon the two figures quoted, Agassiz ’
s being that of a quite young specmi en .
Sm ith son ian Instit.E . Doub leday , Esq.
E . Doubleday , E sq .
E . Doub leday , Esq.
(Types of C .
(Types of C. oblongum . )(Type of C . (lOMble day tL )(Type of C. p uncta tum , )E . Doubleday , E sq. [P M]Sir E . Bel cher [P M]
(Type of Swattkafasct'
a ta . )
1 . C IN OSTERNUM . 41
Differs from O’. p ensylvam’
c ttm in having the fron t plastral lobewider
,nearly clos ing up the shell ; the bridge i s al so ra ther w ide r .
Gular shield half as long as the front lobe of the plastron pe ctoral sforming a short su tu re . The membrane between the fixed partand the hind lobe of the plastron so wide as to make the j o intappear double . Carapace browni sh y ellow ,
p lastron yellow ; headand neck dusky , on the top slightly var ied with paler , beneath and
on the s ides,includ ing the jaws , th ickly speckled w i th yell ow .
Length of shell 1 1 % centim .
New Mex ico and Arizona .
7 . C inosternum scorp io ides .Testudo seorp ioides, L inn . S . N . i . p . 352
tricarinata,Scltoepy
’
,Test . p . 9,pl . 11 .
ret z i i, D au d . R ep t . i i . p . 174
Emy s retz i i , Scitwetyy . P rodr . p . 43
scorpio idea,Scitwetyy . l . c .
Terrapene tricarinata,Merrem
,Tent . p . 28
C hersine scorpio ides, filerr . l. c . p . 33 .
Kinosternon longicaudatum ,Sp tlr , Test. p . 17
,p l . x i i . B el l
,
Zoo l . Joa -
rn . i i . p . 304 L econte,P roc . A c . P izllad . 1854
,
p . 181 Straucit,C itelon . Stud . p . 142
brev icaudatum,Sp i t , l . c . p . 18
,p l . x i i i . B e ll
,l. c .
shaw ianum,B ell
,l . c . p . 302 .
scorpio ides, Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 34 B e ll,Jlon . Testud .
(1833) D um. £9”B tbr . v . p . 363 L econte,l. c . Straucit
,
l . c . p . 140.
scorpioide s,part ., Gray , C at. Tort . p . 32 and Sit . R ep t.i . p . 44
Swanka scorpio ides,part. Gray , Supp l . C at. Sit . B ep t. i . p . 67
longicaudata, Gray , 1. c . p . 69 .
Head moderate ; jaws strong, beak hooked . D igits moderatelywebbed . Carapace tricarinate
,sh ields more or less distinctly
imbr icate . P lastron large bu t not clos ing ent irely the sh ell br idgebroad and very short ; lobes well movable ; front lobe as long as
the immovable portion ; hind lobe notched posteriorly gu lar sh ieldu sually about half the length of the front plas tral lobe ; sutu rebetween the pectoral shields mu ch sh orter than that betw een the
humeral s ; ax i llary and inguinal sh ields largely in contact. Tailend ing in a na il ~ like horny tubercle . Carapace brown ; plastronyellow or brown head brown ,
w ith yellowish spots jaws yellowish ,u su ally w ith brown streaks or marblings .Length of shell 13 centim .
Gu ianas and Northern Brazil .
a . £2, sttfd .
b,c . d‘ yg.
,stfi d .
d,e—j} g— it
,t'
. 9 ,hgr.
,
yg . spi r .k, l, n
’
t,n,o . d
‘
52, shel l s .
42 crnosrnnm zs .
8 . C inosternum integrum.
Kinosternum integrum ,Leconte
,P roc . A c . P itt
'
lad . 1854, p . 183 ;
B ocmt rt,Jo urn . d c Zoo l. v . p . 393 O d ulli . B iol. C .
- Am . ,
i t’
ep t . p . 26
Th
(vro sternum integrum,
Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . 1 . p . 429
Sw anka integra, Gray , Supp l. C at. Sit . R ep t . i . p . 69
(‘
inosternu in rostel lum,B ecourt
,l . c . p . 39 1 .
hirtipes (non Gantit . l . c . p . 15, pls . x11 .—xv .*
pensylvanieum (wort D uy é s, La N atura lez a (2) i . p.
pl . x i . figs . 1— 4
Head rather large ; jaws strong ; beak feebly hooked . Digit sexten sively w ebbed . Carapace wi th a feeble keel in the male andyoung , keel less in the adu lt female . P lastron entirely closing thebox ,
feebly nicked posteriorly , and withou t bridge in the adu lt ;lobes w ell movable , anterior longer than the immovable po rtion ;gular sh ield not half the length of the front plastral l obe suturebetween the pectoral sh ields mu ch shorter than that between thehumeral s ; ax i llary and ingu inal sh ield s narrowly in contact, ornarrowly separated . Tai l of male ending in a nai l - like hornytubercle . Carapace brown ,
w ith small blackish dots in the male,
with rad iating lines in the halfgrown spec imen the sutu res betweenthe shields blackish plastron yellowish or brown head dark brownabove , spotted or marbled wi th yellowish throat and jaws yellowish ,spotted w ith dark brown .
Length of shell 16 centim.
Mex i co .
a— b,c . d Q, 8: hgr.
,spir . Maz atlan .
d— e . 9 yg .
,sp ir . Tres Marias Islands .
f . Y g .
,spir . P res id io .
9 . C inosternum leucostomum.
C inosternum leucostomum,A . B um . Cat. Met/t . R ep t . p . 17
and Areit . Mus . v i . p . 239,pl . xvi i . (1855) Gray , C a t. Sit .
R ep t . i . p . 46 Cope, P roc . A c . P itt'
lad . 1865,p . 189 ; B 0
courl,Miss . Sc . Mean, R ep t . p . 25 Sc later
,P roc . Zoo l . Soc.
1871,p . 745 ; B ocourt, Journ . de Zoo l. v . p . 394
scorpioides,part.
,Gray , 1. c . p . 44 .
Swanka scorpio ides , part . , Gray , Supp l. C a t. Sit . R ep t. i . p . 67macu lata
,part . , Gray , l . c . p . 68 .
leucostoma,Gray , l. c . p . 69 .
C inosternum leucostomum , part . , Guntit . B iol. C .
- Am.
, R ep t . p . 17,p l . xv i i .
brevigulare , Guntit . l. c . p . 17,pl . xvi i i . f. A .
cobanum,Giintit . l . c . p . 18, pl . xvii i . f. B .
brev igulare, Cop e , P roc . Am . B ittie s . Soc . xxn . p . 389
postingu inale , Cop e, B u ll . U .S . N at. Mus . no . 32,p
. 23
I t should be m entioned that Dr. Gunther,who obtained the type of
W agler’
s C . it trtipes from the Munich Muse um on loan, sti l l adheres to hi s
opinion that the specimens from Ma z atlan and Tres Marias Islands shou ld bereferred to that species rather than to C . intey rum.
1 . C INOSTERNUM. 43
Jaws strong ; beak feebly hooked . Carapace unicar inate,the
r- keel d i sappearing in old specimens marginals often much swollen .
P lastron completely clos ing the box,not emarg inate po steriorly ;
lobes well movable in the adul t , front one longer than the fixedport ion ; gular sh ield not more than hal f the length o f the frontplastral lobe
,u sually less su ture between the pecto ral sh ields mu ch
shorter than that between the brach ials ax illary and inguinalshields separated or narrowly in contact . Ta i l ending in a clawl ike horny scute . Carapace brown,
plastron yellowish or brownish ,sutures dark brown or black ; head dark brown above and on the
s ides snou t and two longitud inal temporal bands spotted or vermiculated with yellow ish j aws uniform yellowish or horny brown inthe female
,with fine brown lines in the male .
Length of skull centim .
Central America ; Colombia .
C osamaloapam,Mexi co . M. Sallé [CH] (Type of
Swanica ma cu lata .)C osamaloapam ,
Mex i co . M. Sallé
P laya V i cente, Mex i co . M. Sallé C . (Type of C.
brevtyulare .)H uamu chal
,Guatemala . 0 . Salv in, Esq .
Coban,V era P az . O . Sal vin, Esq . [ (Types of
C . cobaCahabon
,V era P az . num . )
V era P az . O . Sal vin, Esq . [C . (Typesof Swanisa macu la ta .)
10. Cinosternum berendtianum.
C inosternum berendtianum , C op e, P roc . A c. P itilad . 1865,p . 189 ;
B ocourt,Journ . de Zool . v . p . 395
Swanka macu lata,part ., Gray , Supp l . C at. Sit . R ep t. i . p . 68
C inosternum effeld tii, P eters, Mon . B er l . A c . 1873,p . 603
,pl .
B ecourt,l. c . p . 396 ; Guntit . B io l. C .
- Am .
,R ep t. p . 16
leucostomum ,part.
,Gitn tit
,l . c. p . 17
,p l . xvi .
7
Snou t longer than in O'. leucostomum beak strongly hooked in thema le . Carapace unicarinate . P lastron completely closing the box ,not emarginate posteriorly ; lobes well movable , front one not
longer than the fixed portion gu lar sh ield more than half thelength of the front plastral lobe su ture between the pectoral sh ieldssh orter than tha t between the humerals axillary and ingu inalsh ields separated or narrowly in contact . Tail end ing in a claw - l ikehorny s cute . Carapace brown ; plastron yellowish or brown ,
su turesdark brown ; upper surface of head dotted with brown ; j aws spottedor streaked w ith brown .
Length of shell 105 centim .
Central America .
4 4 C INOSTER NIDE .
0—6. 6 ,spir. C osamaloapam,
Mexi co . M. Sallé (Types ofSwanka ntaculata .)
c— d . d 9 ,spir
. luatemala . 0 . Salvin , Esq. [C ]e . d
‘
, stfl'
d . C . Ameri ca .
C inosternum cruentatum.
C inosternum cruentatum,A . D um. C a t. di et/t . R ep t. p . 16
and A rc/t . da dl as . vi . p . 238,pl . x vi . Gray , C a t. Sit . R ep t.
i. p . 44 B ocourt
,M iss . Sc. fil er
,R ep t . p . 23 and
Jourtt . (le Zoo l . v . p . 398 Gu'
ntit . B io l. C .- Am .
,R ep t . p . 13
,
pls . ix .
— x i .mexicanum ,
L econte,P roc . A c. P it z
'
lad . 1854,p . 182 R uttmeyer,
Verit . Na tuaf . Ges . B ase l,vi . p . 41
scorpioides,part .
,Gray , l . c . p . 44 .
triliratum,Leconte
,P roc . A c. P it t
'
lad . 1859 , p . 6 ; Gttntit . l. o.
14 .
Swihnka scorpioides, part . , Gray , Supp l . C at. Sit . R ep t. i . p . 67
mexi cana,Gray , l . c . p . 69 .
cruentata,Gray , l. c.
trilirata,Gray , l . c .
C inosternum shaw ianum (non B ell) , B ocourt,Journ . de Zool. v . p . 397.
Head moderate jaws strong beak not or but very feebly h ooked .
D ig its extens ively w ebbed . Carapace tri carinate , the keels becoming very obtuse in old specimens . P lastron entirely clos ing the boxand w ithou t bridge in the adu lt ; lobes w el l movable , anterioru sually longer than th e immovable port ion
,poster ior not n i cked ;
gu lar sh ield abou t half the length of th e fron t plastral lobe ; pectoralsh ields tr iangular or form ing a very short med ian su ture ; ax i llaryand ingui nal sh ields u sually separated . Tai l of male ending in a
nail- l ike horny tuberc le . Carapace brown ; plastron yel low orbrown
,the su tures betw een the sh ields black ish . Sides of head
and neck marbled w ith brown and yellowish (in spirit) j aws and
throat yellow ish ,Spotted or streaked w i th brown .
Length of shell 15 centim .
Central Amer ica .
a,b. d
‘
9 ,spir . Tonala
,Ch iapas .
c. 11gr.
,shel l . Tonala
,Chiapas .
d . Y g .
,spir . Tonala
,Chiapas .
Ginosternum alboyu la re, Bocourt,Mi s s . Sc . Mex . ,R ept . p 23, and
Journ . de Zool . v . p . 39 9 , should perhaps be regarded merely as a
var iety of O . cruen ta tum,characteriz ed by uniform yellowish - wh ite
j aws — Hub. Costa R ica .
F. Sumichrast Messrs .Salvin and Godman
F. Sumichras t [CH] Messrs .Sa lvin and Godman
F . Sumichrast Messrs .Salvin and Godman
Mr. Hoege [0]
R ev . J . AllenT . B e l l
,Esq . [P M]
P LATY STER N IDJE .
Fam . 5 . PLATY STERNIDJE.
Elodites C 1yptoderes, part D amé n l S B l/fl on E ) p Gen . 11. 1835
Emyd idae , part . , Gray , C at. f ort . 18 14,and S11 . c t. i . 1855
C hersen1yda , pa1 t.
,Stz auclz , C laclon . Stial. 18GZ.
P latysternidae, Gray , Supp l. C al. S71. c l . i . 1870.
Nu chal plate w ithout costiform processes . P last1al bones n ine .
Shell covered with epidermal sh ields . Caudal vertebrae mostlyopisthocoelous . Neck completely re tract ile w ith in the sh ell . Tem
poral region completely roofed over ; no par ieto squamosal arch .
D igits moderately elongate ; phalanges with condyles ; claws fou ror five .
1 . PLATY STERNUM.
P latysternon, Gm y, P 1 00 Zool . Soc. 1831,p . 106 ; D am . <8 B l
'b) 11 .
p . 343 Gray , C at . Tort. p . 35 (m Slt . c l. i . p . 49
Slrauclz,C laclon . S tu d . p . 34 Gilntk B cp t. B ) 115
I ncl. p . 42 Gray , Supp l . C a t . S11. R ep t . i . p . 69
P lastron moderately large , connected with the carapace by l igament ; a ser ies of inframarginal sh ields separates the plastral sh ieldsfrom the marginals . Head very large , covered above with an un
d ivided horny sh ield ; j aws very strong , hooked , w i thou t addit ionalalveolar ridges . Digits feebly w ebbed , all except the ou ter to eclawed . Tail very long , subcylindric
’
al,compressed at the end
,with
rings of squar i sh sh ields .S. C hina , Siam ,
Burma .
The affinities of the freshwater Tortois e which is the only knownrepresentative of this fam i ly are to a nearly equal degree with theTestu din idae and with the Ch elydridae . The sim ilarity of the sku llsof P latysternum and Macroclemmys i s very str iking ; but in the
former the temporal roof i s s till more developed withou t,however
,
attaining the stage of the mar ine Tu rtle s, in wh i ch the parietalbones jo in th e squamosals and the jugal presents this pecu liarity ,uniqu e among Chelonians , that i t is completely enclosed betw eenthree bones , viz . the postfrontal , the max i llary , and the quadratejugal . The cervi cal vertebrae are as in a typical Emydoid ; secondand th ird op isthocoelous , fourth and eighth amphicyrtous , fi1th and
sixth procoelou s, seventh amph i coelou s ; there are three g inglymoidarticu lation s (v . ,
vi .,
The symphys ial bran ches of the pubisand isch ium are parallel , but connected only by ligament . The
three anterior caudal vertebrae are procoelou s , the nex t amph icoelou s ,then fellow a series of n ineteen opisthocoelou s ; the last ten are
again procoelou s . The neu ral plates form a complete series ; theyare , w ith the exception of the first , broader than l ong and hexagonal . Two pygals are present, in addition to the azygos marginal .The plas tron is separated from the carapace by ligament, and
40 P LATY STERN IDZE.
therefore develops no bu ttresses ; the entoplastron ends in a short
acu te process .
1 . P latysternum megacephalum.
Fig . 13.
Skull of P la ly stcrnum megacep halam.
P latysternon m egacephalum,Gray , l . c . p . 107 , and I ll. I nd . Zoo l.
i . p l . lx i i . (1834) D am . (S‘ B ibr . p . 344 , pl . xvi . fig . 2 Gray , C at .
Tort . p . 35, and Sh . R ep t . i . p . 49 ; Giant/1 . c l. B rit. I nd . p . 43
Theco. Journ . Linn . Soc . x . p . 17 (1868 ) Bouleny . Ann.
a? May . N . If . (5) xix . p . 46 1, pls . xv i . xvi i .Emys megacephala, Sch ley . Faun . Jap an , c t . p . 49
P latysternon peguense, Gray , Supp l . Ca t. S11. c l. i . p . 70
48 rs srunmrnm.
few dark—brown dots on the crown and one in the centre of eachcostal s cute the edge of the carapace yellow j aws yellow a yel
low black - edged streak on each s ide along the temple ; sides and
lower su rface of neck and limbs wh it ish ; upper su rface of l imbsblacki sh p lastron yellow , w i th a symmetr i cal black marking alongthe m iddle ; tai l blacki sh above , yellow , w ith a black median line
,
inferi orly .
Head and neck 85 millim . , carapace 150, tail 170.
Southern Ch ina , Siam , Bu rma .
J . R eeves,Esq. [P ] . (Type )
J . R eeves,E sq. [R ] .
Zoo logical Soc iety .
W .Theobald,Esq. (Types
of P . p ey uens e . )Burma. W . T . B lanford
,Esq. [R ] .
Fam . 6 . TESTUDINIDE .
Testudinidae,Emydi dae, part ., Gray, Ann . P lzil. (2) x . 1825.
Testudin idae , Emyd idae , part ., B e ll,Zoo l . Journ . ii i . 1828 .
Tylopodes, Steganopodes, part ., W ay ler, Syst. Amplz . 1830.
Testudin idae. , Eniydae , part . , Gray , Syn . R ept. 1831 .
C hersites, Elodites C ryptoderes, part ., D ume’
rz’
l 5; B z
’
brou,E rp . Gen.
i i . 1835 .
Testud inidae, Emydi dae, part ., Gray , Cat. Tort . 1844, and S12. B ep t.
i . 1855 .
Emydoidae , Nectemydoidae, Deiroch elyoidee , Evemydoidae , C lemmydo idee
,C istudinina, Testudinina, Ag assiz , Contr . JVa t . H ist. U. S .
1857 .
C hersemydina , part . S trau ch, C lzelon . Stud . 1862 .
Testudin idfe , C istudinidae, Emyd idae, Malaclemmydae, P seudemydae,Bataguridae, Gray , Supp l . C a t . Sic. B ep t. i . 1870.
Testud inidae, Emydidae , part ., C istudinidae, Cop e, P roc. Amer . P hi l.Soc . xx . 1882
,p . 144 .
Nu chal plate w ithou t well - developed costiform processes . P lastral bones n ine . Shell covered w ith epidermal sh ields . Caudalvertebrae procoelou s . Neck completely retracti le within the shell.Lateral temporal arch u su ally present ; no parieto - squamosal arch .
Digits short or moderately elongate ; phalanges with condy les ;claw s fou r or five .
Cosmopol itan,except Au stralia and P apuasia.
The genera included in th i s fam i ly form a pretty continu ous ser iesfrom such thoroughly aquati c forms as the Batagurs to the LandTortoises * ; and this ser ies has been followed
,in the follow ing
A recent writer suggests to separate the Land - Tortoises from the Emyd son the ground o f the presence in the former and the absence in the latter o f
d erm a l O Ss ifica tions on the l imbs . Bu t the absence of su ch ossifications in the
gigantic Land - Tortoises destroys the i alue o f that character.
TESTUDINIDJ S . 49
pages , so far as consi stent w i th what. appear to be the affin i ties o fthe var iou s form s . But for the necess i ties of a ser ial arrang ement ,the genu s Emys , in many rt spects the least spec ial ized ,
m ight beplaced at the base of the fam ily , w ith two d iverg ing series of generaculm inating in the Batagurs on the one hand and in the LandTorto i ses on the other.
Synop s is of the Genera .
I . D ig its u sually webbed , or w ith at leas t a sligh t rud iment ofweb , the median with three phalanges ; metacarpals elongat e .
A . Hexagonal neural plates sh ort - sided in front .
1 . Alveolar surface of upper jaw bread, w ith one or two
med ian ridges .
a . Ax illary and inguinal buttresses much developed, the
former connected w ith or nearly reaching the first rib,
the latter anchylosed betw een two costal plates (5thand 6th) ; entoplas tron anterior to the humero - pectoralsu tu re .
a . Fou rth vertebral sh ield elongate , embracing four orfive neu ral bones l . Kachuga,
p . 51 .
(3. Fou rth vertebral shield not longer than th ird,embra
cing three neural bones .
Choanae between the exc s ; alveolar surfa ce of upper jaw with a
single med ian ridge 2 . Callagur, p . 60.
Choanae beh ind the level of the eyes alveolar su rface of upper jawwith two med ian ridges fore l imb w ith four claw s only .
3 . Batagur , p . 6 1 .
Choanae behind the level of the eye s ; alveolar surface of upper jawwith a single median ridge 4 . B ardel la,
p . 63 .
b. Axillary and ingu inal bu ttresses short or moderate .
Choanae behind the level of the eye s ; ingu inal buttres s anchylosed to the fifth (excepti onally sixth ) costal plate ; entoplastronanterior to the humero - pectoral su ture .
5 . Morenia,p . 66 .
Choanae between the eyes ingu inal bu ttress anchylosed to the fifthco stal plate entoplastron anterior to the humero - pectoral suture .
6 . C hry semy s , p . 69 .
C hoanee between the eyes ; inguinal bu ttress anchylo sed betweenthe fifth and six th co stal plates ; entoplastron intersected by thehumero - pectoral suture 7 . Ocadia, p . 85 .
50 T llsTU DINIDE .
.2. Alveolar surface o f upper jaw without med ian r idge .
(1 .Choanae beh ind the l evel of the eyes ; alveolar surface ofj aws very broad .
Ingu inal buttress i nchylosed to the fifth costal plate ; upper surfaceo f head covered w ith undi v ided sk in ; entoplastron anterior tothe humero -
pector al suture 8 . Malacoclemmys , p . 88 .
Ingu inal buttres s anchy lo sed betw e en the fifth and sixth (except ionally tou i th and fifth ) cost al plates ; h inder part of headcove i ed w ith sm i ll shie lds ; entoplast i on i ntersected by the humeropectoral suture . 9 . Damoni a, p . 9 2 .
l) . (fhoanm between the eyes ; e ntoplastron intersected bythe humero - pectora l suture .
a . P lastron not hinged .
Ax illary and inguinal buttresses strong , latter anchylosed betweenthe fi fth and s ixth costal plates ~ h inder part of head coveredw i th small shie lds 10. Bel l ia , p . 9 7 .
Ax illary and inguinal buttresses short, latter ju s t reach ing the fifthcostal plate ; upper su rface of head w ith und ivided skin .
1 1 . C lemmy s , p . 100.
fi. P lastron h inged,movable .
A bony temporal arch ; beak not hooked .
12 . Emy s , p . 1 11 .
No bony temporal arch beak hooked .
13 . C istudo , p . 1 14 .
13. Hexagonal neural plates (at least the anter ior) short - si dedbehi nd ; entoplastron intersected by the humero - pectora lsuture .
P last ron not hing ed a bony temporal arch .
14 . Nicoria,p . 1 18 .
P lastron h inged , movable ; a bony temporal arch .
15 . Cy clemys , p . 128 .
P lastron not h inged no bonv temporal arch .
16 . Geoemyda,p . 135 .
11 . Digits withou t a rudiment of web, w i th not more than two
phalanges metacarpals not or but sl ightly longer than broadneura l plate s mostly hexagonal , short- s ided behind , or alternately tetragonal and o ctagonal .
A . Alveolar sur face of upper jaw w ithout a median ridge .
P osterio r portion o f carapace h inged ,movabl e .
17 . C inixy s , p . 140.
1 . KACHUGA . 5 1
Carapace without hinge ; front lobe of plastron movable .
18 . Pyxi s , p . 144 .
Carapace and plastron without hinge .
19 . Homopus, p . 145 .
B . Alveolar surface of upper jaw with a median ridge .
20. Testudo , p . 149 .
1 . KACHUGA.
Emy s, part . , Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 20 D am. é’
rB ibr. 11. p . 232Gray , C at. Tort. p . 14
Batagur, part. , Gray , Cat; Sh . R ep t. i . p . 35 Gant/t . R ep t.
B rit. Ind . p . 37 Anders . Zool . R es . Y umzan,p . 29
Clemmys, part ., Strau ch, Che lon . Stud . p . 28
Kachuga, part . , Gray, C at. Slz . R ep t. i . p . 35 .
P angshura, Gray , l . c . p . 36 ; Gitntlz . l . c. p . 33 ; Gray, Suppl. C at.Sh . R ep t. i . p . 60
Batag urella, Gray , P roc. Zoo l . Soc. 1869 , p . 200.
Dongeka, part., Gray , 1. c . p . 202.
Kachuga,Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh. R ep t . i . p . 54 .
Dhongoka , Gray , 1. c . p . 57 .
C uchoa,Gray , 1. c . p . 01 .
Jerdonella,Gray , 1. c .
Em ia,Gray, l. c .
Fourth verteb ral shield elongate , embracing four or five neuralplates ; neu ral plates hexagonal, short—sided in front . P lastronextensively united to the carapace by su ture , with extremely developed axillary and inguinal bu ttresses
,the former connected with
or nearly reaching the first rib,the latter anchylosed between the
fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humeropectoral suture . Sku ll with a bony temporal arch alveolar surfacesvery broad , of upper jaw with amedian ridge ; edge of jaws denticulated choanm on a level with the posterior border of the eyes, orbehind . Upper su rface of head covered w i th undiv ided skin.
Digits very broadly webbed . Tail very short , not longer in theyoung than in the adult .India and Burma.
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I .Third vertebral shield forming a broad su ture with the fourth
,
which embraces fou r neural plates ; neural plates mu chlonger than broad .
A . Second vertebral shield w ith straight transverse posteriorborder ; suture between humerals and pectorals convex orforming an obtuse angle .
Alveolar surface of upper jaw extremelybroad , the median ridge nearer the
52 rasrnnm nzs .
ou ter than the inner margin ; bonychoanze behind the orbits 1 . lineata , p . 54 .
Alveolar surface of upper jaw narrower,the med ian ridge nearer the innerthan the ou ter margin ; bony choanze
between the orbits 2. triv ittata , p . 55 .
Fig . 15.
Sku l l o fKac/mya frz'
vitfafa . (From Gray , P . Z . S .
1 . m en s e s .
B. Second vertebral shield poin ted orproduced behind , entering the
thi rd ; suture between the gularsat least three fourths the lengthof that between the humerals ;suture between gulars and humerals forming a right angle suturebetween humerals and pectoralsstraight
Fig . 1 6 .
3. dhonyoka, p . 56 .
Shel l of Kaclmga trivittata .
II . Fourth vertebral shield pointed in front, narrowly in contactw ith the th ird, embracing five neural plates .
A. Third vertebral quadrangular ,mu ch longer than broad , posteriorborder straight or slightly convexsecond vertebral shield embracingtwo neu ral plates ; neu ral platesmu ch longer than broad 4 . smifl m
,p . 57 .
54 Tnsrnnmrnm.
B . Third vertebral sh ield pentagonal , pointed behind ; neuralplates not or but sligh tly longer than bread.
1 . Second vertebral sh ield much shorter than third , embracingtwo neural plates .
P osterior margin of carapace strongly serrated ; 26 marginal sh ields (includingcaudals) 5 . syllwtens z
'
s , p . 57 .
P osterior margin not serrated 6 . intermedia , p . 58 .
2 . Second vertebral shield as long as
broad,embracing three neural
7 . tectum,p . 58 .
1 . Kachuga lineata.
Emy s dhor, part . , Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 20
dentata, part ., Gray , 1. c . errata, pis . vi i i ., ix . ,and I ll. Ind .
Zool . i i . pl . lvi i i . fig . 1
l ineata,Gray , l. c . p . 23 ; D am . B z
'
br . i i . p . 335
Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 16
kachug a,Gray , I ll. I nd . Zoo l. i . pl . lxx iv .
Batagur l ineata, Gray , Sh . R ep t. i . p . 35,p l . xvu .
Giinth . R ep t . B rit. Incl. p . 39 (1864) Anders . Zoo l . R es . Y unnan,p . 745
dhongoka, Gray , l . 0. pl . xxxvi . (sku l l) .ellioti , Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1862, p . 264 ; Guntlz . l. e . p . 40,
pl . i i i . fig . A .
Clemmys l ineata, Straacli , C lzelon . Stud . p . 33
ellioti,Strauclz
,Vertlz . Sclzilcllsr . p . 88
Kachuga hardw i cki i , Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc . 1869 , p . 202 .
Kachuga fusca, Gray , Supp l. C a t . S11 . R ep t . i . p . 56
Kachuga l ineata, Gray , l. c .dentata
,Gray , l. c .
Dhongoka hardw i ckii , part .
, Gray , l . c. p . 57 .
Batagur kachuga, l eob. C a t. R ep t . B r it. I nd . p . 19
bakeri,Ly clelrleer, P al. Ind . (10) i i i . p . 190, p l . xx iv . fig . 5
Carapace of young strongly keeled , the keels tubercular posteriorly on the second and th ird vertebral shields, posterio r marginstrongly crenu lated the marginal serrature disappears in adolescentpecimens
,and the vertebral keel , after be ing redu ced to a serie s of
low knobs,van ishes entirely in the fu llgrown ,
the carapace of whichi s very convex . Nuchal sh i eld small, trapezoid, broadest posteriorly ; first vertebral as bread in front as behind
,or broader ;
second vertebral longer than th i rd , with wh i ch i t forms a straighttransverse su ture fourth longest and form ing a broad sutu re w i ththe th ird ; second vertebral broader than long in the young, as longas broad in the adu lt . P lastron angu lated laterally in the you ng ;anterior and poster ior lobes rather narrow and shorter than the
width of the br idge,truncate anter iorly , openly notched poster iorly
the longest med ian suture is between the abdom inals,the shortest
between the gulars , whi ch equals about one half that between thehumerals the suture between gulars and humerals forms an obtuseangle , and so does that between humerals and pectorals ; ingu inal
56 TESTUDINIDJE .
Anderson,who makes a distinct species (B . iravadiea) for the
specimens 9 and yg . 6 ) without bands .Length of shell 55 centim .
Burma ; Borneo ?
XV . Theobald, Esq.
\V . Theobald , Esq.
W . Theobald, Esq.
W . Theobald , Esq . [B ]. (Type ofK . tr ilz
’
neata . )h. Ad .
,skul l . \V . Theobald, E sq. (Type of
K p eyuens z'
s.)z’
. Ad.
,shel l . Dr. Fal coner [B ].
3. Kachuga dhongoka.
Emvs dhongoka, Gray , I ll. I nd . Zoo l. 11 . pl. IX .
duvaucelii, D a rn . 19 B a'
br . i i . p . 335 Gray , C a t. Tort.p . 15
Batagur dhongoka, Gray , C a t. Sh . R ept. i . p . 36, p l . xvii i . (1855)Gunth . R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 42 (1864) Theeb. Ca t. R ep t. B rit . Ind .
p . 22
C lemmy s dhongoka , part . , Strauck, C lzelon. Stud . p . 33
Dhongoka hardw i cki i, part ., Gray , Supp l . C at. Sh . R e
p t . i . p . 56
1870)P afngshura leithu ,
Gray , l . e . p . 60.
B atagur duvaucelii, Anders . Zool. R es . Y unnan, p
. 738
durandi,Lydekker, P al. Ind . (10) i i i . p . 1 2, pl . xxiv . fig . 2
Carapace mu ch depressed , keeled in the young , the keel redu cedto a knob on each of the anterior vertebrals in the adu lt ; posteriormargin crenu lated . Nu chal sh ield small
,trapezo id
,broadest behind
first vertebral u sually narrower in front than behind , with sinu ou slateral borders ; second vertebral broader than long in the young,longer than broad in the adult
,posterior border po inted or more or
les s produced , fitt ing into an emarginat ion of the th i rd vertebral,which is shorter than either the second or the third . P lastronangu lated laterally in the young ; front lobe truncate , hind lobeangu larly notched , shorter than the width of the bridge the longestmedian su ture is between the abdominals ; suture between thegulars as long or nearly as long as that between the humerals thesu ture between gulars and humerals forms a right angle and thatbetween humerals and pectorals a straight transverse line ingu inallarge , ax illary smaller . Jaws and soft parts as in K . trivittata .
Brown above , yellowish inferiorly carapace with three more or lessdistinct black longitudinal bands .Length of shell 35 centim .
India. Fossil in the P liocene Siwaliks of the P unjab .
a,6. Ad . , shel ls . B . H . Hodgson, Esq. P
0. Ad . , skul l . B . H . Hodgson,Esq. P
1 . KACHUGA. 5
Ganges, near Benares .P oonah . Dr Le i th (
”hype o f
P am/slawa led/111 .
f . Y g . stffd .
g . Y g .,spir.
71, Ad . & hgr . ,
shel ls .4 . Kachuga smithn . (P LATE
Batagur sm ith i i , Gray , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1863,p . 2753.
P angshura smith i i, Gilntp
lz . R ep t. E 1 tt Ind . p . 36 Theo/1 .
C at. R ep t. B 1 1t. Ind . 15 Lydelt lvIem. Ge07. S .u1 1
Ind . (10) 111. pl . xx i i . fig . 5
C lemmy s smithi i , Straueh, Ve1 t71 Scl uldkr . 89 (1865)Emia smith ii
,G1 ay, Supp l. C at. SI1. R ep t. i . p . 62
Carapace mu ch depressed, feebly keeled . Nuchal shield small ,
trapezoid, broadest posteriorly ; first vertebral with sinu ous lateralborders , u sually a l ittle narrower in front than behind ; secondvertebral shortest
,broader than long
,u sually with straight or
slightly convex posterior border ; third vertebral considerably longerthan broad , subquadrangular , posterior border straigh t or slightlyconvex ; fou rth vertebral longest, tapering anteriorly and forming a
narrow suture with the third ; fifth vertebral mu ch broader than theothers . P lastron feebly angulated laterally , large ; fron t lobe rounded ,hind lobe angu larly notched and as long as or a l ittl e shorter thanthe wi dth of the bridge ; the longes t median suture is that betweenthe abdominal s
,which abou t equals the length of the front lobe ;
gulars u sually shorter than the suture between the humerals , theirsuture with the latter sh ields forming a right angle ingu inal large ,axillary smaller . Head moderate ; snout short, obtu se, feebly prominent jaws with denticulated edge
,upper not notched mesially ;
alveolar surface of upper jaw broad, the medi an ridge nearer theinner than the outer border ; bony cheanae between the orbi ts ;the width of the lower jaw at the symphy sis i s less than thediameter of the orbit . Fore limbs with large transverse scales .P ale ol ive - brown above ; dorsal keel u sually black ish ; plastralshields and lower surface of marginals dark brown , bordered withyellow.
Length of shell 21 centim.
Upper Gauges and Indu s .a . Ad .
,stfi d . India .
T71. n .
,stfi d . R ive i Chenab, P unjab . Sir A . Smith P M] ypes . )
0. Ad .,shel l . Indu s . Dr. Leith [P . .
d . Ad .,stfi d . India. T . C . Jerdon, Esq. [R
e . Ad .
,shell . Ind ia . T . C . Jerdon, Esq. P .
f , 9 . Ad . shells . Ind ia. W . Theobald, Esq. P
5 . Kachuga sylhetensis .
P angshura sylhetensis, Jerdon, P roc. A s . Soc. B eny . 1870,p . 69 ;
T71607) C at. R ep t. B rzt. I nd. p . 15
Jerdonella sylhetensis, Gray , Supp l. C at. S71 . R ep t. i . p . 61
58 rssrumnrnzn.
Carapace elevated , tectiform ,the keel ending in an elevated
pointed nodosity on the th i rd vertebral sh ield , forming a strongridge on the two last vertebrals ; posterior margin very stronglyserrated ; 26 marginal sh ields instead of 24 as in all other speciesof the genu s ; first vertebral sh ield mu ch broader in front thanbeh ind in the halfgrown specimens
,equally broad in front and
beh ind in the adul t ; second vertebral shortest, broader than long ,w i th straight posterior border ; third vertebral considerably longerthan broad
,pointed behind , and forming a very narrow suture W ith
the fou rth ,whi ch tapers anteri orly and equal s in length the first
and second together ; fifth vertebral not broader than fourth , pointedposteriorly . P lastron large , feebly angulated ‘ lateral ly, truncateanter iorly , angularly notched posteriorly ; the longest median suturei s that between the abdominals ; su ture between the gulars as longas or shorter than that between the humerals ; suture betweengulars and humerals form ing a right angle ; ingu in al and axillaryarge . Carapace ol ive—brown ,
u sually with a lighter streak alongthe keel ; plastral sh ields dark brown with a broad yellow border .Length of shell 18% contim .
Assam .
a,b,0. Ad . hgr.
,Sy lhet , a stream at the foot T . C . Jerdon, Esq.
shel ls . of the Khasi H i l ls . [R ] . (Types )d . n .
,shel l . A ssam .
6 . Kachuga intermedia .
Emys (P angshura) tectum ,var. intermedia
,B lanf . Journ , A s . Soc.
B eny . xxx ix . p . 339 , p l . x iv .
Shell as in K . teetu 111, bu t second vertebral shield shortes t and
broader than long . Carapace brown ; plastral shields black , withyellow anter ior and lateral margins . Head du ll ol ive , paler below ;a ferruginous spot beh ind the eye , and three others , less well marked ,in a convex li ne on the occ iput limbs uniform olive .
Length of shell 1 1 centim.
Bilaspoor, Central India.
7 . Kachuga tectum.
Emys tecta, Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 23,pl . v . and I ll. I nd . Zool.
1. p l . lxxi i . D -
11111 . 1S‘ Bibr. i i . p . 321 Gray , C at.
Tort . p . 15 B lytlz, Journ. A s . Soc. B eny . xxii . p . 643
trigibbosa, L esson, Bu ll. Se . N at. xxv . p . 120 and inB e
’ lany . Voy . Ind . O r .
,R ep t . p . 29
tentoria, Gray, P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1834,p . 54
,and C a t. Tort.
p . 15 ; B lyt71, l. c .Batagur tecta, Gray , C at. S71 . R ep t. i . p . 36
tentoria,Gray , 7. c . p . 37 .
Emys namadica, Theeb. M em . Geol. Surv. I nd . 11 . p . 295
C lemmys tectum,Strauel1
,C l1elon. Stud . pp . 33
, 131
tentor ia, Strauclt, l. c . p . 33.
P angshura tecta, Gunth . R ep t . Brit. Ind . p . 33 (1864) Gray , Supp l.
1 . KAC HUGA. 59
C a t . S71. R ep t . Theeb. C at. 13
18 1 6
P a(ngsl1u
)1 a tentoria , G11ntlz . l. c . p . 34
,pl . i v . fig . C
,7 710115. I. c . p . 14.
fiavivente i , Gunth . l. c . p . t o p . 15 ; Lyde/clcw ,
Mem. Gro l . Su 1 11. I nd . (10) i i i . p . 182,pl . xxi i .
du i a, G1 ay, P 1 00 Zoo l. Soc . 1869, p . 205.
ventri cosa,Gray , Supp l . C at. S/z . R ep t . i . p . 60.
C uchoa tentoria, Gray , 7. e . p . 6 1 .
fiav iventris, Gray , l . c.Carapace elevated , tectiform , the keel ending in a nodosity 011 the
third vertebral sh ield ; posteri or margin not or but very sl igh tlyserrated ; nu chal shield small , square or trapezoid ; first vertebralvery variable in shape , u sual ly with straight lateral borders divergingforwards in the halfgrown specimens , narrower in front and withsinuous lateral borders in the adu lt ; s econd vertebral as long as ora li ttle longer than second , frequently obtusely pointed behind ;third vertebral pointed behind , in contact with the point of the veryelongate fou rth fifth vertebral broader than the others . P lastronlarge , strongly angulated laterally in the young, truncate anteriorly ,angularly notched posteriorly ; proportions of plastral shields veryvariable sutu re between gulars and humeral s forming a rightangle ; axillary and ing uinal large . Head moderate ; snou t short,rather pointed and prominent ; jaws with dent i culated edge , uppernot notched mes ially alveolar su rface of upper jaw with the med ianridge nearer the inner than the ou ter border ; bony choanae betweenthe
o
orbits ; the width of the lower jaw at the symphysis i s less thanthe diameter of the orbit . Fore l imbs with large transverse scales .
Carapace olive , of young with some black spots , especially on theposterior edge of the three first vertebrals an orange vertebralband , and a narrow yellow margin ; more uniform in the adu lt ;plastron orange or red , with black spots , or brown with a yellowishanterior and lateral border to each shield , in one specimen uni formyellow . Head blackish jaws and sides of crown orange ; neckwi th numerou s yellow lines on a blackish ground ; limbs dark olive ,spotted with yellow.
Length of shell 21 centim .
Gauges and Indus system s ; fossil in the P l iocene Siwaliks .
a— e . n . ,spi i . Bengal . W . Theobald
,Esq.
f , y , 71. H0 1 .,stfi d . B engal . 1\I . P icquot [C .
1 . Hgi . spir . N .E . B engal . T . C . Jerdon,E sq. [P . ]
71 . Ad .,shel l . A ssam . T . C . Jerdon
,Esq . (Type
of P anyslzura rentr1cosa .)Cuttack R iver . F . Day , E sq. [P ] .Dec can . Co l . Sykes [P ]. (Type ofEmys
tent01 1a )11. n .
,shell . Dr. Leith
o . Ad .
,stfi d . R . McC lelland, Esq. (Type of
P anqslzw afi amventer
p , q, r, s . Ad .
,shells . India. T . C . Jelden
,Esq
15. Ad , stffd . Ind ia. Dr. J. E . Grayn v
spir. Ind ia.
10. Ad .,skel. India.
Hg1 .,shell . Ind ia.
60 rs srunrmnzn.
2 . CALLAGUR .
C lemmys, part. , Straw /1., 07101011.Stud . p . 28
B a tagur, part. , G zlnth . R ap t. B rz t . I nd . p . 37
li achuga, part . , Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1869 , p . 200.
C allagur, Gray , Supp l. C at. S71 . R ep t. i . p . 53
C antorella, Gray , l. c . p . 58 .
Neural plates elongate , hexagonal , short - sided in front . P lastronextens ively un i ted to the carapace by suture, with extremely developed axillary and ingu inal bu ttresses , the former connected withthe first r ib , the latter anchylosed between the fifth and s ixth costalplates entoplastron anterior to the humero—pectoral su tu re . Skullw ith a bony temporal arch alveolar surfaces broad
,of upper jaw w i th
a median r idge edge ofjaws denticu lated ; choanae between the eyes .Upper surface of head covered with undivided sk in . Digits verybroadly webbed . Tai l very short , not longer in the young than inthe adult.Malay P eninsu la Borneo .
1 . Callagur picta.
Emys trivittata (11071 D . 1? Cantor,Ca t. Mal. R ep t p . 4
Tetraonyx affinis,part . , Cantor, l . c . p . 6 .
Batagu r pi cta, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1862,p . 204.
affinis,Gim ik. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 40
,p l . i i i . fig . C
Theob. C al . R ep t . B r it. I ncl. p . 19
C lemmy s gray i, Slrauclz , Verth. Schz'
ldkr . p. 88
Kachuga aflinis, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1869, p . 203.
C allagur pi cta, Gray , Supp l. C at. S71. R ep t. i . p . 53
Canterel la affinis,Gray , l . c . p . 58 .
Kachuga maj or, Gray , Ann . aMay . N . ff . (4) x i . p . 300
Tetraonyx p ictus, T l. c .Carapace with a strong continu ou s vertebral and a feeble inter
rupted costal keel in the young these keels disappearing in the adultnu chal absent or extremely small and linear ; first vertebral as
broad in front as beh ind , or a little broader ; vertebrals 2 to 4subequal in length , mu ch broader than long in the young, nearlyas long as broad , and nearly as broad as the costals, in the adu ltpostero - lateral border of the third vertebral concave . P lastronlarge , strongly angulated laterally in the young, convex in theadult , truncate anteriorly , notched posteriorly ; the w idth of thebridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe the longest mediansuture is that between the abdominal s
,the shortest that between
the gulars, which is abou t half that of the interhumeral sutureingu inal large , axillary smaller . Head rather smal l ; snou t pointed ,produced ; jaws with denticulated edge
,upper feebly notched
mesially ; the w idth of the lower jaw at the symphy si s is a l ittlele ss than the diameter of the orbit . Limbs with transversely en
larged , band - like scales . Brown above , yellowish inferiorly carapace w ith three broad blackish longitudinal bands .Length of shell 42 centim .
Malay P eninsula and Borneo .
3 . Baraeun . 6 1
A . R . R ussel l,Esq. (Type )
Dr. Cantor.Dr. Cantor . (One of the types of
Tctraony .1'
afi n z’
s .)d . Y g ., dry . (Type ofKachuya major .)
8 . BATAGUR .
Emy s, part . , Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 20
Te traonyx (non Latin) , Lesson, in B é lany . Voy . I nd . Or .
,Zoo l . p . 297
D am . 81 B ibr. i i . p . 337 Gray , C a t. Tort . p . 29
A nderson,Zoo l. R es .
'
11nnan,p . 771
Batagur, part . , Gray , C at. S71. B ep t . i . p . 35 Guntlc. .c t .
B rit. Ind . p . 37 (1864) A nders . l . c . p . 729 .
C lemmys, part . , Strauc/z, C lzelon . Stud . p . 28
Batagur, Gray , Supp l. Cat. SI1 . R ept. i . p . 51
Neural plates elongat e,hexagonal , short - sided in fron t . P las
tron exten sively united to the carapace by su ture , with extremelydeveloped ax illary and ingu inal bu ttresses , the former connectedwith the first rib
,the latter anchylo sed between the fifth and
sixth costal plates ; entoplastron an ter ior to the humero - pectoralsuture . Skul l with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces verybroad , of upper jaw with two strong
,slightly denticulated median
ridges edge of j aws denticulated choanae behind the level of theeyes . Limbs somewhat approaching the paddle—shape , very broadlywebbed
,with four claws . Tail very short , not longer in the young
than in the adu lt .Bengal
,Burma, Malay P eninsula.
1 . Batagur baska.
Emys batagur, Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 23 (1831) and I ll. Ind . Zool. 11 .pl . l ix .
baska,Gray , l. c . p . 24
,and I ll. Ind . Zoo l . i . pl . lxxv .
Trionyx cuv ieri, Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 50.
Te traonyx longi collis , L esson, in B e’ lany . Voy . I nd . Or.
,Zool . p . 297
lessonii, D um . 5° B 1
'
br. i i . p . 338,pl . xvi . fig . 1
baska, B urn . 6} B ier . t. c . p . 341 Theob. C at. R ep t. B rit. Ind .
p . 25 (187batagur, Gray , C at. Tort. p . 29
afiin is,part .
,Can tor
,Mal. R ep t. p . 6
Batagur baska, Gray , C at. S71. R ept. i . p . 35, p l . xvi . Gunth.
R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 37,pl . i i i . fig . B Gray , Supp l. C at. S71 .
p . 52
C lemmys longicollis, Strauc71, C71elon. Stud. p . 33
Batagur (Tetraonyx) baska, Anders . Zool. R es . Y unnan,p . 771, pls .
lxv i . lxv i i .C arapace moderately depressed
,w ith a vertebral keel in the
young , which disappears in the adu lt ; nuchal broader than long ;first vertebral as broad in front as behind , or a little broader ;vertebrals 2 to 4 subequal, mu ch broader than long in the young,nearly as long as broad and as broad as the costals in the adult ;the postero - lateral border of the third vertebral strongly concave .
62 rasrunmruzs .
P last ron large , strongly angu lated laterally in the young , convex inthe adult
,truncate anteri orly , angularly notched posteriorly ; the
w id th of the bridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe ; the
Skul l of L’
aragar bets/ca . (From Gray , P . Z . S.
longest median suture is that between the abdominals , the shortestthat between the gulars, which is never more than half that between
64 TESTUDINTDE .
Fig . 18 .
Skull of Hardella thurgi. (From Gray, P . Z. S.
Kachuga oldhami,Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1869
,p . 200
,fig .
IIardella thurgi , Gray , Supp l. C at. S71. R ep t. i . p . 58
indi , Gray , l . c .Batagur (Hardella) thurgi , Anders . Zool . R es . Y unnan, p . 764 .
fal coneri,Lydelcker, P al. I nd . (10) i i i . p . 187, p l . xxi i i . fig . 1 ,
pl. xx iv . fig . 4, pl. xxv . figs . 1 S: 2
cautleyi, Lydeklt'
er, l. c . p . 194, p l . xxiv . fig . 1 .
C le
l
mmys watsoni i,Lydeklr-er, Q . J. Geo l. Soc. xln . p . 540
,pl . xv
4 . HAR DELLA. 65
Carapace moderately depressed , with an interrupted tubercu larkeel ; margin not serrated ; nuchal narrow , broadest posteriorly ;firs t vertebral usual ly narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, lateralborders usually slightly sinu ous ; second , third , and fourth vertebralsconsiderably broader than long in the young , nearly as long as
broad in the adult . P lastron large , angulated laterally, truncateanteriorly , angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge
Shel l ofHardella t71ury 1'
.
exceeds the length of the posterior lobe ; the longest median sutureis that between the abdominals su ture between the gulars as longas or a l ittle shorter (at least th ree fourths) than that between thehumeral s ingu inal large
, axillary smaller . Head moderate ; snoutshort
,obtu se ; upper jaw notched mesially, serrated ; lower jaw
very strongly dentated , fiat inferiorly , its width at the symphysis a
li ttle less than the diameter of the orbit. Limb s with transversely
66 m srunmrnm.
enlarged , band - like scales . Carapace dark brown or black plastron
yellow i sh ,
with a large blackish spot occupy ing the greater part ofeach sh ield , or entirely black . Soft parts dark brown ; a yellowband across the prfe frontal region, extend ing on each side , throughthe eye , to above the ear ; another from below each eye , passmg
below the nostrils .Length of shell 45 centim . Q Males mu ch smaller .Northern India (Ganges and Indus systems) . Fossil in the
P liocene Siwaliks .
M. P ic not
R . Me lelland, Esq. [C ] .
T . C . Jerdon, Esq .
W . Theobald, Es E .]P rof. O ldham [P ](Type of Kaelz uya old/1ami.)
9 shel l . Indus . Dr. L eith(Type of B ardella indi.)
5 . MORENIA.
Emys , part . , D um . B ibr . 11 . p . 232 Gray , C at. Tort.p . 14 Giint71. B ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 21
Batagur, part . , Gray , C at . S71. R ept. i . p . 35 (1855) Anders . Zoo l .B es . Y unnan, p . 729
Kachuga, part . , Gray , l. c .,and P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1869
,p . 200.
C lemmys, part . , Strau ch, Chelon . Stud . p . 28
Merenia,Gray, Supp l . C at. SI1 . R ep t. i . p. 62 (1870) Anders . l . c.
p . 755 .
Neural plates hexagonal , short - sided in front . P lastron extensively united to the carapace by sutu re , with short axillary and °
inguinal bu ttresses , ju st reach ing the first and fifth costal plates ;entoplastron anterior to the humero—pectoral su tu re . Skull with a
bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces very broad , of upper jaww ith a strong tubercu late median r idge ; edge of jaws stronglytoothed ; choanae behind the level of the eyes . Upper surface ofsnout and crown covered with a single shield , behi nd which the skinis corrugated . D igi ts ex tensively webbed . Tail short
,not longer
in the young than in the adult .Northern India and Burma.
1 . Merenia ocellata .
Emy s ocel lata, Dum. 8° B ibr . ii . p . 329 , pl. xv . fig . 1 (1835) Gray ,
C a t. Tort. p . 18 (1844) B 7y t71, J0urn . A s . Soc. B eny . xx n. p . 645
(1853) G11nt71. R ep t. B rit . I nd . p . 22
Batagur oce l lata.
, Gray , C at. SI1 . R ep t. i . p . 36 and P 10 0.
Zoo l . Soc. 1856,p . 182
,pl . x .
C lemmys ocel lata, Strau ch, 071197011. Stud . p . 33Emys berdmorei, B ly th, Journ. As . Soc. B eng . xxvi i . p . 281
5 . 11011131111 . 67
Batagur berdmorei, B lyt71, Journ . A s . Soc. B eny . xxxn . p . 82T71900. Journ . L inn. Soc. x . p . 16 and C at. R ep t. A s . Soc .
JVI us . p . 12,pl .
Kachuga berdmorei, Gray , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1869 , p . 204.
Merenia berdmore i,Gray , Supp l. C at. S71. R ep t. i . p . 62
Tli eob. C a t . B ep t. B r it. Ind . p . 17Batag ur (Me ren ia) ocellata, A nders . Zoo l. R es . Y unnan
,p . 755,
pls. 1x . 1111.
Fig . 20.
Shel l ofMerenia ocellata .
Carapace moderately depressed , w ith a strong , interrupted , tuberonlar keel in the young, wh ich be comes fa inter in the adu lt marginnot serrated nu chal narrow first vertebral not or bu t l it tlebroader anteriorly than posteri orly , lateral border s u sually s inu ou s ;second
,third
, and fourth vertebrals broader than long or as long as
e
TESTUDIN IDE .
broad , narrower than the costal s . P lastron large , angulated laterally ,
t runcate anter iorly , notched poster iorly ; the w idth of theb ridge exceeds the length of the h ind lobe ; the longes t med iansu ture i s that between the abdom inal s su ture between the gulareas long as or shorter than that between the humeral s ; axillary and
ingu inal large .Head moderate ; snou t short, obtuse ; upper jaw
notched mes ial ly ,dent icu lated ; lower jaw strongly serrated , fiat
inferiorly , i ts w idth at the symphys i s equalli ng the d iameter of theorb i t . Scales on limbs small ; digits broadly webbed . Tail veryshort . Carapace brown ,
each sh ield of the d isk w ith a large centralb lackish oce llus encircled w ith yellowi sh ; lower surface un iformy el low .
Head ol ive,w ith yellow markings ; a y ellow streak
runn ing above the canthu s rostral is , suprac i liary edge , and temple ,and another from beh ind the ey e to above the ear .
Length of sh el l : 9 22 centim d 15 .
Burma .
(1—b. Y g .
,spir. P egu . W . Theobald , E sq .
c,
(1,f , y . d S? 8: yg .
,shel l s . P egu . W . Theobald, Esq .
71 . 9 ,she l l . Mergui . P rof. O ldham [P M]
i, d 52, ske l . B urma .
2 . Meren ia petersii .Emy s ocel lata (non D . 81 B ly t71, Journ. A s . Soc. B eny . xxvn .
p . 281
Batagur oce l lata, B lytli , Jou rn . A s . Soc. B eny . xxxn . p . 82
T/eeob. C at . R ep t . A s . Soc . Mus . p . 13
Merenia oce l lata, T Out. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 18
B atagur (Morenia) petersi, Anders . Zool. R es . Y unnan,p . 761
,pl . lix .
(1879 )
V ery closely all ied to the preceding . Snou t mu ch more pointedand relatively longer Suture between the pectorals not shorterthan that between the abdom inal s . Carapace black , each vertebralw i th a narrow yellow ish mes ial line ; the fou r last vertebrals w ith a
yellow i sh linear h orseshoe mark w i th the ends di rected forwards ;each costal w i th an oce llus placed rather low and formed by a
narrow yellow ish l ine , above which are some irregu lar looped linesof sim i lar colou r ; the nu chal and each marg inal w ith a verti calnarrow yellowish mes ial streak plastron yellow . Three yellowstreaks on each side of the h ead , the lower extending from belowthe nostr il to the angle of the mou thLength of shell : 6 125 millim . ;
Bengal .
The character derived from the connections of the axil lary shield , ind icatedby Anderson ,
is no t constant in ou r series of 111 . ocellata, and therefore cannotserve to d1stinguish th e two species .
6 . CHRYSEMYS . 69
6 . CHRY SEMY S.
Emys, part . , D um. Zoo l . A na l. p . 76 (1806) D am . is” B ibr. 11.
p . 232 (1835) Gray , C at. Tort. p . 14 and C at. S71 . R ep t.i . p . 19
lemmy s, part ., lVayler, Sy st . A 111p l1. p . 136 (1830) Straucli,07117011 .
Stud . p . 28
Terrapene (11011 part .,B onap . Osserv. s . sec. E d . d . R . A .
p . 153
Chrysemys, Gray , C at . Tort. p . 27,and S71 . R ep t . i . p . 32 ; Ay assiz ,
Contr. N . H . U. S . i . p . 438
P seudemy s, Gray , C a t. SI1 . R ep t . i . p . 33,and Supp l. i . p . 45
P tychemys, Ay assiz , l . c . p . 43
Trachemy s, Ayass iz , l. c . p . 434 ; Gray , Supp l. p . 47 .
N ectemys, Ayassiz , op . cit . i i . p . 642 .
Deirochelys, Ayass . l . e . p . 44 1 Gray , Supp l . p . 39 .
C allichely s , Gray , A nn . 181 filmy . (3) p . 181 and
48 .
R edamia, Gray , Supp l.I
f) .
Skull of C711~y se1nys scrip ta . (From Gray ,P . Z. S.
Neu ral plates hexagonal , short—sided in fron t . P last ron ex t ensively un ited to the carapace by su ture, with short or moderately
e 2
70 rnsrunmmzn.
long axillary and ingu inal bu ttresses , the latter anchy losed to thefifth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero - pectoralsu ture . Skull with a bony temporal arch alveolar su rfaces broad
,
of upper jaw w i th a med ian ridge ; ehoanae between the ey es .Upper surface of head covered w i th undiv ided skin . Dig its entirelywebbed . Tai l short or moderate .
N orth and Central America ; Sou thern Brazil, Uruguay, BuenosAyres .
F ig . 22 .
Shel l of C lirysemy s scripta.
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Alveolar su rface of upper jaw narrower at the symphysis thanon the sides , the med ian ridge not or but finely denticulated ;ou ter surface of mandible arched .
A . P lastron as large as the opening of the shell , the width of the
TESTUDIN IDJE.
1 . Chry semy s p i c ta.
Testudo p icta , Sclme id . Selz ildlcr . p . 348 Seli oewf, Testad .
p. 20
, pl. iv . B and . R ep t. i i . p . 164 L econ te,A nn . Lye . JV . ii i . p . 1 15
cinerea,Sclmeid . Selzr . Ges . Ab tu rf . Fr . x . p . 268
E 111yspi c ta, Solaceir/y . P rodr . p . 37 (18 14) Say , Journ . A c . P 71 ilad .
i v. p . 211 D unz . 13B ibr . i i . p . 29 7 .Holer . N . Am.
i.
pl . 11 . D elmy , F aun . JV. Y .
,R ep t. p . 12,
pl. V . fig . 10 Gray , Gal. Tort. p . 27 W ied
,N .
A cta A c . Leap- Caro l . xxxi i . i . p . 12
Terrapene picta, B onap . O sserv. 3 . sec . E d . d . R . A . p . 158
C hry semys picta , Gray , C a t. S71 . R ep t. i . p . 32 Ayassiz ,
C ontr . .N. If . U. S . i . p . 38, pl. i . figs . l—5
,8: pl . ii i . fig . 4
Gray , Supp l. C a t. S/1 . R ep t. 1 . p . 39 and A nn . (S llf ay . IV.
11 . (4) x i . p . 146
C lemmy s pi c ta , Strauch, C ’lzelon . Stud . p . 129 and Vert71 .
Scli ildltr. p . 83
Carapace mu ch depressed , qu ite smooth , withou t trace of a keel ,even in the young ; nu chal and anterior marg inals elongate , w ithdent i cu lated edge in the adult first vertebral sh ield mu ch narrower ,and u sually shorter , than second , not or bu t little broader in frontthan beh ind ; vertebrals 2 to 4 broader than long (second sometimesas long as broad) , as broad as or broader than the costal s, theantero—lateral borders mu ch sh orter than the postero—lateralsposter ior margin of carapace not serrated . P lastron very large , aslarge as the open ing of the shell ; fron t and h ind lobes trun cate ,and sometim es finely denticu lated at the end ; th e w idth of theh ind lob e i s more than two th irds th e w idth of the carapace in theadu lt
,and its length equals the w idth of the br idge ; the largest
sh ields are the abdom inals, wh i ch are abou t tw ice as long as the
pect01 als ; gulars and anals subequal in length the shortestmed ian suture is that between the humerals ingu inal and ax illarylarge
,latter largest . Head moderate snou t short
,feebly pro
jecting ; upper jaw w ith a small median notch and a small cu sp on
each s ide,the edge no t or but very slightly denti cu lated ; alveolar
surfaces moderately bread , w ith feeb le med ian ridge ; the w idth ofthe mand ible at the symphys i s i s mu ch less than the hor izontald iameter of the eye . D igits webbed to the claws
,wh i ch are very
long in the adu l t,e s pec ially males 5 . Tai l one half to two thirds
the length of the shell in the young, one thi rd to two fifths in the
males , less than one th ird in the females . Carapac e dark brown ishol ive or b lack i sh ,
w i th a yell ow vertebra l lin e and a broad yellowband on the anter ior l ine of the vertebral and costal shields (ex clu s iveof the first) ; this yel low border forms a continuou s , nearly straigh tband across the carapace between marginal s 7 marginals red , w ithb lack concentric or crescentic mark ings ; plastron yellow ,
u suallyun iform , sometimes w ith a small symmetrical blackish marking on the
Males may be d istingu ished by the position of the anus , whi ch opensbeyond the border of the carapace .
l ' P .
‘J . (J - A R - D AL.~L k -b . [ L5
median l ine , between pectoral s and anals the greater portion of the
plastral br idg e red , w i th wavy black longitud ina l bands . Soft partsdark brown or blackish , elegan tly marked w ith yel low symmetr i callines and bands on the head , and l ed bands on the neck, l imbs , andtail ; the bands under the neck usual ly form three forks , one in them iddle
,with the base on the chin
, and one on each side , th e upperbranch of which ex tends to below the eye ; u sually a large oblongyell ow spot beh ind the eye , and one on each side of the occ iput.
Length of shell 15 centim .
Eastern North America,from New Brunswick to Georgia .
a— b. 9 hgr. , sp ir.c—y . d
‘
9 ,spir. Capt . J . And erson [P .
}17 . A d .,ske l . Capt . J . Anderson LP .
9 , stfid . H . Doub leday , Esq. [P .
k. Y g .
,Spil
‘
. H . Doub leday , Esq . LI’
l . 9 ,
D
Sp1r. Sm ithsonian Ih stituti on777
,77. d 9 stfl
'
d . D1 . J . E . Gray P .
0 . n . ,spir . Loi d Ampth i l l{P l
17, 9 .
O
d ,sttid
Y g . d1yS,t. 13d .
)shel l s.
2 . Ch ry semys cinerea.
13 7 07077, I ll. Zoo l . p . 1 16,pl . x lvi i i . figs . 1 85 2
'
1 e stud0 0ine1 e,
a B 07277flatci7 7 e,Enc z/l. dl é th .
,E 7p p . 25 Schoejfi
'
,
Testud . p . 18,pl . i i i . fig . 3
Emy s c ine i ea, Sclawczgy . P 7 0417 p .p 37— p i eta
,Chasm/7 D elzc . Mus . 77 7 717s p . 10
,pl . 11 .
Chry semy s p i cta, v .a1 2,0 7 031, C a t . S17. R ep t . i . p . 33
ma1 0'
1nata, Agass ze , Con t7 . N . H . U . S i1 . .p
13
439,pl . i . fig . 6
,
p l . v . figs . 1 4 Gw y , Supp l . C at. S .77 R ep t . i . p . 39
p i cta,part .
,Gray , A nn . 3 May . N . H . (3) x i i . p . 181
C lemmy s pieta, var. a,Sh em/ck
,Ve7 tit . Sch7ldk7 .
Chrysemys pulehra, part . , Gw y , Ann. &Mag . N . If . (4) x i . p . 147
Very closely all ied to the preced ing . V ertebrals 2 to 4 hexagonal , the antero - lateral and postero - lateral borders subequal inlength and s inu ou s . Colorati on very similar , but the yellow borderst o the dorsal sh ields are narrower and do not form a band righ tacross the back ; a large symmetri cal blacki sh mark ing i s u su allypresen t on the plastron and ex tends from the gulars to the amal s
,
w ithou t produ c ing any lateral branches anteriorly .
Length of she ll 17 centim .
W iscon sin and Iowa to New Y ork and Ohio .
(7 . Y g .
, sp ir . Madras, N ew Y ork. Sm ithsonian Institution .
6.
719 ,
g
sp i r
l
.
) 1
I
éacine
,W isconsin . Sm ithsonian Institut ion .
0 s ir . Ameri ca.
e:f , 9 , hp6 £2 stfid . N . America i (Types Of C ’ W Ma .)
Shel l. N . Ameri ca .
74 rnsrunmmm
Var. bellii .
ys helln , Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 31 D am. B s r. 11 . p . 302
(1833) Gray , C at . Tort. p . 27
oregoniens is , Il arlan ,
Amer. Joarn . xxxi . p . 382, pl .JIo/br . N . Am . H
'
erp . i . p . 107,p l . xv1. Gray ,
C ut. Tort .p
. 23 ;”W ed , N . A cta A c. Leap- Carol. xxxi i . i . p . 35
1865Ch(rysem
)
y s belln, Gray , C a t. S11. R ep t. i . p . 33 Agassiz ,C ontr. N . H . U. S . i . p . 439 , pl . vi . figs . 8 9 Gray ,Sap/11. C at. S77. c t. i . p . 39 and Ann . 31 May . N . H . (4)xi . p . 147
oregonensis, Agassiz , l. c . p . 440, pl. 111 . figs . 1 —3.
nuttalii, Ay ass iz , op . cit. i i . p . 642
C lemmys oregoniensis , Strau ch, C lzelon. Stud . p . 130
Chrysemys pi cta, part. , Gray, Ann . May . N . H (3) x i i . p . 181
1863
C lgmmyii p icta, vars . b et 0,Straack
,Verth . Scbildkr . p . 84
Chrysemy s pu lchra, part., Gray , Ann . 137 May . JV. H . (4) x i . p . 147
Larger and less brilliantly coloured . The vertebral streak and
the l ight border to the dorsal sh ields very narrow or absent ;irregu lar, vein—l ike yellow l ines on the dark olive dorsal sh ields
,
wh i ch are also sometimes ret icu lated with black ; each marg inalshield above d ivided in the middle by a yell owi sh streak ; lowersu rface of marginals ye llow or red w i th black concentri c markin gsor o cell i . P lastron ornamented all over with a large symmetricalblack i sh mark ing
,formed of spots
,lines
,or vermi culations , produced
into horiz ontal bran ches , and with or withou t detached spots .Length of shell 20 centim .
Un ited States, \Vest of the Ohio and the Mis sissippi,British
Columb ia .
u
a . d ,stfi
'
d . B ritish Co lumb ia. G . M. Dawson, Esq .
B ritish N . A . B oundary Comm .
6, 0. Ad .
,she l ls . B ritish Columbia. J . K . Lord
,Esq . P .
(I. Y g .,spir . “7
al la W alla ,B ri J. K. Lord,Esq.{P 1
tish Columb ia .
e . spir . Mississippi . (One of the types of C.
p alclzra . )j . d ,
sp1r.
W e71 9 ya ,
Spiro
Var. dorsal is .Chrysemys dorsal is, Agass iz , Contr. IV. 11 . U. S . i . p . 440Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 39
part .
,Gray, Ann. 8 May . JV. H . (3) x i i . p . 181
C lemmy s picta, var. d,S traa ch
,Vertlz . Sc/n
'
ldkr. p . 84
V ertebral sh i elds very wide , as in the young of the allied forms .The yellow med ian str ipe along the carapace i s broader than in any
6 . enursmrrs . 75
other species ; the marginal s are not so highly ornamented , thecrescent—shaped figures occurring only on the lower surface , and
qu ite pale plastron uniformly golden yellow .
Mis siss ippi and Lou is iana .
3 . Ch ry semys ret iculata.
Testudo ret i cu lata , D ana. R ep t. 1 1 . p . 144,p l . xxi . fig . 3 (1802 )
Leconte, A nn . Lyc. N Y . i i i . p . 103
Emy s reti culata, Sc/rwczyy . P rear . p . 31 D amn. 8; B ibr . i i .p . 29 1 (1835) H olbr . JV. Am . H erp . i . p . 59 , pl . V ii .
Terrapene reti cu lata, B on ap . O sscrv. 3 . sec . E rl. d . R . A . p . 155
Emy s reticularia, Gray , C at. Tort . p . 25 and Sh. R ept. i . p . 27
Deirochelys reticulatata, Ayass. Contr . N . H . U. S. i . p . 441
,pl . i .
figs . 14—16 , pl . ii . figs . 1—3.
C lemmys reticu lata , Strauc/z , Che lon . Stu d. p . 32 and Verth .
Schitdkr. p . 78
Deirochelys reticu laria, part .,Gray , Supp l . C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 39
Chrysemy s reti cu lata, Cop e, Check- List N . Am. R ep t . p . 53
Carapace moderately depressed , regularly ovoid in ou tline , obtuselykeeled in the young, smooth in the adul t ; poster ior margin not
serrated ; vertebral sh ields mu ch broader than long, at least as
broad as the costals ; nu chal nar row . P lastron large,t runcate
anteriorly , feebly emarginate posteriorly the width of the h indlobe i s le ss than two th irds that of the carapace the w idth of thebridge abou t equals the length of the hind lobe ; the longestmedian su tu re i s that between the abdom inals , the shortest thatbetween the humerals or the pectorals ; su tu re between the amal sa li ttl e longer than that between the femorals axillary and
ingu inal shields large . Head moderate ; interorb ital space verynarrow ; u pper jaw not hooked
,emarginate mesially ; alveolar
su rface as in C . p icta the width of the mand ible at thesymphysi s mu ch less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit.D igit-s webbed to the claws . Tai l one th ird or one fourth the lengthof the shell . Carapace dark olive - brown , with a narrow yellowborder and a wide - meshed yellowish network ; plastron and lowersu rfaces of marginals y ellow ; one or two oval black spot-s on thebr idge
, and some others on the ne ighbou ring marginal s . Head and
neck dark olive- brown,w ith y ellow i sh lines , th e two w idest of
wh i ch extend from the nos tr il to the lip , below the eye , and frombelow the eye to below the ear respectively ; limbs marbled withellow .yThe shell reaches a length of 25 centim . ; the specimen in the
collection measures only 104.
United States, east of the Mi s s issippi , as far north as NorthCarolina .
a . n .,stfi d . N . Ameri ca .
77} rs srunmmm.
4 . Chry semy s troostn .
Emy s troo sti i, I JV. A 777. II erp . i . p . 123, p l . xx . Gray ,Oa t . Tort . p . 42 (1844 ) A . Dam . C at . fil e
’
t/L. R ep t. p . 10
Gray , C at . S'
lt . c t. i . p . 28
Trae he invs troosti i, A i
r/ass . Contr . N . H . U . S'
. i . p . 435
Supp l . C at. S/z . R ep t . i . p . 48
P se udem y s troostii, bp e, C heck- List N . Am . R ep t. p . 53
Shel l subround , mu ch depressed,ecar inate and smooth in the
adul t , very s l ightly serrated behind ; nu chal almost l inear . P lastronsl ightly emarg inate beh ind ; the longest med ian suture i s thatbetween the abdominal s , next comes that between the anals , shortesto f all that between the humerals ; ax i llary and ingu inal sh ieldspresent . Head smal l
,oval , and po inted ; jaws as in C'. scr ip ta .
D ig its broadly w ebbed, c laws very long in the male . Tail nearlyone third the length of the sh e l l in the male . Carapace dusky ,t inged with green ; plastron brownish yellow , with a large , blackb lotch on each sh ield ; these spots are l iable to become b lended oraltogether obsolete . Head du sky , w ith v ery obscure ray s ofb rown ish yellow no bands on the upper su rfa ce of the ne ck .
Length of shell 20 centim .
Missouri,l llinois
,Tennessee , Mississippi .
I shou ld have regarded the single specimen , type of Gray’s E .
olivacea ,as belonging to th is species , were i t not that the plastron i s
ornamented all over w ith undu lated dark bands somewhat as in C .
oregonensis . It may perhaps be cons idered a variety of G. troostii .
‘2 Chry semy s ol ivacea .
Emys ol ivacea, Gray , C a t. S'
lt . R ep t. i . p . 30,pl . xi i . C
C lemmys ol ivacea, S'
trauclz,C lzelon . Stud . p . 32
R edamia ol ivacea,Gray ,
Supp l . C a t . S77 . R ep t. i . p . 36 and
A 7777. 8 Aj ay . N . H . (4) x . p . 54
a . n . d stffd . Dr. J . E . Gray (Type )
5 . Chry semy s hieroglyphica.
Emys hieroglyphica, IIolbr . N . Am . H erp . i . p . 111,p l . xv11 . (1842)
Gray , C a t . Tort . p . 26 (1844) (not specimen) ; A . D am . Ca t.R ep t. p . 12
P seudemy s ? hieroglyphica, Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 34 andSupp l . p . 47
l’ty chemy s hieroglyphica , Ay ass . Con tr. N . H . U . S . i . p . 434
Clemmys hieroglyph ica, Strauclz , Cleeton . Stud . p . 33 andVerth . S
'
clu'
ldlt r . p . 86
Shell oval , mu ch depressed , ecar inate and smooth in the adu lt,poster ior border serrated ; nu chal small
,narrow ; first vertebral
sh ield urceolate . P lastron emarginate beh ind,the longest med ian
6 . cunrsnmrs . 77
su ture is that between the abdom inal sh ields , the shortest thatbetween the humerals ; ax illary and inguinal sh ields present . H eadremarkably small and narrow
,snou t a l i ttle pointed ; upper jaw
slightly emarginate mes ially . D igits very broadly webbed , clawsextremely long in the male . Tai l abou t one
” fou rth the length ofthe shell in the male . Carapace ol ive - brown, t inged with green ,subd iv ided by broad yellow i sh lines into spaces o f various shapesand s izes , each space be ing occupied by narrower concentric l ines ofthe same col ou r ; plastron yellow , w i th a du sky blotch at the external border of the pectoral and abdom ina l sh ie lds . Head , neck ,and l imbs dark brown , with yellow line s and bands .Length of shell 30 cant im .
Tennessee and Georgia .
6 . Chry semy s scr ipta .
Testudo scripta , S’
c/zoejf ,Tcstud . p i i i . fig 3 Daud .
R ep t. i i . p . 140
serrata , D aud . t. c . p . 148 , pl . xx i. figs . 1,2 ; Leconte, Ann .
Lye . N . Y . i i i . p . 105
Emy s scripta, Schweigg . P rodr . p . 28
serrata,Schwcz
'
gy . l. c . p . 32 ; D um . 8 B lur. 11. p . 267 (1835)H olbr . JV. A 777. Ilerp . i . p . 49
,p l . v .
Terrapene serrata, B onap . O sserv. 8 . sec . Ed . d . R . A . p . 155
Emys scripta, part .
,Gray , C at. Tort . p . 23 and Sh . R ep t . i .
p . 26
Traehemys scabra, Agassiz , Contr . JV. If . U. S . i . p . 434,pl . i i . figs .
13— 15
C lemmy s serrata, Straucit, C lzelon. Stud . p . 32 and Vertlt .
p . 77
Trachemys sen'
pta, Gray , Ann . 87 M ag . N . H . (3) x i i . p . 181
and Supp l. C at. S71 . R ep t . i . p . 48
P seudemys scabra, Cop e, Check—L ist JV. Am . R ep t . p . 52
Carapace rather convex , keeled , serrated poster iorly , each posteriormarginal be ing n otched sh ields w i th radiat ing r idges in the young,longitud inally rugose in the adu l t ; nu chal narrow ; first vertebraln ot or bu t slight ly broader in front than beh ind
,u sually w i th
s inu ou s lateral borders ; second and th ird vertebrals u sually broaderthan long
,narrower than costals . P lastron truncate anteriorly ,
openly emarg inate posteriorly the width of the hind lobe at the
u tmost hard ly one th ird the w idth of the carapace,its length equal ,
or not qui te , to the wi dth of the bridge the longest med ian su tureis that between the abdominal sh ield s , the shortest that between thehumeral s ; axillary and ingu inal large . Head moderate snoutshort
,feebly proj ecting jaws not or but very slightly denticu lated ,
upper with a small median notch ; alveolar su rfaces of upper jawbroad , narrow er in the middle than on the si des
,with feeble median
r idge ; the width of the mandible at the symphy sis a l ittle lessthan the horizontal diameter of the orbit . Digits very broadlywebbed ; claw s extremely long in the male . Tail short . Carapa ceof young with narrow dark olive lines close together on a light
78 Tnsrumnmm.
g round ; these lines together may form a U- shaped figure on each o fthe costal shields , the extrem ity of each branch occupy ing one mar
g inal : of adu l t pale brownish or o l ive , w ith more or less distincttransverse darker l ines on the costals , longitud inal s inuous ones on
the verteb rais and concentric ones on the marg inals , and some largetransverse black blotches and transverse yellowish streaks on the
costals ; p lastron and lower surfaces of marg inals yellow , with a
round black spot or an ocellus formed of concentr ic black lines on
e ach of the latte r sh ields u sually two or three isolated round blackspots or r ings on the br idge , and one to four pairs on the plastron .
Head dark ol ive - brown ,ornamented with yellow l ines and bands
a t - shaped yellow marking on the crown the two broadest lateralbands u sually unite beh ind the eye , forming a C or a large yellowblotch ; the yellow bands on the chin and throat w ider than th einterspaces between them in the young, s imilar to those of 0. p ictain the adu lt ; l imbs streaked with yellow .
Length of shell 24 centim .
Eastern United States , from Southern Virgini a to Georgia .
a - d . Y g . Spir . L ord Ampthi l l [P .]e,f . 9 and y g .
,stfi d . Gen . Hardw i cke [P M]
9 , 77. d ,stfia.
z'
. Y g .
,spir .
k. Q ,ske1.
l . 11gr.,shell .
m . Carapace .
V ar . elegans .
Emys elegans, W z
'
ed , R e7’
se d . N . Amer . i . p . 213 and N . A ctaA c. L eap
- Caro l . xxxi i . i . p . 37 , p l . iv .
cumberlandensis , H olbr. JV. A 777. H erp . i . p . 115,pl . xvi i i .
(1842) A . D am . C at. Me’
tlt . R ep t. p . 13
holbrookii, Gray , C at. Tort. p . 23 and Sh. R ep t. i .p . 25
,pl . xv . fig . 1
sangu ino lenta, Gray , S17 . R ep t. pl . xv . fig . 1 .
Trachemy s elegans, Ag ass . Contr. N . H . U. S . i . p . 435,pl . i i i . figs .
9 — 1 1
C lemmys elegans, Strauck, Clielon . Stud . p . 32 and Vertlz .
Sclu'
ldlt‘r. p . 77
Trachemys holbrookii, Gray , Ann . 8‘ May . N . H (3) xi i . p . 181
and Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 47l ineata
,Gray , Ann . 87 M ay . N . H . (4 ) x i . p . 147
P seudemys elegans, Cop e, Check- L ist N . Am. R ep t. p . 53
The typi cal C’. elegans differs from O . scrip ta by a rather moreelongate and more depressed carapace and in coloration but as the
d ifferences are sl ight, and bes ides not constant, specimens o ccu rringwh i ch partake of the characters of the two forms
,I think it prefer
ab l e to regard C . elegans as a race of O . scr ip ta . The broaderbrigh t bands on the s ides of the head are separate throughou t
, and
the Upper , broadest , is red ; each plastral shield usu ally with a large
80 TESTUDIN ID/E.
Dr. J. E . GrayT . B el l , E sq . (Type
of Emys decussata . )1. d ,
shel l . (Type of Emys vermicu la ta .)777 . d ,
shel l .77 . 9 ske l .
9 7 TVS ) " 6 ) 9 }
hgr. , shells .u . d ,
shell . Dr. J . E . Gray [P M]
7 . Chry semy s dorbigny i .Emy s dorb ignyi, D um . 8 B ibr . i i . p . 272 (1835) Gray , C at. Tort.
p . 22 D'
O rbigny , Voy . A 777 . Men,R ep t . p 6
,p l . i .
Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 32
Clemmy s dorbigny i , Straucb , C l7elo77. Stud . p . 32
V ery c losely allied to C'. scrip ta ,and resembling the var. elegans
in colorat ion . D iffers in the follow ing po ints z— Carapace less dist inctly rugose , almost smooth in th e adu lt ; h ead of adult largerthe w idth of the interorb ital Space equals the horizontal diameter ofthe orbit
,wh i ch also equ al s the w idth of the mand ible at the
symphys is . The coloration of the upper surface of the carapaceand of the soft parts agrees in every respect with that of C . elegans ,but the unders ide of the shell i s di fferent . A large i rregu lar darkbrown or black blotch covers the greater part of the plastron bridgeblack ish ,
wh ich colour extends as festoons to the lower surface ofthe marg inals .Length of shell 21 centim .
Southern Braz i l, Uruguay , Buenos Ayres .
a—b, c. Q hgr.
, spir. R io Grande do 8 111. Dr. v . Ihering [C j.d . 9 ske l . R io Grande do 8 111. Dr. v . Ihering [C J .c . l Ig r.
, spir. Dept . of Soriano, Uruguay . A . Havers,E sq
8 . Chry semy s ornata.
Emy s ornata, Gray , Sy77 . c l. p . 30 (1831) D um . 8 p . 286Gray , Zoo l . B eecltey
’
s Voy . p . 93,pl . xx ix . fig . 2
and C at. Tort. p . 22 and 7377. R ep t. i . p . 24 (1855)B ocourt
,Sc . .Ma t z
,R ep t . p . 13
, pl. i i i . fig . 1 Sowerby8
° Lear, T art. p l . x l iv . (1872) G7777tl7. B iol . C .
- A 777 .,R ep t. p . 2
,
p l . 1.venusta
,Gray , C at . S77 . R ep t . p . 24
,p l . x i i . A .
Emy s ventricosa, Gray , l . c. p . 28,pl . x i v .
Emys val ida, L econte, P roc . A c. P 777flad . 1859 , p . 7 .
C lemmys ornata, Strauc/z, C77el077 . Stud . p . 32
C allichelys ornata, Gray ,A 7777. 8 W i ng . N . 11 . (3) x ii . p . 181
and Supp l . C at . Sit . R ep t . i . p . 48
venusta,part .
,Gray , l l. cc . pp . 18 1
,49 .
P seudemys ventricosa, Gray , Supp l. p . 46 .
6 . cnnxsnrrxs . 8 1
P seudemys ornata, Cop e, Journ . A c . P lu lad . (2) vi i i . p . 153
Emy s salv in i, G7777t/7 . l. c . p . 4, pls . ii . i i i .
P seudemy s sal vini, C' ,op e Bu ll. U. S . N at . Mus . no . 322
,p . 22
Carapace moderately depressed ; shields with radiating r idges inthe young, longi tudinally rugose in the adul t ; nu chal narrow ;
first vertebral not or but sligh tly broader in front than behind,
u su ally with s inuou s lateral borders : second and th ird vertebrai sabout as long as broad in the adul t , narrower than the costals . Hindlobe of plastron notch ed , i ts width at the utmost hardly one thirdthe width of the carapace i ts length abou t equ als the width of thebr idge ; the longest median su tu re is that between the abdom inalsh ields
,the shortest that between the humerals ; axillary and
ingu inal large . Head moderate ; snou t short , feebly proj ecting ;u pper jaw not or but very sligh tly dent icu lated
, w ith a sma l lmed ian notch lower jaw coarsely den ti cu lated in the adu lt alveolar surface of upper jaw broad , narrower in the m iddle , w i th feeblemed ian ridge ; the width of the mandi ble at the symphys i s is a
little less than the hor i zontal d iameter of the orb i t . D ig its verybroadly webbed . Tail short . Carapace ol ive or brown ,
each costaland marg inal sh i eld w ith a large ocellus formed by a round oroval blackish spot
,and one or more con centric yellow i sh rings ;
the centre of the ocellu s s i tuated in the postero - proximal part ofthe costal sh ie ld ; vertebral sh ields with s inuou s yellow longitu
d inal l ines , sometimes forming an imperfect r ing ; all th ese mark ingsbecome ind istinct in old specimens . Lower parts of shel l yellow i sh ;plastron w ith a large symmetr i ca l figu re, formed of concentr ic darkl ines
,extend ing from the gulars to the anal ; longi tudinal dark
l ines across the bridge ; lower su rface of marginals w ith blackishocell i or concentr i c rings
,the arrangement of wh i ch alternates w ith
that of the sh ields ; these markings l ikewise disappearing with age .
Head and l imbs ol ive , with yellow or orange black - edged longitud inal streaks , of which a supratemporal is the broadest ; the bandson the ch in mostly con tinuou s with those on the threat, the medianbranch ing off into two .
Length of sh ell 35 centim .
Central America .
a—b. Y g .
,sp ir. Maz atlan.
c,d . d
‘
, 9 ,stffd . Maz atlan .
e - f . Y g .,Spir . P residio .
g . 9 stfi d . P resid io .
A . Col l ie,Esq. [P .J.
T es .
Mr.
( AP Horrel [C .J,Salvin 87, F. D .
J
God
man,E sqs . [P HJ
Mr. A . Forrer [C .J, OSalvin I‘ . D . Godman, E sqs [P . J .
Mr. A . Forr °e1 LO .J, O .
Salvin F. D . God
man,Esqs . [P .J.
(Types of Emy s 7 e77usta .
O . Salvin, Esq.
(Type of E 777Js sa lv7777°
.
82 rnsrvnmrnzn.
Y a. s ir .
V olcano of Ch iriqui . Herbert Dru ce , E sq .
y ; siiir.Lord Ampthill [P M]
0 77 p
07 7 9 Xg " Spll
‘
.
f,t . 9 kgr . ,
stfid .
77 . Shel l and skul l .77 . Ad . she l l (Type ofEmys 77677 trzcosa .)
V ar. callirostri s.
Emy s callirostris, Gray , C a t . S77. R ep t . i . p . 25, pl.
C allicli elys callirostris , Gray , Ann . Sr May . N . If . (3) x i i . p . 181
and Supp l . C a t . S17. R ep t. p . 49
P seudemys callirostris, Cop e, B u ll . U. S . M 17. Mus. no . 32,p . 22
(1887)
D iffers from the typical form in having the yellow bands on thel ips severed in to round or oval spot s surrounded by concentric blacklines .P erhap s only an ind1v1dual var iat ion .
(7 . n .
,stfid . HaslarHosp ital . (Type )
V ar. cataspila.
Emys ornata, Gray , C at. SI7. R ep t . pl . 1 m.
cataspila, Gim th. B io l . C .- Am .
,R ep t . p . 4, pl . v i . fig . B
(1885)P seudemys cataspila, Cop e, B u l l. U. S . N a t. JVIus . no . 32
,p . 22
The ocelli are smaller and situated on the hinder part of thecostal s , nearer the marg inals than the vertebrals .
a . 9 stufi d . Mex ico .
6 . n .
,stfi d . Mexi co .
0. Y g .
,spir . Mexi co .
d,e,f . Q,
hgr.
, yg .
,stfi d. P
(7. Ad ., shell. Dr. J. E . Gray
9 . Chry semys grayi .
Emy s gray i, B ocow't,Miss . Sc. Mex .
,R ep t. p . 13
,p l . i ii . fig. 2
(1870)C allichelys venusta, part ., Gray, Supp l . C at. S77. R ep t. i . p . 49
grayi , Gray , 1. c .concinna (77077 L econte) , G7 ay, Ann . May . N . H . (4) X i . p . 148,
11 11 . p . 1 10 (1873Emys callirostris (77077 Gray), B ocom 't
,Journ . (le Zoo l. v . p . 387
uni bra , B oom/77 , O ’Slzauylm. Zoo l. R ec . 1876,R op t. p . 6
G’
iinl/a. 17’7'
0l. C .
- A 7n .
,R ep l. p . 5
, pls . i v .
,V and v i . fig . A
C allicli elys callirostris,Suma c/trust
,B u ll . Soc. Zool . Fram e
,1880
,p . 160.
P seudemy s umbra, Cop e, B u ll. U. S . JVat. Ala s . no . 32,p . 22
D iffers from O’. ornata in the foll ow ing points z— Head longer
6 . cunrsmrvs . 83
snou t pointed and strongly proj ecting , the nostrils p ierced below theend of the snou t ; med ian ridge of upper alveolar su rface s trongerand denticu lated . Carapace brown ; an oval dark spot
,surrounded
by a l igh t r ing in the pos tcro—prox imal part of each costal sh i eld
,
close to the vertebral ; plastron marbled or blotched w i th darkbrown ; a broad dark brown band across the br idge . The longitudinal bands on the head less numerou s and less d istinct .W est coast of Central Amer ica .
a . d shel l,and soft Tapana
,Tehuantepec . F. Sumichrast 0 ,
parts in spirit . Salvin F. Godman
,Esqs . [P M]
17,0. Ad .
,shel ls . Tapana
,Tehuantepec . F. Sum ichrast O
Salvin F. D . God
man,Esqs . P
Sao Mateo,Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast{C 7Mex ico .
10. Chry semy s concinna.
Emy s reti cu laria B aud ) , Say , J0u7°
77. A c. P lu'
lacl. i v . p . 204
1825
Tegtudo )fi oridana,Lecoule
,A nn . Lye . JV. Y . i i i . p . 100
concinna, L ceoule, l. c . p . 106 .
Terrapene floridana, B onap . 0ss0r77. 8 . 800. Ed . ( l. R . A . p . 154
concinna, B onap . l . c . p . 156 .
Emy s annulifera, Gray , Syn . R ept. p . 32 and Ca t. Tort .p . 28 and S77 . Kep t. i . p . 27
floridana, D um . a? B ibr . i i . p . 285 H olbr . N . Am .
IIerp . i . p . 65,p l . vii i . Gray , Gal. Tort. p . 26
,and S77. .
R ep t . i . p . 27 .
conc inna ,D um . B ibr. 11 . p . 289 ; H olbr. l . c . p . 1 19
,pl . x ix . ;
Gray , C at. Tort. p . 25 .
P seudemys conc inna, Gray , C at. S77. R ep t. i . p . 34,and Supp l. p . 47
1870
P tg'cheniys conci nna, Agass iz , C ontr . JV. If . U. S. i . p . 432,p l . i .
fig . 13,81. p l . i i . figs . 4— 6
C lemmys concinna, 6777 777077, 01701077 . S tud. p . 32 and Va t/7 .
Sclz ildlcr . p . 76
fi oridana, Straw /7, Che lou . Stud . p . 32.
Emys orthonyx , lViecl, N . A cta A c. L eop—Carol. xxxu . i . p . 23
,
pl . i i i .Trachemys annulifera, Gray , H a zel- 1378 75 S77 . R ep t. p . 47
Carapace moderately depressed , un i carinate in the young , longitudinally rugose in the adul t ; nu chal narrow firs t vertebral w i ths inuou s lateral borders , not broader in front than beh ind
, and
frequ ently narrower ; second and th ird vertebrals as long a s bread,
or a little longer than broad , in the adult , narrower than the costalsposter ior marginals no t or but very sligh tly notched . H ind lobe ofplastron notched , i ts w idth not one thi rd that of the carapace ; i tslength abou t equ als the w id th of the bridge ; the longest med iansu tu re i s that between the abdomina l sh ields , the shortest that between the humerals ingu inal and axillary large . H ead moderate ;snout very short, not proj ecting ; upper jaw not distinctly notched
n
84 rrsrunrm nzn.
nor hooked , the edge not or but slightly dent iculated alveolarsurface of upper jaw very broad all round , W ith a
o
very strong ,tuberculate or coarsely serrated median ridge lower Jaw very flat ,w i th a sharp po int in front , the edg e serrated ;
.
the w1dth of themand ible a t the symphys is i s mu ch less than the h ori z onta l di ameter ofthe orb it . Di
gi ts very broadly webbed claws very long 111 the male s .
Tai l sho rt . Carapace olive or brown , variegated w i th y el low ishdark - edged l ines somet imes forming a reticulate pattern ; plastronvellow ,
uniform or w ith a few dark spots or symmetrical mark ings .llead with orange or red streaks
,the broadest of wh i ch runs from
the upper border of the orb i t to the neck ; chin and throatwith a
few orange streaks , the med ian bifurcating behind the mand ibu larsymphysi s .Length of shell 40 centim .
South - eastern North America, from Missouri and North Carolinato the Gulf of Mex ico .
(7. Y g .
,spir. P i latka
,Florida. Sm ithsonian Instit .
b. 9 ,stffd . L ou isiana . W . P . Smi th
e,( l. d 8: yg .
,stfid . L ouisiana .
0
e .
’
g .
,Spir
. N . Ameri ca. (Type of Emys a7777ul7fera )f, y , 17, 9 ,
sttfd . N . Amer ica .
k. 9 ,skel . N . America.
11 . Chry semys rubriventris .
Emys serrata (77077 B aud ) , Say , J0u7'
77. A e . P hilad . iv . p . 204
Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 29 and C at. Tort. p . 21
Testudo rubriventris , L econte, Ann . Lye . JV. Y . i i i . p . 101
Terrapene rubriventris,B ouap . O sserv. 8 . see. E d . R . A . p . 154
Emys irrigata, D um . B ibr . i i . p . 276
rubriveutris, D am . 78” 1371772 e . p . 281 H olbr . N . Am . H erp .
11 . p . 55, pl. vi . B elsay, Faun . J V. Y . ,
k ep t. p . 16, pl . v i i .fig . 14
rivulata,Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 22 and C at. S77 . R ep t. i .
p . 27 , pl . x i .rugosa, Leconte
,P roc. A c . P hilad . 1854
,p . 189 .
P seudemys serrata, Gray , SI7 . R ep t . i . p . 34, and Supp l. p . 46
P tychemys rugosa, Ayass . Contr. N . If . U . S . i . p . 431, pls . xxv i .
xxvi i .Clemmy s rugosa, Straw/7, C l7el077 . Stud . p . 33
rubriv entris,Straue/z
, Vertlz . Sel77'
ldlrr . p . 86
P seudemy s rugosa, Cop e, Check l ist N . A 777. R ept. p . 52
V ery closely all ied to the preceding, but carapace more elongateand somewhat constr i cted at the s ides in the adult . Both j awsstrongly and coarsely serrated , upper notch ed mes ially , w i th a cu spon each side . Colou r of carapace very var iable, sometimes verys im i lar to that of G. (0 7777 777777
,often redd ish w i th a black network ;
p lastron yel l ow , with black blotches or symmetrical markings in theyoung , redd ish or red in the adult.Length of shell 27 centim.
6 . cnnrsmrrs .— 7. OCADIA. 85
United States , east of Ohio, from New Y ork and New Jersey toNorth Carolina .
pir . “rasli ington, D .C . Smithsonian Instit .
spir . N . America. L ord Ampth i ll9 , yg .
, N . America .
stfi'
d .
17,i,17. d 9 skel .
1. Shel l . (Type of Emys rivala ta .)
12. Ch ry semys mobiliensis .
Emys mobilensis , H olbr . JV. A 777. H erp . i . p . 71,pl . ix . (1842) Gray ,
C a t. Tort. p . 25 A . D am . C at. Me’
th . p . 1 1
P tychemys mobiliensis,Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 433
,pl . ii i .
figs . 14— 16
C lemmys mobilensis,Strane17
, C 17e1077 . Stud. p . 32
P seude
énys mobiliensis
, Gray , A 7777. 7? May . N . 11 . (3) x11 . p. 182
(186
Distingu ished from G. concinna and G. rubriveu tris, to whi ch i t i sclosely alli ed , by the greater elevation of the shell anteriorly ; fr omthe former by having the beak notched and bicuspid as in the latter
,
from which it differs by having the upper jaw but very finelyserrated .
Border s of the Gulf o f Mex i co , from Florida to North Mex ico .
7 . OCADIA.
Emy s , part .
,Gray , C at. Tort. p . 14 and SI7. R ep t. i . p . 19
(1855) 07777717. R ep t . B rit. I nd . p . 21
Clemmys, part . Strau e17, 01761077. Stud . p . 28
Ocadia,Gray , Supp l. C at. S17. R ep t. i . p . 35
Neu ral plates hexagonal , sh ort—sided in front . P lastron extensively united to the carapace by su ture , with strong ax illary and
ingu inal bu ttresses,extend ing to halfway between the marginal and
neu ral plate s,the latter an chylosed between the fifth and s ixth
costal plates entoplastron intersected by the humero - pectoral sutu re .
Skull with a bony temporal arch alveolar surfaces broad , of upperjaw with a median ridge ch oanae between the eyes . Upper su rfaceof head covered with undiv ided sk in . Digits entirely webbed .
Tail moderate .China .
1 . Ocadia sinensis.
Emys s inens is, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1834, p . 53,and C at. Tort.
p . 17 and S17 . R ep t. i . p . 20, p l . vii . (1855) Gunth. R ep t .
B rit. I nd . p . 27
bennettii,Gray , C at. Tort. p . 21
,and S17. R ep t. i . p . 22
,p l . x .
C lemmys sinensis, Strau eh, Chelon . Stud . p . 32
bennettii, Straue17, l . c .,and Verth . Schildkr . p . 72
Ocadia s inens is,Gray , Supp l . C at. S17. R ep t. i . p . 35
H 2
86 TESTUDINID/E .
Carapace moderately depressed, with three obtuse, 1nterrupted
kee l s in the y oung ; the lateral keels u sually d i sappearmg in the
adul t the shields smooth or con centr ical ly striated ; nu chal as broadas lon e
,or longer than broad first vertebral broader anter1orly than
posteriorly second and th ird vertebrals as long as bread, or broader
Fig . 23.
Sku l l of Oead ia sinensis. (From Gray ,P . Z. S.
than long ; posterior margin not serrated . H ind lobe of plastronnotched
,narrower than the open ing of the shell , as long as or a little
shorter than the w idth of the br idge the longest med ian su ture i sthat between the abdom inal sh ields , the shortest that between thehumerals the leng th of the sutu re between the pectorals equals orexceeds that of the gulars and humeral s together ; ingu inal and
ax illary large . H ead rather small ; snout obliquely truncate,rather strongly proj ecting ; upper jaw not h ooked
,feebly notched
mes ially ; both j aws w ith finely dent iculated edge ; alveo lar surfaceof upper jaw broad all round , with a feeble
,sligh tly tuberculate
median r idge ; the width of the mand ible at the symphysi s mu chless than the hor izontal d iameter of the orb it . D igits broadlywebb ed . Tai l abou t two th irds the leng th of the shel l in the young ,half in the males, two fifth s in the females . Carapace ol ive - brown,
88 rnsrunm nss.
8 . MALACOCLEMMY S.
Emys , part., D am. Z0ol. A na l. p . 76 (1806) D um. S~ B ibr. 11 . p . 232
1833 .
C lémmy)s,part .
,lVay ler, Syst. Amp h . p . 136 (1830) Straueh, C1i e l077 .
Stud . p . 28
Terra pene (77077 Adair ), part. , B onap . Osserv. 8 . see . Ed . d . R . A .
p . 153
Malaclemy s, Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 28 and S17. R ep t. 1 . p . 37
and Supp l. p . 41
Graptemys , Ay assiz , Contr. JV. .H . U . S . i . p . 436 Gray ,Supp l. C a t. S17. R ep t . i . p . 45 .
Malacoclemmy s, Agassiz , l. c . p . 437 .
Neural plates hexagonal , short - sided in front . P lastron extensively united to the carapace by su ture , with feeble ax i llary and
ingu inal peduncles , the latter anchylosed to the fifth costal plateentoplastron anterior to the humero—pectoral su ture . w ith a
Fig . 25 .
Skul l of fifa laeoeleum ys terrapeu . (From Gray ,P .Z. S.
bony temporal arch ; alveolar su rface very broad , w ithout medianridge ; choanae behind the level of the eyes . Upper su rface of headcovered w i th und iv ided skin . D igi ts webbed . Ta i l short .North America .
8 . MALAC O C LEMMY S . 89
Synop sis of 7776 Sp ecies .
Carapace mu ch depressed th e length of
the hind lobe of the plas tron mu ch ex
ceeds the w idth of the bridge 1 . terrap en, p . 89 .
Carapace tectiform , the vertebral keel obtuseand not tubercular ; hind marg in bu t
moderately serrated geograp hica , p . 90.
Carapace tecti form,with strong vertebral
keel ending in a tubercle on each sh ield ;posterio r margin very s trongly serrated 3. lesueur ii , p . 9 1 .
1 . Malacoclemmy s terrapen .
Testudo terrapin , Selma/717", Test. p . 64,pl . xv .
centrata, D a url. R ep t. i i . p . 153
concentrica,Shaw
,Zoo l. i i i . p . 43
,p l . ix .
Emvs centrata, Selzweiyy . P rodr . p . 32 (1814) Say , Journ. Ac.
P 1771ad . iv . p . 205
Te
pt
gd
gpalustris (77077 Leconte
,Ann . Lye . JV. Y . i i i . p . 1 1
l 3
Terrapene palustris, B onap . O sserv. s . sec . Ed . 71. R . A . p . 157Emy s concentrica, Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 27 B ell, MO77 . Test .
p l . (1834 ) D am . (SB ibr . i i . p . 261
terrapin , If olbr . N . A 777 . H erp . i . p . 87,pl . x i i . D ekay,
F aun . JV. Y .,R ep t. p . 1 1
,p l . xxi i i . fig . 63 (1842) lVied
,N A cta
A c . I mp- Caro l. xxxii . i . p . 16
pa lustris,B elsay , l . e . p . 10, p l . i i i . fig . 5 .
Malaclenlys concentrica, Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 28 and Sb . R ep t .
i . p . 37 (vars . concentri ca, centrata, tuberculifera) and
Supp l. p . 42
Emys macrocepli ala, Gray , C a t . Tort . p . 26 .
Malaeoclemmys palustris, Agass iz , Contr . N . H . U . S. i . p . 437,pl . i .
figs . 10— 12lemmy s terrapin, Straue17, C/wlon. Stud. p . 132 and Verth .
Selzildkr. p . 90
Emys pileata, W ied , l. c. p . 17, p l . i . figs . 2 3, 8
7 p l . 11 . figs . 1—4 .
Carapace much depressed,oval
,posterior border sometimes dis
tinctly reverted , very rarely serrated a more or less strong , interrupted , vertebral keel or series of subcon ical tubercles ; dorsalsh ields concentr i cally groov ed
,or smooth ; nu chal moderate
,as
broad as long or a l ittle broader than l ong first vertebral b roaderanteriorly than poster iorly ; vertebrals 2 to 4 mu ch broader thanlong
,broader than costals . P lastron a little smaller than the
open ing of the shell,obtu sely angulated lateral ly ; br idge rather
narrow,its width con siderab ly l ess than the length of the h ind
plastral lobe latter openly notched posteriorly relat ive proport ion sof the plastral shields very variable th e su ture betw een the abdominals and that betw een the anals are of equ al length , or the latteri s the sh orter ; pect orals u sually much smaller than abdominals
,
sometimes very slightly small er ; ax illary and ingu inal rather small.
Head large ; snou t short , more or less obtu sely pointed ; upper beak
90 Ts sruninrnm.
penden t,not hooked, forming an open notch mesi al ly ; alveolar
surfa ce of u pper jaw narrow ing towards the symph y s is ; the w id th
of the mand ibl e at the symphys i s equals or a little ex ceeds thehor iz onta l d iameter of the orb i t . L imbs s tou t , tubercu lar ratherthan scaly . The tai l measu res abou t two fifth s the length of thecarapace in the male , le ss in the femal e ; a l ow dorsal crest ofenlarger] compressed scales on the postanal part of the ta il . Carapace ol ive , w ith b lack concen tric l ines , or un iform black i sh ; plastronyellow ish or redd ish ,
blot ched,speckled
,or verm iculated with black ,
or w i th b lack concentr ic line s . Soft parts grey, spotted or vermiculated w ith black .
Length of shell 17 centim .
Salt - marshes of Atlantic coast of North America , from New Y orkto Texas .
a . d ,spir
. N . Ameri ca. Sm ithsonian Inst itut ion.
e . d 9 spir. N . Ameri ca .
(I,e,f . A d .
, stifd . N . America . Gen . Hardw ickey . A d .
,stfl
'
d .N . America . L ord Derby
17,i, 17 . Ad .
, skels . N . Ameri ca .
I. Y g .
,shel l . N . Ameri ca . (Type of var. tuberculifera )
777, 77, 0 . Ad . 8: hgr.,she l l . N . Ameri ca.
2 . Malacoclemmy s geographica.
Testudo geograph ica, Lesueur, Jou rn . A e . P hilad . i . p . 86, p l . v .
L econte,A nn . Lye . N . Y . i i i . p . 108
Emys geographica, Say , Journ . A 6 . P hilad . iv . p . 204 (1825) H olbr .
N . A 777. H erp . i . p . 99 , pl . x i v . D elcay , Faun . N . Y . ,
R ep t. p . 18,p l . lv . fig . 7 Gray , C at. Tort. p . 21
and S17 . R ep t . i . p . 28
Ter
ir
égr
aqe geographica, B onap . Osserv . 3. see . E d . d . R . A . p . 156
Emy s geograph ica, part . , D um. $7 B ibr . 11 . p . 256
megacephala, H olbr . l . e . p . 76 ; Gray , C at. Tort. p . 21 .
labyrinthica, A . D um . C at. .Me’
tk. R ep t. p . 13
Graptemys geographica , Agassiz , C on tr . N . H . U . S . i . p . 436,p l . i i .
figs . 7—9 Gray , Supp l . C at. S17. R ep t . i . p . 45
C lemmys geograph ica, Straue/z, C1zel077 . Stud . p . 33 (1862) and
Vert17. Se1rilcl1c7'
. p . 79
l la
S
cF-
o
gjemmys geographica, Cop e, Cheek- L ist JV. Am . R ep t. p . 53
l
Carapace tectiform ,the keel obtuse and not tubercu lar
,widening
poster iorly, the h ind margin bu t moderately serrated , the posteriormarg inal s not or but very indistinctly notched ; nu chal u suallylonger than broad ; vertebrals 2 to 4 mu ch broader than long , asbroad as or a l ittle narrow er than costal s ; sh ie lds smooth or feeblystriated . P lastron obtusely angulated laterally ; the leng th of theh ind lobe but little g reater than the w idth of the bridge ; the longestmed ian su ture is that between the abdomina l sh ields , wh i ch nearlyequ als that between humeral s and pectorals axillary and ingu inallarge . Head large ; snout short and obtu sely pointed alveolar
9 2 TESTUDIN IDE .
9 . DAMONIA .
Emys , part . , D am. S‘ B ibr . 11 . p . 232 (1835) Gray, C at. Tort. p . 14
G imt/z . R ept. B rit. I nd . p . 21
Geo cle in iuys ,part . , Gray , C at . S it . R ep t. i . p . 17 (1855
(‘
lennnys, part. , Strauclz , C he/on . Stud . p . 28
Damo nia, Gray ,P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1869
,p . 193
,and Supp l . C at. Sh .
Kep t. i . p . 42
Neural plates hexagonal, short - sided in front . P lastron extens ively u nited to the carapace by su ture , with long ax illaryr and
Fig . 26 .
Sku l l of Damew’
a subtrgjzcya . (From Gray, P . Z . S.
ingu inal peduncles the latter anchylosed betw een the fifth and
Sixth , ex ceptional ly fourth and fifth costal plates ; entoplastronintersected by the humero - pectoral suture . Skull w ith a bonytemporal arch alveolar surfaces very broad, w i thou t med ian ridg e ;ehoanze behind the level of the eyes . Skin of poster i or part of headd ivided i nto sm all shie lds . D igits webbed . Ta il short o r moderate .
East Ind ies,China
,Japan .
9 . DAMON IA . 9 3
Synap sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Carapace tricarinate .
A . Axillary and ingu inal shields present .Keels interrupted , formed of a nodose promi
nea ce on each of the vertebral and costalshields 1 . hamiltonii
,p . 93 .
Keels continuous , the laterals not extend ingto the fou rth costal sh ields 2 . subtry
'
aya , p . 9 4 .
Keels continuous , the laterals extending tothe fourth costal 3 . reevesii
,p . 9 5 .
B . Axillary shield absent , ingu inal minu telateral keels very feeble 4 . mu tica , p . 9 6 .
I I . Carapace unicarinate 5 . n igricans , p . 9 7 .
1 . Damonia hamiltonii .
Emy s ham iltonii, Gray , Syn . R ep t. pp. D am . 8 B 1b1
ii . p . 315 G1 ay, C at . To1 t . p . 19 G 11nt/1 . R ep t.
B u t I nd . p . 32 Anders . P 1 00 . Zoo l. Soc . 1876, p . 751 .
picquotii, L ess . B u l l. Sc . N a t . xxv . p . 120 and in
Or.
,Zoo l . p . 29 4
gu ttata (non Selma ) , Gray, I ll. 1nd . Zoo l. i . p l . lxxvi . fig . 1
Geoclemmys hamiltoni i , Gray , C at. S72. R ep t . i . p . 17C lemmy s hamiltonii, S trauck, Chelou . Stud . p . 32
Damonia hamiltonii,Gray , P roc. Zoo l . Soc . 1869
,p . 195
,and Supp l .
C a t . S71 . R ep t. i . p . 43 (1870) Tfieob. C at . R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 11
Melanochelys p i ctus, Murray , Ann . (if May . N . II . (5) x i v . p . 107
C lemmys palze indjca, Lydekker, P al. I nd . (10) i i i . p . 178, pl . xxi .figs . 1 8: 3
Carapace mu ch elevated,with three interrupted keels or ser ies
of nodose prominences corresponding with the vertebral and costalsh ields : posterior border strongly serrated in the young, feebly inthe adult ; nu chal moderate , broader posteriorly than anteriorly ;first vertebral not or scarcely broader anteriorly than posteriorly second and third v ertebrals broader than long in the y oung ,nearly as long as broad in the adult , narrower than the costal s .P lastron large
, angu lated laterally , truncate anter iorly poster iorlobe much narrower than the Open ing of the shell , nearly as longas the width of the bridge , deeply notched posteriorly ; the longestmed ian sutu res are those between the abdominal s and between thehumerals
,the sh ortes t those between the humerals and between
th e anals . Head rather large ; snout very sh ort , not proj ecting ,
upper jaw emarginate mesial ly the w idth of the mand ible at the
symphysis nearly equal s the hori z ontal diameter of the orb i t ; alarge sh ield
,somet imes divided into three
,covers the upper su rface
9 4 TESTUDI N IDLE .
of the snout and the crown ; one round the upper jaw and one on
e ach s ide between the eye and the e ar. D ig its w ebbed to the claws .
Ta i l extreme ly short. Shell dark brown or blacki sh , elegantlymarked w i th yel low spots and ra d iating streaks . Soft parts darkb rown or b lack ish ,
w ith round yellow spots , largest on the headand neck .
Length of shell 22 contim .
Bengal , P unj ab , Upper Sind . Fossil in the Siwaliks of the P unj ab .
a . Y g .
,s tlid . (Ty pe )
6 . Ad . ,shell skul l . R . Lydelrker, Esq . [E ] .
C 4 1, Y g . ,spir. Zoolog i cal Society .
e . \ g .
,skel .
f. Y g .
,she ll sku l l .
2 . Damonia subtrr]uga .
Emy s trijuga (non Selzley . Faun. Jap on .
,R ep t. p . 64
(183subtrijuga, Seltley . S M all. in Temminelc
,Verlz . JVaturk .
N ederl. Ind . p . 30 (1844 ) H ubreeht, N otes Ley cl. Mus . i i i . p . 48
G eoclemmys macrocephala, Gray , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1859,p . 479 ,
pl . xxi and 1861,p . 139 .
C l emmys macrocepha la , Straue/t, Cbelon . Stud . p . 32
Emys nuch alis, B ly t/t , Journ . A s . See . B eny . xxx u . p . 82
macrocephala (non Gray, Gna th . R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 31
Damonia macrocephala,Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc. 1869 , p . 194
,and
Supp l. Cat. S71 . R ept. i . p . 43
Bel l ia nuchal is,Gray , Supp l. p . 41 .
Damonia ob longa, Gray , A nn . May . N . H . (4) v i i i . 1871, p . 367,and xi . 1873
,p . 299 .
Carapace depressed , tricarinate , the lat eral keels not extending tothe fou rth costal sh ields ; posterior border not serrated ; nu chalmoderate , broadest beh ind vertebrals 2 to 4 a li ttle broader thanlong
,much narrower than the costals . P lastron smaller than the
open.ng of the shell , flat in both sexes , angulated laterally , truncateanteriorly , angularly notched posteriorly ; the w idth of the br idgenear ly equals the length of the h ind lobe ; the abdominal shieldsform the longest median su ture ; the su tu re between the gulare as
long as or . shorter than that between th e humerals axillary and
inguinal present . Head very large ; snou t proj ecting ; upper jawemarg inate mesially the width of the mand ible at the symphys i sexceeds the hor i z ontal d iameter of the orb it four large sh ields on
the head— one round the upper jaw ,another covering the snout and
the crown , and one on each side betw een the eye and the ear.
D ig its webbed to the c laws . Tai l extremely short. Shell brownabove
,w ith a more or les s d istinct black spot on each sh ield plas
tron yellow ,eaeh sh ie ld w ith a large black blotch . Soft parts dark
brown ; a y ellow streak from the end of the snou t to the temple,
following the canthus rostralis and the supraorbital edge ; another
Ub‘
rnsrunim nm.
sutu res y e llowish . Soft parts o l ive ; s ides of head w ith more orless d istinct yellowish curved lines two or three ye llow ish streaksa long each s ide of the neck throat and lower surface of neck spottedw i th ye llowish .
Leng th of shell 12% centim .
China , Japan .
a .
C hina.
b. llgr.,shel l . China .
0. 9 ,spir. Ch ina .
d . 9 ,s tffd . Shanghai .
e - f . d 9 ,spir. Shanghai .
y .con Kiu - Kiang .
fcrvoid grow th)11 . Y g . ,spir. (w ith con Kiu—Kiang.
fervord grow th) .i—l. 52 yg . ,
spir . Mountains north Mr. P ratt [CH]of Kiu - Kiang.
m. con C hi- Tsen. J . VValley , Esq.
fervo id grow th) .11 . 9 spir. St . P etersburg Mus . [E H]0 . S2 Spir . Capt . H . C . St . Johnp . d ,
shel l . A . Adams, E sq .
q . n .
,stfi
'
d .
r . d , skel .
V ar. uni co lor .Damonia uni color, Gray , Ann . 5”May . N . H . (4) x i l . p . 78
C lemmy s un icolor, Se later, P roc . Zoo l. See . 1873,p . 517, pl . xliv.
Uniform black .
a— b. d sp ir R . Sw inhoe, Esq.
c . d‘ stffd . R . Sw inhoe,E sq . (Types )
d . d ske l . R . Swinhoe, Esq .
4 . Damonia mut ica.
Emy s muti ca , Cantor, Ann . May . N . H . ix . p . 482 (1842)0 1111111 . B ep t . B r1t. I nd . p . 25
C at. Sh . B ep t. i . p . 20,pl . X V . fig . 2
Damonia nigricans, part . , Gray , Supp l. C at . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 44
Carapace moderately depressed , tricarinate , the vertebral ridgestrong , the lateral s very feeble ; nu chal small ; vertebrals broaderthan long
,a l ittle narrower than the costals . Front and hind lobes
narrow ed , former truncate , latter deeply notch ed ; s ides obtuselyangulated ; the w idth of the br idge equal s the length of the h indlobe ; the abdom inal sh ields form the longest median su tu re
,the
gulars the shortest ; no ax illary sh ield , ingu inal minu te . Carapacebrown plastron yellowish , each shield with a large black blotch .
Length 75 centim .
Sou thern China .
a . n .
, shell. Canton . Dr. Cantor . (Type . )
J. R eeves, Esq . P
P ]J . R eeves,Esq .
(TyP6 8)
R . Sw inhoe,E sq. C
It. Sw inhoe , E sq . CDr. W
"
. Lockart [P . ]
Mr. F. W . Styan [C H]
9 . DAMON IA.— 10. mam a . 9 7
5 . Damonia nigri can s .Emy s nigr icans , Gray , P roc. Zoo l. Soc . 1834, p . 53
,and C at. Tort.
p . 18 (1844) G iinth . B ep t. B r it. I nd . p . 26
nigri cans, part . , Gray , C a t . Sh . I t’ep t . i . p . 20
, pl. vi .C lemmy s nigri cans, Stra uch, Chelon . S tud . p . 32
Damonia nigri cans , part . , Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1869,p . 195
,and
Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 44
Carapace tecti form ,unicarinate
,posterior border not serrated ;
nu chal very small or absent vertebral sh ields broader than long , al ittle narrower than costal s . P lastron not angulated laterally , flatin the male h ind lobe narrower than the Open ing of the shell , n earlyas long as the bridge i s wide , deeply n otched pos teriorly the abdominal shields form the longes t median su ture
,the humerals the
shortest axillary and ingu inal shields well developed . Head rathersmall snou t projecting upper jaw scarcely notched mes ially .
Digits webbed to the claws . Tail abou t two th irds the lengt h ofthe shell . Carapace dark brown ; plastron yellow ,
black - spotted,
br idge black ; marginal s inferiorly half black , half yellow ,the two
colours forming a festooned pattern . Head and l imbs blackish ;sides of head and neck with interrupted yellow streaks ; throatyell ow , var ied w ith black .
Length of shell 1 1 centim .
Southern China .
J . R eeves,Esq. [P . ] (Type )
Zoo logical Societv .
10. BELLIA.
Emys, part .,D um. B ibr. i i . p . 232 Gray , Cat. Tort. p . 14
and Sh . R ep t . i . p . 19 01111111. R ep t . B rit. I nd .
p . 21
C lemmys, part . , Strau ch, C'helon . Stud . p . 28
B ellia, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1869,p . 19 7
,and Supp l . Cat. Sh. R ep t.i . p . 34
O rlitia,Gray , Ann . Sr Ill ay . N . II . (4) x i . p . 156
H eteroclemmy s, P eters, JVl on. B er l . A 0. 187 p . 622 .
Neu ral plates h exagonal , short - sided in front . P lastron extensiv ely un ited to the carapace by sutu re , w ith long axillary and
ingu inal bu ttresses , the latter anchylosed between the fifth and s ixthcostal plates entoplastron in tersected by the humero - pectoral sutu re.Sku ll w ith a bony temporal arch alveolar surfaces withou t medi anr idge ; choanae between the eye s . Skin of hinder part of headd iv ided into small sh ields . Digits webbed . Tail very short , notlonger in the young than in the adult .Bu rma, Siam ,
Malay P eninsula and Archipelago .
TESTUDIN ID .
’E .
1 . Bellia crass i co l l is .Emys crassicol l is , Gray ,
Sy n. R ep t . p . 21 and I ll. I nd . Zoo l.1. pl . lxxvi . fig . 2 (1832) D am . 5
° B ib-
r . 11 . p . 325 (1835) Gray ,'
ut. Tort. p . 16 Cantor, C at. Mal. R ep t . p . 3
Gray , ( 'a t . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 20 G ilnth . R ep t. B r it. I nd .
p . 28 , pl . i v . fig . E
Spengle ri, part . , Sch ley . F aun . J ap on .
,R ep t. p . 49
nigra, B ly th, Jou rn . A s . Soc. B eny . xxiv . 1855,p . 713
and xxxi i . 1863, p . 8 1 .
C lemmy s crassicol l is , Straueh, Chelon . S tud . p . 32 and Verth.
.S’
ehildhr . p . 69
lle llia crassi col lis, Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc . 1869,p . 197, and Supp l.
C at . Sh . k ep t . i . p . 40
crassilabris, Theeb. C a t . R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 10
Carapace moderately depressed , tr i car inate in the young , thekeel s
,espec ially the laterals , be com ing ind i stinct in old spec imens ;
vertebral reg ion flattened in the adu lt mal e ; poster i or borderserra ted ; nu chal small
,broadest behind ; pos ter ior side of first
Skul l of B ell ia crass ico ll is . (From Gray, P . Z . S.
vertebral not half the length of the sh ield in the adult vertebrals
2 to 4 as l ong as b re ad or a l ittl e broader than long,mu ch nar
rower than th e costal s , narrow ly in contact w i th each other in oldspecimens ; in the l atter the an tero - lateral sides are convex
, the
pe stcro- lateral longer and concave . P lastron smaller than the
opening of the shell,truncate ante riorly , angu lar ly notched po s
teriorly , feeb ly concave in the males,strongly angu lated laterally
in young specimens , feeb ly in old ones ; the w idth of the br idgeabout equ als the l ength of the h ind lobe ; relat ive si z e of plastra lshields ve ry variable ; abdom inal s u sually form ing the longest
100 TESTUDIN I DZE .
k. 1- Igr. ,
spir . Sumatra. Leyden Museum .
1. Y g .
,spu
'
. Sumatra.
m n llgr. yg .
,Borneo . L . L . Di l lwyn, Esq. [P M]
L . L . D i l lwyn, Esq.
2 . Bell ia borneensis.
O rlitia borneensis, Gray , Ann . Sr ZVI ay . N . H . (4) x i . p . 157
C lemmys (Heteroclemmys) gibbera, P eters, Mon. B er l . A c. 1874,p . 622, p l . i i .
Carapace very convex , tectiform , w ith a single obtu se keel , dist inct only posteriorly ; pos teri or border serrated , the posterior marg inal s very much smaller than the others sh ields sl igh tly rugosenu chal rather large , a l i ttle broader than long ; vertebrals broaderthan long
,narrow er than the costals
,second and third hexagonal
equ i lateral ; fourth costal not half as large as th ird . P lastronsmaller than the Open ing of the shell , truncate anter iorly , angu larlynotched posteriorly , s trongly angu lated laterally ; the w idth of thebridge mu ch exceeds the length of the h ind lobe pectoral
, abdominal,and femoral sh i elds equal in length ; the shortest median suturesformed by the anal and humeral sh ields ; ax illary and inguinalsh ields present . Head as in B . crassicollis . Digital webs verymuch developed . Un iform brown .
Length of shell 8 centim .
Borneo .
a . n . stfi'
d . Sistang. Dr . B leeker . (Type .— C z
'
studo
borneensis , B lkr.)
11 . CLEMMY S.
Emys , part .
,Dame
’
r . Zool . Ana l. p . 76 D am. B ibr . 11 .
p . 232 Gray , C at. Tort. p . 14 and C a t. Sb . R ep t.i . p . 19
C hersine,part .
,filerrem
,Tent . p . 29
C lemmys, part . , W ay ler, Syst. Amp h . p . 136 (1830) Straach, C izelon .
Stud . p . 28
Terrapene (non part .
,B onap . Osserv. 3 . sec. E d . d . R . A .
p . 153
C heIOpu s, R afi n . A tlant. Journ . p . 64
Geoclemys, part. , Gray , Ca t. Sit . R ep t. i . p . 17 and Supp l.p . 26
Nanemys, Ayassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 442C alemys , Agassiz , l. c . p . 443 .
Glyptemy s, Ag ass iz , l. c . ; Gray , Supp l. p . 28 .
A ctinemys, Ayass iz , l. c . p . 444 .
C helopus , part . , Cop e, P roc. A c . P hilad . 1865, p . 185.
Maure inys, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1869,p . 499
,and Supp l. Ca t. S71.
R ep l. p . 34 .
Sacalia, Gray , Supp l . p . 35 .
Emy s, Gray , 1. c . p . 36 .
E inmenia,Gray , 1. c . p . .38 .
Eryma,Gray , 1. c . p . 44
11 . C LEMMYS . 101
Neural plates hexagonal,short - sided in front . P lastron exten
s ively uni ted to the carapace by su ture,with short ax i llary and
ingu inal buttresses , just reaching the first and fifth costals respectively ; entoplastron intersected by the humero - pectoral sutu re .
Sku ll with a bony temporal arch alveolar surfaces withou t medianr idge ; choanae between the eyes . Upper surface of head coveredwith u ndivided skin . Digits more or less distinctly webbed . Tailmoderate in the adul t
,long in the young .
South Europe,North - west Africa
,Sou th - western As ia, China,
Japan , North America .
Fig . 29 .
Sku l l of C lemmys znsculp la . (From Gray, P . Z . S.
Synopsis of the Sp ecies .
I . The median su ture between the anal shields shorter than thatbetween the femoral s .
Upper jaw notched mesially , finely denticulated 1 . casp ica , p . 103 .
Upper jaw notched mesially, not denticulated 2 . leprosa , p . 105 .
Upper jaw not notched 3. jap onica , p . 106 .
1 2
TESTUDINIDZE.
I I . The median suture between the anals longer than that betweenthe femorals .
A . Thelength of the median suture between the femoral and
anal sh ields nearly equals the w idth of the bridge .
1 .
D igits webbed to the claws upper
jaw not notched 4 . bealu ,p . 107.
2 .
D igits webbed at the base upper jaw notched in the middle ,w ith a cu sp on each s ide .
P oster ior border of carapace serrated 5 . inscnlp ta , p . 107 .
P osterior border of carapace not serrated . 6 . muhlenbergii , p . 108 .
Fig . 30.
Shell of C lemmys lep rosa .
B .The length of the med ian su ture between the femoral andanal shields ex ceeds the w idth of the br idge ; upper jaws imply notched in the middle .
D igits feebly w ebbed 7 . gu tta ta ,p . 109 .
D igi ts w ebb ed to the claw s 8 . ma rmorata , p . 1 10.
104 rnsrunmmzs .
a—b. H e r. 6 s ir. Near Shiraz , P ersia. W . T . B lanford , Esq .
EC
?0. 9 sliell.p
Near Shiraz , P ersia . W . T . B lanford, Esq . C .
d . Y g .
,she l l . Basrah .
Dr. (Type ofE . y ray zé
e g . s ir . Basrah .Zoo logical
.
oc1ety .
lunn,sp
jirf
pFao , Head of P ersian W . D . Guming, Esq. [P M]Gu l f.
z'
. Y g .
,spir. Euphrates Expedition.
Var . rivulata.
C lemmys caspi ca, Michalz . I sis, 1829 , p . 1295 ; W ayl. I con . Amp h.
p l.xxi v . Strauck
,l . 0. (part ) .
Emy s caspica, M ic/aah . I sis,1830
,p . 816 ; B ibr . <9 B ory , Exp e
’
d . Sc.
Moré e,Zool . p . 57 (1833) D um . B ier. i i . p . 255 (part ) (1835)
Gray , C at . Sit . R ep t. i . p . 22 (part ) (1855) '
ez'
b. IIerp . Eur.
p. 528 L ortet
,A rch . Mus . Lyon, iv . p . 21, pl . V 111 .
riva luta,Va lene . in B ory , op . cit. pl. ix . fig . 2 (1830
Terrapene caspica, B onap . Sagg io D z'
str . JlI etod . p . 28 and
I con . Faun . I ta l .Emys tristrami, Gray , P roc. Zool. Soc . 1869
,p . 190, and Supp l . C at.
S11 . R ep t . i . p . 36
caspi ca, var. arabi ca
,Gr ay , Supp l. p . 36 .
pannoni ca, Gray , l . c .arab ica, Gray, Ann . May . N . II . (4) x i . p . 298
Clemmy s caspica oriental is, B eclrz'
aya, B u l l . Soc. N at. Mose. lv1 .
p . 335
Lateral dorsal keels are very distinct in the young, and traces of
them may u sually be seen in the adults . Dorsal sh ields elegantlymarked , in the young, with fiexuous yellowish lines ; large ovaldark brown spots alternat ing with the arrangement of the mar
ginals inferiorly ; plastron dark brown , with a small yellowish spoton the ou ter side of each shield ; all these markings becom ingindistinct or disappearing in the adu lt . P lastral bridge constantlydark brown . Head with a few very fine yellow lines , but no ocellineck with yellow lines arranged as in the typical form soft partsolive, with yellow streaks , the dark ground—colour predominating .
Length of shell 18 centim .
Dalmatia, Greece , Turkey, Asia Minor , Syria .
a . Y g .
, shel l . S . Europe . Dr. J . E . Gray [P M]6. 9 ,
stffd . S. Europe .
0. Y g ., spir. V alley of the Meinder. R . McAndrew
,Esq. )
es ofSir C . Fe l low s [P .] an
A . Christie,Esq nonzca .)
P .
f—y . Y g ., spir. Cyprus . DE. (Quillemard [C .] LordL ilford
It . 9 shell Y armuk R iver . Canon Tristram [C H]sku l l . (Type of E .
z—k. Mt. Carme l . Canon Tristramyg .
, spi r. (Types of E . arabica .)I,m
,n . 9 Svria.
stifd .
1 1 . C LEMMYS . 105
2 . C lemmy s lepr osa .
Emys ls rosa, Schweiyy . P rodr. p . 29 Strauc/z,Erp . A ly .
18‘mys marmorea, Sp ir, Test. B ras . p . 13
,pl . x . D am. S
B ier . i i . p . 248
C lemmys sigriz , Mickali . I sis, 1829 , p . 1295.
Emy s vulgaris, Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 24,p l . iv .
Terrapene sigriz , B onap . Sayy io D istr. M etod . p . 29
Emys lutaria (non B ell,Mon . Test. pls . xxxi . Se xxx i i .
sigriz , D am. (Sc B ibr. i i . p . 240 E icliw . N ou v. Mem .
Soc . N at. Mose . (2) ix . p . 415 L ortet,A rc/i . Mus . Lyon,
i v . p . 19 , pl . vi i .caspi ca, part . , Gray, C at . Tort . p . 19 and Sh . R ep t . i .
p . 22 (1855) Sc/irc ib. H erp . E ur . p . 528
laticeps, Gray , P roc. Zool. Soc . 1852, p . 134 and Cat.
Sit . R ep t. i . p . 23,pl . ix .
fuliginosa, Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc. 1860,p . 223
,pl . xxx .
Clemmys marmorea,Straucii
,Chelon . S tud . p . 32
laticeps, Strauc/i , l. c .leprosa,Straucli , l . c . p . 122, and Vertlz . Scli ildltr . p . 74
Mauremys laniaria, Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc . 1869 , p . 49 9, pl . xxxvi i .
1 guliginosa, Gray, l . c . p . 500, and Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 35
8
Emy s fi avipes, Gray , ll. cc . p . 643,pl . and p . 37 Sclater, P roc .
Zoo l. Soc. 1872,p . 603.
fraseri, Gray , ll. cc . p . 643, and p . 36
,and Ann. May . N . H .
(4) x i . p . 146
laniaria, Gray , Supp l . Ca t. Sb . R ep t. p . 37Eryma laticeps, Gray, l . c . p . 45.
Emy s caspia, var. leprosa,Boatly . A bk. Senck. Ges. ix . p . 126
C lemmys caspica sigri z , B edriaya, B u l l . Soc. N a t. Mose. lvi . p . 340
Very closely all ied to 0. casp ica , but unquestionably a di stinctspecies . Head larger
,the difference consp icu ou s in halfgrown as
well as adu lt specimens ; in old specimens the head becomes verymassive, short and broad, with very strong jaws with broad alveolarsurfaces
,the width of the mandible at the symphysi s nearly equalling
the hori zontal d iameter of the orbit ; edge of j aws never denticulated . Lateral dorsal keels distinct in newly - born specimens only .
Carapace dark olive in the young, with an oval orange spot or shortlongitud inal streak on each shield uniform pale o live in the adu lt .P lastron dark brown in the young , w ith a yellowish border , yellowish or pale ol ive in the adult . Head ol ive sides with orangeor yellow streaks or vermicu lations , and a round orange spotbetween the eye and the ear and a more or les s defined ring of thesame colour round the lat ter neck with orange or y ellow streaks ,three or fou r on each side limbs streaked ol ive and yellow or orange ,e i ther the one or the other colou r predominating these brightmarkings become very indist in ct in old specimens .Length of shell 20 centim.
South of Spain and P ortugal , Morocco , Algeria, Tunis , Senegambia .
106 rs srunmmzs .
a . Y g .
,spir
. Minas de S . Dom ingo, Dr. GadowAlemtejo .
b, c . Y g . ,skel . SantaMarta Dr . J. E . Gra [P .]
d . n .,shell. Euro e . T . B ell, Es
c—f . Y g .,spir
. N . ica. Mr. Fraser (Types ofE . fraseri.)
y—lz . Y g .
,spir. M. H .
.
V aucher
i—k. 9 ,spir. Zoological Somety .
I, on. d S? stfi d .
n Y g .,spir
33. n . yg .,
spir.y . n .
,stfi d .
z a
3 . C lemmys japonica .
Emys vu lgaris japoni ca, Schley . Faun. J ap an ,R ep t. p . 53
, pls . v iii ,ix . and A bbild . p . 126, pl . xl i .japoni ca, Gray , C at. Tort . p .
‘
19 Gray, C at. Slz . R ep t.
i . p . 22 and Supp l. p . 36
caspica, var. japoni ca, A . D am . Cat. Me’
th . R ep t. p . 8
and A rch. Mus. v i . p . 219
C lemmys japoni ca, Straucli , Che lon . Stud . p . 32
Carapace rather strongly depressed , with an obtu se keel ; posterior margin serrated ; each posterior marginal, in the young,bicuspid ; vertebral sh ields much broader than long , nearly as broadas the costals in the adult ; nuchal of moderate size . P lastronlarge
,scarcely concave in the male
,truncate or openly emarginate
anteriorly , angu larly notched posteriorly the width of the bridgeequals the length of the hind lobe ; the longest median suture isthat between the abdominal shields , the shortest that between thehumeral s ; axillary and ingu inal shields well developed , latterlargest . Head rather small upper jaw neither hooked nor notched ;the width of the mandible at the symphysi s i s less than the horiz ental d iameter of the orbit . Digits webbed to the claws . Tailabou t as long as the carapace in the young, hal f as long in theadult . Shell dark brown above
,black inferiorly ; in the young
the anterior and posterior plastral lobes narrowly margined withyellowish soft parts ol ive - brown or black ish a pale brown streakalong the ou ter border of the l imbs and a broad pale brown bandalong the upper surface of the tail .Length of shell 14 centim.
Japan .
a— b. o’ hgr. , spir . Leyden Museum .
0. n . ,Spir .
d . Y g .
, spir. H .M.S . Challenger . ’e—li . Y g . , spir . H .M.S.
‘ Challenger . ’
E . Doub leday , Esq. [P M](Types of E . laticep s .)Zoo log ical Soc. (TypesE . laniar'ia . )
Zoolog ical Soc . (TypesE .fl a vip es .)
Zoo logi cal Soc . (TypeE . fuliy inosa .)
Zoolog ical Soc.
Dr. J. E . Gray [P M]Lord A . R ussel l [P M]
108 rnsrummnm.
reg ion ,w i th a permanent obtuse keel ; poster ior border serrated ;
sh ield s w ith strong radiating and concentric striae nuchal verynarrow , almost l inear ; first vertebral not broader in front thanbeh ind vertebrals 2 to 4 as broad as or a li ttle narrower than thecostals . P lastron large , concave in the male , angu larly emarginateposteriorly the w idth of the bridge but l ittle less than the lengthof the h ind lobe ; abdominal shields larger than pectorals ; thelongest median suture is that between the abdominals
,which
,how
ever, may be equalled by that between the anals the shortest that
between the humeral s ax i llary small, ingu inal often absent . Headmoderate ; snout not prominen t ; upper jaw bicu spid and notchedin the m iddle ; the w idth of the mand ible at the symphy sis nearlyequals the hor i zontal diameter of the orbi t . D ig its short
,shortly
webbed . Tail abou t one th ird the length of the shell in the female .Carapace blacki sh , with radiating yellow lines ; plastron and lowersu rface of marginals yellow,
each sh ield with a large black blotch .
Soft parts dark brown or olive , sides of head speckled with red .
Length of shell 18 centim .
N .E . United States , from Maine to P ensylvania and N . Jersey .
a . Q,stfi d . P ensy lvan ia .
b,c . d S? skel . P ensy lvan ia.
d . 9 spir . N . Ameri ca. Capt . J . Andersone,f . d skel . N . Am erica .
g . 52 shel l . N . Ameri ca .
6 . C lemmy s muhlenbergu .
Testudo muhlenbergi i , Schoepfi, Test. p . 132,pl . xxx i . Leconte
,
Ann. Lyc. N . Y . i i i . p . 119
Emys muhlenbergii, Schweigg . P rodr. p . 41 D am. B ibr.
i i . p . 304 H othr . N . Am. H erp . i . p . 45,pl . iv.
D ehay , Faun . N . Y . ,R ep t. p . 17
,p l . v ii i . fig . 15 Gray,
C at. Tort. p . 20
biguttata, Say , Journ . A c. P hilad . iv . p . 212
Terrapene muhlenbergii, B onap . Osserv. 8 . sec . Ed . d . R . A . p . 160
Geoclemys muhlenbergn , Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 19 and
Supp l. p . 27
C aleni ys muhlenbergii, Agassiz , Contr . JV. II . U. S . i . p . 443
Clemmys muhlenbergii, Strauch, Chelon . Stud . p . 32 and
Verth . Schildltr . p . 67
C helopus muhlenbergii, Cop e, Check- L ist JV. Am. R ep t. p . 53
Closely allied to the preceding , but shell more convex , often withdist inct areolations in the adult ; vertebral sh ields 2 to 4 as broadas or a l ittle broader than the costals plastral bridge a littlebroader , as long as the longi tudinal su ture between the femoral andanal sh ields . Upper jaw w ith a cu sp on each side of the mediannotch . D ig it s and claws very short ; web very indistinct . Carapace dark brown ,
with yellow ish or pale brown blotches or radiatingli nes ; plastron blackish on the sides and behind, yell owish or palebrown in front and in the middle head dark brown above , with or
1 1 . C LnnMY s . 109
withou t lighter variegati ons a large,subtriangular orange spot on
each side above the ear ; l imbs brown ish yellow,with black and
o range spots .Length of shell 9 centim.
New Y ork to North Carolina .
a . d‘
,spir. Upper Darby, P ensy lvania. Smithsonian Instit.
b. 9 spir. P ensy lvania .
c. 9 stfi d . N . Ameri ca .
7 . Clemmys guttata .
Testudo guttata, Schneid Sch1 aft Ges . N fu1f Fr. x . p . 264
punctata, Schoepfi‘
,Test. p . 23 , pl . v . B and . R ep t .
ii . p . 159,p l . xxi i . L econte
,Ann Lyc . N . Y . i i i . p . 117
Emys guttata, Schweigg . P 1 od1 p . 40 Dum . B ib1 . i i .p . 295 N . Am . H erp . i . p . 81
, pl. x i .D clray , F aun. N Y .
,R ep t. p . 13
, pl. v i . fig . 12 G1 ay, C atTo1 t. p . 26 lVicd , N . A cta A c. L eep .
- Ca1 ol . xxx i i . i . p . 22
punctata,Merr. Tent. p . 24
Terrapene punctata,B onap . O sserv. 3 . sec. Ed . d . R . A . p . 159
Geoclemys guttata, Gray , Cat . Sh. R ep t. i . p . 19 and Supp l.
p . 27
Nanemys guttata, Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 442,p l . i . figs . 7— 9
C lemmys guttata, St1 auch, Che lon. Stud . p . 107 and Verth.
Schildkr. p . 67Geoclemmys sebee , G1 ay , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1869 , p . 188 .
C helopus guttatus, Cope, Chech L zst N . Am . R ep t. p . 53 (187
Carapace moderately depressed,smooth and withou t trace of a
keel in the adu lt nuchal very narrow,often almost linear ; verte
brals 2 to 4 mu ch broader than long, a little narrower than the secondcostal . P last ron large
,concave in the males
,open ly emarginate
posteriorly ; the width of the bridge mu ch less than the length ofthe hind lobe abdominal shields larger than pectorals ; the longestmedian sutu re i s that between the anal shields , the shortest thatbetween the humerals ; ax illary and ingu inal sh ields smal l orabsent . Head moderate ; snou t not prominent ; upper jaw nothooked
,notched in the middle ; the width of the mandible at the
symphysis nearly equal s the horizontal diameter of the orbit . Digitsshort
,w ith short or rudimentary web ; claws moderate . Tail abou t
one thi rd the length o f the shell in the female,two fifths to one
half in the male , two thirds in the young. Carapace deep black ,each shield w ith one or more round yellow spots ; plastron blackand yellow,
the black u sually predom inating ;head black above,
with a few round yellow spots , and a larger subtriangular one oneach s ide above the ear ; lips , lower surface of neck
, and l imbsblack and yellow or redd ish .
Length of shell 11 centim .
United States , east of Ohio and north of South Carol ina.
1 10 rs srunmm zs .
a . d ,spir. W ashington, DC . Smithsonian Instit .
(P d .
6. 9 ,s tffd . Delaware . E . Doub leday, E sq . P .J.
c—e . d 9 spir. N . America . Dr. J. E . Gray [P .J.
f , y . d 9 sp ir. N . Amerrca .
11. d‘
,skel . N . America .
6 9 shel ls . N . Ameri ca.
8 . Clemmys marmorata.
Emys marmorata, B aird Gir. P roc. A c. Philad . 1852, p . 177
R ocourt, M iss . Sc . Mex .
,R ep t . p . 16
nigra,H a llow . P roc. A c. P hilad . 1854, p . 9 1, and R ep . U. S .
E ap lor . Surv. R . R . x . pt . iv . p . 3,pl . 1.
Actinemys marmorata, Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 444, pl . i i i .
figs . 5— 8 Girard, U. S . Explor . Exp ed ,H erp . p . 465,
pl . xxxi i .Clemmys marmorata, Strauch, Chelon . Stud . p . 108 and Verth.
Schildkr. p . 68
wosnessenskyi, Strauch, [l.cc. p . 114,p l . p. 68 .
Geoclemys marmorata, Gray , Supp l . C at . Sh . R ep t. 1 . p . 27
w osnessensky i, Gray, App . C at. Sh . R ep t. p . 11
C helopus marmoratus,Cope, Check- L ist N . Am . R ep t. p . 53
Strikingly resembling Emys orbicular is . Carapace obtu sely un i
carinatc in the young, the keel becoming almost or qu ite ind istinctin the adult ; sh ields nearly smooth in the adult, with radiatingstriae in the young . Nuchal small, narrow vertebrale 2 to 4 mu chbroader than long, a l ittle narrower than the second costal . P lastronlarge , concave in the male , openly emarginate posteriorly the widthof the br idge mu ch less than the length of the hind lobe pectoraland abdominal sh ields subequal in s i ze ; the longest median su tureis that between the anals , the shortest that between the humerals ;axillary and ingu inal sh ields absent or small . Head rather large ;upper jaw not hooked
,notched in the middle ; the width of the
mand ible at the symphys i s nearly equals the horizontal d iameter ofthe orb it . D igits webbed to the claws , which are long and strong .
Tail about half as long as the shell in the males . Carapace darkolive or blacki sh
,w ith yellowish dots or rad iat ing lines , which
markings may d isappear in old specimens plastron yellow,su ture s
black , w ith or withou t some large b lack blotches . Head olive orbrown above
,w ith small black markings, yellow inferiorly ,
uniformor black - dotted limbs brown , spotted w i th black and yellow .
Y oung coloured like those of E mys m-bicularis .
Length of shell 18 centim .
Cal ifornia .
a b. d‘
,spir . P acifi c Coast ofN . America.
c. Hgr. d spir . Santa Cruz . Mr. A . Forrer [C .J.d . n . d
‘
,shell . San Diego . Mrs . R osa Smith
E igenmann [P .J.
112 rnsrunmrnzs .
pectoral su ture . Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar sur
faces w ithout med ian r idge ; choanae between the eyes . Uppersurface of head covered with und iv ided skin . Digits webbed . Tailmoderate in the adult , long in the young .
Europe,North—wcst Afr ica, W estern Asia, Eastern North
America .
1 . Emy s orb icu lar is.Testudo orbi cularis, Linn . S . N . i . p . 351
europze a, Schneid . Schildltr. p . 323 (1783) Sehoepfi‘
,Testud . p . 1
,
p l . 1. Shaw,Zoo l. i ii . p . 30
,pl . v . B ojanus, A nat .
Tes t . E ur .
lutaria (non Schneid . l. c . p . 338 ; D aud . R ep t. i i . p . 1 15
18021A meleagr is, Shaw,Nat. Misc . i v . p l . cxliv .
pu l chel la, Sehoepfi ,l. c . p . 113
,pl . xxvi .
fiava,B aud. l . c . p . 107 .
Emys lutaria, Sehwezgg . P rodr. p . 35 (1814) Gravenh . D e lic . Mus .
Zool . Vratisl. p . 11,pl . i ii . B onap . Faun . I ta l.
B ianconi,Spec . Zool. Mosamb. pl . x i . D e B etta, E rp . Veron .
p . 101 Strau ch,Chelon. Stud . p . 101 and Verth.
Schildkr. p . 49
europaea,Schweiyg . l. e . p . 36 B randt R atz eb. Med . Zool. i .
p . 182, pl . xx i . Schu lz,Faun . M arch . p . 442
pu l chella, M err. Tent. p . 25 Gravenh . l. c. p . 14,pl . i v .
Terrapene europaea, B ell,Zool. Journ. i i . p . 308
Cistudo europze a; Gr ay , Syn . R ep t .
p. 19 R ibron <3 B ory ,
E d
ged . Sc. M ore’e
,ii i . p . 61
,p l . ix . g . 1 D um. B ibr . ii .
p . 20 (1835) Gray , C a t . Tor t . p . 31 Fa tio,Vert. Su isse
,
i i i . p . 35 (1872) D e B etta,Faun . I tal , R ett. A nf . p . 13
Lutaste,H erp . Gir . p . 36
hellenica (Val), B ibr. B ory , l. 0. pl . vi ii . (1832Lutremys europeea, Gray , C at . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 40 Lortet,A rch. Mus . Ly on , i v . p. 15, pl . v i . (1887
C i studo lutaria, Straueh, E rp . Alg . p . 17 Schreib. H erp . Eur.
p . 537
Emy s orb i cu laris, B lanf . Zool . E . P ersia,p . 308 B ouleng .
P roc . Zool. Soc. 1887, p . 555,p l . 1. fig. 2 .
R eferences to Fossil remainsEmys turfa, H . 11 . M eyer, N . Jahrb. f . Min . 1835 p . 67, and Mus .
Senelcenb. i i . p . 60
lutaria,var. boreal is
,
l
ilsson,S11 . Vet. A h. H and l .f . 1839 , p . 194,
pls . iii . iv .
lutaria, Steenstr . O vers . Vid . Selsla. Ferh . 1848,p . 74
,and 1855
,
p . 1 ; A . N ewton, Ann. <3~ M ag . N . II . (3) .x . p . pls . v iE . T . Brewton
,Geo l . M ay . (2) vi . p . 304 , p l . vii i .
H . B . W oodward , Tr . JVorf. Sr JVorw . JVat. Soc. i i i . p. 36
C istudo europaea,R atim . ZVI itth . Antiq. Ges . Zurich, x i1i . p . 41
Emy s europaea, Jager, B u ll . Soc . N a t . Moscou , 1861 , p . 190;M eyer , P ala entoyr . xv . p . 208
, pl. xxxv . (1867) Sordelli,A tti Soc .
I ta l. Sc. Nat. xv . p . 152,p l . i ii .
Lutremys europaea, P ortis , B oll. C omit. Geo l . I ta l . 1887 p . 50.
Carapace a short oval , broadest poste r iorly , i ts w idth more than
12 . EMYS . 1 13
tw o thirds its length young with a di stinct keel , wh i ch disappearsmore or less completely in the adult. Nu chal small , longer thanbroad ; first vertebral broader in front than beh ind ; vertebrals
2 to 4 mu ch broader than long . P lastron large , but not clo s ingentirely the shell ; width of bridge nearly one fourth the lengthof the plastron the bridge formed to a l esser extent by the
hyoplastron than by the hypoplastron , the peduncle of which i s alsomore developed ; h ind lobe truncate or openly emarginate pectoraland abdominal shi elds subequ al in si z e the longest median su tureis that be tween the anals , th e shortest (u sually) that between the
humeral s axillary and inguinal sh ields absent or small . The
smalle st diameter of the interorbital space equal s the verti cal d iameter of the orbit ; upper jaw not hooked , broadly emarginate inthe middle ; the length of the mandible equals abou t four times itsdiameter at the symphy sis . Limbs scaly , extens ively webbed . Tai lwith more or less distinctly verti c illat e s cales , abou t as long as theshell in the young, two th irds that length in the adult males , halfor a little less in the females . Carapace dark brown or black , withmore or les s numerous light (usually yellow) dots or radiating linesplas tron yellow ,
brown and y ellow ,or nearly entirely blackish brown
in the adult ; shell of young dark brown above , black inferiorly , w itha large yellow spot on each marginal and on the ou ter s ide of eachplastral sh ield . Head dark brown or black
,with lighter dots
,which
are yellow in the femal e and pale brown in the male lower surfaceof head and neck yellow ,
spotted with blackish . Limbs and tai lblackish , more or less abundantly Spotted with yellow .
Specimen h is remarkable for the predominan ce of the yellowcolou r , the carapace being yellow , each shield with fine blackradiating linesLength of shell 19 centim .
Sou th Europe,East C entral Europe, Sou th - western Asia, Algeria .
Has been found in P leistocene deposits in Sweden , Denmark ,Norfolk
,Belgium
, Germany , Switzerland , and Lombardy .
a . Numerou s skeletons,P o land . Sir R . Owen [P .J
she lls, and dry prearations, made byojanus, and figured
in his anatomicalw ork .
6. 9 , skel . Berl in . Dr. A . Gunther [C .J.c. Y g .
,spir . A lbania. W . W . Saunders
,Esq . [P HJ
d - e . Y g .,sp ir. V enice. L ord A . R ussell [P .J
f . Many specs , C hirignago, near M. de B etta [P .J.hgr ., and yg ., sp ir . l\lestre
,P rov . V e
rona .
Talais, G ironde . M. F. Lataste [P .JgLaguna A lmenara
,Lord L ilford [P .J.
Castel lon .
In a young specimen from Mahon , Balearesh in M. Lataste’
s collection, the
yel low l ikew ise predominates on the carapace .
114 TESTUDINIDE .
i . 9 stffd . A strakan ?713 1. Q Europe .
m. 9 spir . Enz eli,S
on the C as W . T . B lanford, Esq. [C H]ran ea .
11. 9 ,shel l . E
ilz eli, on the C as W . T . B lanford, Esq. [C HJpian Sea .
0, p . d 52, spir. B ismi l , Kurdistan. Dr. Lortet
2 . Emy s blandingu .
C istuda blandingu ,I -Iolbr. JV. Am. H erp . i . p . 39 , p l . ii i .
D ekay , Faun . N . Y ork,R ept. p . 25, p l . i . fig . 2
Lutremys meleagris (non Shaw) , L econte, P roc . A c. P hilad . 1854,p . 189 .
Emys meleagris,Agass iz , Contr. N . H . U. S . i . p . 442,pl. _1v . figs . 20—22
(1857)blandingu , Strauch, Chelon. Stud . p . 28 and Verth.
Schildltr. p . 56 (1865) B ou leng . P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1887,p . 555
, pl. 1.
flex 1 .
Emydoidea blandingn ,Gray , C at. Sh. R ep t. , Supp l. p . 19
Carapace rather more elongate than in E . orbicularis, its greatestwidth abou t two thirds of its length in the adu lt . P ostorbital partof the head mu ch longer ; interorbital space narrower the width of
the mand ibular symphy si s one si x th the length of the mand ible .
Tai l shorter ; of male about twice and two th irds in the length of
the shell , of female fou r times , of young once and a half. Carapaceblack
,with round pale yellowish or brownish spots plas tron y ellow
,
with a large black blotch on the ou ter and posterior side of each sh ield .
Head dark brown above , with lighter dots or vermiculations , uniform bright yellow inferiorly limbs black and yellow .
Length of shell 21 millim .
N .E . United States Canada.
a— b, c— e . d
‘
S2 hgr.
,spir . Michigan .
f. 9 stffd . Mi chigan.
g . 9 ,skel . 9
13. CISTUDO.
Terrapene,part . , Merrem
,Tent. p . 27 B e ll
,Zool. Journ . 11 .
p . 308 E itz ing . N . Class . R ep t. p . 6 (1826) Strau ch,
Chelon . Stud . p . 25
C istuda,part .
,F leming , P hi l. Zoo l. p . 270
C istudo, B onap . O sserv. 8 . see. Ed . d . R . Anim . p. 162 Gray ,C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 39 and Supp l. p . 18 Agassiz ,Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 444
Emys, part . , W ay ler, Syst. Amph . p . 138
Cistudo, part . , Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 17 Dum. B ibr. 11. p . 207
(1834) Gray , C at . Tort . p . 29
Diclida, part. , R ryin . A tlant. Journ . p . 64
P yxidemys, part ., E itz ing . Ann . lVien. Mus . i . p . 114Emyoides , Gray , C at. Tort. p . 27 .
O nvehotria, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1849,p . 17 .
1 16 rs srunmrnm.
Cistudo virg inea, Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 445, pl . iv .
figs . 17— 19
Terrapenecarinata , Strauch, Che lon. Stud. p . 9 6 and Verth.
Schildlt‘
r. p . 45
Carapace very convex , subhem i spherical or shp rtly oval, with at
least a trace of an obtuse vertebral keel wh ich i s more d i stmct ln
the young .
Vertebral sh ields broader than long, and narrower thanthe costal s . P lastron hermetical ly closing the shell, W ithou t traceof a bridge , broader posteriorly than anteriorly ; the abdom inal
Fig . 33.
She l l o f C i studo carolina.
sh ields,and a very short port ion of the pectorals , in contact with the
marginals ; the longest plastral sh ields are the femorals or the anals,the smal lest the gulars ; the longest median sutu re is that betweenthe anals ; abdominals larger than pectoral s . Upper jaw b ooked,the hook entire . Limbs scaly . Dig its w ith a very indistinct web ,
Carapace u sually dark brown or blacki sh , with yellow spots ; orbrown ish yellow with dark brown Spots or ray s ; frequently an
interrupted yellow streak follows the vertebral ridge ; plastronb r own or b lack ish
,un iform or with irregular yellowish blotches or
13. ci sruno . l 17
rays , or yellowish with smaller or larger blackish blotches . Head,
neck , and limbs brown , with yell ow or orange spots or marblings .Length of shell 13 contim .
East United States .a . n . ,
spir . Iowa . Smithsonian Instit.b. o
’
,sp ir . N ew Haven
,Conn. Dr. G . Baur
c . 9 , spir . Charleston, S . Caro l ina . Dr. G . Baurd . 9 stffd. N . Ameri ca . Dr. J E . Gr
e . 9 ,stild . N . America . Dr. J . Green
f, g . 9 kgr., stfi'
d . N . Amer ica . Gen. Ilardw i
h,i . d 9 , stffd . N . Ameri ca .
11 . d‘
,ske l . N . America .
1. 9 skel . N . America. Dr. Gunther [P .]m. 9 spir . N . America.
The three following forms, whi ch I provisionallv admit as varieties,perhaps deserve to rank as species :
V ar. maj or .C istudo maj or
,Agassiz , Contr. N . H . U . S . i . p. 445
Larger and more oval, less gibbose . Hook of upper jaw notched ,bicu spid . Digits short ly but very distinctly webbed . Carapacebrown with yellow spots , or yellowish olive with dark brown dotsand margin s to the shields ; plastron yellow,
the sutures betweenthe shields blackish . Head and limbs brown with yellow or orangespots .Length of shell 17 centim .
Louisiana, Alabama, Flori da .
a,b,e,(l. d 9 , Stfl
'
d . W . P . Smi th EO .Je1 f ' 6 4
0
V ar. cinosternoides.
Emy s kinosternoides, Gray , Syn . R ept. p . 32 (1831) at ; D um. SrB ibr. ii . p . 303 (1835) Gray , C at. Tort. p . 27
C istudo triungui s , Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 445
Shell as in the typ ical form . Hook of upper jaw notched, bi
cu spid . No trace of web between the digits ; only three clawedfunctional digits to the hind limb . Carapace pale oli ve or yellowish ,with or withou t dark spots ; plastron uniform yellowish , with thesu tures blackish .
Length of shell 13 centim .
S.E . United States .
Smithsonian Instit.
Zoological Society .
Type (in C ollege of Surgeons) exam ined .
l 18'rnsrunn
'
n nar.
V ar. m ex i cana.
C istudo (Onychotria) mex icana, Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1849 , p . 17,1. i i .Pmexicana, Gray , C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 40 and Supp l.
p. 19 (1870) R ocourt
,Miss . Sc . Mex .
,R ep t. p . 17 Gilnth.
B io l . C - A 1n .
,R ep t. p . 1
Onyehotria mexi cana, D uges, La Natura lez a, 1888, p .
Carapace oval , more tect iform an additional,smaller , vertebral
sh ield between the four th and fifth ; second costal shi eld tw ice asbroad as long . Hook of upper jaw notched , b i cuspid . N0 distinctweb between the d igi ts only three claws to the hind limb . Carapace brown with y ellow spots or radiating lines plastron variegatedbrown and yellow . Head un iform yellow above ; l imbs brown ,
with yellow spots .Length of shell 17 centim .
Mexico .
a,l) . 9 stfi
'
d . Mexi co . (Types .)
2 . C istudo ornata.
C istudo ornata, Agassiz , Contr. N . II . U . S . i . p . 445,pl . i i i . figs. 12
13
Carapace short , rather depressed , the vertebral region flat and
without any keel or ridge , even in the young ; shields as in O .
carolina . P lastron not closing completely the shell , connected withthe carapace by a very short but dist inct bridge . Hook of upperjaw notched . D igits withou t d ist inct web . Carapace and plastrondark brown or black , elegantly marked with yellow Spots and
rad iating lines a yellow vertebral l ine . Head and limbs brown ish ,with yellow spots .Length of shell 12 centim .
Nebraska,Kan sas
,I owa
,Mi ssouri
,I llinoi s .
a— d . S2 yg .
,spir . Southern Bonn
,Kansas . Sm ithsonian Institution.
e . a,shel l . N . Ameri ca .
14 . NICOR IA.
C hersine,part . , Ell erre in, Tent. p . 29
Emys, part ., D um . A" B ibr . i i . p . 232 (1835) Gray , C at. Tort. p . 14
and C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 19 Gilnth . R ep t. B rit.Ind . p . 21
Geoemyda, part. , Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1834,p . 100
,and C at. Tort.
Nicoria, Gray , C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 17,and Supp l. p . 26
C lemmys, part . , Stra uch, Chelon . Stud . p . 28
R hinoclemmy s, Gray , Ann. <S~
.Mag . N . H . (3) x i i . p . 182 (1863)and Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 29 .
C helopus, part .
,Cop e, P roc . A c. P hilad . 1865
,p . 185.
Melanochelys, Gray, P roc. Zoo l. Soc . 1869 , p. 187, and Supp l. C at.Sh . R ep t. i . p . 33.
Geoclemmys, part ., Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 26 .
Neural plates mostly hexagonal , short- sided beh ind , or alternately
120 Tnsrunmmm.
No web between the digits ; width of them andible at the symphys i s less than theh oriz ontal diameter of the orbit ; secondvertebral sh ield mu ch broader than long annulata , p . 126 .
No web between the d igits ; width of themand ible at the symphysi s equal to the
hor izontal diameter of the orbit ; secondvertebral sh ield mu ch broader than long rubida , p . 127 .
Fig . 35 .
Shell ofNicoria trijnga .
1 . Nicoria spengleri .
W'
albaum,Sehr . yes. N aturf. Freunde, vi . p . 122
, pl. i i i .Testudo spengleri, Gmel. S . N . i . p . 1043 D a
'
ud . R ep t. i i .p . 103
serrata,Shaw
,Zool. i i i . p . 51, pl . ix . fig . 2
14 . N IC OR IA. 121
Testudo tricarinata, B ory de St. Vine . Voy . clans les quatre p r ine.
I les des Mers d ’
Afrigue, i i . p . 308,p l . xxxvi i . fig . 1
Emys spengleri, Schweiyy . P rodr . p . 41 D um . a? B ibr . 11.
p . 307
Geoemyda spengleri, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1834,p . 100
,and C at.
Tort. p . 14
N icoria spengleri, Gray , C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 17
C lemmys spengleri, Strauch, Che lon. Stud . p . 32 and Verth.
Sehildltr . p . 63
Carapace much depressed , strongly tricarinate ; anterior borderserrated
,posterior border expanded and very strongly serrated ,
each marginal be ing acutely pointed . Vertebral shields broaderthan long , about as broad as the costals nuchal moderate
,trapezoid
,
broadest and emarginate posteriorly . P lastron large the width ofthe bridge abou t equal s the length of the posterior lobe
,which i s
broadly notched ; front lob e openly emarginate anteriorly . As
regards size , the plastral shields take the following order , commencing with the largest : abdominals , femorals , pectorals , humeral s ,anals , gulars ; no axillary or ingu inal shield s . Beak stronglyhooked
,not notch ed ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis i s
less than the diameter of the orbit . Tail a little longer than thehead . Y ellowish brown above , speckled with brown and withtraces of bl ack l ines following the dorsal keels ; plastron blacki shbrown
,with a yellow ish band on each s ide , which separates the
blackish colou r of the bridge from that of the res t of the plastron .
Length of carapace 10 centim.
Sumatra , Borneo ; Sou thern China ?
a . £2 stfi'
d . J . R eeves, Esq.
b. 52 spir . Zoological Society .
0. n .
,shell .
2 . Nicoria tnjuga.
? Testudo scabra, L inn . S. N . i . p . 351
Emy s trijuga, Sehweiyg . P rodr . p . 41 D ea n. S B ibr. 11 . p . 310
Gray , C at. Tort. p . 16 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 20
1855
bel)angeri, Lesson in B e
’ lang . Voy . Ind . Or Zoo l . p . 291,pl . i .
1834
C lgmmyhtrijuga, Strau ch, Chelon . Stud . p . 32 and Verth.
Sehildkr . p . 66
Melanochely s trijuga, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1869,p . 187
,and
Ca t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 33 and Ann . (5 May . N . H (4) x i .p . 297 Theeb. C a t. R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 12
sebae,Gray , l . c . p . 34 .
Emy s trijuga, var. maderaspatana,Anders . Zool . R es. Y unnan,p. 729
Carapace moderately depressed , tricarinate . Vertebral shields inthe adul t as long as bread or longer than broad , and mu ch narrowerthan the costal s ; nu chal moderate or small , sometimes absent.
122 m srummnzn.
P lastron large ; the width of the bridge equals or a l ittle exceedsthe length of the posterior lobe , whi ch is broadly notched ; frontlobe truncate . P roport ions of the plastral sh ields as in the preced ing species ; ax illary and ingu inal sh ield s present . Upper jawnot hooked , notched mes ially ; the width of the mandible at thesymphysis i s less than the d iameter of the orbit . Digits dist inctly
webbed . Tai l shorter than the head . Shell brown ,with a yellow
band on each side of the plastron ; keels sometimes yellowish .
Head brown , in the young reticulated with yellowish (in spirit) ,and with a yellowish line from the eye to above the tympanum .
Length of shell 22 centim .
Ind ia .
a,b. 9 hgr. ,
shells . R amandroog, near B el L ord Dormerlary , 3000 feet.
P oonah . Dr. LeithMalabar. C ol. BeddomeInd ia. Dr. J . E . GrayIndia . Lord A . R ussel l [P M]India. P rof. O ldham
Var. thermalis .
Emys thermalis, Lesson, Cent. Zoo l. p . 86,p l . xx ix .
Emys trijuga, Kelaart, P rodr . Faun . Zey l. p. 177 Guntk.
R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 29,pl . i i . fig. 0
Geoclemmys seba, Gray , C at. Sit . R ep t . i . p . 18 .
C lemmys thermalis, Strauch, Che lon . S tud . p . 32, and Verth. Schildkr .
66 .
Mdlanochelys sebae,T11806. C at. R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 12 .
Emys trijuga, var. seb ‘
ee,Anders . l. 0.
Shell dark brown in the young, with a broad yellow border tothe plastron keels often yellowish shell of adu lt deep black
,with
a narrow yellow border to the plastron . Soft parts blackish ; headof young and halfgrown with irregular bright - orange spots
,which
disappear in the adult .Length of shell 21 centim.
Ceylon .
a, b. d 9 ,stfi
'
d . Zoologi cal Society .
0. Y g .
,spir. Zoo log i cal Society .
d . 9 shel l . Dr. Kelaart .e . 52 she l l .f—y . Y g .
, spir . B . H . Barnes,Esq. [P 1.
la. Y g .
, spir . Co l . Beddome [O n]d
2,k, l . Ilgr. S:
yg .
,spir .
m . Y g .
,spir. Trincomalee .
n . n ., spir . Diego Garcia , Chandos G . C . Bourne
,Esq . [C u]
Group (im orted ?
9 and hgr.
,
P
shells .
124'
rnsrunmm zn.
neck yellowish , lineolated with black . Upper surface of limbs yell ow i sh (red dotted with black .
Length of shell 20 contim .
Northern Brazil , Gu ianas , Venezuela ; Mex i co
a . Y g . ,spir. British Gu iana.
b, c . Y g . ,spir . Dutch Gu iana
e,f , g , It . 9 Dutch Gu iana .
yg .
,skeletons .
i, 7c, 1. IIgr. ,shel l s . Dutch Gu iana.
m . 9 ,shel l . Dutch Gu iana. (Type of R . ventricosa .)
o . Y g .
,sp Du tch Guiana. (Types of R . lunata .)
p . Y g .
,stffd Trinidad . Zoo log i cal Society .
q. 9 shell . Trinidad . Zoologi cal Society .
r . d‘
stfl'
d . V enez uela . Governor R aw son [P M]3. 9 ,
stffd . S . America . (Type of G . eallocep lzala .)t,u . n . St yg .
,S . America.
stfid .
v, w. Y g .,spir . S . Ameri ca.
V ar. melanosternum.
Emy s dorsal is (non Sp ix) , Gray, C at. Sli . R ep t. i . p . 32,pl . xiv . A
Geoclemys melanosterna, Gray , P roc. Zool . Soc . 1861,p . 205 .
R hinoelemmys melanosterna,Gray , Ann. N . H . (3) x i i . 1863,
p . 183 and Supp l . C at. Sli . R ept. i . p . 31 and P roc. Zool.Soc. 1870
,p . 722, fig .
C lemmys melanosterna,Strauch
, Vertli . Schildkr . p . 82
Head dark brown above , with a broad light band along each si defrom the snou t to the neck
,bordering the orbit above ; two other
light bands on each s ide,passing through the eye . Upper side of
neck brown fore l imbs and lower surface of hind limbs , sides , andlower surface of neck orange (red with large black spots ormarblings .Colombia.
a . 9 , stfi'
d . R iver Buonaventura . .I . O . Goodn'
dge,Esq.
b. n .
, C hirambira, Gulf of (Types . )
stfid . Darien .
V ar. areolata.
Emys areolata,A . Da rn . C a t . Me
’
tli . R ep t. p . 10 and Arch.
Illu s . vi . p . 223,pl . x iv . B ocourt, Miss. Sc. Mean
,R ept.
p . 13 (1870) Giin tlz . B iol. C . R ep t.. p . 8 , pl . v ii i . fig . B
C lemmys areolata,Strau ch
,Cleeton . Stud . p . 33 and Vertlz .
Selcildlsr . p . 9 1
C h elopus areolatus
,Cop e, P roc. A c . P li ilad . 1865
,p . 186
,and 1866
,
p . 1 2 3.
Head brown above an obliqu e light band from the frontal regionto above the ear
, continu ed along the ne ck ; a second pair of lightbands along the neck , originating on the occipu t s ides of head , fore
14 . N I COR IA. 125
limbs , and lower surface of hind limbs light , spotted or lineolatedwith black .
Guatemala .
a . 9 spir . Lake of P eten. O . Salvin, Esq. [C H]
V ar. pulcherrima .
Emys pu lcherrima, Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 25,pl . xxv . fig . 1
B oeourt,M iss . Sc . Mean
,R ep t. p . 15
,pl . v i i . fig . 1 Gu
'
nt/z .
B iol. C .- Am .
,R ep t. p . 6
, pls . vii . vi ii . fig . A
Clemmys pulcherrima, Strau ch, C lzelon . Stud . p . 32
C allichelys ? pu l cherrima, Gray , Ann . «St NI ay . N . If . (3) x11 . p . 181
R hinoclemmys pulcherrima, Gray , Ann . (yMay . N . H . (4) xi . p . 145
bocourti,Gray , l. c . p . 111 .
C helopus pulcherrimus,Cope, B u l l . U.S. N at. Mus . no . 32, p . 21
Head olive above , with a narrow red streak round the upper partof the snou t, terminating behind the supraciliary region ; two othersrun from eye to eye below the preced ing
,and a fourth round the
upper jaw ; a longitudinal streak of the same colou r on the frontalreg ion
,and some spots on the occipu t upper surface o f neck with
fou r (Boeou rt) or five parallel red , black - edged,longitudinal streaks .
Fore limbs and lower su rface of hind limbs black and red . Shieldso f the carapace with curve d yell owish dark - edged markings .Mexi co .
a . Y g .,stffd . (Type )
b— d . 52 yg .
,spir . Mr. Forrer
Var. incisa.
Emy s incisa, B oeourt, Ann. Sc. Na t . x . p . 121 and Miss . Sc.
Mex . ,R ep t. p . 11 , pls . i . 86 i i . G-ilntli . B io l . C .
- Am.,R ep t.
p . 7
R hinoclemmys frontal is, Gray , Ann. (St May . N . If . (4) x i . p . 144
C helopus incisus, B oeourt,Journ. de Zool. v . p . 387 Sumi
chrast,B u ll. Soc. Zoo l . France, 1880, p . 165 .
Head and neck olive above ; a fine red streak round the upperpart of the snout and extending to above the ear ; two others fromeye to eye , below the preceding and above the nostrils , and a fou rthround the upper jaw somet imes a longitudinal streak of the samecolour on the frontal region and another along each side of the neck .
Fore limbs and lower surface of hind limbs black and red . Shieldsof the carapace sometimes with cu rved yellowish dark - edged streaksor ocell i .Mex ico .
1 26 rxsrunmrnm.
a . 9 spir . Tapana, Tehuantepec . F. Sumichrast
5- 0, 6 ,spir Tonala, Chiapas . F. Sumichrast tC J.
d 9 ,stfid (Type of R .frontalis .)
C helopus funereus , Cope , Journ . Ac . P hilad . (2) vi ii . 1876 , p . 154,
from L imon ,Costa R ica, may probably likewise be regarded as a
variety of N . punctu laria . I t i s based on young specimens , and
the adu lt will probably be found to be of very obscure colour . Thehead and neck black above , withou t any markings .
4 . Nicoria gabbu .
C helopus gabb i l, Cop e, Jou rn . Ac. P hilad . (2) vi i i . p . 153
Form resembling Testudo, stout, and with short thick feet withveryshort webs . Top of shell flat in profile , bear ing a well - marked
but obtuse keel . Vertebral shi elds broader than long in the adult,the last one the largest of all. P lastron s trongly notched behindand concavely truncate in front . Snout nearly vertical, beak notnotched .
Hind leg with a row of large scales on the inner front ofthe l ower hal f of the tibia, continuou s with those covering the innertoe
.Colour above wood - brown , middle of plastron darker brown ,
remainder of lower surface s wax—yellow . A faint red band roundthe snout and a short one on the medi an line above ; a y ellowish,brown - edged band from the temple to the s ide of the neck, and a
sim ilar one from the eye to the tympanum ; neck and limbs yellowish ,speckled with brown and black ; hind limbs blackish on the ou ters ide .
Length of carapace 186 millim .
Costa R ica .
5 . Nicoria annulata.
Geoclemmys annulata, Gray, P roc . Zool. Soc . 1860,p . 231 , pl . xx ix .
C lemmys annu lata, Strauch, C lwlon . Stud . p . 32 and Verth.
Sebildkr . p . 82
R hinoclemmys annu lata, Gray , Ann . May . N . If. (3) xu . p . 183
and Supp l . Ca t . Sh . R ep t . i . p . 29
C heIOpus annulatus, Cop e, P roc. A c. P lu'
lad . 1865,p . 186 .
Habit of a Testudo. Shell n ot mu ch depressed , unicarinate .
Vertebral shields constantly much broader than long,nearly as
broad as the costals ; nu chal small . P lastron large ; the width ofthe bridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe , which is angularly emarginate ; front lobe truncate or openly emarg inate anteriorly . Ax illary and inguinal shields present , very small . Headrather small ; snou t but feebly proj ecting ; upper jaw slightlyhooked , not notched ; the w idth of the mand ible at the symphy sisis mu ch less than the horizontal d iameter of the orbi t . No trace ofweb between the digits . Tail not longer than the head . Carapacebrown, uniform or variegated with yellowish plastron dark brown
,
128 Tnsrunmrnzs .
15. CY CLEMY S.
Terrapene , part ., Merreni . Tent. p . 27 (1820) B ell,Zoo l. Journ . i i .
p. 308 Fitz iny . N . C
'
lass if . R ep t. p . 6 Strauch,Chelon . Stud . p . 25
Kinosternon, part . B ell , l. e . p . 302.
Sternothaerus, part . , B e ll,l . c . p . 305.
Emy s, part . , W ay ler, Syst. A niph . p . 138 (1830) Strauch,l. c . p . 27.
C istudo , part . , Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 17 D awn . Sr B ibr. i i .p
. 207 Gray , C at. Tort. p . 29
C yclemys , B ell,P roc . Zool . Soc . 1834
,p . 117 ; Gray , C at. Sit . R ep t.i . p . 42 Giint/i . R ep t . B rit . Ind . p . 15 Gray ,
Supp l. Cat. Sh. R ept. i . p . 22
Cuora, Gray , C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 41 ; Giintli . l . c . p . 11 ; Gray, Supp l.21 .
P y
liridea, Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1863,p . 175 ; Gunth . l . c . p . 16 ;
Gray , Supp l . p . 20.
C istoclemmys , Gray , ll. cc .P yxi elemmys, Gray , ll. cc. pp . 176
,20.
Notochelys, Gray, ll . cc. pp . 177,21 Guntli . l. c. p . 17 .
Fig . 36 .
Skull of Cy c lemy o avnboinensis . (From Gray , P . Z . S.
Neural plates mostly hexagonal , short - sided behind . P lastronunited to carapace by ligament , and more or less distinctly divided ,in the adult
,into two lobes moving upon a ligamentou s hinge
between the hyo and the hypoplastra both the latter bones contribut ing to the formation of the bridge ; entoplastron intersectedby the humero - pectoral suture . Skull wi th a bony temporal arch ;
15. C Y CLEMY S . 129
alveolar surfaces withou t med ian r idge choanae between the eyes .Upper su rface of head covered with undivided skin . D igi ts webbedor nearly free . Tail short, not longer in the young than in theadu lt .Eas t Indies
, Southern China .
Th i s genus stands in the same relation to N icoria as Emys doe s toC lemmys .
Fig . 37 .
Shell of Cyclemys amboinensis .
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I . P lastron not completely clos ing the sku ll , emarginate posteri orlyposterio r margin of carapace serrated .
The su ture between the pectoral shieldand the marginals longer than thatbetween the abdominal and the mar
ginals ; a large ingu inal shield and
six vertebrals 1 . p la tynota ,p . 130.
130 rns'
runnvmm.
The su ture between the pectoral andthe marginal s shorter than that between the abdominal and the mar
ginals carapace unicarinate 2 . dhor, p . 131 .
The suture between the pectoral and
the marginal s shorter than that between the abdominal and the mar
ginal s carapace tricarinate 3 . niouhotii, p . 132.
I I . P lastron nearly completely closing the shell in the adult ; carapace tricarinate in the young ; posterior margi n not serrated .
H ind lobe of plastron angularly notched 4 . trifasoiata, p . 133.
P lastron not notched ; d igits distinctlyw ebbed 5 . amboinensis , p . 133.
P lastron not notched ; digits withou tdistinct web 6 .flavomarginata , p . 135 .
1 . Cyclemys platynota.
Emys platynota, Gray , P roc. Zoo l . Soc. 1834, p . 54,and I ll. Ind . Zool.
ii . pl . lvi i . fig . 1 and C at. Tort . p . 16 Strauch,Verth. Sehildkr. p . 57
C yclemys platynota, Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 43
Notochelys platynota, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1863,p . 177 ; Gunth .
I
i
e
Spt
é )B rit . Ind . p . 17 Gray , Supp l. C at . Sh. R ep t. i . p . 21
7
C yclemys dentata (non Gray), Giebe l, Zeitschr . f . y es .
’
a turw.
xxvi i . p . 15,pl . ii i .
Geoemyda grandis, part . , Gray , Supp l . C at. Sh. R ep t . i . p . 26 .
C yclemys giebelii, H ubrecht,N otes Leyd . Ill us . i i i . p . 45
Carapace depressed , angu lar , the vertebral region flat, with an
interrupted obtu se keel ; posterior margin serrated ; s ix , rarelyseven ,
vertebral shields, the small add itional shi eld intercalatedbetween the fourth and fifth vertebrals mu ch broader than long
, at
least as broad as the costals first vertebral broader than long and
somewhat narrower than second . P lastron narrower than theopen ing of the shell , h ind lobe openly emarginate
,connected with
the cara pace by a distinct br idge , the w idth of which is containedtwice and a half to twice and two thirds in the length of theplastron ; the hyo and hypoplastral bones contribu te to an equaldegree to the formati on of the br idge ; no dist inct transverse h ingea large inguinal sh ield ; the su ture between the pectoral sh ield and
the marginals longer than that between the abdominal and the
marginal s ; the median sutu re betw een the pectoral shields as longas or a little longer than that between the abdom inals . Hook ofthe upper jaw bi cu sp id , div ided by a median groove . Digits ex tensively webbed , claws long, cu rved, sharp . Front part of arm withbroad , band - l ike transverse shields . Carapace reddish brown
,or
yellowish brown with radiating brown l ines young with a pair ofround black spots on each vertebral shield
,and one or two similar
132'
rnsrunnvrnzs .
Digits distinctly webbed , with sharp claws . Front part of arm withbroad transverse scales . Carapace brown , or yellowish brown spottedwith dark brown ; plastron yellow ish or pale brown in the young,w ith dark brow n spots or radiating lines in the adult dark brown .
Neck with dark and l igh t longitudinal lines .Length of shell 19 centim .
MalayArchipelago and P eninsu la, C amboja,Siam,Burma
,N . India.
a . Ad .
,skel . L eyden Museum .
6 . Y g .,spir . Ley den Museum .
0. Y g .
,spir .
T . B ell, Esq .
d . Ad .
,skel.
A E tt E [C ]e Y . ,s ir. vere < sq.
A . R . W allace,Esq. [P J .
(Type of C’. ovata . )
Saraw ak . A . R . W al lace, E sq.
Malay Arch ipelago . Dr. B leeker .Lao Mountains . M. Mouhot
[C
L ao Mountains . M. Mouhot P ] . (TypesMergui . P rof. O ldham of C. old
ham i. )n—o . Y g .
,spir P egu . W . Theobald, Es [C .]
p . Y g . ,skel . P egu . W . Theobald, Esq . [G
g— r . n . S: yg . ,
shell s . P egu W . Theobald, Esq . [C .
s . Hgr. stffd. Sir A . Smith [P .]t, u . Y g .
,shel ls
Ad .
,carapace and
front lobe of plas tron .
3. Cyclemys mouhotu .
C yclemys mouhotii, Gray , Ann. May . N . H . (3) x . p . 157
P yxidea mouhotii,Gray, P roc. Zoo l . Soc . 1863, p . 175 Gu
'
nth.
R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 16,pl . iv . fig. D
R ep t. i . p . 20 Jerdon,P roc . A s . Soc. B eny . 1870, p . 68 ;
Theeb. C at. R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 9
Emys mouhotii,Strau ch
,Verth. Sehildhr. p . 57
Carapace depressed, angu lar , the vertebral region flat, with threestrong parallel keels ; posterior margin serrated ; vertebral shieldsmuch broader than long and as broad as the costals first vertebralas long as broad or broader than long
, narrower than second .
P lastron a li ttle narrower than the Opening of the shell , hind lobeangu larly emarginate br idge broad and very short
,i ts width
abou t one th ird the length of the plastron the hypoplastral boneand the abdominal sh ield have a mu ch greater share in the formationof the br idge than the hyoplastral and pe ctoral the longest mediansu ture is that between the abdom inals . Hook of the upper jawstrong
,ent ire . D igits nearly free l imbs covered w ith large scale s .
Carapace yellow i sh or redd ish brown ; plastron y ellowish , with orw ithou t a few large dark brown Spots neck of young brown ,spotted w ith yellow .
Length of shell 16 centim .
Siam , Coch in China Cachar .
15 . crernnrs . 133
a, b, c, d, e,
df, y . Ad .,
hgr.,
Lao Mountains . M.Mouhot (Types .)yg . stil’
h. Ad.
,she l l . Cachar ? T . C . Jerdon, Esq . [P ].
4 . Cyclemys trifasciata .
Sternotheerus trifasciatus,B ell
,Zool. Journ. 11 . p . 305, pl . x i i i .
(1825C istudo
)trifasciata, Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 19 and I ll. Ind . Zool.
i i . p l . lx i . D ana. B ibr . i i . p . 219 (1835) Gray, C at.Tort . p . 31
Cuora trifasciata, Gray , C at . Sh. R ep t. i . p . 42 (1855) Gnath. R ep t.
B rit. Ind . p . 14
Terrapene tii fasciata, Strauch, Che lon. Stud . p . 27
Carapace depressed , with three obtuse keels , the lateral of whichmay become indistinct in the adult ; vertebral shields as long as
broad or a l ittle broader than long,mu ch narrower than the costals
,
first a l ittl e broader than second . P lastron as large as the openingof the shell
,without distinct bridge
,posterior lobe angularly notched ;
the line of junction between the hyoplastron and the carapaceshorter than that between the hypoplastron and the carapacepectoral sh ields as long as or a little longer than the abdominals , aslong as or longer than the humeral s ingu inal small or absent . Headsmall ; upper jaw feebly hooked . Digi ts moderately webbed , withsharp cu rved claws . Front part of arm w ith large scales . Carapace brown
,with three black streaks along the keels plastron
blackish,with a yellow border, sometimes with traces of radiating
yellow lines head yellowish , with two black streaks on each s ide,passing through the eye and joining above the ear neck brown .
Length of shell 17 centim .
S. China.
a . 52 stfi'
d . J. R eeves,Esq.
6. Ad . shell,malformed . J . R eeves
,Esq.
c . d , stfi d . R . Ingl is,Esq.
d . n .,spir .
e . Ad .,carapace .
5 . Cyclemy s amboinensis .
Testudo amboinensis, D aud . R ep t. i i . p . 309
Testudo melanocephala, B and . I. e . p . 128 .
Emys amboinensis, Schweiyy . P rodr. p . 45
couro,Schweiyy . l . c . p . 46 ; Schley . Faun . Jap on .
,R ep t . p . 63
1833
Tei‘rapefie amboinensis,Merr . Tent . p . 28 Strauch
,Chelon .
Stud . p . 9 9 and Verth . Schildhr . p . 47 (1865) Sowerby <5L ear
,Tort. pl . xxi i i . (187
Kinosternon amboinense, B el l, Zoo l. Journ . 11 . p . 305
Terrapene bi co lor,B ell
,l . c . p . 484
,pl . xvi .
couro,Fitz iny . N . Class . R ep t . p . 45
C istudo amboinensis, Gray, Syn . R ep t. p . 19 and I ll. 1nd .
Zool. i . pl . lxxvii . fig. 2 B urn . aB ibr . i i . p . 215,pl . xv .
L 2
134'
rns'
runrnwm.
fig . 2 Gray , C at. Tort. p . 30 Giebel, Zeitsehr . f .
yes . Naturw. xxvi i . p . 11
Cuora amboinensis,Gray , C at. Sh. R ept . i . p . 41 (1855) Gunth . R ep t.
B r it. Ind . p . 12, pl . i v . figs . A ,B Gray ,
Supp l. C at. Sh .
B cp t . i . p . 21 and App end . p . 10 (1872) Theeb. C at. R ep t.
B rit. Ind . p . 7
Carapace depressed and tr i car inate in the young , u sually veryconvex and w ithou t or w i th a single keel in adu lt females vertebral sh ields as long as broad or a l ittle longer than broad in theadult
,broader in the young , mu ch narrower than the costals .
P lastron as large as the Opening of the shell in the adult, w i thoutd istinct br idge ; no anal notch ; the line of junction between thehyoplastron and the carapace shorter than that between the hypoplastron and the carapace ; pectoral sh ields as long as or shorterthan the abdominal s
, as long as or slightly longer than the humeralsaxillary and ingu inal small or absent . Head rather smal l ; u pperjaw s carcely hooked , w ithou t any emargination . Front part of
arm with large transverse s cales . D igit s moderately webbed , withsharp claws . Carapace brown or blackish ; plastron y ellow withlarge black spots
,or dark brown w ith the su ture between the sh ields
yellow in the very young the black spots of the pla stron are con
fluent into a broad longi tud inal z one,the borders of the plastron
be ing yellow ish head and neck brown above, y ellow infer iorly a
yellow band borders the head and neck superiorly, meeting itsfellow above the nostrils ; a second yellow band passes through th eeye and i s separated from the upper jaw by a dark brown band ;ear yellow .
Length of shell 20 centim .
Burma,Siam ,
Malay P eninsu la and Archipelago eastwards tothe Moluccas .
a . 9 Stffd .
b. 9 stffd . Capt. Ince [P ].c . n .,stfi d .
(I, e, f, y . 9 hgr. , 8: yg .
, Dr. B leeker .Spl l
’
.
Y g .
, spir. B orneo . A . R . W al lace,Esq.
i,h . n . St yg .
, spir . P h i l ippines . H . C uming , Esq [G ]l- u i . n .
, spir. L aguna del Bey . Dr. A . B . Meyer C .
n . Several specs , Q hgr.
,Dinagat Id . A . Everett
,Esq.[C]
8: yg .
,spir .
o . Y g .
,spir . Dr. A . B . Meyer
p . d‘
, ske l .y . d ,
stti'
d .
r . 9 , sp1r. Leyden Museum .
s . 9 ,skel . LeydenMuseum .
t. 67
, stffd . T . Bell,Esq. [P M]
u . 1 g ,shel l . J . E . Gray, Esq.
v. n ., stifd .
w,.r . d
‘
skels .
9 . shell .
136 rnsrunrnmzn.
Fig . 38 .
Sku l l of Geoemyda grandis.
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Ante rior margin of shell serrated ; secondvertebral shield at least as broad as thesecond costal
,much broader than long 1 . Sp inosa , p . 137.
I I . Anterior margin of shell not serrated ; second vertebral shieldnarrower than the second costal
,not mu ch broader than long.
Carapace arched or tectiform in a transversesection 2 . grandis , p . 138 .
Carapace much depressed , flat on the vertebralregion 3. dep ressa , p . 139 .
16 . GEOEMYDA . 137
1 . Geoemyda spinosa.
Emys Spinosa, Gray, Syn . R ep t. p. 20 and I ll. Ind . Zoo l. i .p l . lxxv i i . figs . 1
,2 B ell, Mon. Test. p . pls . xxv i .
xxv i i . D am . B ibr. 11 . p . 327
Geoemyda spinosa, Gray , P roc . Zoo 1834,p . 100, and I ll. Ind .
Zool. i i . p l . lvi i . fig. 2 and C a t. Tort. p . 14 and Sh.
R ep t. i . p . 16 (1855) Gu’
nth . R ep t. B rit. I nd. p . 18 (1864) Theob.
C at. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 5
C lemmys spinosa, Strau ch, Chelon. Stud. p . 32 and Verth.
Schildhr . p . 63
Carapace of adu lt much depressed,with broad flat vertebral
Fig . 39 .
Shel l of Geoemyda grandis .
region and an uni nterrupted obtuse keel ; anter ior and posteriormargin serrated ; of young more regularly arched , with a shortkeel or spinose tubercle on each costal shield , and the borderstrongly serrated all round , each marginal being produ ced in a
spine , with or withou t smaller denticu lation on each side ; thevertebral keel stronger than in the adult . Vertebral shields (2— 4)
138 rssrunrnm zs .
mu ch broader than long, at leas t as broad as the costals nuchal shieldlonger than broad . P lastron large the width of the bridge aboutequals the length of the posterior lobe , wh1ch 1s angularly emar‘
g inete ; as regards siz e , the plastral shield s take the followmg order,commencing w ith the largest z— abdominals , pectorals , femorals ,humerals , anals , gulars ; the su ture between the abdominals not orbut s l ightly longer than that between the pe ctorals ; ax illary and
inguinal sh ields present . Upper jaw bicuspid . Carapace brownabove , reddi sh in the young, the vertebral keel l ighter eachplastral shield with yellow and dark brown rad iating streaks ; softparts dark brown, with a yellowish spot on each s ide of the neck ,near the ear.
Length of carapace 20 centim .
Burma,Malay P eninsu la, Sumatra , Borneo .
W . Theobald, Esq. [E ] .Dr. Cantor .
A . R . “'
allace, Esq CA . R . W al lace
,E sq C
A . R . \V allace,Esq. C
Hr. C . Bock [C ] .L eyden Museum .
A . Everett,Esq. [CH]
2 . Geoemyda grandi s .Geoemyda grandis, Gray , Ann . (it May . N . H . (3) vi . p . 218Gunth. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 19
, pls . i . 85 i i . figs . A BGray , Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p. 25 (1870) Theol) . C a t. R ept.B rit. I nd . p . 5
C lemmys grandis, Strauch, Che lon. Stud . p . 32
Carapace arched or tectiform , not ‘
fiattened on the vertebralregion , which bears a strong but obtuse keel ; only the posteriormargin serrated . Vertebral shields (1— 3) not or but sl ightlybroader than long and narrower than the costals ; nu chal longerthan broad . P lastron sim i lar to that of G. sp inosa the length ofthe suture between the pe ctoral sh ields at least two thirds that ofthe abdominals . Dark brown or black ish above plastron and
lower surface of marginals with black and yellow rays , e ither theblack or the yellow predominating .
Length of carapace 40 centim .
Burma,Siam .
a,Z) . cf yg .
,stfi d . M. Mouhot [C lc . n .
, sttfd . M. Mouhe t [C j(Types . )
d,e . d 9 shel ls . NV . Theobald
,sq . [O
f Egg . “r
. Theobald, Esq . [Cy 9 ,
skelh . Carapace .
140 rnsrunrmnm.
2 . Chaibassia theobaldi .
C haibassia tricarinata, part ., Theob. l. c.theobaldi, Anders . l. c . p . 718 .
Distingui shed from the precedi ng by the very.mu ch larger and
anteriorly broader first vertebral , the lateral margins of wh 1eh are
widely anteriorly divergent . Facial port1on of the head longer and
more pointed . Shell black above , almos t orange -
yellow in feriorly,the dorsal ridges bright yellow ; head black , with a broad reddishband from above each nostril
,increasing in breadth as i t passes
over the eye and over the tympanum , where it ceases ; a narrowsimilar band below the angle of the mou th , along the infer iorargin of the lower jaw neck and limbs blackish .
Length of shell 16 centim.
Bisthnath P lain , Assam .
17 CINIXY S.
Kinixys, B el l, Tr . Linn. Soc. xv . p . 398 W ayl. Syst. Amp h.
p. 138 Gray, Syn . R ep t. p . 15 B um. (S B ibr . n.
p . 159 Gray, C at. Tort. p . 11 and Sh. R ep t. 1 .
p . 12 Strauch,Chelon. Stud . p . 24
C inothorax , Fitz iny . Ann. W ien . Mus. i . p . 108
P osterior portion of carapace movable in the adult, hinged betweenthe seventh and eighth marginals and the fou rth and fifth costal plates .Neu ral plates hexagonal , short- sided behind . Supracaudal shieldundivided . P lastron extensively un ited to the carapace by su ture ,w i th short ax illary and ingu inal buttresses , which do not reach thecostal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero - pectoral suture .
Skull with a bony temporal arch alveolar surface without medianr idge beak hooked choanae between the eyes . Head shieldedabove . Limbs club - shaped , with blunt claws and large s cales .Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adu lt .Tropical Africa .
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Anterior and posterior margins of carapace reverted and dentated .
NO nuchal shield ; anterior extremity ofplastron proj ecting beyond the carapace ;poster ior part of carapace sloping 1 . erosa
,p . 141 .
Nuchal present ; anterior extremity of plastronnot proj ecting beyond the carapace carapace descend ing vertically behind 2 . homeana
,p
. 143.
II . Margin of carapace not reverted nor dentatcd nuchal shield present 3 . belliana
,p . 143 .
17 . C IN IX YB. 141
1 . C inixys erosa.
Testudo denti cu lata (non L .) Shaw,Zoo l . i ii . p . 59
,pl . x i i i .
erosa,Schweiyy . P rodr . p . 52
Kinixys castanea, B e l l, Tr . L inn . Soc . xv . p . 398,pl . xvi i . fig . 1
erosa,Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 16 B u rn . <3; B itri 1 1 . p . 165
Gray , C at . Tort . p . 12 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 13
and P roc . Zool . Soc. 1863,p . 196 ; Strauch , Che lon . Stud .
p . 39 (1865) Gray , Supp l. C a t . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 14 (1870) B oetty .
B er . Senclcenb. Ges . 1888,p . 12.
denticu lata, H a llow. Journ . Ac . vi i i . p . 161, pls . vi ii .
ix .
Fig . 40.
Skul l of C’inirys erosa .
Anterior and posterior margins of carapace strongly reverted and
dentated,serrated and spinose in the young ; posterior profile of
142 rssrunm rnm .
carapace curved anterio r marginal s mu ch longer than the posterior ;no nu chal shield ; d iscal sh ields concentrically grooved ; vertebralsh ields broader than the costals , fifth u sually broader than the others .P lastron with very thi ck anterior l ip
,notched in front and pro
jecting beyond the anterior border of the carapace the length of theth ickened anter ior lip equals abou t one fou rth of the length of theplastron in the female , more in the male ; hind lobe of plastronvery short, truncate , i ts length abou t half the width of the bridge
Fig . 41 .
Shel l of C inia'
ys erosa .
the longest median su ture is between the abdominal shields,which
equals twice to thr i ce that between the pectorals ; the small estplastral sh i elds are the anals ; ingu inal large, axillary small .Carapace dark brown
,centre of shields l ighter ou ter s ide of costal
shields y el low i sh ; plastral shields dark brown in the centre ,ye l lowish all round .
Length of sh ell 23 centim .
Gu inea, Gaboon .
Ts srunmmxa.
Margin of carapace not reverted nor serrated , in the young aswell as in the adult ; a narrow nu chal shield ; discal sh ields concentri cally grooved ; vertebral shields broader than cos tals . P lastron w i th thick anterior l ip , whi ch i s truncate or very sl ightlynotched anteriorly , and does not proj ect
,or proj ects but sligh tly ,
beyond the anter ior border of the carapace ; the length Of theth i ckened anterior l ip equals abou t one fifth the length of the
plastron in the female and one fou rth in the male hind lobe veryshort
,truncate or very openly notched , its length hal f or less than
half the w idth of the bridge ; the l onges t median su ture is betweenthe abdominal sh ields, wh ich equal s twice to four times that betweenthe pectorals the smal lest shields are the gulare ingu inal large
,
axillary small . Carapace yellowish or pale ol ive,uniform or ele
gantly marked with black areolar and rad iating bands ; plastronyellow ,
un iform or with a few rad iating black mark ings on eachsh ield .
Length of shell 19 centim .
Tropical Africa .
a . 9 ,stfi d . J. W h itfie ld
,E sq. [P .]
b. 9 ,stfid . Dr. J . E . Gray
T e .c, ( l . d 9 ,
8tffd .
yp
e . 9 ,shel l .
f . 9 , shel l, imperfect . (Typeof C. sp ekii. )
y , h. S2 8: yg . , stfid . Anseba V al ley, W . T . B lanford,Esq.
Aby ssinia .
i . 52, dry . Anseba V al ley , W . Jesse, Esq.
Abyssinia.
ls. Yg .
, spir . Kilimanjaro . F. J Jl . 9 shel Sandom . Sir Samuel Baker [P772. 9 ,
stffd .
n . cf , ske l .o . d ,
spir .
18 . P YXIS.
P yxis, B ell, Tr . Linn . Soc. xv . p . 395 W'
ay t. Sy st. Amph .
p . 138 Gray, Syn . R ep t . p . 16 D um . S'B ilrr .
i i.p
. 155Gray, C a t. Tort . p . 12 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 14Strauch, Che lon. Stud . p . 23 Gray , Supp l. C at.
Sh. R ep t. i . p . 12
Neural plates alternately tetragonal and octagonal ; costal platesvery unequ al in siz e , th ird , fifth
, and seventh pointed distally ;
supracaudal sh ield undivided . P las tron extensively un ited to thecarapace by suture , with short ax il lary and
‘
inguinal buttresseswh i ch do not reach the costal plates front lobe h inged
,movable
entoplastron anterior to the humero - pectoral suture . Skull withnarrow bony postorbital and temporal arches ; alveolar surfacew ithout median r idge ; beak hooked ; choanze between the e
yes
.
18 . PYXIS .~ — 19 . non orus . 145
Head shielded above . Limbs club - shaped,with blunt claws and
large scales . Tail short .Madagascar .
1 . Pyxi s arachno ides .P yxis arachno ides
, B e ll,1. 0. p l . xvi . ; Dmn. Sr B ibr. t . c . p . 156 ,
p l . xiv . fig . 1 Gray ,Cat. Tort. p . 12
,and Sh . R ep t. p . 14 ; Strau ch ,
Verth . Schildhr . p . 38 (1865) Gray , Supp l . p . 13,and P roc . Zool .
Soc. 1873, pl . 1x . fig . 7 .
madagascariens is, Lesson, B u l l . Sc. Nat. xxv . p . 120
Testudo planicauda, Grandid . R ev. ct r’
lI ay . de Zoo l. (2) x ix . p . 233
Shell h emispherical, all the shields with strong concentri c grooves ;
margin not serrated ; nu chal shield present,narrow ; vertebral
shields much broader than long,as broad as the costals . Front
lobe of plastron narrower than h ind lobe,t runcate anteriorly , its
length two thirds the width of the bridge ; hind lobe short , openlynotched posteriorly ; median su ture between the gulars, humerals,pectorals
,and anals equal in length
,half as long as that between
the abdom inals ; suture between0
the femoral s very short ; inguinallarge , axillary small . Shell yellow ,
w ith broad black bands ofunequal width radi ating from the centre of the dorsal shields s ixsu ch rays on each vertebral and fou r or five on each costal .Length of shell 10% centim.
Madagas car Mau ritius
a . Ad .,skel .
19 . HOMOPUS.
Testudo,part .
,Gray, Syn. R ep t. p . 8 Strauch
,Chelon. Stud .
p . 20
HomOpus, D um. S B ibr p . 145 Gray , C at. Tort . p . 10and Sh R ep t . i .
1
p. 1 1 and Supp l. p . 13
C hersobiu s, Fitz iny . A nn . lVi en . Mus i . p . 112
Neural plates mostly hexagonal , anteri or short—sided behind ;costal plates alternately narrower and w ider ; supracaudal shi eldundivided . P lastron extensively un ited to the carapace by su ture ,with sh ort axillary and ingu inal bu ttresses
,which do not reach the
costal plates entoplastron anteri or to the humero—pectoral su ture .
Sku ll with weak bony postorb ital and temporal arches ; alveolarsurface withou t median ridge ; beak hooked ; choanae between theeyes . Head shielded above . Limbs club - shap ed , covered withlarge scales . Tail short , not longer in the young than in theadult .Sou th and W es t Afri ca .
146 TESTUDIN IDE .
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I .Carapace depressed , of equal depth throughou t .
A .Fore limb with fou r claws ; ingu inal shield very small.
P osterior margin of carapace not serrated nolarge femoral tubercle 1 . areola tus , p . 147.
P oster ior marg in serrated a very large conicaltubercle on the hinder side of the thigh 2 . femoralis,p.14 ;
Fig . 42 .
Shel l ofHomop as areolatus ,
B . Fore l imb w ith five claws ; ingu inalshield large
,in contact with the fe
moral ; posterior margin of carapaceserrated ; a very large conical tubercleon the hinder side of the th igh 3 . signatus, p . 148 .
II . Carapace very convex , gibbose behind,
148 TESTUDINI DZE .
sh ields not swollen,concentrically striated , separated by deep
grooves ; areolae not or but feebly impressed ; vertebral shieldsas broad as or a l i ttle narrower than the costal s ; nu chal small ,longer than broad . P last1 en and p lastral sh ields as in the
preceding . A pa ir o f large praefrontal sh ields , followed by a
large frontal , beak feebly hooked ; lower jaw narrow er than in
H . m eola tus . Fore l imb covered anter iorly w i th very large , imbrice te , pointed tubercles , one of wh ich , on the runer s ide near theelbow ,
is movable at r ight angle to the others a very large conicaltubercle on the b inder s ide of the thigh fou r claws to both pa irs oflimbs . P ale brown above
,ea ch sh ield narrowly edged w ith black
in front and on the s ides ; p lastral sh ields yellow ,brown an
teriorly ; sh ielded or tubercu late soft parts pale browni sh , nakedparts orange .
Length of shell 13 centim .
Sou th Africa .
a . Ad .
,Spir . Cradock . Zoological Society .
(One of the types .)
3 . Homopu s signatus.
Testudo signata, W albaum,C helonoyr . pp . 71 120
,pl .
Schoepfl'
,Tes . pi . 120
,p l . xxvii i . figs . 2 3 B e ll
,M on .
pl (183 S'
t1 auch Ve1 1‘h Schi .ldlc1 p . 35
cafra,D auel. R ep t . i i . p . 291
C he1 sine signata, M01 1 . Ten t . p . 30
Homepus s ignatus , i i . p 152 (1835 Gray , C at. Tort.p . 10 and S .h R ept . i . p . l 1 B ou leng . A nn . 6} JVI ay .
N . H . (6 ) i i . p . 136
Shell resembling that of H . a reola tus , except that the areolee are
less impressed in the adul t , and the anterior and poster ior marginsare serrated : ingu inal sh ield large
,in contact with the femoral
,
the abdom inal,and two marginal s . L imbs scaled as in H . a reo
la tus a very large con ical tubercle on the h inder s ide of the th igh .
Fore limb w ith five claws . Forehead covered with numerou s smal land irregular sh ields . Shell yellow ,
shaded with brown on the
plastron , and elegantly freckled and radiated w ith blackish brownon the carapace head and neck yellowish , spotted with black above .
Length of shell 10 centim .
South Afr i ca .
a . n . ,spir. O
’Kiep, Namaqualand . L . P eringuey , Esq . [C J .
Trustees of the S. A fri can Mus . [P J .6. Ad .
,shel l .
4 . HomOpus nogueyi .
H ornopus nogueyi, L utaste, Le N atur . i i i . p . 286
Carapace very convex , gibbose beh ind , sloping forward s , marginnot reverted nor serrated ; ingu inal sh ie ld large , forming a sutureW ith the femoral
, abdom inal,and three margina l sh ields . Beak
20. rrs runo. 149
feebly hooked ; a pair of large praet'
rontal shields,followed by a
smaller frontal ; limbs w i th u nequal- s ized s cales,which are mostly
subc ircular and j uxtaposed no enlarged femoral tube rcles . Dorsalsh ields redd ish brown , yellowish green in the centre ; plastronyellowi sh w ith redd ish - brown spots .Length o f shell 134 contim .
Med ina, Upper Senegal .
20. TESTUDO.
Testudo, part . , Linn . S . JV. 1. p . 350
Testudo, D um . Zoo l . A na l. p . 77 (1806 ) W ay ler, Syst . Amph.
p . 138 D am . «S B ibr . i i . p . 35 Gray ,C at . Tort .
p . 4 and Sh . R ep t . i . p . 4 Stra uch,C/zclon. S tu/l.
p . 20 Ga’
nth . R ep t. Br it. Ind . p . 3 Gray , Supp l.
(C at. Sh. R ept . i . p . 4 Antlers . Zool. R es . Y unnan
,p . 705
C hersine,part .
,ill errcni , Tent. p . 29
C hersina,Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 14 and C a t . Tort. p . 11 , and
Sh . R ep t . i . p . 12 ; Stra uch, l. c . p . 22 ; Gray , Suppl. p . 13,and
P roc. Zoo l . Soc . 1873,p . 726 .
C hersus,lVayl. l. c . p . 138 .
Geochelone, Fitz iny . Ann . lVien . Jlfus . i . p . 111C ylindraspis, Fitz ing . l . c . p . 1 12 .
C helonoidis,Fitz iny . l . c . ; Ayass iz , Con tr . N at. Hist. U. S. i . p . 448
Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1873,p . 724.
C hersobius,t aing . l. c .
P samnrobates . Fitz z'
ny . l. c .Manouria, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1852
,p . 133, and C at. S71. R ep t.
i . p . 15 ; Strau ch, l . c . p . 24 ; Gilnth . l . c. p . 10 ; Gray , Supp l.p . 15
,and P roc . Zool. Soc . 1873
,p . 725 .
TeleOpus, L econte, P roc . A c . P hilad . 1854 , p . 187 .
X erobates,Ayass . l. c . p . 446 ; Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873
,p . 723.
Megalochelys, Ayass . l . c. p . 448 ; Gray , 1. c . p . 724.
Scapia , Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1869,p . 167, and Supp l. p . 6
,and P roc.
Zoo l . Soc . 1873,p . 725 .
P eltastes, Gray , l l . cc . pp . 171 , 8 , 725.
C hersinella, Gray , Supp l. p . 8 , and P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1873,p . 725 .
Testudinella, Gray , ll. cc . pp . 12, 726 .
Go her,Gray , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1870
,p . 706 .
P e tonia, Gray , App . C at. Sh . R ep t. p . 4
C entrochely s, Gray , 1. c . p . 5, and P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873,p . 725.
E lephantopus,Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873
,p. 724.
A sterochelys, Gray , 1. c.Neural plates u sually alte rnately tetragonal and octagonal ,
sometimes mostly hexagonal and short - s ided beh ind costalplates al ternately narrower and w ider . Sutu re between the mar
ginal and costal bones and sh ields u sually corresponding ; supracaudal sh ield u sually s ingle . P lastron ex tensively un i ted to thecarapace by su ture , w ith short ax illary and ingu inal bu ttresses ,which do not reach ,
or just reach,the costal plates ; en toplas tron
u sually anterior to the humero - pectoral su ture . Skull w ith weakor moderately w ide postorbital and temporal arche s alveolar su rfaceof upper jaw with one or two median ridges choante between the
111 2
1 50rs srunrnrnxa.
Limbs club - shaped , covered witheyes . Hea d sh ielded above .
sh ort, not longer in the young thanlarge scal e s or tubercles . Tail
in the adu lt .Fig . 43.
Skull of Testudo (From Gray , P . Z . S.
Sou thern Eu rope , Sou thern Asia , Afr ica, Southern North America,
South Amer ica .
152 rnsrunrnrnz s .
I I .Carapace elongate , margin not at all
reverted,dark brown or black , each
dorsal sh ield yel lowish in the centre ;nu chal sh ield absent ; gu lar sh ieldsd ist inct , not produ ced . 4 . tabu lata , p . 157 .
III .Heel with part i cularly large , conical , spu r - like bony tuberclessu ture between the anal shi elds cons iderably shorter thanthat between the abdominals carapace of adul t uniform orc losely spotted with black .
A . Nu chal sh ield present ; supracaudalsh ield s two 5. emys , p . 158 .
B . Nuchal absent ; supracaudal s ingle .
1 . Carapace flattened on the vertebral region .
Lateral marginals abou t as long as deep ,forming an angle ; pectoral sh ields verynarrow in the middle and wideninggradually towards the s ides 6 . argentina , p . 159 .
Lateral marginals mu ch deeper than long,descend ing almost verti cally ; pectoralsh ields very narrow
,widen ing abruptly
towards the axillary notch 7 . calcarata , p . 159 .
2 . Carapace very convex , spotted withb lack ; nuchal margin with a verystrong angu lar notch 8 . p arda lis , p . 1 60.
IV . Carapace very convex , bla ck with yellow lines radiating fromthe areolae , or yellow or browni sh with black rad iating l ines .
A . No nuchal sh ield .
Heel and h inder side of thighs with spu rl ike tubercles plastron with dark radiating lines 9 . elegans , p . 161 .
Heel and h inder side of thigh s without spurlike tubercles plastron w ithou t rad iatinglines 10. platynota , p . 162.
B . Nuchal shield present .
1 . Upper head- shields small and irregular .
a . No subconical tubercle on the binder s ide of the thigh .
Nuchalvery narrow , elongate ; beak stronglyhooked
geometrica , p . 162 .
Nuchal rather large , widening posteriorly ;lateral marg inals forming an angle withthe costals beak feebly hooked 12 . verreauxu ,
p . 1 63 .
20. TESTUDO . 153
Nu chal minu te ; lateral marginals forminan angle with the costals beak feeblyhooked 13. trimcni , p . 1 63 .
b. A large subconical tubercle on the binder s ide of thethigh .
Nuchal minu te ; beak strongly hooked . 14 . tentoria,p . 164 .
Beak feebly hooked ; su tu re between thegulars nearly as long as that between theanals 15 . smithii
,p . 165.
Beak feebly hooked su tu re between the
gulars mu ch shorter than that betweenthe anals 16 . fi shii, p . 165 .
Beak strongly hooked ; nu chal rather large ,broadest poster iorly posterior margin ofcarapace strongly serrated . 17 oculifera , p . 165 .
2 . A pair of very large preefrontalsh ields ; shel l hemispherical ; gularregion of plas tron more or lessproduced . 18 . rad ia te , p . 1 66 .
V . Long - necked,gigantic tortoises o f un iform dark brown or black
coloration .
A . Nu chal shield presen t ; gular shield s distinct.1 . Shields of carapace concentrically
str iated, and plastron notchedbeh ind in the adult 1 9 . elep hantina , p . 167 .
2 . Shields of carapace smooth and plas tron trun cat e behind inthe adul t .
a . “Tidth of plastral bridge two fifths the length of thecarapace , whi ch is de clivou s in front .
Supracaudal sh iel d d ivided 20. gigan tea , p . 168 .
Supracaudal shield und iv ided 21 . hololissa , p . 1 68 .
W idth of plastral bridge one th irdthe length of the carapace
,the
anterior profile of wh i ch i snearly horizontal 22 . daudinii , p . 169 .
B . Nuchal absent ; gulars di stin ct .
1 . Shields of carapace concentrically striated in the adult .
P lastron notched behind profile of carapacedeclivou s in front 23. nigrita , p . 169 .
P lastron trun cate behind in the adu lt profi le of carapace declivou s in front 24 . niyra , p . 170.
154 rnsrunrnrnm.
P lastron notched behind ; profi l e of carapace nearly hori z ontal in front 25 . vicina
, p . 170.
2 . Sh ields smooth and plastron truncate posteriorly in theadult .
(1. W idth of p lastral br idge twice ortwice and one fou rth in the
length of the carapace 26 . 11i icr0p hyes, p . 170.
(1. W idth o f plastral bridge twi ce and a hal f to three timesin the length of the carapace ; median alveolar r idge ofupper jaw mu ch n earer the inner than the outer edge(as seen from below) .
Carapace th in but w ell ossified 27 . ep hipp ium ,p . 171 .
Carapace very th in , leathery 28 . abinyclon ii , p . 171 .
C . Nuchal absent gular single plastron short .
1 . Carapace thin, thickened towards the margin .
Upper profile of carapace straight, not decl ivon s in front 29 . inclica ,
p . 172.
Carapace depressed , w i th the upper profileundu lated , slight ly declivou s in front 30. triserra ta
,p . 172 .
Carapace h igh , w ith the upper profile convex
,decl ivou s in front 31 . inep ta , p . 172 .
2 . Carapace extremely th in ,not de
cl ivons in front in the mal e 32 . vosmaeri , p . 173 .
VI . Carapace brown or olive , uniform or spotted with black,or
b lack and y e l low ; gular sh ields d istin ct ; a lveolar ridge ofupper jaw rather short and feeble .
A . Sutu re between the anal shi eld s , if pres ent, extremely short .Nu chal sh ield u su ally present ; suture between the pectoral sh ields as long as, orlonger than
,that between the humeral s 33 . elongata , p . 173 .
Nu chal absen t ; su ture between the pectorals half as long as that between thehumerals 34 . forstcnii , p . 174 .
B . Su ture betw een the anal shields nearly as long as , or longerthan , that betw een the femorals .
1 . Hand with five claws .a . Fifth vertebral shield not broader than th ird ; supra
caudal und ivided .
No enlarged tubercle on the hind side ofthe th igh ; imbricate tubercles on the
front of the fore l imb in four or five longitudinal ser ies 35 . nza ry inata , p . 174 .
156 rs srunrnrnm.
base of the firs t claw to the base of the third in the fore limb forelimb anteriorly w ith unequal - sized , j uxtaposed , or sub imbricatescal es ; an enlarged s cale on the inner s ide near the elbow and a
series of large s cales along the ou ter edge of the forearm ; a patch
of enlarged scales 011 the b inder s ide of the th igh . Dark brown orblacki sh ; plastron brown ish yellow ,
w ith irregular dark brown orblack blotches.Length of shell 24 centim .
South - ea stern Un i ted States , from Sou thern Sou th Carolina to theR io Grande del Norte .
a . Y g .
,spir . Smithsonian Institution.
6, c . d 9 , stffd .
cl. 9 ,stffd . Dr. R . H arlan .
0 . d ,stri ct. E . Doubleday, Esq. [P .J.
f . d ,stt
‘
fd .
y . 9 ske l .h . 6 shel l 8: sku l l .i . 9 stffd .
h . 9 ske l .
2 . Testudo agassrz u .
X erobates agassiz ii , Coop er, P roc. Ca lif. A cad . i i . p . 125
Tru e,P roc. U. S . lVat. Mus . i v . p . 437
Closely allied to the preceding , and differing in the followingpoints — Margin of shell reverted and serrated an ter iorly and posteriorly , and notched anteriorly ; the front lobe of the plastronnearly level w ith the res t of the sh ield . Head narrower . Forel imb narrow er ; the d istance from the base of the first claw to thebase of the fou rth i s equal in both fore and bind foot no enlargedscale on the inner side of the forearm .
Sou thern Cali fornia and Arizona .
a . n .
, dry . Sm ithsonian Institut ion .
3 . Testudo berland ieri .X erobates berlandieri
,Agassiz , Contr . N . .H. U. S. i . p:447, pl . i i i .
figs . 17—19 True,P roc. U. S . N at . Mus . i v . p . 441
Differs from the two preceding spec ie s in the following points :Length of the shell considerably less than the depth . Head elongate ; snou t narrow and pointed ; beak h ooked . Fore limbs broades tat the knee s . Carapace yellowish brown ,
the areolar surface yellowplastron light dirty yellow ; head and legs yellowish grey ; jawsyellow ish .
North - eastern Mexico and Texas .
Testudo schweiggeri . (P LATES II . I II .)Testudo schw e iggeri, Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 10 (1831) D ia n. 8
' B ibr.
11. p . 108
20. rnsruno . 157
This species is based on a shell,wh i ch much resembles T . p o ly
p hemu s , bu t differs in the absence of a nuchal sh ield . It was
afterwards referred by Gray to the synonymy of T. p olypheni us ,of which it is perhaps only an anomalou s specimen .
a . n .
,shell . Mus . Col lege of Sur
geons [E HJ
(1 19 6 )
4 . Testudo tabulata .
PTestudo denticulata,L inn . S . N . i . p . 352 D autl. R ep t. i i .
p . 303
Testudo tabu lata, W albaum, Chelonoyr . p . 122 Schoepf ,Test . p . 56 , pls . xi i . fig . 2
,x i ii .
,xiv . B and . R ept. i i .
p . 242 lVied, B eitr . N at. B ras . 1. p . 51,and A bbild . pl .
B e ll,111011 . Test . pl . D am . S
' B ibr. i i . p . 89
Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 5 (l844) , a 1id Sh . R ep t. i . p . 5
Strauch,Chelon . Stea l . p . 80 and
Gray , Supp l . C a t . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 4
denti culata, Scheep l. c. p . 1 19 , p l . xxvi i i . fig . 1 .
tessel lata, Schneid . Schrift . B er l . JVaturf. Fr . x . p . 262
C hersine tessel lata, lVI crr . Tent . p . 31
Testudo hercu les,Sp ia
‘
,Test . B ras . p . 20
,p l . x iv .
scu lpta,Sp ir , l. c . p . 21
,p l . xv .
carbonuria, Sp ir, l. c . p . 22 , p l . xvi . ; B ell, l. c . ; D am. 5} B ibr.
p . 99 ; Strauch, ll. cc . pp . 81,27 .
cagado, Sp ia'
,l . c . p . 23
,pl . xvii .
C hersine tabu lata, Grarenh. D elic . Mus . Vra tisl,R ep t. p . 19
Testudo boiei, W ayl. I con . Amp/1. pl . x i i i .
C helonoides tabu lata, Gray , P roc. Zool. Soc . 1873,p . 724
,p l . lx .
fig . 3.
Shell very thick, elongate , not more than half as deep as long ;carapace with straigh t upper profile , decl ivou s in fron t and beh ind ,w ith the margin not reverted nor serrated ; edge of anterior andposterior marginals spinose in the very young anterior margin notor but feebly notched ; no nu chal shiel d ; supracaudal undivided ,cu rved inwards ; dorsal sh ields more or less strongly grooved con
centrically , rarely smooth ; vertebral sh i elds mu ch broader thanlong
,at least as broad as costal s . P lastron large ; front lobe not
produced,trun cate
,bent upwards , not or but slightly ex tendin g
beyond the carapace ; hind lobe broadly notched posteriorly . Headmoderate a large praefrontal and a large frontal , undiv ided, or oneor both divided into two by a med ian su ture ; beak feebly hookededge of jaw s denti cu lated ; alveolar surface of u pper jaw with a
strong,tubercular
,med ian ridge . Fore limb anteriorly w i th large ,
unequal - siz ed , round i sh , ju xtaposed or subimbricate s cale s , one ofwh ich
,on the inner side n ear the elbow , is u sually mu ch enlarged
no coni cal tubercles on the back of the thighs . C arapace darkbrown or black
,each dorsal shield yellow ish or orange in the centre
plastron brown and yellow ,often yellow with a large med ian
roundish dark brown area . Head and limbs with orange or re dspots .
158'
rnsru111111 111 5 .
Length of shell 55 contim .
Tropi cal South Amer ica cast of the Andes W’
rndward I slands .
11 . llgr.J . Gou ld, Esq. [P .J.
I1 . llgr. d ,ske l .
c— d . Y g .,spir . \V . A . Forbes, Esq . [P .J.
c,f . d 9 ,
stfi d . (sku llbones separate) .
y . Y g .
,spir .
Ilgr. ,stri d . B raz i l .
i,h . d 9 ,
stfi d . Tropi cal Ameri ca .
I,111, 11, £2 yg .
,Tropi cal America .
skels .
g, r , s, t, 11. d 9 hgr. 8: Tropi cal America .
'
g .,shells .
5 . Testudo emys .
Testudo emy s, Schley . Mu ll. in Tcmminch', Verk. N at. N ederl. Ind .
p . 34, p l . iv . Anderson, P roc . Zool . Soc. 1872
,p . 132
,figs .
Geoemyda spinosa , part . , Cantor, C at. Ma l. R ep t. p . 2
Testudo emydoides, A . D um . C at. M é th . R ep t . p . 4
Manouria fusca , Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1852, p . 134, and C at. Sh .
B cp t. i . p . 16, pl . iii . and P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1863,p . 395,
pl . xxxi . , and Supp l . C at . Sh . R ep t . i . p . 15
Testudo phayrei, B ly th, Journ . A s . Soc. B eny . xx i i . p . 639 (1853)Theeb. P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1870, p . 674 ; Stolicz ha ,Ann . Bl ay . N H .
(4) v i ii . p . 212 (1871) Antlers . P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1871 , p . 425,figs .
Teleopus luxatus, Leconte , P roc . A c . P hilad . 1854 , p . 187 .
Manouria luxata, S trauch, Che lon . Stud . p . 25
emy s , Strauch, l. c . Giinth . R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 10 (1864)Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1871
,p . 517
,and App . C at. Sh. R ep t . p . 7
(1872) Theeb. C at. R ep t. B r it . I nd . p . 4
Testudo (Scapia) falconeri , Gray, P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1869,p . 169
,
figs ,and 1871
,p . 515 .
Scapia fal coneri , Gray , Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 6 .
phayrei, Gray , A nn . 18May . N H (4) vii i . p . 320
gigantea, Gray , App . C at. Sh . R ep t. p . 8 .
Geoemyda impressa, Giinth . P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1882,p . 343
,figs .
Shell considerably depressed, its depth not half its length ; anter ior and posterior margin s reverted
,more or les s strongly serrated
nu chal presen t ; supracaudal shi elds two d iscal sh ields concen
trically str iated , often concave ; vertebrals mu ch broader than longand at least as broad as costals . P lastron large , gular regi on somewhat produced and u sually notched , hind lobe deeply notched thepectoral shields may be widely separated from each other , or from a
short med ian su tu re axillary sh ield very small,ingu inal large .
Head moderate ; two large prmfrontal sh ields and a large frontalbeak not hooked ; jaws feebly denticu lated , the alveolar su rface ofthe upper jaw with a strong median ridge . Fore l imb anteriorlywith very large , bony , pointed , imbri cate tubercles , forming fou r o rfive longi tudinal series ; h ind limb w ith very large bony tubercles onth e plantar surface
, and larger, con ical , Spu r - like ones on the heel ,and a group of st il l larger
,conical ones on each s ide on the back of
160 '
rnsrunrrvrnzn.
B cpt. p . 9 Stra uch,Che lon . Stud . p . 78 and Verth.
Schilrlhr . p . 22 (1865) S'
owe1by L ear,Tort. pla. xvi i . S: xvi ii .
1872
C liersine
iralcarata, Al ena Tent. p . 32
'
l e studo 1ad iata, 1v .ar senegalensis Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 11 .
B 1b1 . i i . p . 74 . p l . x ii i . fig . 1
l’eltastes su l catus, G 1 a y, P 1 00 Z oo l . Soc . 1869,p . 173, and Supp l .
('
11t. S .h R ep t . i . p . 12 and App . p . 6
C entrochelys su lca tus, G1 ay , P .1 oc Zool . Soc . 1873,p . 725 .
Shell not more than tw ice as long as deep,flattened on the
1f"
e 1 tebral reg ion ,descend ing abruptly on the s ides ,
anterior and
posterior marg ins reverted ; lateral marginals mu ch deeper than longnu chal sh ield absent ; sirpracaudal und ivided
,sh ields strong ly
grooved concentr i cal ly ; vertebrals mu ch broader than long and at
least as broad as costals . P lastron large , gular region somewhatprodu ced and bi fid , h ind lobe deeply notched posteriorly ; pectoralsh ields very narrow and w ith straigh t an ter ior border th roughoutthe greater part of the ir ex tent , w iden ing abruptly towards theax illary notch ; su tu re between the anals very shor t ; ax illary and
ingu ina l small . Head moderate ; two large praefrontal sh ields anda large frontal ; beak hooked , tr i cu sp id ; edge of j aws stronglydentate ; alveolar surface of u pper jaw w i th a strong tubercu latemedian r idge . Fore l imb anterior ly w i th large, bony , po inted ,imbri cate tuber cles o f unequ al s ize ; h ind limb w ith large , con ical ,spur - l ike bony tubercles on the heel ; two or three very largecon i cal tubercles on each s ide 011 the back of the th ighs . Uniformbrownish or horn - colour above
, yellowish inferiorly .
Length of shell 36 centim .
Tropical and South Africa .
a . n . , stfi d . Dr. B iippell.b. 9 skel.c . A d .
, carapace .
d . 9 stffd .
8 . Testudo pardal is.
Testudo pardal is,B ell
,Zoo l. Jaurn. ii i . p . 420 and Men . Test.
pl . 1311111 . 151 B ihr . i i . p . 7 1 Gray , C a t . Tort.p . 7 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 9 Strau ch
,Che lon. Stud .
p . 77 Gray , A nn . (3 [W ay N . H . (3) xi i . p . 382
Strauch,Verth. Schild/t‘r. p . 22 (1865) Gray , Sup p l . C a t. Sh. R ept .i . p . 6 P eters
,R eise n. Mossamb. i i i . p . 2 (18
Shell not more than tw ice as long as broad,vertebral sh ields more
or les s convex s ides nearly vert ical anter ior and posterior marginsreverted and serrated ; nu chal border deeply notched nuchalsh ield absent ; supracaudal und ivided dorsal sh ields concentr icallystriated
,vertebrals broader than long and at least as broad as costals .
P lastron large ; gular reg ion not or but very sligh tly produced ,openly notched ; h ind lobe deeply notched
,bifid pe ctoral sh ie lds
very narrow and with straigh t anterior border th rough out the
greater part of their ex tent, widen ing abruptly towards the ax illary
20. TESTUDO . 16 1
notch suture between the anals very short ; axillary and ingu inalsmall . Head moderate ; a pai r of large prfefrontal sh ields ; beakfeebly hooked , tr icu sp id ; edge of j aws s trongly dentate ; alveola rsurface of upper jaw with a strong tuberculate med ian r idg e . Forelimb anterior ly w ith scattered , rhombo idal , large berry tubercle s ;hind l imb with large , conical , spu r—l ike be rry tubercles on the heel ;two or three very large conical tubercles on the back of the th ighs .Y ellowish or horn- colou r
,carapace closely spotted w ith black ; plas
tron u ni form or w i th a few small black spots or radiat ing streaks .Length of shell 43 centim.
Afr ica south of the Equator .
a . IIgr. , shel l . E . Central Africa. Capt. Spelreb . 9 ,
shel l . A lgoa B ay . Dunsterville , Esq. [P M]0. Y g .
,stffd . S . A fri ca . Sir A . Smith [P .]
d,e, f, y . hgr.
,S . Africa .
stfi d .
d‘
, skel . S . Africa .
IIgr. yg .
,shel ls . S . A fri ca .
l. 9 ,she l l .
9 . Testudo elegans.Testudo elegans , Selmepfl
‘
,Test. p . 1 11
,pl . xxv . D aud . R ept .i i . p . 26 6 (1802) 0 1111171 . R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 4 (1864) T/1e011 . C at.
R ept. B rit. Incl . p . 2
stel lata,Se/uoelr/y . P rodr . p . 56 Gray , C at . Tort . p . 7
and S71 . R ep t. i . p . 7
Obersims e legans, Merr. Tent. p . 33
Testudo actinodes, B e l l,Z oo l. Jou rn . i i i . p . 419 and Men .
Test. p l . D um . a? B ibr . i i . p . 66 S trauch,Che lon. Stud . p . 75 and Vert/z . Selu
'
ldlcr . p . 19
geometri ca, IIutt0n, Jour11 . A s . Soc. B eny . v i . p . 689,p l . xxxvi ii .
(1837me
)galopu s, B ly th, Journ . A s . Soc . B eny . xxrr. p . 640
P e ltastes ste l latus,Gray, Supp l . C’at. S71 . R ep t. i . p . 8
Carapace very convex , dorsal shields often forming humps lateralmargins nearly vertical ; poster ior marg in somewhat expanded and
strongly serrated no nu chal supracaudal und iv ided,incu rved in the
male sh ields strongly str iated concentr ical ly fi rst vertebral longerthan broad
,the others broader than long , third at least as broad
as the correspond ing cos tal . P lastron large , truncate or openlynotched in front , deeply notched , bifid behind sutu re between theh umerals mu ch longer than that between the femorals ; suture between the pectorals very short ; ax illary and ingu inal rather small .Head moderate foreh ead swollen , w i th convex forehead covered w i thrath er small and i rregu lar sh ields ; beak feebly hooked , b i or tricu spid edge of jaw s denticu lated alveolar ridge of upper jaw strong .
O uter anterior face of fore l imb w ith numerou s unequal—s i z ed largeimbricate po int-cd tuber cles ; h eel w ith large , more or less spu r—l iketubercles ; a group of large conical or sub con i cal tubercles on the h inderside of the th igh . Carapace black, w ith yellow areolae from which
162 rnsruumrnzm.
yellow rays rad iate these ray s usually narrow and very numerous ;plastron l ikew ise with black and yellow rad iating streaks .Leng th of shell 26 centim .
Ind ia and Ceylon .
a,b. 9 yg .
,shel ls. Sind . Dr. Leith [P
c . Y g .
,spir . Ganj am . F. Day , E sq .
d,e, f. d
‘
9 ,stfi d . Ind ia .
y . I Igr.
,spir. Ind ia.
71. Y g . ,shell. Ind ia . Dr. Fal coner
1 . 52, stlfd . Cey lon. Dr. J . E . Gray71 . SE, strfd . Cey lon.
l . 52, stfi d . Muscat,Arab ia (im A . S . G . Jayakar, Esq.
ported P) .
"101 171 9 ° 9 ygn
she lls .
10. Testudo platynota .
Testudo platynota, B ly tlt, J ourn . A s . Soc . B eny . xxxi i . p . 83 (1863)T C at. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 2 (1876) A nders . Zoo l . R es . Y un
nan,p . 712
P eltastes platynotu s , Gray , Supp l . C a t . 871. R ep t. i . p . 8 and
P roc . Zool . Soc . 1870,p . 655
,pl . xxxi i i .
Very clo sely all ied to the preceding,but carapace more regularly
oval , poster ior border not or but very s igh tly expanded , and morefeebly serrated ; vertebral sh ields fiat . Y ellow ray s on the d iscalsh ie lds w ider and fewer u sually three to the righ t and three to theleft of each sh ield plastron yellow ,
w ith some large black blotchesbu t w ithou t rad iating streaks . Accordi ng to Anderson , the scaleson the fore limb are fewer and all rounded
,the sharp scales on the
heel are absent, and the con i cal s cales on the posterior portion ofthe thigh are very mu ch snraller and not at all prom inent.Upper Burma and Northern P egu .
a,b,0. Ad . yg .
,shells. Burma . W . Theobald, Esq.
1 1 . Testudo geometrica.
Testudo geometri ca, L inn . S . N . i . p . 353 Selzoepfi'
,Test.
p . 49, pl. x . (1792) D aud . R ep t. i i . p . 260, pl . xxv . fig. 1 (1802)
B e ll,Mon. Test. pl . D am . 8 B ibr . i i . p . 57
Gray , C at . Tort. p . 8 and S71 . R ept . 1. p . 8 Strauch,
C itelon . Stud . p . 74 B ou leng . P roc . Zool . Soc. 1886,p . 541 .
luteola,B and . I. c . p . 277, pl . xxv . fig . 3.
C hersine geometri ca, Merr. Tent. p . 32
P eltastes geographicus, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1869 , p . 173.
geometrieus,Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 9
Shell very convex , the dorsal sh ields somet imes sw ollen and sub
con i cal marg in not form ing an angle w ith the costal sh ields,not or
bu t feebly reverted or serrated sh ields very strongly str iated con
centr i cal ly ; 1 1 marg inals on each side,rarely 12 nuchal elongate
,
164 rrsrunrrvmrn .
hooked fore limb anteriorly w i th extremely large imbricate scutes ,the fou r largest o f wh i ch form a cont inuou s ser ies from the elbow tothe ou ter fingers ; 110 con ical tubercle on the h inder side of theth igh .
Carapace black , w i th broad yell ow or orange rays radiatingfrom a small spot on the areolse five o r six rays on the vertebralplates
,and four to e igh t on the costals ; a yellow spot or streak at
the junction of two plates ; one or two rays on each marginalplastron dark brown or black in the centre , with yellow rays , yellowon the s ides .
Length of shell 105 millim .
Sou th Africa (mou th of the O range R iver) .
a . Ad .
, stfi d . Mouth of the Orange R ev . G . H . R . FiskR iver .
(T esAd . a Month of the O range R ev . G .
YP
hgr.
,shel ls . R iver .
e. A d .
,stffd . S . Afri ca.
f . n n,shel l . S . Africa.
14 . Testudo tentor ia .
Testudo tentoria, B e ll,Zoo l. Journ . i i i . p . 420 and MO11. Test.
pl . (l B ou leng . P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1886,p . 541 .
geometrica, var. tentoria,Gray , C at. Tort. p . 8 and Sh .
R ep t . i . p . 8
var. n igriventris, Gray , Sh . R ep t . p . 8 .
P eltastes tentor'ius, Gray , Supp l . C at . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 9
All ied to T . yemnetr ica . Anter i or and posterior margins feeblyserrated ; lateral marg inal s sometimes forming an angle with thecostals number of marginals varying from 1 1 to 13 011 each sidenu chal m inu te . Su ture between the gu le ra as long as
,or shorter
than , that between the anals suture between the humeral s longerthan that between the pectorals or the femoral s . Beak stronglyhooked . An enlarged subconi cal tubercle on the hinder s ide of theth igh . Carapace black ,
the centre of the areolarwith a small yellowor orange spot
,from which narrow rays of the same colou r radiate
eight to twelve rays on the vertebrals,twelve to fourteen on the
costals , three or fou r on the marginal s ; plastron brown in them iddle , yellow on the sides .Length of shell 120millim .
South Africa .
a,l),0. Ad . yg .
,B eaufort W est. R ev . G . H . R . Fisk [P ] .
shel l s .(1. Ad .
, ske l . Cape of Good H ope . R ev . G . H . R . Fiske, f , y . Ad . hgr.
,Cape of Good H ope . R . Brown
,Esq. [P M]
shel ls .h . Y g stfi d .
1, k, l, 111, 11 . A d . 81hgr.
,shel ls .
20. TESTU DO . 1 65
15 . Tes tudo smithi i . (P LATE IV . )Testudo verroxrr (11011 Smith) , Gray , C at. Sh. R ep t . i . p . 8
P eltastes verroxii, Gray , Supp l. C a t . S71 . R ep t. i . p . 9
Testudo smithi i,B ouleny . P roc . Zool. Soc. 1886
,p . 542.
Allied to T. geometr ica . Lateral marginal s not forming an anglewith the costals ; nuchal longer than broad . Suture between the
gulare nearly as long as that between the anals sutu re between thehumeral s much longer than that between the pectorals or thefemoral s . Beak feebly hooked . Fore limb anter iorly with verylarge imbricate s cutes , form ing fou r longitudinal and five transverseseries ; a very large subcon ical tubercle on the hinder side of the
th igh . Carapace dark brown,w i th radiating
,narrow
, yellow ,black
edged rays , meeting in the centre o f the areolae ; plastron yellow ,
with dark brown ray s , the brown predominating in the middle .
Length of shell 115 millim .
Sou th Africa .
9 , stffd . S. Africa. (Type )
16 . Testudo fiskrr.Testudo fiskn
,B ou leng . P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1886
,p . 5 42
,p l . lvi i i .
Allied to T. g eometr ica . Lateral marginals not form ing an anglewith the costals ; nu chal longer than broad . Suture between the
gu lare shorter than that between the anals ; su ture between thehumerals mu ch longer than that between the pectorals or thefemorals . Beak feebly hooked . Fore l imb anteriorly with verylarge imbricate scu tes
,in three longitud inal and five transverse
serie s ; a large con ical tubercle on the h inder s ide of the thigh .
Carapace with brownish -
yellow and black rays of nearly equ al width ,radiating from the yellow areolae si x black ray s on each vertebraland costal shield , and two on each marginal ; the anterior and posterior pai r of black rays on the costals and v ertebrals meeting the irfellow form three series of o celli plastron dirty yellow ,
brown inthe middle .
Length of shell 75 millim .
Sou th Africa.
a . d ,spir . De Aar, near Hopetown. R ev . G . H . R . Fisk [P
(Type )
17 Testudo oculifera *
Testudo oculifera, Kuhl,B e1
'
tr . z . Zool. p . 77 (1820) Strauch, Verth.
Sclu'
ldkr. p . 61
As suspected by Dr. Strau ch , the type specim en in the Berlin Mu seum
has proved to be referable to this Species . At my request, my colleague Mr. 0 .
Thomas has kind ly examined the specimen during a recent visit to the B erl inMuseum , and drawn up some notes which show that the pectoral shields are
separated on the med ian l ine, as in some specimens of Test/ado emy s ,
N 2
166 rs srunm rnm.
Emy s oculifera, Gray , Sir/11 . R ep t. p . 22 and C a t . Tort. p . 28
Testudo senriserrata, S 1111th, I ll. Zoo l. S . R ep t . pl . vi .G 1 a y , C at T
°
o 1 t . p . 8,and Sh . R ep t . i . p . B ouleny . P 1 00
Zool . Soc . 1886, p . 542 ; Ges . 1887, p. 13
C lemrm s oculifera S'
t1 au ch, Chelon . Stud . p . 32
P e l tastes senriserm tus, G1 ay , S’
.11pp l C at. S .h R ep t . r. p .
Allied to T. yeonwtrica . Lateral marginal s not forming an anglew i th the costals ; anter i or and poster ior margins strongly serratednumber of marg inals vary ing from 10 to 12 on each side ; nu chalrather larg e , broadest beh ind . P lastron notched anter iorly suturebetween the gulars as long as
,01
° longer than,that between the
anai s su ture between the humerals much longer than that be tweenthe pectorals or the femorals . Beak strongly hooked . Fore l imbw i th only a few large tubercular scutes
,one of wh ich is subcircular
and extremely large a large subconical tubercle on the h inder s ideof the thigh . Carapace wi th brown i sh -
yellow and dark brown orblack rad iating rays , u sually of nearly equal w idth , six to ten innumber on the vertebral and costal shields ; plastron 1 ellowish ,w ith dark brown rays .
Length of shell 1 15 millim .
South Africa .
9 stfi d . S . A fri ca. Sir A . Smith [P ] .(One of the types of T. se1n13er1 a ta .)
b. Y g .
,spir . S. Africa . Sir A . Sm ith [P ].c
,d,e . d 9 ,
5tffd . S . A fri ca .
S . A fri ca .
Ad .
0. Y g .,spir. C ape Go lcuv . F.M. P . VV eale
,Esq.
p . Ad .
,dr .y B etw een R ichmond and R ev . G . H . R . Fisk [P M]
V i ctoria W est.
18 . Testudo rad iata.
Testudo rad iata, Shaw, Zoo l . i i i . p . 22,pl . i i . (1802) B ell,Mon. Test.
pl . D u1n . t§~ B tbr . i i . p . 83 Gray , C a t . Tort.
p . 6 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 9 Strauch,Chelon. Stud .
p . 79 (186 and Ve1 th Sch1ldh1z p . 25 G1 ay , Supp l . C at .Sh . R ept. i . p . 5 P ete1°s
,R etse n . Mossamh. i i i . p . 3
cou i,D aud . R ep t . i i . p . 271, pl . xxv i .
des
)
ei°torum
,G1 and1d . R ev. et Mag . cle Zool. (2) xx i . p . 257
(1869Asteroehelys radiata, Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1873, p . 724 .
Carapace very convex,hemispherical ; shields s trongly striated
concentrically , e xcept in old spec imens, wh ich are smooth posterior
margin more or less reverted and serrated ; nu chal present supracaudal s ingle ; vertebrals not broader than the costals . P lastronlarge ; gu lar region more or less produ ced and notched ; h ind lobeangu larly notched ; pectoral shields very narrow suture between thegulars longer than that between the anals ; axillary small , ingu inalrather large . Head moderate a pair of large praefrontal shields
168 TESTUDIN ID113.
sized,roundish , juxtaposed scales no con ical tubercles on the b ack
of the thighs . Tai l ending in a claw - l ike horny scute . Uniformdark brown or black .
Length of shell 1 m . 23 centim .
Aldabra .
(1. d ,stfiil . ,
skul l A ldabra .
bones separate .
b. Y g .
,spir . A ldabra.
c , Y g .
,spir , Bred in the Sey chel les . Sir J. H ooker
( l. d , stfi d .
,sku l l 9
separate .
e . 52, sttld .
, skul lseparate .
f. l-lgr. d , stttd .
y . Y g .
,stficd . Gen. Hardw i cke
h, d ,
shel ls .h . n . o
’
,carapace
skel .l . n . d ,
shel l .111
,11 . Y g .
,she l ls .
9 . A d . S: hgr.
,
skul ls .H umeri
,scapu la
,
femur.
5Ed’Sl
pilvis (Typ es of T. p onderosa .)
20. Testudo gigantea .
Testudo gigantea, Schwelyy . P rodr. p . 58 D um . $1 Bibr. 11 .
p . 120 H ubrecht,Notes L eyd . Mus . ii i . p . 43
D iffers from the preceding in the more depressed shell,the depth
of wh ich is not more than half the length,the smoothness in the
adult of the sh ield s of the carapace,the shorter plastron which is
not notched behind,and the divided supracaudal sh ield .
Aldabra .
a . d‘ shel l .
21 . Testudo hololissa.
Testudo hololissa, G11u th . Gz'
y . L and- Tort. p . 39,pl . vu .
This form presen ts all the characters of T . gigantea , except thatthe supracaudal sh i eld is undivided . P oss ibly both this and the
preced ing species are based upon ind iv idual variations of T. elep han
111111 , wh ich should then bear the name T . g igantea .
Aldabra .
9 stlfd . Aldabra.
20. Tnsruno . I6 9
2 2 . Testudo daudinu .
Testudo daudini i , D am. S' B 1
°
l1r . i i . p . 123 Gna th . (fly . LawlTort. p . 33, pis . iv. v .
Shell more than twice as long as deep carapace e longate,w i th
smooth convex shields in the adult , anterio r and poster ior marginsexpanded , reverted , and notched between the sh ields ; anterior profi le of carapace nearly horizontal ; supracaudal shield undivided
,
s carcely larger than the neighbouring marginals . P lastron short,
truncated behind in the adult ; width of the bridge only one thirdthe length of the carapace . O therwise as in T . 12111711111111111.Aldabra
a . d stfi‘
d .
,skull and l imb
bones separate .
23. Testudo nigr ita.
Testudo indica,part .
,Gray, Syn . R ep t . p . 9 and C at. Tart.
p . 5 and Sh. R ep t. i . p . 6 and Supp l . p . 5
nigrita, Dam . 1? s r. ii . p . 80 Giant/1 . P h i l . Trans .
clxv . p . 267 and Land Tort . p . 69 , pis . xxx .,xxx i .
,
x l i i .— x liv .
plani ceps , Gray , C al. S'
h . R ep t. i . p . 6, pl . xxxiv .
,and Supp l.
5 .Pelephantina, Strauch, Che lon. Stud . p . 83
e lephantopus , part . Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1870, p . 708, pl . x1i .,and App . C a t. Sh. R ep t. p . 3
ind ica,Sowerby <9 L ear, Torl. p l . v i .
E lephantopus planiceps, Gray, P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1873,p . 724 .
Shell rather th in,broad
,not quite twice as long as deep , decl ivou s
in front and behind,anterior and posterior margins reverted and
s calloped ; anterior margin notched ; no nu chal supracaudal nudiv ided dorsal sh ields strongly grooved concentrically , even in theadult ; vertebral shields much broader than long , at leas t as broadas costal s . P lastron rather large
,lobes narrowed
,truncate in front,
notched behind ; w idth of the br idge abou t half the length of thecarapace ; med ian su ture between the gulars , the pectorals , and theanals very short ; axillary and ingu inal smal l . Head small
,with
flat forehead a pair of enlarged praefrontal shields , followed by a
nearly equally large frontal ; beak feebly hooked , bicu spid edge ofjaws feebly dent i cu lated ; alveolar surface of upper jaw w i th a
strong median ridge ; neck long . Limbs with u nequal—s i z ed,
roundish,ju xtaposed scales , one on the inner side of the fore limb
near the elbow being mu ch enlarged . Uniform black .
Length of shell 1 metre .
Galapagos I slands .a . Y g .
,stffd .
b. n . ,ske l . Dr . A . Gunther (P .
c,d,e . Y g .
, stfi d .
170 rs srunm rnm.
f . IIgr.
,skel .
y . Y g .
,shel l . Dr. J. E . Gray [P M]
6 ,carapace .
Ad .
,sku l l . (Type of T. p lan zeep s . )
24. Testudo nigra.
Testudo nigra, Quay 8° Galm . Voy . Uranie et P hys1'
0. ,Zool. p . 172
,
pl . x1. D um . 8° B z
’
br . i i . p . 1 15 m’
eym. N . A ctaL eap . Ca ro l. xvi i . p . 188
,pl . x i i i . (1835) Strauch
,Che lon. Stud .
p . 85
cal iforniana, Quay 5° Galm . B ul l . Se. N at . i . p . 90,pl . x i .
1824
elephantopus, H ar lan, Journ . A c. P hilad . v . p . 284
Gunth . P hil. Trans . clxv . p . 261 and Gig . Land - Tort .
p . 63, pls . x xx .
,x l i i .— x l iv .
,x lvi .
,l i .— l ii i .
indi ca, part . , Gray , Syn . R ep t . p . 9
Shell thin,about tw i ce as long as deep , with the upper anterior
profile subhorizontal in the male ; shields concentr ically striated ,but less strongly than in the preceding species . P lastron truncatebehind . O therwise as in the preceding .
Galapagos I slands (S. Albemarle) .
a . n .,skel . Galapagos . Capt. E . M. Leeds
25 . Testudo v icina.
Testudo vicina,G1
'
1'
11th. P hil. Trans . c lxv . p . 277 and Gig .
L and - Tort. p 73, pls . xlvi i . l iv .
Intermediate between T. nigrita and T . 111 101'0p l1yes . Shell rathernarrow ,
depressed,w i th the upper anter ior profile subhoriz ontal in
the male shields striated . P lastron constricted in front and exci sedbeh ind .
Galapagos I slands (S. Albemarle) .
a . Ad .
,slmll. Iguana Cove
,S. Commander Cookson
A lbemarle .
T1 . Ad .
,skel . 1 ri m )
c . Y g .
,stffd .
,sku ll
separate .
26 . Testudo micrOphyes.Testudo micrOphy es, Gna th . P hil . Trans . clxv . p . 275 and
Gig . Land - Tort . p . 78, pls . xxxii .—xxxvi i i . , xl ii .—x iv .
Shell th in , abou t tw i ce as long as deep , declivou s in front in the
female , narrowed in front and w i th nearly horizontal profile in the
male , margin feebly reverted in front and behind ; no nuchal ;supracaudal undivided ; dorsal sh ields qu ite smooth in the adult °
vertebral sh ields much broader than long, at least as broad as
costal s . P lastron w i th broad bridge and short and narrow lobes ,the h inder of wh ich is truncate in the adult male ; med ian sutu re
172 Ts srumnmm.
29 . Testudo indi ca .
P errau lt, JVI ém. Illst . N at. Anim . p . 193, pls .
Testudo indica, Schneid . Schild/rr. p . 355 Schoepf , Test.p
. 101, pl . xxi i . fig. A Giinth. G1'
y . L and - Tort. p . 42
indi ca, part . , D aml. R ept. i i . p . 280 Gray , Syn. R ep t.
p. 9 and C at. Tort . p . 5 and 1571. R ep t. i . p . 6
perraultn, D am. 6° B tbr. 11 . p . 126
Carapace th in,thickened towards the margin , smooth , depressed ,
w i th the upper profile straight , not declivou s in front no nu chalsupracaudal und iv ided . P lastron short gu lar shield single , small .Length of shell 80 centim .
Mauritius (extinct) .
30. Testudo triserrata.
Testudo gran , Dum . B ibr. 11 . p . 135
Testudo triserrata,Gunth . Ann. 131 M ay . N . H . (4) x i . p . 39 7
and Gig . Laml Tort. p . 44, pls . xx i i i .— xxix . H addon,Tr .
1211111. Soc . (2) i i . p . 156, p l . xi i i .Distingu ished from the preceding in the upper profile of the cara
pace being undulated,slightly decl ivous in front . Alveolar su rface
of upper jaw with two median ridges .Mauritius (extinct) .
Skul l and plastron . Mare aux Songes . E . Newton, Esq . [P M]V arious bone s . Mare aux Songes . Co l . A . E . H . A nson
, (Types .)I PL °J°
31 . Testudo inepta.
Testudo inepta,Gunth. Ann . 13
° May . N . H . (4) x i . p . 397and Gig . L and Tort . p . 44
, pls . xx iii .— xxv ii i . H addon,Tr .
L 111n . Soc. (2) i i . p . 156,p l . x i i i .
Shell higher than in the preceding,with the upper profile convex ,
declivou s in front . Alveolar su rface of upper jaw with a singlemedian r idge .
Maur itiu s (extinct) .Skul l . Mare aux Songes. E . Newton
,Esq . [P ] .
Skul l and various Mare aux Songes . C ol. A . E . H . Anson '
l‘
bones . W e”Carapace . Mare aux Songes L . B outon
,Esq . [P M]
1’elv1s . Mare aux Songes .
Testudo lep tocnemis, Gunth . Gig . Land—Tort . p . 50, pl . xxix . fig . B ,
18.known from scapu la , pelv is , and femur only , the latter bones
being more slender than in T . triserra ta and inep ta , These remains ,from the D istr i ct of Flacq
, Mau r itius , presented by L . Bouton, Esq ,
form part of the collect ion.
20. rs s'runo . 173
32 . Testudo vosmaeri .Testudo indica
,Vosmaeri
,Schoejfi Test. p . 103, pl . xxu . fig. B
ind i ca,part .
,B aud . R ep t. i i . p . 280 (1802) Gray , Syn. R ep t.
p . 9 and C a t . Tort. p . 5 and S71 . R ep t. i . p . 6
1855
vogmaeri,Fitz iny . N . Class . R ep t. p . 44 Dum . B ibr .
i i . p . 110 G1
'
1'
11th . Giy . L and- Tort . p . 52, pls . xx i .—xxix .
Jl '
ubrecht,N otes L ey d . 1 11 118 . i i i . p . 41 IIadrlon
,
Tr. L inn . Soc. (2) i i . p . 159
peltastes,D am. s B ibr . i i . p . 138 .
C hersina peltast-es,Strauch
,Chelon . Stud. p . 23
vosmaeri,Strauch
,l . c .
Testudo rodericensis,Gunth . Ann . 8
° May . N . H . (4) x i . p . 397
boutonu,Gunth. N a ture
,1875
,p . 297 .
Agreeing with the preceding species in the absence of nuchal shieldand the undivided gular ; dis tingui shed by the extremely thincarapace , wh ich is no t declivous in front in the male , and withoutvertebral humps . A lveolar surface of upper jaw with a singlemedian r idge .
R odrig uez (extinct) .
She l ls,sku ll s
,and numerous bone Transit of V enus Expedition .
V arious bones . L . B outon, Esq . (T. bou
tonii.)Cast of skull in P aris Museum . P rof. V ai llant
33. Testudo elongata.
Testudo e longata,B ly th, Journ . A s . Soc . B eny . xxn . p . 639 (1853)
Gray, P roc . Zool . 18 00. 1856,p . 181
, pl. ix .
,and 186 1, p . 139 ;
Gunth . R ep t. B rit. I ncl. p . 8 Theel) . Cat. R ep t . B rit. Ind .
p . 3 (1876 ) A nders . Zool . R es . Y unnan, p . 706P e ltastes e longatus, Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1869
,p . 171 and Supp l.
C at . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 9
Shell considerably depressed , more than twice as long as deep ,with flat vertebral region ; anter ior and posterior marg ins sl ightlyreverted , strongly serrated in young, feebly in old specimens ; sh ield sconcentrically s triated
,e xcept in old specimens ; nu chal present
(rarely absent ), narrow and elongate supracaudal und ivided , moreor less incu rved first vertebral u sually nearly as long as broad inthe adul t, the others broader than long and n early as broad as the
costals . P lastron large,trun cate anteriorly , deeply notched poste
riorly ; suture between the pectoral sh ields as long as or longer thanthat between the humerals suture between the gulars as long as or al ittle shorter than that between the pectorals anals form ing a veryshor t suture
,or ent irely separated by the anal notch ; axillary and
ingu inal moderate . Head moderate ; a pair of large praefrontalsh ields , u sually followed by a nearly equally large frontal ; beakfeebly hooked , tri cusp id alveolar ridge of upper jaw short and
rath er feeble . Anterior face of fore limbs with moderate , unequal
174 TESTUDIN IDE .
sized,imbricate scales , which are largest towards the outer s ide ; no
enlarged tubercles on the thigh s ; tai l end ing in a claw - l ike hornytubercle . Carapace and plastron greenish yellow , each sh ield w ithan i rregu lar black spot or blotch , wh i ch may o ccupy its greaterportion
,or may be mu ch broken up or indistinct .
Length of shell 27 centim .
Bengal (C haibassa), Burma , Camboja, C ochinchina .
a,b,c, d, e,f . d 9 ,
Burma.
stffd.
g . d ,skel . B urma.
h . n .
,shel l . B urma. W . Theobald , E sq. [CH]
1°
— l. 9 ,hgr. , yg .
, spir . Bhamo . M. L . Fea [C H]111. Y g .
,spir . P egu . W . Theobald , Esq
n,o, p . n . St yg .
,P egu . W . Theobald, Esq
shel ls .g, r . d
‘
9 shel ls . Mergu i . P rof. O ldham [P .]s,t . o
’
9 stfi'
d . Camboj a M. Mouhot
u . n . , shel l . Camboj a. M. Mouhot
10. Y g . , stffd . LaoMountains. 11. Mouhot
x . 9 stfid . C ochinchina .
34 . Testudo forstenu .
Testudo forstenn, Sehley . 1‘5° Mull . in Temna’
neh,Verk. Na t . N ederl. Ind .
p . 30
P e ltastes forstenn , Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1872, p . 615, pl . xli i i ., andApp . C at . Sh . R ep t. p . 5
Very closely allied to T . elongata , from which it differs only in theabsence of a nu chal shield
,and the smalle r pectoral shields ; the
suture between the latter measu res only half that between thehumerals .Length of shell 17 centim .
Celebes and Gilolo .
9 ,sttfd . Boliahoeta
,N . Salamatta
,Celebes . Dr. A . B . Meyer [C .] c
35 . Testudomarginata.
Te studo marg inata, Schoepff, Test. p . 52,pl . x i . (1792) B aud . R ep t.
i i . p . 233 (1802) B ory 5° B ibr . E xpect. Moré e, R ep t. p . 57 , pl . vi i .fig . 2 D am . 8 B ibr . i i . p . 37 Gray , C at . Tort.p . 9 (18 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 11 Sowerby aLea r, Tort .
pl . xv . Lortet,A rch. .Mus . Lyon, i v . p . 7 , pls . i i i . iv .
graja, II ermann , O bserv. Zool . p . 219 (l804) .C hersine marginata,Merr. Tent. p . 31
C hersus marginatus, lVay l. Sy st . Amph . p . 138 B onap . I con .
Faun . I ta l . pl .Testudo campanu lata , Strau ch, ( 71elo11 . Stud . p . 65 and Verth.
p . 12
P eltastes marginatus, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1869,p . 173
,and Supp l.
Sh. R ept. i . p . 10
Testudo neni oralis,Schreib. H erp . E ur . p . 557
l ‘l
6 TESTUDIN IDZE .
Dr. L'eith [P M] (Type )
Dr. L ortet (A s typi calof T.
Dr. J . E . Gray [P M]
37. Tes tudo ibera.
Testudo pusi l la (m mL ) , Shaw,Zoo l . ii i . p . 53 Strauch
,E rp .
A ly .p
. 14 and 67101071 . S tud . (57 and Verth .
Sold/(liar . p . 14 B oetly . A hh . Seuchenb. Ges . ix . p . 123
1874
grtzeca.part . , D aud . R ept. 11. p . 218 Gray , C at . Tort.
p. 9 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 10 (18ibera, P a l las, Zooy r . R oss - As . i ii . p . 19 E z
’
chu'. Zoo l.
Sp ec . R oss . P ol. i i i . p . 196 and Faun . Cusp - Carlo. p . 47 ,
pls . vi . vi i . (1841) B luuf. Zoo l. E . P ers . p . 306 (1876) Lortet,
Arch . lVIus . Lyon, iv . p . 3, pl . i .ecaudata, P a ll . l . c .grae ca, B el l, Mon. Test. pl .mauritani ca, D um . S
“ B lbr . i i . p . 44
whitei, B ennett, W hite
’
s lVat. H ist. Se lborne,p . 361
P e ltastes graecus, part . , Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1869,p . 173
,and
Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 12
marginatus, var. w hitei, Gray,Supp l . p . 11 .
mauritani cus, Gray , H and - l. Sh . R ep t. p . 12
Shell u sually not tw i ce as long as deep , w i th the poster ior marginfeebly expanded ; in old specimens
,however , it i s more elongate and
the poster ior margin assumes a shape somewhat s imilar to that ofT . mm'
y iuu ta ; nuchal sh ield narrow , elongate ; supracaudal nu
divided,ncver Spread ou t and subhori zontal as in T . ma rg ina ta ;
vertebral sh ields broader than long , as broad as the costal s . P lastronlarge , h ind lobe notched beh ind and movable in the adu l t ; su turebetween the humerals mu ch longer than that between the pectora lssuture between the amals nearly as long as
,or longer than
,that
between the abdom inal s ; axil lary and ingu inal small . Head as in
T . margina tu ; praefrontal sh ield sometimes div ided longitud inally .
Anter ior face of fore limb with large imbr icate scu tes , formingfour or five longitudinal and five or six transverse series ; a largesubconi cal tubercle on the h ind s ide of the thigh . Carapace ofyoung yellowish or pale olive , each sh ield spotted and bordered w ithblack ; the black spots more irregular and predominat ing in the
adult ; some specimens uniform brownish ; plastron more or lessspotted w ith blackish .
Length of shell 23 centim .
North - west Africa,Syria, Asia Minor , Transcau casia, P ersia .
Mogador .Mogador .V alley of the Meander . R . McAndrew ,
Esq.
P .
d - e . Y g ., sp ir . Xanthu s .
J
f . 9 ,spir . Aralych , Transcaucasia. St. P etersburg Mus .
20.
'
rrsruno . 177
y , h . n . Sa y Between Chah Sugutishel ls . Duruh
,N .E . P ersia .
i . 9 ,s tlld . Karman, S E . P ersia .
h— l. Y g .
,spir . Karman
,SE . P ersia .
m,n . d 9 ,
stll'
d .
o . 9 , shel l .
p . 9 shel l .
38 . Testudo graeca .
Testudo grze ca, L inn . S . N . i . p . 352 Schoepf'
,Tes t . p . 38
,
pls . vii i . ix . II ermarm , O bserv. Zoo l. p . 219
B ory and B ib/e n, E tp é cl. Jll oré e, R ep t. p . 58 , pl . v ii . fig . 1 , pl. ix .
fig . 4 B onap . I con . Faun . I ta l . (l834) ; D am . S B lbr . i i .p . 49 (183 Strauch
,C'helon . Stud . p . 73 and V erth.
Schlldhr. p . 16 Schreib. II er/J. E ur . p . 550(1875) Lort et,
A rch. Alas . Lyon ,iv . p . 5
, pls . 11 . i i i . fig . 1
hermanni,Gme l. Sy st . N at . p . 1041
grze ca, part. , D aud . R ep t. i i . p . 218 Gray , C at. Tort.p . 9 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 10 (185
P e ltastes grre cus , part. , Gray , P roc . Zoo l . 1869 , p . 173,and Supp l.
C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 12
C hersinella graeca, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1873,p . 725
, pl. 1x . fig . 4 .
Carapace moderately convex , not or but very feebly expandedposteriorly , not serrated nu chal elongate ; supracaudal dividedabove , incurved in mal e ; dorsal shields concentrically striated vertebrals considerably narrower than cos tals fifth vertebral
,however
,
very broad , mu ch broader than the others . P lastron large,notched
beh ind ; su tu re between the pectoral sh ields not half as long as thatbetween the humerals ; su ture between the anals as long as or longerthan that between the humerals axillary and ingu inal small . Headas in the preceding
’
species . Scaling on front of fore limbs comparatively small , the s cales , which are larger towards the ou ter side
,
forming seven to ten longitu dinal series ; no coni cal tubercle on theb inder side of the thigh tail ending in a claw - l ike horny tubercle .
Shel l bright yellow dorsal and marginal sh ield s spotted and borderedwith black ; a broad black band along each side of the plastron .
Length of shell 14 centim .
Balearic I slands , Corsica, Sardinia, Si cily , I taly , Dalmatia,Balkan
P eninsu la, Greek arch ipelago, Syr ia .
a . d ,spir . Antakia
, Syria . Dr. Lortetb. d
‘
sttfd .Dr. J . E . Gray
c . 9 ,sttfd . Gen . Hardw i cke [P
d . d ,sh ell. Gen. Hardw i cke [P
e . S? shell .
Under the name of Testudo yroec a bettai, Lataste has described ,Le Natur . 1881 , p . 39 6 , an old specimen , of unknown origin , whi chappears to be an anomalou s T. g rafou, approaching in some respects
Gen. Goldsmid
\V . T . B lanford,
Esq.
“7 T . B lanford,Esq .
Dr. J. L. Gray
(Type of T. whiter. )
1 78 TESTUDINIDZE .
T . them . I t is character i zed as follows — P lastron movable posterio rly ; supracaudal d ivided ; tai l ending in a horny spur ; fourclaws to the fore l imbs and three to the h ind limbs ; no con icaltubercl e on the back of the th igh .
39 . Tes tudo horsfieldu .
Testudo hors ii eldn , Gra y , C a t. Tort. p . 7 and Sh . R ep t. i .p . 7
,pl . i . Gilnth . R ep t . B rit. I nd . p . 7
Ilornopus burnesi i, B ly th, J ourn . A s. Soc. B eny . xx i i . p . 642
Testudo (lloni opus) horsfield ii , Strauch, Che lon . Stud . p . 86
Seh z’
lrl/tr . p . 34
Te s tud inella hors fieldii, Gray ,Suppl. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 12
Homopus horsfieldii, The eb. C at. R ep t . B rit. I ncl. p . 3
Shell considerably”
depressed, not mu ch longer than broad , at leas t
tw i ce as long as deep ; nuchal border not or bu t very sl ightlynotched ; h ind margin not or bu t very feebly reverted , n ot serrated ;nu chal sh ield present , narrow ; supracaudal undivided ; dorsalshields more or less distinctly striated ; vertebrals mu ch broaderthan long , nearly as broad as costals . P lastron large
,notched
beh ind,flat in both sexes ; gular sh ields u sually as long as their
distance from the pectorals suture between the anals as long as orlonger than that between the femorals axillary and inguinal small .Head moderate ; beak feebly hooked, tri cu spid ; alveolar ridge of
upper jaw rather short and feeble . Both pairs of limbs with fourclaws ; anter ior face of fore. l imbs with large imbricate scutes
,
forming five or six longitud inal series ; a group of enlarged coni caltubercles on the hind side of the thigh ; tai l ending in a horny clawlike tubercle . Brown or olive above , uniform or blotched withblack ; plastron
“ with large patches of black , which may cover itnearly entirely .
Length of shell 20 centim .
Central Asia, from the Aralo - Caspian district and th e KirghizSteppes to Afghanistan .
9 stfi'
d . A fghanistan .
9 stfid . Afghanistan .
0. d‘
sttfd . Gu lran,A fghanistan .
cl—y . Y g .
, spir . Gulran,Afghanistan.
h. d spir . Turkestan .
i . d , spir. Tschinas,Turkestan .
h . Y g .,spir. Tschinas
,Turkestan .
l. 9 , spir. Amu Daria.
40. Testudo angulataTestudo angu lata, Schwezyy . P rodr. p . 52 B ell
,lll on . Tes t.
p l . (1835) D am . B ibT . i i . p . 150
The account of the coloration o f the soft parts given by Gray , P roc. Zool .Soc . 1866
, p . 306 , and Supp l . C at. Sh . R ept . p . 13, is based upon a specimenmade up o f the shel l of this species and the head and l imbs of a Nicoria
p unctular ia
East India Company(Type)
Dr. A itch ison [C H]Dr. A itch ison [CH]Dr. A . Gunther
St . P etersburgMus. [E ].St . P etersburg Mus . E ]
180 cam oumm.
Earn. 7 . CHELONIDZE.
C heloniadae , Gray , Ann . P hil. (2) x . 1825.
C helon iadae, B ell,Zoo l . Journ . i i i . 1828 .
O iacopodes, part. , l/Vay ler, Sy st. Amp h . 1830.
C heloniadae, part. , Gray , Syn. R ep t . 1831 .
Thalassite s, part. , D umé rz'
l B ibron, E rp . Gé n . 11 . 1835.
C heloniad ze , part . , Gray , C a t. Tort. 1884, and Sh. R ep t. i . 1855.
C helonioidee ,Agassiz , Contr. JV. H . U. S . i . 1857 .
C helonina, Strauch, Che lon . Stud . 1862.
C heloniadee , Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh. R ep t . i . 1870.
C heloniadre , C aouanidee , Gray, P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1873,p . 395.
Cheloni idae, Cop e, P roc. Amer. P hilos. Soc. xx . 1882, p . 143.
Nu chal plate withou t costiform processes . P lastral bones n ine .
Shell covered with epidermal shields . Caudal vertebrae procoelou s .Neck incompletely retractile cerv ical vertebrte short, mostly articulated by amph iarthrosis Temple completely roofed overparietal bone in contact w ith the squamosal . Limbs paddle - shaped ;phalanges withou t condyles claws one or two .
Marine .
1 . CHELONE.
Chelonia,part .
,B rengu . B u ll. Soc . P ht
'
lom . i i . p . 89 (1800) W ayler,Syst. Amp h . p . 132 (1830) Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 51 D am.
é’
r B z
'
br . i i . p . 530
Caretta, part. , Merrem,Tent. p . 17
Caretta, Gray , C at . Tort. p . 53 and Sh. R ep t. i . p . 73
Girard, U. S . Explm‘
. Exp ed . ,H erp . p . 438 Glln th . R ep t.
B rit. Ind . p . 53 (1864) Gray , Supp l . p . 118
Chelonia, Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 54 , and Sh. R ep t. i . p . 74 ; Ag oss .
Contr . N . H . U . S . i . p . 377 Gerard,l . c . p . 452 ; Gitnth .
l. c . p . 52 ; Gray , Supp l . p . 119 .
Eretmochely s (Fitz ), Agassiz , l. c . p . 380.
Euchely s, Gerard, l. c . p . 447 .
Chelone , Strauch, Che lon . Stud . p . 59
Mydas, Gray , Supp l. p . 119 .
Onychochelys, Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc . 1873,p . 397 .
Carapace with persisting fontan elles between the costal and
marg inal plates . Costal sh ields fou r pairs . An intergu lar and a
series of inframarginal plastral shields .
1 . C helone mydas .
Testudo mydas, L inn . S . N . i . p . 350 (1768) Schoepfi'
,Tes tud . p . 73
,
p l . xvi i . fig . 2 (1792) D aud . B ep t . i i . p . 10, p l . xvi . fig. 1
macropu s, lValbaum ,C helonoyr . p . 1 12
V irid is, Schneid . Schildkr . p . 299 , p l .japoni ca , Thunberg , Vetensk. A cad . H and l. v i i i . p . 178, pl . vn .
fig . 1
eeped iana, D aud . l. c . p . 50.
Chelonia j aponi ca, Schwez'
yy . P rodr . p . 21
In an ad ult examp le of Chelone mydas the sixth and seventh centra are
even anchy losed together.
1 . CHELONE . 181
Skul l of Chelone imbricate .
182 CHELON IDZE.
Chelonia v irgata, Schwe zyy . l . c . ; D am. <3 B e
'
hr. i i . p . 541
Cocteau, in R . de la Say ra , H ist . Cuba , R ep t. p . 26, pl . i i i . (1843)Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 54 Cantor
,C a t. Ma l. R ep t. p . 11
Gray , Sh. R ept. i . p . 74 (1855) Ayass. Contr . N . LI . U. S .
i.p
. 379 Giln th. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 53
mydas, Schwelyy . l. c. p . 22 ; Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 52
D amn . <3 B ibr . i i . p . 538 ; H othr . JV. Am. H erp . i i . p . 25, p l . i i i .Ayass . Contr. i . p . 378 ; Sowerby sf L ea r , Tort. pls . lix .
IX . P eters,R eise n . .Mossarnb. i i i . p. 18
Caretta cepedn, Merr . Tent. p . 18
escu lenta,lll err . l. c.
nasicornis , M err . l. c.thunbergi i , Merr . l. c .
Chelonia maculosa,C uv. R . A . 2nd ed . i i . p . 13 D um. Se
B lbr . i i . p . 544 .
lachrymata,C up . I. c .
virid is,Temm . é “ Sch ley . F aun . Japan ,
R ep t. p . 18, pls . i v . v i .
Cocteau,l . c . p . 19 ; Gray ,
C a t . Tort . p . 54,and Sh . R ept.
i . p . 75 ; Girard , U . S . Exp lor . E :rped .,H erp . p . 453
Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1873, p . 402 .
bicarinata, L esson, in B e’lany . Voy . Ind . O r .
,Zoo l . p . 301
marmorata, D am . cj B lbr . i i . p . 546,p l . xxi i i . fig . 1 Girard
,
l . c . p . 455 , pl. xxxi . figs . 5— 7 .
Euch elys macropus , Gerard , l . c. p . 448, p l . xxx i . figs . 9 — 11 .
Chelonia formosa,Gr
’
rard,l. c . p . 456
,pl . xxxi . figs . 1—4 .
tennis , G'
e
'
rard,l. c . p . 459
,pl . xxx i . fig . 8 .
Che lone macropus , Strau ch, Che lon. Stud . p . 61
virgata, Strauch, l. c . p. 183.
v irid is,Strauch
,l. c . p . 185
,and Verth. Schildhr. p . 141
Schreib. H erp . E ur . p . 518
maculosa, Strauch , Chelon . Stud . p . 186 .
marmorata,Strauch
,l . c . p . 187 .
Mydas v irid i s, Gray , Supp l. C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 119
Chelonia agassi z ii, B oeourt,Miss . Sc . [Mex .,R ep t. p . 26
,pl . vi . (1870)
Garman,B u ll . Mus . Comp . Zoo l . vi . p . 126
depressa, Garman,l. c . p . 124 .
lata, P htll1yn’
,Zoo l . Ga rt. xxvi i i . p . 84
Carapace feebly un i carinate in the young (somet imes with slightind i cat ion of lateral keels) , arched or subtectiform in the adu lt ;dorsal shi elds ju xtaposed ; margin not or bu t ind i stin ctly serrated ,formed of 25 sh ields . Snou t very short ; jaws not hooked ; hornysheaths of u pper jaw w i th feebly den t i cu lated edge and striatedinner surface , of lowerjaw w ith strong ly denti cu lated edge alveolarsu rface of upper jaw w i th two denticu lated strong ridges symphys i sof lower jaw short ; one pair of praefrontal sh ields . Limbs u suallyw ith a s ingle claw ; the second d ig it somet imes prov ided w i th a
d ist inct claw in young spec imens . Y oung dark brown or oliveabove
,the limbs marg ined w i th yellow ; yellow infer iorly , w i th a
large dark brown spot on the hand and foot . C arapacei
of adul tol ive or brown
,spotted or marbled w i th ye l lowish .
Length of she l l 1 m . 10 cont im .
Trop i cal and subtrop i cal seas .a . Several specs , yg .
,A scens ion Id . Sir E . B elcher [P M]
in spir .
184 CHELON I DAL
plastron yellow ; shields of head and limbs dark brown with yellowbordC PS .
Length of shell 85 centim .
Tropical and subtropical seas .
a . IIgr ,shel l . Bahamas . Dr. A . Gunther [
_
P
b. Y g .
,shell .
Y z abal,Guatemala . 0 . Sal vin, Esq. [C .
0. A d .
,.stfi d F1 ench Guiana. Dr. ypes of
(7. Ad .
,skul l . French Guiana . Dr. Kranss P .
e . I Igr.
,carapace . A tlanti c O cean . W . E ling
,sq
f . Ad . , stfi d . Muscat,Arab ia . A . S . G .
o
Jayakar, Esq. [P M]Y g .
,ske l . Formosa. R . Sw inhoe, Esq .
Dr. A . B . MeyerSea. S .
‘ Chal lenger . ’It . Y
D
g .
,stfi d . Ind ian O cean. Sir J . R ichardson [P M]
1,
0, .p n . ,
Ind ian O cean .
stfi d .
q. Y g .
,spir. Duke of Y ork Id.
r— st. Hg1 .
,ca1apace . Darnley Id .
u . Y g .
,sp1 .1 Aneiteum .
7 .,spir. Samoa .
w. B gl .
,stfi d . R aine’s Id .
. Hgn ,stfi d . Tehuantepec .
y , z . Ilg1 & yg .,P
skels .
2 . THALASSOCHELY S.
Chelonia,part .
,B rony . B ull. Soc. P lu
'
lom. 11. p . 89 W ay ler,Sys t A 7np77. p . 132 Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 51 (1831) D um .
é’
L’
ibr . i i . p .
p530
Tent. p . 17
Thalassochelys, F7tz 7ny. A nn . e u . JlIus . i . p . 121 Agassiz ,Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 383 7G 7
'
ard,U. S . E 7471.
H erp . p . 429 Strauch, Clzelon . Stud p . 61
C louana,G7 ay , C at . 7 07 75. 52 and
pS77 . R ep t. i . p . 72
Gilnt/t. R ep t. B i
l-7L I nd. p . 51 G7 ay , Supp l .
p . 118
Lepidochely s G7ra7 d l. .o p . 434 ,Gray , P 7 00. Zool. Soc .
1873, p . 406 .
C ephalochelys , G7 ay , l. e . p . 408 .
E 1en10nia, Gray , 1. o.
C olpochelys, Garman, B u ll. Mus . Comp . Zoo l . v i. p . 124
Carapace completely ossified in the adult . Co stal shields fivepairs or more . A ser ies of inframarginal plastral shields .
1 . Thalassochely s caretta.
Testudo caretta,L 7nn . S . N . 1 . p . 351 W albaum
,C lzelonocp .
p . 95 Scl uwpfi, Testud . p . 67, pls . xv i. xvi i . fig . 3
cepha lo,Se/zne7 .d b < 1771dk7u p 303
caouana,D aud . R ep t. i i . p .
155
,pl . xvi . fig. 2
R ev . G . Brown [C HJCapt . Langen [P .JL ord Derby [P .J.
R ev . J . P ow el l [C HJCapt . J . W . InceF. Sumichrast [G ]F. D . Godman O . Salvin ,Esqrs . [P . .J
2 . THALASSOC IIELY S . 185
Chelonia caouana, Scluoezyy . P rodr . p . 22 (1814) lVayl. Syst. Amp/7.pl . i . figs . i— xxvi (1830) D am . B ibr. i i . p . 552
Caretta atra, Al err . Tout. p. 17
cephalo , illerr. l . c.Che lonia multiscntata , Kubl, B ez
’
tr. Zoo l. p . 78
o l ivacea ,E sc/wo/coltz
,Zoo l. A tl. p . 3, p] . i i i . Cantor
C a t. R ep t. p . 13
cc 1halo,
'
I‘
emm . S Sel dcy . F aun. Jap an , R ep t. p . 23, pls . i v . Sc1
6
1
1
. (1 Cocteau,in R . de la Sayra, II z
'
st. Cuba,R ep t . p . 35
Chelonia pelasgorum ,V al. in B ory ,
E rpc’
d . Moré e,Zoo l. pl . vi .
d ussum ieri, D um . 197 B tbr . p . 557,pl . xx iv. fig . 1 .
C a
z'
ptta o l ivacea
,N . lVirbelt/t . Abyss ,
Amp/7. p . 7, p l . ii i .
Che lonia earetta,B onap . Faun. I ta l . (1835) H otbr. N . Am. H elp .
i i . p . 33,pl . i v .
Gaouana caretta,Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 52 and S17. R ep t . i .
p . 72 and P roc . Zool. Soc. 1873, p . 404 .
elongata, Gray , C a t . Tort . p . 53,and S17. R ep t. i . p . 73.
olivacea,Gray , C at. Tort. p . 53
,and S17. R ep t. i . p . 73 ; Gunt/z ,
R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 52
Thalassochely s caouana, Agass iz , Contr. N . II . U . S . i . p . 384,pl . v i .
figs . 13- 32
corti cata,G7ra7d
, U. S . Explor. E rped . ,H erp . p . 431
,p l . xxix .
(1858) Strauch , C/zelon . Stud . p . 187 and V crtlz . Scltlld/cr.
p . 146 H erp . E ur. p . 513
Lepidochely s olivacea, Gz'
rard,l. c. p . 435 ; Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc .
1873, p . 4o7 .
dussum ieri,G7
'
rard,l . e . p . 437 .
Thalassoche ly s o l ivacea, Strauek, C leelon . Stud . p . 63, and Verth .
Selz ildkr. p . 147 .
e longata, Strauelz, C laelon . Stud . p . 63.
C ephalochelys o cean i ca, Gray , P roc. Zoo l . Soc. 1873, p . 408 .
Eremonia elongata,Gray , l . c . fig .
Thalassoche lys tarapacona, P ln'
lz'
pp i, Zool. Gart. xxv i i i . p . 84
Carapace of young with three strong keels , of adul t arched orsubtectiform dorsal shields j uxtaposed margin serrated posteriorlyin the young, formed of 27 or rarely 25 shields . Intergular shieldvery small or absent . Head large , with very strong, hooked jawssymphysis o f low er jaw very long ; alveolar su rface of horny beakwith a median ridge
,of jaw s withou t ; two pairs of shields an terior
to the azygou s frontal . Limbs of young u sually with two claws , ofadult frequ ently w ith but one . Y ou ng uniform dark brown orblackish adu lt brown above , y ellowish inferiorly .
Length of shell 1 m . 5 centim .
Tropical and subtropical seas Mediterranean an accidentavisitor in the North .
The enormou s amount of variation in the large series of Loggerhead Tu rtles in the Mu seum leaves no alternative but to furthermu ltiply the number of specie s, or to admit only one . I haveadop ted the latter course .
a,b,c, d . n . 8: Atlanti c O cean .
e . Ad .
,shell . Coast of Devonsh ire . W . W ilson, Esq. [P .J
186 CHELON IDZE.
f—y . Embry os, Spir.11 . Ad .
,skel .
u . Y g .
,spir. Batavia .
v—w . Y g .
,spir.
.r. Ad .
,stffd .
y— a . Y g .
,dry . H .M.S . Ilerald .
’
B. Ad .
,carapace.
y—8. Y g .
,spir . Mr. A . Forrer [C J .
s , f, 77. IIgr.
,stfi d .
0,7,K, n . yg . , ske l .
a. Head and fore l imbs, (Type of Cepha lostfi d . c/zely s oeeanz
’
ea . )V . A d .
,shel l . (Type of C aouana
elonyala .)T . B ell , Esq. [P . .J
2 . Thalass ochelys kempn .
Thalassochelys (C olpochely s) kempn, Garman,B u ll . Mus . Comp .
Zoo l . V 1. p . 123
Judging merely by the orig inal description I shou ld have - feltincl ined to doub t the specific distinctness of th i s Turtle . But frominformation k indly su ppl ied me by Mr. Garman and Dr . Bau r i tappears that i t i s well d i st ingu ished from T . earetta by the presenceof r idges on the alveolar surfaces of the j aws (underly ing the hornysheaths) wh i ch closely resemble those of C helone imbrica ta ,
and bythe open ings of the inner nostr ils not be ing covered by the alveolarborder .
Gu lf of Mexico .
L ittle C ayman,V V
. I . L ieut . Carpenter [P .J.R io Grande do Sul, Dr. H . v . IheringB raz il . [C .J.
Cape of Good H ope . Sir A . Sm ith [P . .JInd ian O cean.
B ay of Bengal . VV
toTJi eobald, Esq.
Dr. J .
J
Davy [P .J.
Dr. B leeker . (C77.duln
'
a,Blkr. )
Dr. B leeker . (C. p o lyasp is , B lkr. )
Manado,Celebes . Dr . A . B . Meyer [C .J.
Shark ’s B ay , W . H .M.S .
‘ Herald .
’
A u stral ia .
Shark’s Bay, W .
A ustral ia.
Cape Y ork .
Maz atlan .
183 P LEURODIR A .
developed,though never to su ch a degree as in the Cryptodiran
Batagurs ; they are very short in P elomedu sa and S ternothcerus ,
and in the adult of the latter genu s , in wh ich the front plastrallobe i s movable , in qu ite a vestigial cond ition, as in the Cryptod iran genera Emys and C istudo . A more or less developed not ch
,
or canal,i s present in the axillary and ingu inal buttresses of the
plastron ,at their junction w ith the marginals .
C snvreAL V s nrs snm.— The presence of well - developed trans
verse processes , s i tuated behind the vertical of the p raez ygapophyses ,and the absence of any ginglymoid articu lations, distinguish the
cervi cal vertebra) of the P leurod ira . I t is also very frequentlythe case that the elements of the first vertebra unite into a s inglebone the hypapophysi s and the centrum (odonto id process) remain,however
,dist inct in P odoenemis, Emydu ra , and E lseya ,
and I havealso found them so in Hyd ra sp is h ilarii . The mode of art iculationof the cerv i cal vertebrm is diagnostic of the fam i lies thus
,in the
P elomedusidae, the second only i s biconvex , the follow ing being
concave - convex ; in the C helydidze , the second , th i rd , and fou rthare convexo—concave
,the fifth biconvex , the sixth concave - convex
,
the seventh biconcave,and the eighth biconvex .
CAUDAL VERTEBRE .— They are proceelou s and provided w i th well
developed transverse processes ; the number i s u sual ly 1 6 to 18 ;21 in P odoonemis exp ansa , 25 in Emydura ma equar ice . Chevronbones are absent .SKULL — The skull is mu ch depressed
,most so in C helys, the extra
ordinary fiatness of wh ich gives it the appearance of having beencru shed
,leas t in P odoonem is . The orb i t i s bou nded by the max
illary , the praefrontal, the jugal, and (except Chelys) the frontal .The praemaxillaries , wh ich are fu sed to a s ingle bone in C helys
alone,are well developed and bound the nasal open ing . Nasal
bones are distinct from the prmfrontals in all Chelydidae ex ceptC helys The frontal s and the parietals are distinct, the latte rbones being connected with the palate by descend ing processes . In
the Chelydidae the frontals are produced forwards,between the
praefrentals , to the nasal s , or to the nasal opening . A completebony temporal roof i s present only in P odoonemis
,and its constitu
tion differs greatly from that obtained in the Cryptodira ; the postfrontal is comparatively small
, and the pari etal forms a long su tu rewith the j ugal and the quadratojugal . In the other P elomedu sidaethere is a well—developed zygomat ic arch
,formed by the postfrontal,
the j ugal , and the quadrate - jugal,the latter element separat ing the
two former from the squamosal and the quadrate . In the Chelydidte
the z ygomatic arch is absent , but a parieto - squamosal arch ispresent in all genera save C helod ina . In P la temys , Emyd ura ,
E lseya , and , to a lesser extent, in Hydra sp is , the par ietals expandinto a supratemporal roof
,the side s of the temples remaining
,how
ever , unprotected .
The supraoccipital i s produced posteriorly beyond the parietal s,and
, together wi th the exoccipitals , bounds the foramen magnum ,
Bruhl and Hoffmann , however , represent them in that genus .
PLEURODIRA. 189
which , as in the other Chelonians , i s deeper than broad . In Sterne
tha rus and P elomedusa the bas ioccip ital is completely e xcludedfrom the occ ipital condyle .
The quadrate forms a complete frame to the tympanum ,rarely
with a very smal l interruption posteriorly , but a part of the outerand the whole o f the middle ear- chamber remain open
,the stapes
be ing entirely visib le from behind . The quadrate presents a largeconcav ity for the reception of the single condyle of the mandible ,and the pterygoids e x tend to the very edge of that concavity . Thequadrate forms a su ture with the basisphenoid , except in C helys, inwh i ch it is separated from the latte r by the prootie in P odoenenn
'
s
it j oins both the basisphenoid and the bas iocc ipital .The single vomer is well developed and separates the palatines
in the Chelydidae, rudimentary or absent in the P elomedusidae,in which the palatines form a median su ture . In C helys and
C helod ina , but not in the other P leu rodira,the praefrontals j oin
the palatines ; these genera thu s d iffer by the presence of a bonyseptum between the orbital and nasal cav i ties . The pterygoidsare ex tremely broad , j oin on the median line , and their outer bordersexpand into thin lateral wings , which in P odocnemis extend posteri orly as palatal lam inae d i stinct from the processes which j ointhe qu adrates . A more or less developed
,rolled up late ral proces s
i s present,which borders a deep canal leading into the orbital
cavity . As po inted out by R utimeyer, the pre sence of this canali s in correlation with the e x tent t o wh ich a postorbi tal bony septum ,
formed by the postfrontal , the jugal , and the palatine, i s developed ;the more complete the separation of the orbital cavity from the
temple,the larger the canal ; C helys stands , in th i s respect , at the
lower end of the serie s , the arrangement not being carried out mu chfurther than in the most thoroughly aqu ati c Tes tud inidae . In noneof the P leurodira do the pterygoids extend po steriorly beyond thequadrates in Chelys , Emydura , and Elseya they j o in the maxillaryanteriorly , whilst in the other genera they are separated from thelatter by the palat ine and jugal .The mandible arti culates w ith the sku l l by a large s ingle condyle ,
in which the posterior elements are u sually completely fused . A
symphy sial suture is present in the Chelydidae, at least in youngind ividuals .HYOI D ARCH .
— The hyoid is mu ch developed in the Chelydidae,especially in C helys , Hydromedusa , C helod ina , and Hydrasp is . Thebody is fu lly ossified, elongate , and hollowed out as a canal for thetrachea in the fou r above - named genera , there are fou r ossificationsan teriorly , with a membranou s space between them and the posterior, elongate, canal - like bone . Two pairs of ossified cornua are
present,the anterior the strongest . C helys has a pair of very large
bony entoglossals , forming together a T - shaped figure entoglossalbones are also present in Hydromedusa , but mu ch smaller and sub
cir cu lar in shape they are absent in Ckelodina and the other genera .
In the P elomedu sidae the hyoid is comparatively feebly developed ,more as in the Testudinidae . The body i s cartilaginou s and a singlepai r of ossified cornua are presen t, the posterior being cartilaginou s
1 90 PLEUROD IRA.
P EC TORAL Anon AND Fons L inn — The P elomedusidaa and
C helvd idae are in th i s respect very s im ilar to the Testudinidae ,ex cept that the humeru s i s less strongly curved , and the shape ofthe coraco id var ies w ithin w ider l imits ; thu s in C helys the latterbone w idens very cons iderably towards the ep i coraco id cartilage ,affe cting a sub tr iangular shape very s im i lar so that of the samebone in the Land - Torto ises ; in P oclocnemis, on the contrary , thebone i s very narrow and , apart from its be ing shorter in proportion ,
resemb les that of the C helonidm the other genera are intermediatebe tween the two extremes . The s tru cture of the hand does not
d iffer considerably from that of the freshwater Testudinidae ; thereare nine carpal elements , bu t the rad iale and centrale u sua lly fuse,and so do the two outer distal carpals in Emydura ; in the latte rgenus and in P oclocnemis there i s a pai r of add it ional small bones
,as
in many Emyds . The phalanges number 2 3 3 3 3,except in
P elomedu sa , in wh ich each finger has only two phalanges , the basaland the second being fused into one . The genu s C'arettochclys, asfar as can be judged from the figure published , appears to have a
manus very similar to that of the Marin e Turtles,the penu ltimate
phalanx of the second and third fingers be ing ex ceed ingly elongate ,and the th ird finger i s the longest only the two inner fingers are
prov ided with claws .
P ELV I S AND H IND LIMB .— All ex isting P leurodira agree in having
the pelvis sol idly uni ted with the carapace and the plastron . Theil ium is expanded at its dorsal extremity , u sually subtr iangu lar inhor i z ontal sect ion ,
and,in the adu lt
,bears no trace of sacral attach
ment in the P elomedu s idae it is an chylosed to the last and penultimate costal plates ; in Chelys , Hydromedusa , and t i 'nemys to thepygal in add ition to the two latte r ; and in Chelod ina , Hydrasp is ,P la temys , Emydu ra , and Elseya to the last costal and the pygal . The
pub i s i s anchylosed to the xiphiplastron on a comparat ively smal lsu rface , the extremity of the ou ter branch , the inner or symphysialbranch being perfectly free, slender , more or less d i lated toward sthe symphysi s and d irected forwards i t i s nearly parallel with bu twidely separated from the isch ium . The latter bone i s anchylosedto the x iphiplastron by its enti re lower surface , wh ich is di rectedobliquely forwards and forms a symphys i s w i th its fellow . W i ththe ex ception of C arettochelys , the hind limbs closely resemble thoseof the freshwater Cryptod ira . The tarsu s contains two bones inthe prox imal row
,a large inner (tibiale+ intermedium) and a
small outer the centrale remains dist inct in most gen era, presentingth i s pecu liar ity in C'heZg/s that i t extends to the inner border of thetarsu s
,separating the inner element of the d istal row from that of the
prox imal row the centrale fuses w i th the tib iale and intermediumin C heloclina and Elseya , and w ith the tib iale , the intermed ium , and
the fibulare in one spec imen of Emydum macguariaz . R eckoningas tarsal the outer bone wh ich i s frequently termed the fifth metatarsal , wc have five tarsal bones in the d istal row ,
and the phalangesnumber 2 3 3 3 3
,ex cept in R hinemys , wh ich has only two
in the fifth toe , and P elomed usa , where , through fus ion ,they are
102 P arom nusmm.
ilveolar surface of upper jaw with a very indi stinct median ridge ;a pair of shields , separated by a long itud inal su tu re , between the
eyes , followed by a larg e par ietal . Dig its very short, the med ianw i th three phalanges ; five claw s to each foot.Trop ical and South Africa ; Madagas car .
Fig . 46 .
Skul l of Stcm ot m'
as My er. (From Gray , P . Z. S.
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Suture between the abdom inal sh ields longer than that betweenthe humerals ; front lobe of plastron strongly h inged .
1 . srnxnornacrws . 193
A. Beak strongly hooked ; inte rorbitalwidth cons iderably les s than thelong itudinal su ture between the twofrontal sh ields m
'
yer, p . 194 .
B . Beak notched mesially , with a verysl igh t , ob tuse cusp on each side ofthe n otch ; interorbital width con
siderably less than the longitudinalsu ture between the frontal shields 2 . sinuatus, p . 194 .
Fig . 47.
Shel l of Stem othaem s dc-
rbz'
anus.
C . Beak neither hooked nor bicuspid ; frontal su ture not
sl ightly exceed ing the width of the interorbital space .The length of the ou ter border of the pectoral shi eld equals that of the humeral 3. nigricans, p . 195 .
The length of the ou ter border o f the pectoral i s mu ch less than . that o f the
humeral , and does not exceed the lengthof the inner border of the latter shield . 4 . derbianus
,p . 195 .
194 P ELOMEDUSIDJE.
II . Suture between the abdom inal sh i e lds shorter than that betweenthe humerals ; plastral h inge feeble .
The length of the outer border of the pectora l sh ield equals that of the humeral 5 . aclansonn
, p . 196 .
The length of the ou ter border of the pectoral i s less than that o f the humeral 6 . yabonensis, p . 197 .
1 . Sternothaerus n iger .
Sternoth ze rus n iger, D am . B ibr . i i . p . 39 7,pl . xx . fig . 1 (1
Gray ,C a t . Tort. p . 37 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 51 and
Supp l . p . 8 1 P eters,Alon . B erl. A 0. 1875, p . 196 .
Sterno th ze rus, sp .
,Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873, p . 393
,fig .
Carapace w i th a feeble , interrupted keel . P lastral sh ields apparently as in S . (lerbia nns . Upper jaw strongly hooked , not notch ed ;the w id th of the interorbital space i s less than the long itu d inalsu ture between the two sh ields on the snou t . Shell black ; headfu l vous above
,marbled w ith brown ; jaws yell owish , w ith vertical
brown l ines .lVest Afi ica (Cameroons
a . Ad .
,skull. M. Du Chai l la [C H]
2 . Sternothaerus sinuatus .Sternothaerus sinuatus
,Smith
,I ll. Zoo l . S . Afr. , R ept. pl . i . (18 38 )
A . D am . C a t . 111 é th . R ept. p . 19 Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc .
1863,p . 193
,and Supp l. C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 78 (1870) P eters
,R eise
n . [Vlossamh i i i . p . 8
dentatus,P eters
,A rch . f. Ana t. u . P hys . 1848
,p . 494 .
eastaneu s,Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 37 ancl Sh . R ep t . i . p . 52
Carapace rather elongate , poster ior marg in more or less serratedor s inuated
,ex cept in old spe cimens ; second and third vertebral
sh ields abou t as long as broad in the adult . Intergu lar sh ield m orethan tw ice as long as broad ; suture between the abdom inal sh ieldslonger than that between the femorals ; the length of the ou terborder of the pectoral sh ield i s as great or a l ittle less than that ofthe humeral
,and exceeds th e length of the inner border of the latter
shield . Head moderate : snou t short ; u pper jaw notched in the
m iddle, w ith a very sl ight , rather ind i stin ct obtu se cu sp 011 each
s ide of the notch ; interorb i tal width le ss than the longitud inalsu ture between the two shi elds on the snou t . Carapace da rkbrown or b lackish ; plas tron y ellow or blacki sh ; head pale brownabove , w ith darker v erm i culations .
Length of shell 22 centim .
South Africa East Africa south of the Equator ; Seychelles .
19 6 PELOMEDUSIDE .
longer than that between the femorals ; the length of the ou terborder of the pectoral shield is mu ch less than that of the humeral ,and does not exceed the length of the inner border of the lattersh ield . Head large ; snou t very short ; upper jaw neither hookednor bi cusp id ; the w idth of the interorbital space at least equal s thelong itudinal sutu re between the two frontal shields . Dark brownor black ish , plastral sh ields u sually yellowish in the middle ; headbrownish above , closely verm i culated with black ; upper lip withblackish dots or verti cal l ines .Length of shell 27 centim.
“'est Africa.
a . 9 ,stfi d . Gambia Earl of Derb P . T e .shel l . S ierra Leone . Y E yp
c,11. Hg1 yg .
,stffd . Cape V erde . M. B oucai d [C .j.
e . Ilg1 , spi i . Angola. J . J. Montei1 o,Esq. [P .}
f, g, 9 ,stffd . W . Afr ica .
1,k. d 9 , she l ls. W . A fri ca.
1. Y g . spi 1 W . Africa.
111. Y g .
,spi 1 .
5. Sternothaerus adansonu .
Emys adansonu , Schweiyy . P rodr. p . 39
Hydraspis adanson ii, Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 40
P entonyx adansoni i,D am . (S
' 13161 i i . p . 394
P elomedusa ? adansoni i, Gray , C at. 7 01 t . p . 38
Ste1 11o th£e 1us adansoni i , A . D 111n. C at. Me’
th. R ep t . p . 19 (1851)Gray , C a t . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 52 and P 1 00 Zoo l. Soc. 1864
,
p . 296,pl . xx i i i .
,and Supp l . C a t. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 80
Carapace keeled throughou t life ; second and third vertebralshields nearly as l ong as broad in the adult . Hind lobe of plastronnarrower than in the preced ing species . Intergular shield nottw ice as long as broad ; su ture between the abdominal shieldsshorter than that between the femorals ; the length of the outerborder of the pectoral shield equals or slightly ex ceeds that of thehumeral . Head large ; snout very short ; upper jaw neither hookednor bicusp id ; the width of the interorbital space equ als the longitudinal sutu i e between the two frontal shields . Shell yellowish orpale brown above
,w i th dark brown dots and rad iating lines ;
unifmm yellow inferi orly head brown above,elegantly vermicu lated
w i th yellow ; l ips and lower pa1 ts unif01m yellowish .
Length of shell 15 centim .
Senegambia and Sudan .
w . A fri ca(1— 0
, $ 1111 .
{I ‘ Jlgr , s11ell.h . llg 1 spi1 . Consul P etherick
1 . m ann eri sm s — 2 . rm onnnusa . 19 7
6 . Sternothaerus gabonensis .
P entonyx gabonensis, A . D um. A1 ch. Mu s . x . p . 164,pl . xi i i . fig. 2
G1 ay , Ann. 131 May . N . H . (3) x ii i . p. 168
P elomedusa gabonensis , St1auch, Chelon . Stud . p . 45 and
Verth . Sch11dk1 . p . 107
Sternothaerus gabonensis, B ocage, Jo1 n. Sc. L 136. 1. p . 57
This species is founded upon a qu ite young specimen which,
judging from the figure , agrees with S . derbianus in the comparatives i z e of the humeral and pectoral shields , with S . aclansom
'
z
’ in theshortness of the abdominal shields . Carapace and plastron blackishbrown .
Gaboon , Angola.
2 . PELOMEDUSA .
P e lomedusa, W ayl. Syst. Amph. p . 136 Gray , C at. Tort.
p . 37 and Sh . R ep t . i . p . 52 Strauch,Chelon. Stud .
p . 44 Gray, Supp l . C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 81
Hydraspis, part ., Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 39
P entonyx, D um. & B 161 . i i . p . 389
Mesoplastral bones small , lateral , wedged in between the byeand the hyp oplastra plastron narrow
,withou t hinge . Skull
withou t supratemporal roof,the quadrate - j ugal widely separated
from the parietal ; alveolar surface of the upper jaw with a veryindistinct median ridge ; a pai r of shields , separated
‘
by a longitudinal suture
,between the eyes , followed by a large interparietal .
Digits very short, mostly wi th only two phalanges five claws toeach foot.Africa and Madagascar .
1 . P elomedusa galeata
Testudo galeata , Schoe71fi, Test. p . 12, pl . 111. fig . 1 D ana .
R ep t. i i . p. 136
badia,I)D 0nncl. Zool . B ettr . i i i . p . 34
subrufa, D aud . l. c . p . 132.
Emys o l ivacea, Schwez'
yy . P rodr. p . 38
galeata, Sehwez’
yy . l. c .subrufa, Schu
‘
etyy . l . c . p . 39 .
P elomedu sa galeata, W ey l . Sy st. Amp h . pl . 11 . figs . xxxv i . - xli i i .and Ve1 th Schzldh1 .
p . 111 Bouleng . B u ll . Soc . Zool. France, 1880, p . 146 ;B oetty . Ahh .
p
Se
6
nek. Ges . xi i . p . 410 P eters, R ezse 11.
Mossamb. i i i . 6 ;(l882) B ocage , J01n. Se. L isb. x . p . 202
B oetty . B er . Sench. Ges . l888, p . 1
H 1 daaspi s subrufa, G1 ay , Syn . R ept. p . 39
P entonyx capensis, D u1n . (51 B161 . i i . p 390, pl . x ix . fig. A
D um . A rch . Mus . x . pl . x i i i . fig . 3
gehafie, B ilpp ell, N . W'
u belth . Faun . A byss . p . 2, pl . i .A . D um . C at. Me
’
th. R ep t. p . 18 and A 1 ch. Mu s . vi . p . 245
x . pl. x iii . fig . 4 .
19 8 P ELOMEDU SIDE .
P elomedus a gehafiae, Gray , C at. Tort . p . 38 and SI1 . R ept .
i.p
. 53 (18 and Supp l. p . 81 (1870) Sclater, P roc . Zoo l. Soc.
1871, p . 325 , fig .
subrufa, Gray , ll . cc . , and App . p . 24
P entonyx americana, Corunh'
a,Vert. Syn . Mus . Medz ol. p . 13
P elomedusa moz ambica (P eters) , Gray , C a t . S71 ..
R ep t . p . 53.
nigra, Gray , Ann . May . N . H . (3) x ii . p . 99 and
Supp ]. C at. Sh . R ep t. p . 8 1 .
Ilvdraspis galeata (B ell) , Sowerby a? Lear, Tort. pls . xhx . l .
Fig . 48 .
Sku l l of P elomedusa ga t’eata .
Carapace mu ch depressed , obtusely keeled first vertebral shieldlargest
, a li ttle broader than long . P lastron mu ch smaller than theopening of the shell ; front lobe truncate , broader than the h indlobe
,wh i ch i s angularly notched the w idth of the bridge contained
thr i ce and a half to fou r times in the length of the plas tron ; intergu lar sh ield mu ch longer than g ulars pectora l and abdominalsh ields nearly equally developed 011 the bridge ; pectorals e itherform ing a med ian suture , very variable in length , or separated fromeach other . Head short, broad ; five large sh ields on the uppersurface , vi z . a pai r of frontal—supraorbitals , a pai r of par ietals, and a
200 P ELOMEDUSIDiE .
3 . PODOCNEMIS
P odocuemis, PVay ler, Sy s t . Amp/1 . p . 135 D am . 81 B ib1'
. 11.
p. 382 Gray , C at. Tort . p . 45 and Sh . R ep t. i .p
. (51 Strauch, Che lon . Stud . p . 42 (1862) Gray , Supp l .C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 83 and App . p . 26
Hydraspis, part . , Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 39
P e ltocephalus, D um. 81 B lbr. i i . p . 577 ; Gray , C a t. Tort . p . 44,and
S71 . R ept. p . 61 Strauch,l. c . p . 41 Gray , Supp l. p . 84 .
C helonemys, Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc . 1864, p . 13 1,and Supp l. p . 83,
and App . p . 25 .
Dumerilia (non B ocage) , Grandul. R ev. et IVl ay . de Zool . (2) xix .
p. 232 Gray , Supp l. p . 82
,and Ann. (3
' May . N . H . (4)xi . p . 149
Bartlettia, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1870,p . 720
,and App . p . 26 .
Erymnochelys, B aur, Zool . Anz . 1888,p . 421 .
Fig . 50.
Sku ll of P odocnenu'
s sextuberculata . (From Gray , P . Z . S.
P odocnemis coutinhu,Goldi
, B er . S. Ga l l. Nat. Ges . 1884- 5, 11 . 279 , pl. v .
from the Amaz on , rests on a very imperfect description and figure takenfrom a qu1te young specimen.
3 . ronocnsnrs . 201
Mesoplastral bones small , lateral , wedged in between the hyo
and the hypoplastra ; plastron large , without h inge , w i th strongaxillary and ingu inal but tresses . A bony temporal roof, the quadratojugal forming a suture with the parietal ; alveolar surface ofupper jaw with one or more ridges ; a single shield between the
eyes a pair o f large par ietal shields and an interparietal . D igitsbroadly webbed , fore foot with five claws , hind foot w ith four .Tail very short .Sou th America and Madagascar .
F ig . 51 .
Shell of P odoenenu'
s sex tuberculata.
Synap sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Forehead concave jugal and quadrate bones separated .
A . Alveolar ridges of upper jaw strong , running along the wholelength of the jaw .
Mental barbels two ; a single interparietal shield 1 . dumeriliana , p . 202 .
Mental barbels two two azygous shieldsbetween the parietals 2 . lewyana , p . 203 .
A single barbel 3 . untfilis, p . 203.
202 PELOMEDUSIDAS.
B . Alveolar r idges short and feeble .
Mental barbe ls two 4 . eup ansa , p . 204 .
A s ingle barbel 5 . se vtubercula ta , p . 204 .
II .Forehead fiat ; jugal in contact w ith the quadrate .
Intergular shield very small , shorterthan the gulars interparietal shieldpo inted behind 6 . madayascariensls , p . 205 .
Intergular sh ield longer than the
gulars interparietal sh ield wideningbehind 7 . tracaxa , p . 206 .
l . P odocnemis dumeriliana.
Emy s dumeriliana, Schwelyy . P rodr . p. 31
cayennensis, Schweiyy . l . c . p . 29 .
erythrocephala, Sp ia'
,Test. B ras . p . 9
,pl . vii .
Hydraspis dumeriliana, Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 42
cayennensis, Gray , l. 0.
lata, Gray , l. c. p . 77 .
P odocnemis dumeriliana, E u111. 81 B z
'
br . 11. p . 387 Gray , C at.Tort. p . 45 Strauch
,Chelon. Stud . p . 147 Gray,
P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1864,p . 134.
dumeriliana, part . , Gray, C at. Sh . R ept. i . p . 62,pl . xxv i i i .
C helonemys dumeriliana, part . , Gray, Supp l. C a t . Sh. R ep t . i . p . 83
and App . p . 25
Carapace oval , rather convex , but feebly expanded posteriorly ;u sually second and thi rd vertebral shields with an obtu se keel .P lastron large , front lobe broader than hind lobe the w idth of thebridge at least equals the width of the hind lobe ; intergular shieldmu ch longer than the gulars ; the longest median suture is formedby the abdom inals , the shortest by the humerals . Interorbitalspace concave
,mu ch narrower than the di ameter of the orbit ;
upper jaw not b ooked ; a large interparietal sh ield , behind whichthe parietals usual ly form a suture ; this shield subcordiform and as
broad as long in the y oung , mu ch elongate in the adu lt ; the widthof the mandible at the symphysis ex ceeds the diameter of the orb i t ;alveolar surface of upper jaw with two strong ridges, runn ing alongthe wh ole length of the jaw ; lower jaw w ith three cutting- edges
,
the med ian and the inner close together . Ch in w ith two shortdermal appendages . Two very large sh ields on the ou ter borderof the foot . Carapace brown or black ish above ; lower su rfaceyellowish or browni sh , with blotche s of blackish ; head reddishbrown in the adu lt
,in the young blackish , with a yellowish band on
each jaw,a yellow i sh spot behind the eye , and a pair of yellowish
round Spots with black centre on the interparietal shield .
Length of shell 38 centim .
System of the Amazon .
204 PELOMEDUSIDZE .
4 . P odocnemis expansa.
Emy s expansa, Schwe z'
yy . P rodr . p . 30
amaz oni ca, Sp i r, Test. B ras . p . 1, pls . i . 81 11 . figs . 1— 3
llyd raspis expansa, Gray , Syn . R ept. p . 41
P odocnemis expansa, lV ayl. Syst. A 111ph . p l . iv . figs . i . - xxx1 .
D am . 8 B 1
'
l1r. i i . p . 383 (1835) Gray , C at. Tort . p . 45 (1844)Strauch
,Che lon . S tud . p . 146 and Verth . Schlldhr . p . 102
1865
exhansa, part . , Gray , C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 01, p l . xxxvn . fig. 1
and P roc. Zool. Soc. 1864,p . 133
,and Supp l . p . 83
Carapace mu ch depressed in the adu lt, tectiform in the young,expanded posteriorly . P las tron large
,front lobe as broad as or
broader than hind lobe ; the width of the bridge equ als or sligh tlye x ceeds the width of the hind lobe ; intergular shield mu ch longerthan gular ; the longest median su ture i s u sually formed by theabdom inals
,the shortest by the humerals . Interorb i tal space
concave , mu ch narrower than the diameter of the orbit upper jawnot hooked ; a large interpar ietal shield
,behind which the parie tals
form a short suture,if any the width of the mand ible at the sym
physis exceeds the diameter of the orbi t alveolar su rface of upperjaw with three short ridges , median strongest ; lower jaw withthree cu tting—edges
,the median shortest . Chin w ith two short
dermal appendages . Two very large shields on the ou ter borderof the foot . Brown or olive above
,spotted with darker ; plastron
yellowish , spotted with brown . Y oung olive above , yellow in
feriorly ; supraciliary borders yellow a yellow spot behind the eyeand a pai r on the interparietal shield .
Length of shell 77 centim .
Tropical South America east of the Andes .
(1. Ad . , skel . P eruvian Amaz on. Mr. E . Bartlett [CJ.
b,0. Ad .
, skulls . P eruvian Amaz on . Mr. E . B artlett [C(l. Ad . skull . Upper Amaz on .
e—y . Y g . , spir . R io Ucavali . W . Davis . Esq . [CMessrs . V eitch
(LPManaos
,B raz i l . M. A . P eixoto
Bah ia. Dr. V Vucherer EC .
B raz il .
5 . P odocnemis sextuberculata.
P odocnemis sextubereulata,C ornalla
, Vert. Syn . Mus . Mediolan .
p . 13,pl . i i i .
expansa,part .
,Gray , Cat. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 6 1, p l . xxv11 .
p . 83Bartlettia pitipii , Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1870, p . 720 ; Scla ter, P roc .
(
2
1
0
8
0
421300. 1878, p . 741, fig. ; Gray, App . C at. Sh. R ep t. p . 27
Carapace mu ch depressed,obtusely keeled , expanded posteriorly .
P lastron large , front lobe broader than hind lobe ; the width of the
3 . P onocnnm s . 205
bridge less than the width of the h ind lobe ; intergular shi el dmu ch longer than gulars the longest med ian suture is formed bythe abdominal s
,the shortest by the humerals ; young with three
tubercu lar swell ings on each side of th e plastron,traces of wh i ch
may be found in adul t spec imens . Interorbi tal space concave , mu chnarrower than the diameter of the orbit upper jaw not hooked ; a
large interparietal shield,en tirely separating the parietals ; the
width o f the mand ible at the symphy sis nearly equal s the diameterof the orbit alveolar surface of upper jaw w ith a short and feebleridge ; inner edge of mandible much rai sed , the mandible subtri
angular in se ction . Chin with a s ingle dermal appendage . Twovery large shields on th e ou te r border of the foot . Shell brown o rolive above , yellowish , blotched with brown ,
infer iorly ; head reddishbrown above .
Length of shell 31 contim .
Amazon .
Upper Amaz on .
Upper Amaz on .
Upper Amaz on.
Upper Amaz on .
6 . Podocnemis madagascar iens is .Dumerilia madagascariensis , Grandul. R ev. et May . de Zoo l. (2) x ix .
p . 232 Gray , Supp l . C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 82 and
Ann . 81 May . N . H . (4) x i . p . 149
Shell oval , moderately depressed , keeled in the young posteriorborder more or less strongly rever ted dorsal shi elds with more orless dist inct radiating striae . P lastron large
,front lobe broader than
hind lobe ; the width of the bridge equals the w idth of the hindlobe ; intergular shield very small
,mu ch shorter than the gulars ,
which form a su tu re behind . Interorbital space fiat , nearly as
broad as the diameter of the orbit in the adult , half as broad in theyoung ; upper jaw slightly hooked ; jugal bon e forming a su turewith the quadrate ; a large interparietal shield , behind which theparietals form a su ture the width of the mandible at the symphysismu ch ex ceeds the diameter of the orbit ; alveolar surface of bothjaws with a feeble median ridge . Chin with a short dermal appendage . Three very large shields on the ou ter border of the foot .Brown above , finely dotted or striated with black plastron yellow .
un iform or soiled with brown .
Length of shell 35 centim .
Madagascar .a . Ad .
,skel. Anuavandra
,W . Mada
gasear.b. 9 , stffd . S .E . B etsi leo . Mr. T . W aters
(O
Jc,d, e,f n . yg .
, S .E . Betsi leo . Mr. T . W aters C .
skinsy . d
‘ skel . SE . Betsi leo . Mr. T. W aters [C .J
206 C H ELY 11113113.
7 . Podocnemis tracaxa.
Emy s tracaxa, Sp ire, Test. B ras . p . 6, pl: v .
macrocephala, Sp i r , l . c. p . v, p l . IV :I’eltocephalus tracaxa, .Dum . 8
‘ B lbr . 11. p . 378 , pl . xv i i i . fig . 2
Gray, Cat. Tort. p . 44 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 61
Strauch, Ve-
rth . Schllclhr . p . 101 Gray , Supp l .C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 84
Carapace rather convex , obtusely keeled poste riorly . Supracaudal sh ield sometimes single . P lastron larg e , front lobe mu chbroader than the h ind lobe , wh ich exceeds the width of the bridge ;intergular shield longer than the gulars the longes t median su turei s formed by the femoral s ; su ture be tween the humerals abou t as
long as that between the pectorals . Interorbital space fiat, broaderthan the diameter of the orbi t ; upper jaw strongly hooked ; jugalbone form ing a suture w i th the quadrate a very large interpar ietalsh ield
,w idening beh ind , and widely separating the parietals ; the
width of the mandible at the symphysis mu ch exceeds the d iameterof the orbit ; alveolar su rface of both jaws with a feeble medianridge . Chin w i th a short dermal appendage . Three very largesh ie lds on the ou ter border of the foot. Dark brown above ,yellow ish inferiorly .
Length of shell 43 centim .
Amazon , Gui anas .
a, 6. Ad .
,stfi d . S. America.
Fam . 9 . CHELYDIDJE.
Emydidze , part . , Gray , Ann . P hil . (2) x . 1825.
Emydidae, part . , B ell, Zool. Journ . i i i . 1828 .
Steganopodes, part . , PVayler, Syst. Amph . 1830.
C helydae, part . , Gray , Syn . R ep t. 1831 .
Elodites P leuroderes,part . , D umé rtl 8
“B tbron,E rp . Gé n . i i . 1835 .
C helydidee, part ., Gray , C at. Tort. 1844,and Sh . R ep t. i . 1855 .
C helyoidee , Hydraspididae , part . , Ay assz’
z, Contr . N . H . U. S . i . 1857 .
C helyda, part. Strauch, Chelon . S tud . 1862 .
Hydraspididae, Cop e, P roc. A c . P hilad . 1868 , p . 282.
Chelydidae , Hydraspididae, Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . 1870.
C helydidse , B oulenyer, Ann . 8 May . JV. H . (6) i . p . 347, 1888 .
P lastral bones nine . Shell covered with epidermal shields . Neckbend ing under the margin of the carapace
,always exposed ; fifth
and eigh th cervical vertebrae biconvex . No bony temporal arch ,but usually a parieto - squamosal ; palat ine bones separated by thevomer ; nasals u su ally present ; praefrontals separated from eachother ; dentary bones u sually dist inct . Digi ts moderate ly elongateclaws fou r or five .South America
,Austraha and New Guinea .
208 C HELYD I DAE.
Fig . 52 .
Skul l of Chelysflmbriata .
1 . CHELrs . 209
arch ; jaws very weak , withou t horny beak eyes extremely small ;nose produ ced into a long tube ; a large dermal appendage abovethe ear
,and smaller ones on the neck and chin . Digits entirely
webbed .
North - eastern South America .
Fig . 53 .
She ll of Chely sfi 111l1r1ata .
1 . Chely s fimbriata .
Testudo fimbriata, Schneid. Sch1'
ldkr. p . 349 (1783)p . 97
,p l . xxi .
matamata, B ruyu z'
ere,Journ . d
’
H lst. N at . 1792, p . 253, pl . xi i i .
D aud . R ep t. i i . p . 86 , pl . xx .
Testudo bispinosa, D aud . l. e . p . 94 .
Chelys fimbriata, Schweiyy . P rodr . p . 25 (1814) Sp ur, Test. B ras .
pl . xi . (1824) Strauch,Chelon . Stud . p . 171 and Verth .
clldkr . p . 121 Gilnth. Tr . Zoo l. Soc. Xi . p . 215
,pl . x l i i .
(1? Chely s bispinosa, Sehwez
’
yy . l . c .Matamata fimbriata , Merr . Tent . p . 21
Chely s matamata, W ayl. Syst. Amp h. p l . i i i . figs . i .— xx i v .
D um . 8‘ p . 455,pl . xx i . fig . 2 Gray , C a t . Tort .
p . 44 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 60
210 CHELY DI DZE.
Carapace with three ser ies of large nodose protuberances or keels ,the shields very rugose , with strong radiating striae posteriormargin more or less strongly serrated ; vertebral shields broaderthan long, abou t as broad as costals . P lastron subcru ciform
,front
lobe rounded , broader than the hind lobe, wh ich i s deeply notched ;plastral shields very variable in shape , femorals constantly thelongest intergu lar either small and separating the gulars onlyanter iorly , or large and w idely separating the latter shields axillaryand ingu inal shields indistinct . Head extremely depressed , triangu lar , covered with smal l wart s or granules . Limbs with smallscales , the largest of which are crescentic . Brown ; young elegantlymarked with brown and yellow bands along the chin and neck
,and
with black and yellow spots on the shell .Length of shell 38 centim .
Gu ianas, Northern Brazil .
a . Y g .,spir . Cayenne .
b. 52, stffd . Cayenne .e,d . d
‘
stffd . Braz i l .e . Y g .
,spir . Manaos, Braz fl . M. A . P eixoto [C HJ
f, y . Ad . , skels.
h . Eggs, laid in the Zoo logical Gardens, London .
2 . HYDROMEDUSA.
Chelodina, part . , Fitz lny . N . Glass . R ep t. p . 6 (1826) D um . 81 B 1
'
l1r .
i i . p . 441
Hydromedusa,lV ayler, Syst. Amph . p . 135 Gray , C at . Tort.
p . 3 and Sh . R ep t . i . p . 59 (1855) Strau ch,C he lon . Stud .
" p. 47 Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh. R ep t . i . p . 73 Gunth.
Ann. 81 May . JV. H . (5 ) x iv . p . 422
Hydraspis, part .
,Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 39
C helomedusa,Gray , Ann. 81 May . N . H (4) x i . p . 303
Neu ral plates present , seven in number , the last pair of costalsforming a sutu re nu chal sh i eld present , s i tuated behind the anteriorarginals , simulating a sixth vertebral plastron large
,w ith mode
rately strong axillary and feeble ingu inal bu ttresses,the latter just
reach ing the fourth costal plate . Neck longer than the dorsal vertebral column . A slender supraoccipital arch jaws weak
,wi thout
alveolar ridges a strong fold at the angle of the mou th , connectingboth j aws . No dermal appendages on the chin . Both pai rs of limbsw ith four claws ; d igits entirely webbed .
Sou th America .
1 . Hy dromedusa max imi l iani .Emys max im i liani
,Mihan
,D e laet. F lor . et Faun . B ras . pl .
Chelod ina maximi liani , F1tz 1'
ny . N . Class . R ep t. p . 45
llydraspis maximi l iani,Gray, Syn. R ep t. p . 43
2 12 C HELY DIDE .
br idge . Snou t shor t, obtusely pointed , s l igh tly prom inent ; headcovered above w i th und iv ided smooth sk in ; s ides o f neck w ithcon i cal erect tubercles . Interd igital web moderately developed ;th ree or four large tran sverse lamellze on the upper surface of thefore limb . Carapace brown ; plastron brown in the adult , yellowspotted w ith brown in the young ; head , neck, and l imbs dark ol iveabove
,wh ite infer iorly , the l imit between the two colou rs sharply
defined .
Length of shell 17 centim .
Braz i l .
a l) . 9 hgr. spir .c .
,
9 spir. (Type of H . dep ressa . )d . n . stifd
c. Y g .,shell . Mrs . Miers
2 . Hy dromedusa tectifera.
Hydromedusa max im i liani (non M171 ) , lVayl. Sys t . Amph . p . 135,
pl . i i i . figs . 25— 42 P e ters, A 1'
ch . f . A na t . u . P hys . 1839 ,p . 280
,pl . xiv . figs . 1—4 ; Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 59 and
Supp l . p . 73 and A nn . 8 May . JV. H . (4 ) x i . p. 302
B ur111e1'
ster,A 11 . Soc . Sc. A ry ent . xxi . p . 5
Chelod ina maximiliani,D u1 n. 8 B z
'
br . i i . p . 449 H ense l,
A rch . f N a t. 1868,p . 355 .
Hydromedusa tectifera , Cap e, P roc . A 111. t'
los . Soc . x i . p . 147
Gray , Supp l. p . 73 ; B ou leng . A nn . 8 May . N . H . (5)xvi . p . 85
platanensis , Gray , Ann . 8 May . N . H . (4) x i . p . 302 (1873)Giinth . A nn . 8 May . N . H . (5) xiv . p . 423, p l . x iv .
w agleri, Gunth . l. c . p . 423 .
Each dorsal shi eld,in the young, con centrically striated and with
a coni cal central nodos ity ; these nodos ities disappear ing in the
adu lt,except on the h inder sh ields . Upper surface of head ret ica
lated or d iv ided into numerou s small irregu lar sh ields . D igits e xtensively webbed . Carapace dark brown plastron yellow ish , w ithdark brown spots in the young ; head and ne ck ol ive
,w ith a broad ,
wh ite,black—edged
,lateral band , and a curved white streak on each
side of the th roat.Leng th of shell 20 cent im .
Southern Braz il to Buenos Ayres .a— b. d yg .
,spir. R io Grande do Sul. Dr. v . Ihering
0 . Eggs . R io Grande do 8 111. Dr. v . Ihering( l. d ,
stffd . B uenos Ayres . (Type of H . u
e . 9 shell,imperfect. R io de la P lata. M. Bravard [CH] (Type
of H . p latanensts .)f . Y g .
, spir. South of R io de la L ieut . Gairdner [P . .JP lata.
3. C HELODINA. 2 13
3 . CHELODINA.
Chelodina,part.
,Fitz iny . N . Class . R ep t. p . 6 ] ) u111. 8
1 B lbr .
i i . p . 441
H \ d1 aspis , pa1 t. , B e l l,Zoo l . J ourn . ii i . p . 5l 1
C helodi11a G1 ay , Syn R ep t. p . To1 t. p . 43
and Sh R ept. i . p . 58 Strauch, Che/011 . Stud .
Gray , Supp l . C a t . Sh. R ep t . i . p . 71
Neural plates absent ; nu chal shield present , marginal ; plastronth moderately strong axillary , and feeble inguinal bu ttresses, the
latter just reaching the fifth costa l plate ; intergular sh ield large,and s i tuated behind the gulars , betw een the humerals and the pectorals . Neck longer than the dorsal vertebral column . No parieto
Fig . 55 .
Skull of C helodina oblonga . (From Gray ,P . Z. S.
squamosal ar ch ; jaws weak , withou t alveolar ridges . No dermalappendages on the ch in . Both pair of l imbs with four claws digi tsentirely webbed .
Australia and New Gu inea .
214 CHELY DIDZE .
Synap sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Intergular more than twice as long as the suture between thepetorals .
Front lobe of plastron nearly as wide as thecarapace ant eriorly l . longicollis , p . 215 .
Front lobe of plastron much narrower thanthe carapace 2 . name-
guinea)
, p . 215 .
F ig . 56 .
Shell of C kelodifl a oblonga.
II . P eetorals at least as long as th e intergu lar,which is not twice
as long as the su tu re between the pectorals .
P lastron (w ithou t the bridge) abou t twiceas long as w ide 3 . exp anse , p . 216 .
P lastron more than tw ice as long as wide 4 . oblonya , p . 216 .
216 CHELYDIDJE .
as the suture between the pectorals ; suture between the analsabou t tw ice as long as that between the femorals . Head a h ttle
larger than in C . longicollis , w ith stronger lower jaw the d iameterof the latter at the symphys is i s more than hal f the d iameter of theorbi t
.F ive broad transverse lamellae on the upper su rface of the
fore l imb . Chestnu t- brown above , brownish yellow infer iorly .
Length of shell 14 centim .
New Gu inea .
a . II s ir. Kutow . M. L . D’Albertis
gr 9 ’ pMarqu is G . Doria(One of the types. )
3. Chelodina expansa.
Chelod ina expansa, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1856,p . 370, p l . x11 . , and
Supp l. C at. Sit . R ept. i . p . 72 and P roc . Zool. Soc. 1870,pl . xx xiv .
Carapace neither keeled nor grooved ; nu chal shield longer thanbroad . P las tron intermed iate
,as to s i z e and shape , between 0.
name -
gu inea; and 0. oblonga ,strong ly angu lated laterally lobes
cons iderably shorter and narrower than the Open ing of the shell ;the w idth of the p las tron ,
w ithou t the bridge , i s contained tw ice ini ts length ; the longest plas tral sh ields are the pectorals ; intergularonce and a half as long as the su ture between the pectorals su turebetween the anals shorter than that between the femorals . ‘
A ser iesof seven or e ight transverse lamellae on the u pper surface of thefore l imb . Carapace brown ,
plastron pale brown ; soft parts oliveabove
, ye llow i sh wh ite below .
Length of shell 26 centim .
Queensland .
a . d ,stfld . N . Au stralia . Mr . Stutchbury EC .
5(T eb. Y g .
,carapace . N . Au stralia . Mr. Stutchbury [G yp S’
c . d‘ spir. Gayndah . Museum Godefi roy .
4 . Chelodina ob longa.
Chelod ina ob longa,Gray , in Grey ’s Tra v. Austr . i i . p . 446
,p l . vn .
and C a t . Tort . p . 43 and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 58,p l . xxi v .
Strau ch,C
'
helon . Stud . p . 165
collie i, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1855,p . 200
,and C at. S71 . R ep t.i . p . 59
,and Supp l . p . 72
Carapace narrow , broadest beh ind , the males w ith a feeble vertebral keel ; nu chal sh ield as long as broad or a li ttle broader thanl ong. P lastron small
,cru ci form
,angulated laterally , its long itudinal
port ion more than tw i ce as long as w ide the longest plastral sh ield sare the pectorals
,wh i ch at least equal the intergu lar in length ;
intergular as long as or a l i ttle longer than th e suture between the
pectorals su ture between the anals as long as , or shorter than,
that betw een the femorals . A series of six or seven transverselamel lae on the fore l imb . Brown above
, yellow inferiorly .
Length of shell 23 contim .
North and “rest Australia.
3 . C HELODINA .- 4 . R nrunm s .
(Type )
H as ar H ospi tal .Sir J . R ichardso
(Types o f
d . Y g .
,sp ir . Swan R iver . S ir J . R ichardson 0. cal/1215.)
Capt . NV . Chambers
Fig . 57 .
Sku l l of B lu'nemys nasuta .
4 . RHINEMY S.
R h inemys, part . , W ay ler, Sy st. Amp h. p . 134
Hydraspis,part Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 39 and C at . Tort. p . 38
and Sh . R ep t. i . p . 54 and Supp l. p . 73
P latemys, part . , D um. (Sr B ibr. i i . p . 404 Strauch, C kelon.
Stud . p . 45
2 18 CHELY DIDEE.
Neural plates present,fou r in number ; nu chal shield present,
marg i nal . P lastron large , with very strong ax i llary , and moderately strong ingu inal buttresses , the latter anchylosed to the fifthcostal plate . A very slender par ieto - squamosal arch par ietals notexpanded superiorly jaws moderately s trong,w ithou t alveolar r idges .Ch in w ith a pair of dermal appendages . Digits entirely webbed .
South America .
Shel l of R hinemy s nasufa .
1 . Rhinemy s nasu ta.
Emy s nasuta, Sclzwez'
yy . P rodr . p . 29barbatu la, Gra venh . B elz
’
c . EVI us . Zea l. Vratisl. p. 15 pl.v
.
figs . 3 a 4
Hydraspis barbatula, Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 43P latemys schw eigge ri, D am . (S
' B ibr . i i . p . 435Hydraspis nasu ta , Gray , C at. Tor t . p . 40
spixii (non D . <3 Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1852,p
. 134 .
raniceps , Gray , C a t . S71. R ep t . i . p . 55,pl . xxii i .
,and P roc . Zoo l.
Soc . 1864 , p . 130,and Supp l . C at. SI1 . R ep t. i . p . 74 (1870) and
Ann . .3May . N . H . (4) x i . 74,fig
.
C HELY DIDE .
the adul t, in wh ich the first i s the broadest and the fou rth thenarrowest ; nu chal rather large , at leas t twice as long as broad .
P la stron large , deeply notched posteriorly , sl igh tly concave in the
male w idth o f the bridge contained three and a b elf to four times inthe length o f the plastron ; ax il lary and ingu inal shields very small
Fig . 59 .
Sku ll ofHy clrasp is ln'
lariz'
.
or absent . Snout rather pointed , with the nasal regi on very slightlyprodu ced . Upper surface of neck w ith small warts . Limbs veryb roadly webbed , fringed on the ou ter side
,covered anter iorly w ith
unequal transverse scales a prom inent series of enlarged tuberculars cales along the inner edge of the leg .
5 . nrnm srrs . 221
F ig . 60.
She ll of Hydrasp is lz z'
tar ii .
Synap s'is of the Sp ecies .
1 . Skin of upper su rface of head divided into several small shields .A . Mental barbels large , widen ing dis
tally , club - shaped ; plastron yell owwith large black spots 1 . hilarii, p . 222 .
B . Mental barbels narrow .
1 . Carapace with three tuberculater idges in the halfgrown plastronw ith symmetr ical black markings . 2 . tuberosa , p . 223.
2 . Carapace with a single keel .Mental barbels as long as the diameter ofthe eye , black at the bas e h ead and neckw ith symmetrical black bands carapacepale brownish
,verm icu lated w ith black . 3 . geofi royana , p . 223 .
Menta l barbels shorter than the d iameterof the eye intergular sh ield shorter thanits distance from the abdominals 4 . gibba , p . 224 .
222 C HELY DIDE .
Mental barbels sh orter than the d iameterof the eye ; intergu lar sh ield longer thani ts d i stan ce from the abdominals 5 . radiola ta
,p . 225.
11 . Skin of med ian upper surface o f head undivided .
Su ture between the pectoral sh ie lds longerthan that between the abdominals 6 . rufip es , p . 225 .
Suture between the pectoral sh ields shorterthan that between the abdom inals 7 . wayleri , p . 225 .
1 . Hydraspis hilarii .
P hrynOpS geoffroyana (non lVayl. Sy st. Amph.p . 135
,pl . v . figs . x lvii i . - l i . and Jam es,p l . xxvi .
P latemys geoffreana, juv .
,D am . B tbr . i i . p . 421
hilarii, Dum . LS B ibr . p . 428 ; Gale/zen . C asteln . Voy . Amé r .
Sud,R ep t . p . 7 , pl . i . B urmez
’
ster,R eise La P lata
,i i
.
p . 521
Hydraspis h ilarn, Gray , C a t . Tort. p. 40 and S71 . R ep t. i .p . 57
P latemys geoffreyana, part ., Hense l, A rctu f . N at. 1868
,p
. 350.
Spatulemys lasalae, Gray , Ann. 931 May . N . H . (4) x . p . 463
and xi . p . 73, pl . i i .Carapace w i th a very feeble vertebral keel , wh i ch may d i sappear
in the adu l t ; dorsal shields of young not g i bbose , bu t w i th con
cen tr ic and rad iating striae . Front lobe of plastron broader thanh ind lobe intergu lar sh ield as long as it s d ista nce from the
abdom inal s in the young, shorter in the adult ; su ture between thepectoral s mu ch shorter than that betw een the abdominals . Medianreg ion of upper surfa ce of head d iv ided into i rregular sh ields
,
among wh i ch a small az ygos frontal i s constantly d istinct ; par ietalbones above as w ide as the d iameter of the orb it ; mental barbelsat least as long as the d iameter of the eye , club - shaped
,narrowest
at th e base . O l ive above , edge of carapace yellow ; some of themarginals u sually w ith one or two small black spots plas tron andlow er surface of marginals yel low ,
w ith b lack spots d isposed moreor less symmetr i cal ly ; a black l ine on each s ide of the head and
neck , pass ing through the eye low er surface of head and neck, and
tympanum , yel low each barbel w i th a black r ing ; a black line 011each s ide of the th roat
,beh ind the barbels
,sometimes connected
w ith the lateral l ine on th e neck ; lower surface of neck w ith a few
black spots inner su rface of l imbs yellow , w i th one or more blackspots or streaks h inder s ide of th ighs w i th a b lack band .
Length of shel l 34 centim .
South Amer ica between the Amazons and the P arana.
a,b—f . d hgr. R io Grande do Sul. Dr. H . v . Ihering [C H]
y . d , skel.0
R io Grande do Sul. Dr. H . v . Ihering11 . d sttfd. R . P arana, P rov . C ol. P ere z de Lasala [P M]
Corrientes . (Type of S . lasalw. )B uen
ps Ayres . “l. W ’
h ite,E sq. [C H]
224 CHELYDIDZE.
the abdom inals . Media-n region of upper su rface of head dividedinto irregular sh ie lds par ieta l bones above w ider than the d iameterof the orb i t ; mental barbels as long as the d iameter of the eye .
C arapace yellowish brown above , closely striated or verm i cu latedw ith black plastron and l ower su rface of marginals olive or brown ;h ead ol ive above , marbled w ith black ; a broad black band on eachside of the head and neck , passing through the eye ; anotherparal lel black band along the upper lip and side of neck ; throatand lower surface of neck yellow ; a horseshoe - shaped black bandon the chin ,
embrac ing the base of the barbels ; lower su rface ofneck w ith black spots or interrupted longitudinal bands ; limbsolive
, yellowish on the inner s ide .
Length of shell 25 centim .
Brazil .
a—c. Q hgr.,spir . R io Grande do Sul. Dr. v . Ihering [C .J
4. Hydraspis gibba.
Emys gibba, Schweiyy . P rodr . p . 30
Emys radiolata,”fled, A bbz’ld . pls .
? P latemys radiolata, D am . 5‘ B ibr . i i . p . 412
P latemys gibba, B um . <9 s r . p . 416, p l . xx . fig . 2.
P latemys miliu sii, D am . (SrB rbr . p . 431 .
Hydraspis gibba, Gray , C at. Tort. p . 40 and Sh . R ep t. i .p . 55
? P hrynops ? miliu sii, Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 42.
Hydraspis nasuta, Gray , C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 55 .
? Hydraspis m iliu sii, Gray , 1. c. p . 56 .
Hydraspis gordoni , Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1868,p . 563
,p l . xli i .
,and
Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 74
bi color,Gre y ,
A nn . aMay . JV. .H. (4) xi . p . 304
Mesoclemmys gibba, Gray, 1. c . p . 305.
Carapace with a vertebral keel , which becomes very indistinct inthe adu lt . Front lobe of plastron not or but slightly broader thanh ind lobe intergu lar sh ield shorter than its distance from the
abdom inals su tu re between the pectorals shorter than that betweenth e abdom inals . Median region of upper su rface of head d ividedinto irregu lar shields parietal bones above w ider than the d iameterof the orbit ; mental barbels shorter than the diameter of the eye .
Uniform dark chestnu t—brown above ; marg inal yellow infer iorlyplastron dark brown , bordered w ith yellow ; head brown above
,
spot ted with black ; throat yellowish in the young , spotted withblack barbels un iform yellowish .
Length of shell 18 centim .
Trin idad, Gu ianas , Braz il .
Mt . Tamana, Trinidad . (Type of H .
Demerara Fal ls. (Type ofH . bicolor. )
5 . nvnuasrrs .
5 . Hydraspis radi olata .
Emys radiolata, 31 1711111, D etect. F aun . Flo -
r. B ras . p l .Che lodina l adiolata, Fun ny . N . C la ss. R ep t . p . 45 (1826)llyd i aspis l adiolata, G1 a y , Syn . R ep t. p. 4 1
P latemys ofraudichaud ii , 13B 101 . 11 .
Hyd i aspiso
gaud ichaudii, G1 a y, C 11t . T01pt . p . 40 and Sh .
R ep t. 1 . p . 57 13 jlf ay . N . H . (4) x i . p . 304
Carapace with a feeble vertebral keel ; dorsal sh ields o f halfgrown spe cimens with rad iating striae . Front lobe of plastronbroader than h ind lobe ; intergu lar sh ield at least as long as i tsdistance from the abdom inals suture between the pectorals shorterthan that between the abdom inals . Sk in of upper surface of headdi v ided into irregu lar shields ; parietal bones above as wide as thedi ameter of the
O
orbit ; mental barbels shorter than the d iameter ofthe eye . Dark brown above ; lower surface of marginal s yellow ;plastron yellow , with a large subrhombo idal dark brown spot in them iddle ; tympanum , chi n,
and throat yellowish, with small brownspots . Adult unknown .
Brazil .
a . Y g .
,sp ir . Bah ia .
6 . Hydraspis rufipes .
Emy s rufipes, Sp i t , Test. B ras . p . 7,pl . vi .
R hin em y s rufipes, FVay l. Sys t . Amph . p l . ii i . figs . xl ii i . — Iv .
Hydraspis 1 ufipes, Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 41 and Sh . R ep t. i .p . 56
P latemy s 1 ufipes, D um . <3P h i ynops 1 ufipes, G1 ay , C at. To1 t. p . 41
Carapace w ith a vert ebral keel . Front lobe of plastron broaderthan h ind lobe ; intergu lar shield much shorter than i ts distance from the abdominals ; su ture between the pectorals longerthan that between the abdominals . Forehead and vertex coveredwith und ivided skin ; parietal bones expanded ; mental barbelsshorter than the d iameter of the eye . Brown above
, yellowishinfer iorly throat and limbs rufou s .Length of sh ell 25 centim .
R iver Solimo'
ens,Brazil .
7 . HydraSpis wagleri .
P latemys w agle1 i, D 11111 . <3 13161 . ii . p . 422
H ydraspis w agle1 i, Gray , Cat. T0111)
p . 40 and Sh . R ep t. i .p . 56 (1855) .
O
Carapace mu ch elongate,mu ch narrowed at both ends
,not keeled .
P lastron broader in front than behind su ture between the pectoralshields shorter than that betw een the abdominals . Forehead and
vertex covered with undivided sk in . Shell ru fou s above,edged
w ith yellow, yellow inferiorly upper surface o f head and limbs
226 C HELYDIDE .
olive - brown ,lower su rface yellow ,
with some black spots under theneck ; a black streak under the ear and another behind the barbel .Length of shell 32 centim .
Braz i l .
6 . PLATEMY S.
Hydraspis, part. , B ell,Zool. Jo111'11 . 111 . p . 511 (1828) G1'ay , Sy11.
R ep t . p . 3 . and C at. Tort. p . 38
P latemys , H’ay ler, Syst . Amp/1 . p . 135 (18 30) Gray , C at. S71. R ep t.
i . p . 53 and Supp l. p . 75
P latemys, part. , D am . 13 B ib i i . p. 404 Strauch,071131011 .
S tu d . p . 45
A canthochely s, G1 ay , A 1111 . 3 May . N . II . (4) x i . p . 805
Fig . 61 .
Shel l of P latemys p lafycqalzala .
Neural plates absent ; nu chal sh ield present, marginal . P lastronlarge
, w ith moderately strong ax i llary and ingu inal buttresses,the
latter anchylosed to the fifth costal plate . P arietal bones broad ,expanded above , connected with the strong supraoccipital arch ;j aw s moderately strong, withou t alveolar r idges , Chin with a pai rof dermal appendages
,or barbels . Dig i ts webbed .
Sou th America .
228 CHELY DIDE .
small ; poster ior notch of plastron feeble . Head much flattened ,covered w ith und ivided skin above ; snout strongly proj ect ing ;parietal bones mu ch expanded , thei r w idth much greater than thed iameter of the orb it ; mental barbel s very small. Upper surfaceof neck w ith round or coni cal tubercles , those on the s ides largestand erect . Limbs shortly webbed , covered with large scales , thoseon the upper arm and th igh being the largest ; amuch developed,compressed
,crescenti c process on the inner side of the leg , formed
by two or three very large tuberc les . Carapace chestnut—brownabove , w ith a large b la ck blotch on each side on the costal s mar
ginal s ye l low infer iorly , wi th tr iangu lar black spots ; plastronb lacki sh brown ,
bordered w ith yellow ; a blacki sh - brown band on
the br idge ; head yellow i sh above , dark brown or black on the sidesand be l ow .
Length of shell 15 centim .
Gu ianas, Braz il , North - eastern P eru .
a . 52, spir . B ritish Gu iana. Sir R . Sehomburgk
b. 9 SpiI'
. Demerara Falls .0,d . d 52, shells . Demerara.
e . n . ,spir. Surinam .
f . 9 spir . Gu iana .
y . d ,stfi d . R io N egro, Braz i l . H . W . Bates, Esq.
11. 52 dry . Santa C ru z,Hual laga
R iver,N .E . P eru .
n .,skel.
7 . EMYDURA .
HydraSpis, part . , Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 39
P latemys , part . , D am . 3 B z
'
br. i i . p . 404 Strauch, 07162011.
Stu d . p . 45
Emydura, B onap . A 1'
clz . f . N at. 1838,i . p . 140.
C he lym ys, Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 42 and S71. R ep t. i . p . 57and Supp l. p . 75 and App . p . 20
Elseya, part .
,Gray , A nn . 3 Ajay . N . H . (4) xx . p . 44 and
Supp l . C a t. S71 . R ep t . i . p . 76,and App . p . 22 .
Euchelymys , Gray , Ann. 3 May . N . H . (5) v ii i . p . 118 andApp . p . 21 .
Neu ral plates absen t ; nu chal sh ield presen t or absent . P lastronlarge , w i th very strong ax i llary and short ingu inal bu ttresses
,the
latter reach ing the fifth or betw een the fifth and s ixth costal plates .A supraoccip ital arch ; pari etal bones mu ch expanded
,form ing a
roof ; j aw s very strong , w i thou t alveolar r idges ; th e w idth of thelower jaw at the symphys is equals at least the d iameter of theorb i t . Ch in with or w i thout dermal appendages . D igits ent irelywebbed .
Austral ia and New Gu inea .
The species of th is and the following genu s d iffer from all otherChelyd id ze in no t having the first vertebral sh ield larger than thesecond . The l imbs are sim ilar to those of Hyclrasp is .
7 . EMY DUR A. 229
Synop s is of the Sp ecies .
I . Upper su rface o f neck w ith smal l rounded tubercles ; nu chalshield present ; mental barbels absent or very small .
A . The w idth of the bridge is les s than one third the leng thof the p las tron .
Barbels present ; a yel low lateral bandfrom the angle of the mouth to the
neck 1 . p . 230.
No trace o f barbels ; plast ron truncateo r broadly rounded anter ior ly a yel
low band from the eye to the ear 2 . 71 14 111,p . 23
Fig . 62 .
Sku l l of Emydura maeguarz’
e . (From Gray , P . Z. S.
No trace of barbels ; plastron obtu selyacum inate an ter iorly ; a yellow bandfrom the end of the snou t to the ear . 3 . albertisu ,
p . 232 .
n 2
230 eHnLY Drnaa.
B . The width of the bridge measu res at least one thi rd thelength of the plastron .
Barbels present 4 . subylobosa , p . 232 .
Barbels absen t 5 . austra lis , p . 232 .
11 . Upper surface of neck with con ical erect tubercles ; barbelswell deve l oped
,con i cal .
Nu chal u sually absent ; intergular shieldlarger than the g ulars 6 . latisternum,
p . 233 .
Nu ehal present intergu lar very narrow,
smaller than the gulars . 7 . neace -
guinate, p . 233.
F ig . 63 .
Shel l of Emydum 111acqua1 11e .
1 Emydura macquaria .
Hydraspis macquarrn, Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 40P latemy s maceuaria, D am . 3 i i . p . 438Hydraspis v ictoriae, Gray , Zoo l. .Misc. p . 55C helymy s macquaria, part . , Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 42 and S11 .R ep t. i . p . 57
232 C HELYDI DHB.
3 . Emydura albertisn .
Emydura albertis11, B eule11y . Ann . Mus . Geneva, (2) vi . p . 449
Carapace oval , obtusely keeled in the male , convex and veryrugose in the female ; the depth of the shell contained twi ce and a
half in i ts length .Front lobe of plastron obtusely acuminate . No
trace of barbels . O therwi se as in E . 1n11eq11arice and lcrefi'
tii .
Carapace blacki sh brown ,plastron br ight yellow ; an ol ive band on
the bridge bordered on each s ide by a more or les s d i stinct festoonedbrown band soft parts dark brown a brigh t yell ow band from thenostri ls to above the ear, pass ing on the u pper eyelid ; a yell owband on the upper jaw and another on the lower .Length of shell 1 6 centim .
S.E . New Gu inea .
4 . Emydura subglobosa.
Euchelymys subglobosa, Kref t, A nn . Mu s . Geneva , v ii i . p . 390
(1876) P eters 3 D oria,Ann . M us . Geneva , x ii i . p . 328
Emydura subglobosa, B euleny . Ann . Mus . Geneva, (2) v i . 450
Shell very convex , a little more than twice as long as deep , oval ,rugose
,with a linear vertebral groove nu chal well developed .
P lastron three t imes as l ong as the w idth of the br idge , front lobebroadly truncat e an ter iorly intergu lar shield large, a l ittle longerthan broad
,mu ch larger than the gulars . A pai r of small barbels .
Brown above, yellow infer iorly ; soft parts brown ; a yellow band
from the end of the snou t to above the ear, passing through the eyea yellow band on the u pper jaw and another on the lower .Length of shell 22 centim .
S.E . New Gu inea.
5 . Emydura au stral i s .Hydraspis austral is
,Gray , 111 Grey , Trav. A nsir . i i . p . 445, p l . v i.
C helymys macquaria, part . , Gray, C at . Tert. p . 42 a nd Sh .
R ep t. i . p . 57
macquaria, Gray , App . C at. Sh. R ep t. p . 20
Shell convex , te ctiform ,twice and one th ird as long as deep
,
expanded posteriorly nu chal well developed . P lastron not threetimes as l ong as the w idth of the br idge
,front lobe rounded ; inter
gu lar sh ield not tw ice as long as broad, larger than the gulars . Nobarbels lower jaw very strong, its d iameter at the symphy si s considerably greater than the diameter of the orbit . Dark brownabove
, yellow ish inferiorly .
Length of shell 14 centim .
9 stfid . “7 . Austral ia ? J . Gou ld, Esq. (Type .)
7 . 111111 1111111 . 233
G. Emydura latisternum .
E lseya latisternum , Gray , An11. 3 Illay . JV II . (4 ) xx . p . 44
and S .11pp l C a t . Sh I fept. i . p . 77 and App . p . 2 and
P 1 00. Zoo l . Sec . 1872 , p . 511,pl . xxix .
Euchelymys sp1nosa, G1 ay , A 1111. 3 dI ay . N . II . (5) v i i i . p . 118
E lseya Spinosa, Gray, App . p . 23.
Carapace very mu ch depressed , keeled 1n the young, with a moreor less d i stinc t vertebral groove in the adult ; posterior marginmore or less strongly serrated ; nu chal sh ield normally absent ;dorsal shields sl ightly rugose . P lastron moderately large , frontl obe rounded
,h ind lobe ang ularly notched ; the w idth of the br idge
i s contained three and a hal f to four t imes in the length of theplastron ; intergu lar sh ield mu ch larger than the gulars , once andtwo th irds to tw ice as long as broad ; su ture between the anals
mu ch longer than that between the abdominals . Head large , w i ththe skin closely adhering to the sku ll ; snou t very prominent ;interorb i tal space concave in the adult ; ch in w ith a pai r of welldeveloped conical dermal appendages ; upper surface of ne ck withlarge
,erect
,coni cal tuber cles . Brown above ; lower su rface of
shell yellow or brown i sh ; a whitish band may be present alongeach s ide of the neck .
Length of shell 24 centim .
Queensland .
a b. n .,spir . Museu mGodefi roy .
e . d spi i . Museum Godeffroy .
d . E g i . stff d. G . Krefi'
t,E sq. [P .
e . n . ,sp ir . G . Krefft
,E sq . P .
f . 9 ,stfi d . G . Krefft
,Esq .El) .
y . 9 ,stffd . (Typee . )
h . d ,sp ir . G . K1 e
,fi t E sq .
(Type of E . sp mesa .
Y g .
,skel . Austral ia .
7 . Emydura nova -
gu inea .
P latemys novee-
guiness , Meyer , JlI en . 13131 1. A 0. 1874, p . 128 .
Em y du 1 a never—guinea) , Genez a, (2) vi . p . 450
Closely alli ed to the preceding,but nu chal shield well developeda
and plastron smaller,w i th narrower front lobe ; the width of the
bridge i s contained thri ce and one fou rth in the length of theplastron ; intergu lar shield very narrow
,thri ce as long as broad ,
much smaller than the gulars . Shell and s oft parts brown aboveand yellowish infer iorly ; a small black ish spot on each vertebraland costal shi eld .
New Guinea.
234 CHELY DIDJE .
8 . ELSEYA .
Elseya, part ., Gray , Ann. 3 May . N . II . (4) xx . p . 43 and
SV1. R ep t. i . p . 76 and App . p . 22
Neural plates absent ; nu chal sh ield absent. P lastron large ,w i th very strong ax i llary and short ingu inal bu ttresses , the latterjust reaching the fifth costal plate . A supraocc ipital arch ; parietal
Fig . 64 .
Sku l l of Elscya dentata .
bones much expanded , forming a roof ; jaws very strong ; a medianridge along the alveolar surface of th e upper jaw . Chin with a
pair of dermal appendages . Digits entirely webbed .
Australia .
236 CAR ETTOCHELYDIDZE.
Fam. 10. CARETTOCHELYDIDJE.
C arettochelydidte, B oulenyer, Ann . 3 May . H . H . (5) xix . 1887,p . 171 .
Shell withou t epidermal shields . P lastron composed of ninebones . Limbs paddle - shaped ; digits mu ch elongate , only the twoinner clawed . Neck not retract i le .
A single genu s and species, which is still very imperfectly known .
1 . CAR ETTOCHELY S.
C arettochelys, R amsay , P roc . L inn . Soc. N. S . W . (2) i . p . 158
Six neu ral plates , all separated from one another by the costal s ,wh ich meet on the median l ine .New Gu inea.
1 . Carettochely s insculpta
C arettoch elys insculptus, R amsay, l. c . pls . 111 .
—v i .Carapace subcord iform
,elevated and rounded in front, laterally
flattened beh ind and strongly keeled , the s ides shelving , with themarginal plates expand ing, densely rugose . 21 marginals (includ ing the pygo
—marginal) . The whole of the plates of thecarapace and plastron are covered with small round raised rugations
or wavy irregu lar raised lines between shallow scu lptu res towardsthe lower borders on the s ides these take an elongated form sometimes parallel to the sutures . Head large ; lower jaw strong ; headw ith five to seven sh ields
,anter ior and med ian pairs coalesced.
Anterior margin of fore legs covered w ith from seven to ten narrow,
band - like , unequal shields . Tai l sh ort, w ith from fourteen to
sixteen narrow curved shie lds on the upper surface .
Length of shell 46 centim .
Fly R iver .
'rmonrenomm . 237
Superfam . C . TR ION Y C HO IDEA .
A inydac , part . , Oppe l, 0rd”. R ep t. 1811 .
Trionycho idea , 5 11111111113, Zoot. A mp /1 . 1854.
Amydae , part . , Ay ass iz ,’
ontr . IVa t . II ist. U. S . i . 1857 .
Gray , Suppl. C a t . S/e. R ep t . i . 1870.
Cryptod ira , part . , C op e, P roc . Amer . A ssoc . Adv. Se . x ix . 1870,p . 235 .
P eltoehelyidae , See ley , Q . Journ . Geo l . Soc . xxxvi . 1880, p . 412 .
Dactylo sterna, part ., Cope, P roc . Amer . P /a'los . Soc. xx . 1882
,
143 .
Da
lttyloplastra, part. , D ella, B u l l. Ma s . 130/y . iv. 1886, p . 91 .
Diacostoidea, L’
aar,Zoo l. A nz . 1887
,p . 99 .
Neck bending by a sigmoid cu rve in a vertical plane ; cerv icalvertebrze withou t well - developed transverse processes articulat ionbetween the last cervi cal and the first dorsal vertebra by the
zygapophyses only . Mandible w i th articulary concav ities ; ou terborder of tympan i c cav i ty notched ; pterygoid s not narrowed posteriorly , separated from each other
,the bas i spheno id join ing the
palat ines . P elv i s not anchylo sed to the carapace and plastron .
Fourth d igit wi th four or more phalanges . Ep iplastra separated fromthe hyoplastra by the A
- shaped entoplastron . Marginal bonesabsent or forming an incomplete series
,not connected with the ribs .
Donsxr. V ER TEBR AL COLUMN AND Gam m on — As in the Cryptodira,the dorsal vertebral column consists of ten vertebrae, the first and lastof wh i ch are free from the carapace and have small or vestigial freeribs the centra are flattened , w ith a more or les s d ist inc t ventralkeel . The first dorsal v ertebra articu lates w ith the last cerv i calmerely by its prae z ygapophyses . E igh t ribs con tribu te to the formation of th e dorsal d isk, bu t in the American species of Trionya'
,
wh i ch have bu t seven costal plates,th e last remains free ; the
vertebral attachmen t of all e xcept the latter is between two centra .
All the dorsal plates are s cu lptu red , p itted , vermiculate , o r granu late .
The neurals,the greater part of wh i ch are s i x - s ided
,with the
postero - lateral s ide the shortest, number generally seven or e igh t ;bu t they are much redu ced in number and in si z e in C yclanorbis ,in wh ich
,as in some P leu rod ira
,the co stal plates meet on the
med ian line betw een them . Except in some Tr ionyx ,the last or
last two pair o f costals j oin in a med ian su tur e . The nu chal i smu ch broader than long and
,in Trionyx ,
P elochelys , and C hara,
each end overlaps the ex trem i ty of the rib of the second vertebra .
In Emyda , C yclanorbis , and C ycloderma,on the contrary, the ou ter
extrem i ties of the nu chal bon e are overlapped by th e first costalp late . P ygal s are absent
,and likew i se marginals connected with
the ribs . But, in Emyda ,the poster ior fieshy border of the dorsal
d i sk contains a series of s culptu red bone s wh ich appear to form thecontinuation of the lateral plastral plates ; these bones are not
238 TRI ONYCHOIDEA .
to be looked upon as vest iges of the marginals of other Chelon ians ,but have evidently an independent origin , like another simi laross ification,
anter ior to the nuchal , wh i ch i s found in E myda and
Gy elanorbis .
P LASTRON .
— Th0 p lastron forms , as in the Mar ine Turtles and they oung of all Chelon ians
,an incomplete sh ield , a medi an vacu ity
be ing present throughout l ife between the lateral elements . These ,the hyo and hypoplastra , are jo ined by suture , or may even (inC yd oderma ,
Emyda ,and C yclanm bzs) be fu sed into a s ingle bone
as early as birth , although d ist inct i n the embryo 7‘
, but the ir 1nncrand outer borders form deep dentations
,and there i s no connection
w i th the dorsal sh ie ld . The x iph ip lastra j o in each other and the
hypoplastra by interlocked d ig itation s . The three other elements ,v iz . the epiplastra (clav icles) and the entoplastron (interclavicle) ,d iffer greatly from their homologues in other Chelonians , each ofth ese be ing angu lar or chevron - shaped
, th e three form ing togethera A or X - shaped figure the poster ior branch of each epiplastron isin contact w ith the entop lastron,
and separated by the extremity ofthe latter from the hyop lastron . Some or all of the plastral bonesdeve lop w ith age superfic ial rugose or s cu lptured plates , the so
called p lastral cal los ities,wh ich may extend cons iderably beyond
the limits of, and d iffer greatly in shape from ,the or iginal bones .
In Tr ionyx th ese plates are con stantly present on the hyo—hypoplastra , u sually on the x iph iplastra
,and m ore rarely , and as a ru le
only in fu lly adu lt spec imens , on the entoplastron in C ycloclerma ,Emyda ,
and C yclcm orbis,each bone has i ts s cu lptu red plate , and in
the latter genus th ere are a pair of addit ional s im i lar plates infront of the ep iplastra and often other
,smaller, independent ossifi
cat ions as w ell .CERV I C AL V ER TEBR EE .
— In th ese e ssent ial ly Cryptodiran Tu rtlesth e n eck is more perfect ly adapted for complet e and rap id retractionthan in any oth er Chelon ian The cervi cal region at least equ al s,and u sually exceeds , the length of the dorsal vertebra l co lumn . The
mos t remarkable pecu l iarity res ides in the s tructure of the last ore igh th vertebra , the cen trum of wh ich term inates in a th in plate anddoes not arti cu late w ith the first dorsal ; the art i cu lation be ingmerely by means of the z ygapophyses , in such a way that the two
vertebrae form together an angle when the neck is stretched ou t,
a nd are applied closely by thei r lower surfaces when the neck isretracted .
The four elements of the atlas are distin ct,vi z . the n eu ral arches
,the
hypapophys is (pseudocentrum), and the centrum (odontoid process) .The follow ing vertebrae are mu ch e longate , compressed in the middle ,and transverse processes are absent
,or merely represented on the
Anderson has found the hy0plast1 on formed of two bones , an outer andan inner
,in an O lun o of Emyda scza
‘
a ta . J . Linn . Soc . x ii . 1876 , p . 514 .
1 Ande rson (Anat . Zoo l . R e s . Y unnan , p . 785) remarks that the neck whenretracted 18 so dou bled on itse lf, that the base o f the cervica l vertebrzc
,a t the
anterior extrem i ty o f the carapace , is on the same line wi th the tip of the snout,and the posterior bend opposite the ingu inal notch of the p lastron .
240 rnronrcnomsx .
The foramen maynum is deeper than broad and bordered by th ebasiocc ipital
,the exoccipitals , and the supraocc ipita l .
The lower jaw resemb les that of the Cryptodira in the numberof d istinct elements
,bu t d iffers from these as well as all other Chelo
n iams in the great development of the corono id process and the
presence of a strong posterior process formed by the angular, thesupra—angular, and the arti cular .H rorn Anew— The hyo id apparatus i s larger in preport ion than
in any other Chelon ian . The body , which i s concave , i s formed ofthree pairs of bones in most g enera , of fou r in C h i/ma and P elmhelys .
Two pairs of large bony cornua are present,the hinder attached to
the las t pai r of copu lae, and term inating in a ser ies of from two to
five addi tional ossifications . The entoglossal i s a rhombo idal cart ileg e .
P EC TORAL ARCH AND FORE Li nn — The cora co id i s longer thane i ther the praé coracoid or the s capu la, more or less d i lated , andw ith convexly cu rved ou ter border . The humerus i s stronglycu rved, as in the C helydridze and Testu dinidae the forearm
,on the
other hand , resembles more that of the Chelonidae, the radius be ingconsiderably l onger than the u lna and placed partly below the latter .The n ine carpal bones are d ist in ct
,and there i s
,in add ition ,
a
moderately large pisiform . The metacarpal and phalanges are verystou t in the first finger , and de crease gradually in s trength and
increase in length to the fou rth,wh ich is the longest . The phalanges
number 2 3 3 4 3 in Trieaysc generally and in P elechelys
2 3 3 5 4 in Trienya; tr iunyu 1'
s, Gyelederma , Emyda , and C
’
yclan
011118 ; 2 3 3 6 4 in C’
hi tra .
P ELvrs AND H IND L ima — The pelv is resembles that of the Chelydr idas
,enclos ing a large und iv ided foramen between the pubes and
i s ch ia,but d iffers in the cons iderably larger pubes , the inne r and
e special l y the outer process of wh i ch expand in to very broad w ings .The i l ia are attached to th e sacra l r ibs .
The tarsu s contain s six bones (in cluding that wh i ch i s regardedby many anatom i s ts as the fi fth metatarsal ), v i z . one in the prox imalrow in contact w ith the tib ia and the fibu la
,and five in the d istal .
The phalanges number 2 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2 i n T1 1eny r , P elec71e7ys , Emyda ,and Grah ambis ; 2 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 . in Gycled erma ; and 2 . 3 . 3 . 5 3
in 071111 a .
rarenrcnnrzm. 241
Fam. 11 . TR IONY CHIDE .
Trionyeidze , Gray , A nn. P 1111. (2) x . 1825.
Triorrychid ze , B e l l, Zoo l. Joann . ri i. 1828 .
Trionycidae , Gray , S 1/11 . R 1p t 1831 .
P otam ite s , 11111111 1 11 31 B 1/11 '
e 1z,E 1 11 . Gén. 11 . 1835
Trienycidte , (1 ray , C tt. To1 t. 1844 , and S11. R ep t. i . 1855Trienyclridae , Ay ass zz , Confr . N . II . U. S . i . 1857 .
Trienyclrida, Strauch, C/1e len . Stud . 1862 .
C hitradae , Triony chidae, Emyd inadae, Gray , Supp l. C at. S71. R ep t. i .1870.
Trionychidte , C op e, P roc . Amer . P la'
les . Soc. xx . 1882, p . 143.
Carapace and plastron withou t epidermal sh ields . Jaws concealedunder fleshy lips ; snou t end ing in a proboscis . Head and neckcompletely retractile. Ear hidden . O nly the three inner d igitsclaw ed .
R ivers of Asia, Africa, and North America .
Synop s is of the Genera .
I . P lastron w i thou t cutaneou s valves hyoplastron distinct fromhypoplastron ; ou ter extremities of the nuchal bone overly ingthe second dorsal r ib ; posterio r border of the pterygo idsfree , withou t med ian pro cess ; walls of the labyrinth cornpletely exposed beh ind .
O rbi t nearer the temporal than the nasal fossa ; bony choanaebetween the orb i ts *’ 1 . Trioiryx, p . 242 .
O rbi t nearer the nasal than the temporal fossa ; bony choanaebetween the orbits 2 . P elochely s, p . 262 .
O rbit much nearer the nasal than the temporal fo ssa berry choanaebeh ind the orbits 3. Ch itra, p . 263.
I I . P lastron with a cu taneou s femoral valve,under which the
h ind limb may be concealed ; hyoplastron ceessified withhy ;poplastron ou ter ex trem i ties of the nu chal bone underly ing the fi rst costal p late ; poster ior border of pterygo id swith a med ian ascend ing pro ces s forming a su ture with the
opisthotic , beh ind the lao
byrinth .
Neu ral plate s forming a complete series ; no marginal bones .4 . Cyclederma, p . 265 .
Neural plat es forming a complete serres marginal bones present .5 . Emyda, p . 267 .
Neu ral plates form ing an in complete, interrupted ser ies n o marginalbones 6 . Cy clanorbis, p . 270.
The nasa l d ucts themse lves are, in all Trionychoids, produced posteriorlybeyond the level of the orbi ts .
242 TR IONY CHIDE
1 . TR IONYX .
Emys, part. , Dumc’
r . Zoo l. Ana l. p . 76
Trionyx, part. , Geofi‘
r. A nn . M as . x iv . p . 1 (1809 ) Fitz ing . N . Class .
R ep t. p . 7 (1826) Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 45 (1831) Strauch, C laclon.
Stud . p . 50
ASpidonectes , lVay lcr, Syst . Amph . p . 134 Agassiz , Contr .
N . II . U. S . i . p . 403
Gymnopus, part . , D um . 19 B ibr. 11. p . 472
P latypeltis, Fitz iny . Ann . W icn. M us . i . p . 127 Agassiz , l. c .p . 400 ; Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 107 and P roc.Zool. Soc . 1873, p . 58 .
P elod iscu s, Fitz iny . l. c .Amyda, Eitz ing . l . c . Agassiz , l. c . p . 398 Gray , l l . cc . pp . 95, 62.
Tyrse , Gray , C at. Tort. p . 47 and l l . cc . pp . 107, 62 .
Trionyx , Gray , C a t. Tort . p . 49,and S71 . R ep t . i . p . 64
Gilnth . R ep t . B rit . I ncl. p . 46 1864) Gray, Supp l . C a t. S71. R ep t.
i . p . 97,and P ro c . Zoo l. Soc . 1873
,p . 47 .
Dogania, Gray , ll. cc. pp . 49,69
,105
,56 .
R afe tus,Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1864
,p . 81
,and Supp l. C at. S11.
R ep t. i . p . 103,and P roc . Zoo l . Soc . 1873
,p . 64 .
Aspilu s, Gray , ll. cc . pp . 83,101
, 65.
P otamochely s, part . , Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1864,p . 85, and Supp l.
Ca t. S71. R ep t . i . p . 104 .
Landemania, Gray ,P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1869 , p . 215
,and Supp l. C at.
S71. R ep t. i . p . 96,and P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1873, p . 53.
Fordia, Gray , l l . cc . pp . 219 , 9 6 , 43.
C allinia, Gray , l l. cc . pp . 221, 108, 60.
Sarbieria, Gray , P roc. Zoo l . Soc. 1869,p . 220
,and Supp l . p . 100.
N ilssonia, Gray , Ann. May . N . If . (4) x . p . 332 and P roc .Zoo l . Soc . 1873, p . 45.
Isola, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1873,p . 51 .
Ida,Gray , l . c . p . 55 .
O scaria,Gray , Ann . 6} .May . JV. II . (4) xu . p . 157
Y uen,c dc
,M ém . H ist . A
'
a t. Emp . Chin . i . p . 18
P silognathus, H eu clc, l . c . p . 24.
Temnognathus, H eude,l. c . p . 25 .
Gomphopelta, c dc,l . c . p . 27 .
C oelognathu s, H eadc,l . c . p . 29 .
Tortisternum,H eudc
,l . c . p . 31 .
C eramopelta, H eude,l . c . p . 33 .
optopelta, c cle,l . c. p . 34 .
C inctisternum,H eua
’e,l. c . p . 36 .
Ou ter extrem ities of the nu chal plate overlying the second dorsalrib neu ral plates well developed . L imbs completely exposed .
Hyoplastron d istinct from hypoplastron ; not more than five plastralcallos ities . Bony choanee betw een the orb its ; j aws strong ; postorbital arch narrow er than the d iameter of the orbit ; pterygo ids ,posterior border free
,w ithou t ascending process .
Afr ica,Asia, North America .
The fact that the w idth and shape of the alveolar surfaces oftbc
all
jaws may vary considerably in Tu rtles of th i s genu s wh i ch , inother respects, must be regarded as closely related or even
iden tical, was first pointed out by Agassiz, who sei zed upon the
244 rnronxcnmaa.
present, I feel reluctant to admit species founded upon the medification (and a modificat ion assumed but in a comparatively late stageof existence) of a s ingle organ, unac compan ied by any but correlativedifferences ; and I maintain u nder the same spec ies carni vorou s aswell as conchifragou s individuals . As before stated
,s im i lar var ia
t ion is met with at di stan t points of the globe , and I h ave no doubtthat, as our knowledge progresses , other instances of th is supposeddimorph i sm will be brought to l igh t .
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Costal plates eigh t pai rs normally ; young with numerou slong i tud inal dorsal dermal r idges or ser ies of tubercles .Old lVorlcl.
A . All the costal plates separatedon the median l ine by then eural plates head very largepostorbital arch extremely narrow ,
forming a keel on theou ter surface 1 . subp lanus, p . 246 .
B . Last pair of costal plates in contact on the median line ;postorbital arch expanded on the ou ter su rface .
1 . Two neu ral plates between the first pair of costalsalveolar su rface of lower jaw without a strong longitudinal r idge at the symphysis .
Inner edge of alveolar su rface of man
d ible strongly raised , form ing a sharpridge
,wh i ch sends off a short perpen
dicular process at the symphysis interorbital Space , ia the adu l t sku ll, narrower than the external nasal openinghead w i th obl ique black l ines
,eon
verging forwards ; no ocellar spots 2 . gangeticus, p . 248 .
Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandiblenot or but very s l ightly rai sed, sym
phys i s flat or w i th a longi tud inalfurrow ; interorbital space narrowerthan the external nasal Opening headw ith obliqu e black l ines , convergingforwards ; young with small ocellardorsal spots 3 . leithii
,p . 249 .
Inner edge of alveolar su rface of man
d ible not or but very slightly raised ,symphysis flat or with a longitudinalfurrow interorbital space, in the adu ltskull, broader than the external nasalopen ing ; head black marbled , with a
large yellow spot behind each eye ;
young w i th large ocellar dorsal spots 4 . hu rum,p . 249 .
1 rnronrx . 245
2 . A single neural plate between the firs t pai r of costal s ;alveolar su rface of lower jaw with a strong longitud inalsymphysial ridge .
Epiplastra w idely separated from eachother ; plastral callositie s well developed and largely p i tted ; w idth of thepostorb ital arch
,in the adu lt, more
than one th i rd the diameter of theorb it ; y oung with four large ocellardorsal spots 5 . formesus , p . 250.
Epiplastra in contact in front o f theentoplastron plastral callos i ties veryfeebly developed
,finely s cu lptured ;
width of the postorb ital arch,in the
adult , more than one third the dia
meter of the orb i t 6 . p lzayri i , p . 25 1 .
Ep iplastra in contact in front o f theentoplastron ; plastral callo s i ties welldeveloped and largely p itted ; w idth ofthe postorbital arch not one third thediameter of the orbit 7 . cartilayineus , p . 253 .
3 . A single neu ral plate between the fi rst pair of costal s ;alveolar surface of lower jaw wi thou t a long itud inalsymphysial r idge .
(1 . Last pai r of costal plates w ell developed plastral callosit ies well developed in the adult snou t (on the skull )cons iderably longer than the d iameter of the orbit .
Entoplastron forming a righ t angle 8 . triunyuis, p . 254 .
Entoplastron forming an obtu se angle 9 . sinensis, p . 256 .
Z) . Last costal plate not more than half the size of thepenultimate p lastral callosities v ery feebly developed ,absent on the x iphiplastra ; snou t (on the sku ll) notlonger than the d iameter of the orbit proboscis veryshort .
Entoplastron forming a r igh t angle 10. swinhonis , p . 257 .
Entoplastron forming an acu te angle 1 1 . eup hraticus , p . 258 .
II . Costal plates s even pair s normally ; young with smooth orfinely granulate dorsal skim— N orth America
Snou t (on the sku l l) obtu se , hardly as
long as the diameter of the orbi t ;
The following species requ ire further investigation1 . Asp ialoneetcs asp er , Agass . C ontr. N . H . U . S. i . p . 405
Missis sipp i .2 . Asp idonectes nucbalis
,Agass . l . e . p . 406 .
— C umberland and TennesseeR ivers .
I regard the species named by R afinesque, Atlant. Journ . p . 64Ap alone lzudsonica and Jlfesocleca bartranzi , as mythi cal .
246 rnronrcnmm.
nu chal border of dorsal di sk w ithou tcon ical tubercles ; a ligh t black—edgedstreak on each side of the h ead , un i t ingw ith its fellow into a large triangu larmarking extending from between the
eyes to the end of the probosci s 12 . e11101'
y i, p . 258 .
Snou t a l ittle longer than the diameterof the orb i t ; nu chal border of. dorsald i sk with conical sp ine - like tuberclesl ight he ad - streaks un it ing on thesnout , in front of the orb its 13. ferox ,
p . 259 .
Snou t a little longer than the diameter ofthe orbit nuchal border of dorsal d iskwith conical sp ine - like tubercles l igh thead- streaks uniting on the end of thesnout , at the base of the proboscis 14 . sp inifer, p . 259 ,
Snout very narrow and pointed ; nu chalborder of dorsal disk withou t conicaltubercles 15 . mu tions , p . 260.
1 Trionyx subplanus .
Trionyx subplanus, Geqfir . Ann. Mus . x iv . p . 11,pl . v . fig. 2 (1809)
Gray , I ll. I ncl. Zoo l. i . pl . lxxix . (1832) Gilnth . R ep t. B rit. I ncl.p . 49 (1864) Strauch, Verth . Schildkr . p . 130
Gymnopu s subplanus , B um . 8 B ibr . i i . p . 496
Dogania subplana, Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 49 and Sh. R ep t. i .p . 69 , p l . xxxi i i . and P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1862
,p . 265
,and
S1y1
pl.
fi
0a t. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 106 and P roc . Zool. Soc. 1873,. 5
Trionyx flinatus, Gray , C at. Sh . R ept. i . p . 67.
D ogania guntheri, Gray , P roc. Zool. Sec. 1862,p . 265
,and Supp l.
C at. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 107, a
nd P roc. Zoo l . Soc . 1873, p . 58 .
Trionyx giintheri, Gunth . R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 49,pl . vi . fig . A .
P otamochelys frenatus,Gray , P roc . Zoo l. See . 1864
,p . 87 .
Sarbieria frenata , Gray , P roc. Zool. Soc. 1869,p . 220
,and Supp l . C at.
Sh . R ep t. i . p . 100.
P latypeltis ferox, part . , Gray , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1873, p . 58 .
Trionyx dillwynii, Gr ay , Ann. 13' May . IV. E . (4) x i . p . 306
Carapace very flat costal plates e ight pair s , the last well developed and separated by the last neural plate ; a single neu ral between the first pair of costals ; these plates very finely granulate andvermiculate a large fontanell e , till late in life , between the nuchaland dorsal plates . Epiplastra narrowly separated from each otherin front of the entop lastron, wh i ch forms an obtuse o r a right angle ;plastral rugosities scarcely developed , on the hyo and hypoplastraand on the xiph iplastra. Dorsal skin of young with interruptedlongitudinal r idges . Head very large ; snou t (on the skull) aboutas long as the d iameter of the orb it , wh ich i s more than double theinterorbital width ; postorbital arch extremely narrow,
forming a
248 Taronrcum za .
j . Y g .,spir. (Type of T. dillwyni .)
y . Y g .,
skull (Type of T.frena tus .)se arate .
71. gr.
,stfi d .
East India Comp . [P M](Type of T. yuentheri . )
2 . Tr ionyx ganget icus.
Trionyx gangeticus, 011 11 . O ss . Foss. v . pt . 2, p . 186, pl . xi . figs . 5—8(1824) A nders . Ann . 19May . N . If . (4 ) ix . p . 382 Gray ,Ann . JVI ay . N H . (4) x . p . 333 (1872) Thcob. P roc . A s . Soc.
B eny . 1874 , p . 77 .
ASpidonectes gangeticu s, W ayl. Syst. Amp/1. p l . 11 . figs . x i i 1 .—xvn l .1830)
Trionyx javanieus (non Geoflin) , Gray , Syn. R ep t . p . 48 and
I ll. Ind . Zoo l . i i . pl . lxv . Gilnth . R ep t. B rit . I nd . p . 48
1864
Gy
(mnop
)us duvaucelii, part . , D am . 131 B ibr . 11 . p . 487
Tyrse j avanica, part. , Gray , C at. Tor t . p . 47
P otamoehelys ste l lata, part ., Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1864,p . 85, and
Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 104
Trionyx gangeticus, part . , Gray , C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 66,pl . x l i i . fig . 1
and Supp l . p . 9 7 , and P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873, p . 47 Theeb.
P roc . A s . Sec . B eny . 1875,p . 171
,and C at. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 28 .
1876
jav)anicus
,part . , Gray , Ca t. Sh . R ep t . i . p . 67 .
A spilus gataghel, Gray , Ann . 13" May . N . II . (4) x . p . 339 and
P roc. Zoo l . Soc. 1873, p . 67 .
Costal plates e ight pairs, the last well developed and in contactthroughou t on the median l ine ; two neurals between the first pai rof costals ; plates coarsely pitted and verm iculate . Ep iplastranarrowly separated from each other in front o f the entoplastron ,
wh i ch forms an obtu se or a r igh t angle ; p lastral callos it ies verylarge , hyo—hypoplastral, x iphiplastra] , and
,in old spec imens
,ento
plastral . Dorsal skin of young w i th longitud inal r idges of smalltubercles . Head moderate ; snou t (on the sku ll) abou t as long as
the diameter of the orbit ; interorb ital region ,in the adu lt , consi
derably narrow er than the nasal fos sa ; postorb ital arch one th irdto one half the greatest d iameter of the orbit ; mand ible w ith theinn er edge s trongly rai sed , form ing a sharp ridge
,wh i ch sends off
a short perpend icu lar process at th e symphysis the d iameter of themandible at the symphysi s does not exceed the d iameter of theorb it . O live above ; back of young verm i cu lated with fine blacklines
, but withou t ocelli ; head with a black longi tudinal streak frombetween th e eyes to the nape , in tersected by two or three A- shapedblack streaks lower parts yellowish .
Length of dorsal disk 66 centim .
Ganges .a . Ad .
,skel .
11 . Ad .
, sku l l . Capt . Boyes [P0. A d .
,stffd .
,skull Capt . Boyes [P
separate .
d . Ad .
, skul l . India . P rof. O ldham [P M]
1 . rnronrx . 249
e, f Ad .
, shells . R . McC lelland , Esq.
9 . Ad .
,stffd .
h . g .
,stfl
'
d .
3 . Tr ionyx leithu .
A Spilus eariniferus, part . ,Gray , Supp l. C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 101
Trionyx leithii, Gray , A nn . 18" Illay . N . II . (4) x . p . 334
gangeticus, part . , Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873
,p . 47, p l . vi i i .ale
eithii,part .
,Gray , 1. c . p . 49 .
Isola leithii, Gray , A nn .15 Ajay . IV. II . (4) x i i . p . 157
? Trionyx gangeticus, Murray , Zoo l . Sind, p . 342
Intermediate between T. yangeticus and T . hu rum . Agrees wi ththe former in the wi dth of the interorb ital space, the comparat ivelyshort mandibu lar symphysis , and the markings of the head ; w i ththe latter in the longer and more po inted snou t
,the absence of a
strong ridge on the inner alveolar su rface of the mand ible,and in
the presence , in the young , of fou r or more dorsal ocelli , which are ,
however, smaller than in T. hu rum .
This will probably prove to be a W estern form ,ranging from the
Indu s to Malabar .
a . H r . stffd .
b.
P oonah . Dr. Lei th (Types .)0. Y g .
,stffd . Deccan . C ol. Sy kes [P .J.
d . Y g .
,spir . N elambar R iver
,C ol. Beddome [C .J.
Malabar .e . Y g .
, spir . Ind ia. T . C . Jerdon, E sq . [P . .Jf, y . Y g .
,stffd . Ind ia .
h— h . Y g .
,spir . India .
l—m . Y g .
,spir . Ind ia . G . E . Mason
,Esq . [P . .J
n . Sku l l shel l . Ind ia . E . Day, Esq . [P . .J
4 . Tri onyx hurum.
Tr ionyx gangeti cu s (non Gun ) , Gu e’ rin ,I con . R . A .
,R ep t . p l i . fig . 6
L esson,in B é lany . Voy . I ncl . O r . , Zool . p . 297 (1834
G ilnth . R ep t . B rit . I ncl. p . 47 (1864) Sowerby éS' Lear , Tort. pl . li .hurum
,Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 47
, pl. x . and I ll. Ind . Zoo l.ii . pl . lxvi . A ntlers . A nn . 13May . JV. H . (4 ) ix . p . 382
Gray , A nn . A”
.May . N . H . (4) x . p . 335 and P roc.Zoo l . Soc . 1873, p . 49 .
ocellatu s , Gray , I ll. I ncl. Zoo l. 1. pl . lxxvii i . and A nn .
1§~ May . N . .H . (4) x . p . 337 and P roc . Z o11l. S11c . 1873, p . 51
Theeb . P roc . A s . Soc . B eny . 1875,p . 174
, pl. v .,and C a t. R ept . B rit.
I nd . p . 29
Gymnopus duvaucelii, part .
,B um . (S
' B ihr . ii . p . 487ocellatus
,D um . S" B 171r . t . c . p . 489 .
Tyrse gangeti ca, Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 47
>1< C opy ofHardwicke’s MS. figures, made from specimens from Futtegurh .
250 TR I ON Y C H IDZE .
Trionyx gangeti cus, part . , Gray , C a t . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 66 and
Supp l . p . 9 7 P roc . As . S110. Beny . 1875, p . 171, and
C a t. R ep t . B r it . Ind . p . 28
sew aare,Gray , A nn . 19 [W ay N . I I . (4) x . p . 336 and
P roc. Zoo l . Soc . 1873, p . 50, figs ; Theeb. P roc . A s . Soc. B
1875, p . 172, and C a t . R ep t. B rit . Incl. p . 29 .
bellii, Gray , l l. cc . pp . 337 51 .
N ilssonia formosa , part . , Gray, P roc . Zool. Sec. 1873, pp . 45 46,
fi g s .
Trignyx buchanani, Theeb. P roc . A s . Soc . B eny . 1874, p . 78 .
Tr ionyx Ann . 15? May . N . H . (4) xv i . p . 284
(187
Costal plates e igh t pairs , the last well developed and in contactthroughout on the median l ine two neurais between the first pai rof costals ; plates coarsely pitted and verm i cu late . Epiplastra nar
rowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron , wh i chforms an obtu se or a straight angle plastral callos i ties very large ,bye
—hypoplastral , xiphiplastral , and in old specimens entroplastral.Dorsal sk in of young with longitud inal ridges of small tubercles .Head moderate snout (on the sku ll) a little longer than the diameter of the orb it ; interorbital region ,
in the adu lt, as broad as
the nasal fos sa postorbital arch somewhat more than half the diameter e f the orbit 11. the adu lt mand ible withou t strongly raisedinner edge or longitudinal symphys ial ridge ; the d iameter of themandible at the symphy sis e xceeds the d iameter of the orb it . O l ivebrown above and beneath ; head , n eck
,limbs , and border of shel l
light - dotted head w ith large yellow spots,viz . across the snou t
,
beh ind the orb it , at the angle of the mouth ,on the tympanic region
and on the ch in ; th ese spots become ind ist inct in the adult,the
head of wh ich i s more or le ss closely spotted or vermicu lated w ithblack ; dorsal disk in the young wi th dark marblings and four ors ix very large ocell i .Length of dorsal d isk 40 centim .
Ganges .
a . Ad .
, ske l .b— c, 1l
—f . Y g .
,spir.
y . Y g . , sku ll . W . Theobald,E sq. [P
h . n .
,skull shel l . W . Theobald , Esq. [P
i . Y g .
,skul l carapace . Dr. Fal coner
k. Y g .
,spir .
l . Ad .
,skul l .
5 . Tr i onyx formosu s .Trionyx formosus, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1869 , p . 217 , pl . xv .
fig. 1
,
and Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 99 Theeb. C at. R ep t. B rit.I nd . p . 31
j eudi,part .
,Gray , Supp l. p . 98 .
peguensis , Gray , Supp l . p . 9 9 ; Thee l) . P roc . A s . Soc . B eny . 1875,p . 176 , and C at. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 31 ; A nders. Zoo l. R es .
Y unnan,p . 786, pls. lxx .
— lxxi i i .N ilssonia formosa
,Gray , Ann . 19 May . N . H . (4) x . p . 333
252 TR IONY CHI DZE.
Length of dorsal di sk 50 contim .
Burma ; Java
0 . Ad .
,sku l l Araccan range , W . of P egu . W . Theobald
,Esq. [C .J.
shel l . She l l presented by the Counci l ofthe Bristo l Museum .
b. IIgr.,skull P egu . W . Theobald
,Esq .
T
nJshel l .
0. Y g .
,skull . P egu . W . Theobald
,Esq.
d . Ad .,sku l l . Java (Type of T. jeudi .)
Fig . 66 .
Skul l of Trionya:p kaymz . (From Gray , P . Z. S.
1 . TRI ONYX . 253
7 . Tr ionyx car t ilagineu s .Testudo carti lag inea, B oclclaerl, Ep isto la a tl lV. R oel l
,cum tab .
rostrata, Tlu lnbery , 701011370. A 0. fl an/ll. vii i . p . 179
,pl . vii .
figs . 2 3 (1787) Test. p . 93,pl . xx .
Trionyx stel latus, Ann . 111 113 . x iv . p . 13 (1809 ) T/mob. P roc .A s . Soc. B eny . 1874 , p . 79 , pl . i ii . , and C at. R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 30
javanicu s, Geof'
f . l. 0. p . 15,pl . i i i . ; D am . 5
“ B il/1°. 11 . p . 493
Slraa071 , 01101011 . Stud . p . 177 and Verth . Sc/u'
lrllcr.
p . 127 T/z eob. P roc . A s . S00. B eny . 1875, p . 176, pl . v .
fig . D ; B oelz‘
y cr, Senck. G08 . 1887,p . 39 .
Skull of Trienya‘ carti lag ineus . (From Gray , P . Z. S.
Aspidonectes javanicus, IVayl. Syst. Ampli . p l . 11 . figs . l. —XX .
Trionyx ste l latu s var. j avani ca Sclilcr . Faun . Ja on . R e t. l .1 1 J p 1 p P V
Gymnopus carti laginea, Cantor, C at. Mal. R ep t . p . 9Tr ionyx cariniferus
,Gray , C a t . S11 . R ep t . i . p . 67 pl . xxx i i .
ornatu s, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. S00. 1861,p . 41
,pl . v . ; Gan in. R ep t.
B rit. I nd . p . 48,pl . v i . fig . B
254 rnronrcm nm.
A spilus cariniferus, Gray , P roc . Zool. S00. 1864,p . 83
,figs , and Suppl.
C at. S11 . R ep t . i . p . 101?punctulatus, Gray , l l . 00. pp . 84
,102 .
? ornatus,Gray , ll. 00. pp . 85
,103.
Ida ornata,Gray , P roc . Zool . S00. 1873
,p . 55
,figs .
A spilus javanieus, Gray, l . c . p . 67,fig .
Trionyx eph ippium,T P roc . A s . Soc. B eny . 1875, p . 177, pl . v .
Costal plates eight pairs , the last well developed and formi ng a
median su ture beh ind the last neural a s ingle neural between thefirst pair of co stal s dorsal plates coarsely pitted and verm i cu late .
Dorsal skin of young w ith longitud inal ridges of smal l tubercles .Ep iplastra in contact
,or narrowly separated , in front of the ento
plastron,wh i ch forms an obtuse or a righ t angle ; plastral callo
sities well developed in the adu l t,bye
- hypoplastral and xiph iplastral
,and coarsely scu lptured l ike the carapace . Head mode
rate snou t (on the skull) cons iderably longer than the diameter ofthe orbit ; interorb ital region ,
in the adu lt, as broad as or a littl enarrower than the nasal fossa ; postorbital arch very narrow , one
th ird or one fourth the diameter of the orbit ; mand ible with a
strong ridge along the symphys i s , the diameter of wh ich equ als orexceeds the diameter of the orbit . O live - brown above and on thech in ; head and chin with numerou s yellow spots , the largest ofwhich are below the temple dorsal d isk of young ligh t - dotted, andu sually w ith a few large blackish spots ; lower parts white .
Size of T . hurum .
P egu , Tenasserim , Siam ,Camboja, Malay P eninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo,Java.
11. n .
,sku l l Sr shel l .
6. Y g .
,head shel l
,
spir .
0 . n .
,stffd .
(Z. Y g . , stlid .
e—f . Y g .
,spin
,sku l l
separate .
y . Y g .
, dry .
71. n .
,stffd .
i . A d .
,skull .
71 . Ad . , sku l l .l- m . Y sp ir . L . D . Di l lwyn Esq. [P .J.11. skul lsepar .
0—p . Y g . ,spir .
y, r— s . Y g .
, spir . Madame Ida P feifi‘
er
t . Y g .
,spir. . J Leyden Mu seum . (Type
of T . cariniferas .)
8 . Tr ionyx triunguis .
Te studo triunguis, Forskal, B eser . 1 4111111. p . ix
Trionyx segyptiacus, Gaf r . Ann . JVIas . x iv . p . 12, pls . i . ii .
and D eser . Eyyp te, i . p . 115,p l . i . (1809) Strauch
,Glzelon.
W . Theobald,Esq. [P . .J
W . Theobald,Esq . [P .
(Type of T. ep ln'
pp 1a 1n
Mouhe t [C .J.Mouh ot [C .J.
M. Moul1 0t . (Types ofT . 01 11at118 .)
D1 . Cantor.
A . R . W al lace,Esq. EO .J.
256 rnroNY eHTDzs .
9 . Tr iony x sinens is .Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis, W ieym . N 00. A ct . A c. L eap . Caro l .xvi i . p . 189
stel latu s,var. japoni ca
,Sch ley . Faun . Jap on .,
R ep t. p . 33,p l . v i i .
j aponi cu s, S01110y . A bbild . p . 108,pl . xx xi .
tuberculatus,Can tor, Ann . 8. May . N . H . ix . p . 482
Gray , P roc . Zoo l. S00. 1801, p . 42 .
Tyrse perocellata, Gray , C at. Tort . p . 48
Trionyx perocellatus , Gray , C at. S11. R ep t . i . p . 05, pl . xxxi .maacki i , B randt
,B u l l. A c. St . P e
’
tersb. xvi . p . 1 10
schlegelii, B randt,l. 0.
sinensis,Strau ch
,01101011. Stud . p . 177 (1802) Guntlz . R ep t.
B rit . I nd . p . 40 Strau ch,Vert11 . S011ild11r. p . 128
and Voy . P rz cwalski,R ep t. p . 5
,pl . 1.
P otamochely s 1°perocellatus , Gray , P roc . Zoo l. S00. 1804
,p . 80.
tuberculatus, Gray , 1. c. p . 87, and Supp l . Oat. S11 . R ep t. i .p . 105
Landemania irrorata , Gray , P roc. Zoo l . S00. 1809 , p . 210,fig ., and
Supp l . C a t . S11. R ep t. i . p . 90,and Ann . (3 flfay . JV. If . (4) x i i .
p . 100
perocellata, Gr ay , P roc. Zool. S00. 1809,p . 210, and Supp l.
C at. S11. R ep t. i . p . 90,and P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1873, p . 53
,figs ,
and
A nn . (3May . N . H . (4) x ii . p . 159 (187P silognathus laevis , H eude
,M ém . H ist. N at. Emp . 011111. i . p . 24
,
p l . i i .Temnognanthus mordax , H eads
,1. c . p . 20, p l . i i i .
Gomphopelta ofii cinae,H eud e
,l. c . p . 27
,pl . iv .
C oelognathus novem - costatus, H eude,l. 0 . p . 29
,p l . v .
Tortisternum novem - costatum,H e ude
,l . c . p . 31
,pl . vi .
C eramopelta latirostris, H eu de,l . 0. p . 33
,p l . vi i .
C eptopelta septem - costata, H ea de,l. c . p . 35
,p l . vi i i
C inctisternum bicinctum , H eude,l. c . p . 37, p l . ix .
Costal plates normally eigh t pairs the last well developed and
in contact throughout on the med ian l ine a s ingle neu ral betweenthe first pai r o f costal s dorsal plates finely pitted and vermiculate .
Dorsal skin of young with longitud inal ridges of small tubercles .Epiplastra separated from each other ; entoplastron broad at eachend
,forming an obtu se angle ; plastral callosities well developed
in the adult , hyo—hypoplastral , x iph iplastra] , and sometimes als oentoplastral
,finely scu lptured l ike the carapace . Head moderate ;
snout (on the sku ll) longer than the diameter of the orb it ; interorbital space u sually narrower than the nasal fos sa postorbi talar ch at least half the d iameter of the orbi t in the adult ; mandiblew ithou t symphy s ial ridge , its w idth at the symphys is exceed ing thed iameter of the orb it . O live above
,uniform or l ight - dotted
,dorsal
disk frequ ently with a few scattered blackish spots ; head abovew ith small spots or dots frequ ently a few black streaks radiat ingfrom the orb it
,a rostral , a temporal , and an interorb ital be ing
u sual ly d i stinct ; ch in and throat spotted or marbled w ith wh ite ona dark ground ; plastron whi t ish ,
in the young u sually with sym~
N ine pairs are present in specimen 11 .
1 . TRI ONYX . 257
metrical black spots o r bands ; young u sually w i th a pai r of blackSpots in front of the tail, and a black band on the h inder s ide ofthe th ighs .Length o f dorsal disk 20 centim.
Ch ina and Japan .
a hgr.
, S: yg .,Chefoo . R . Swinhoe
,Esq.
S
11— 1'
,
p1c- r . Ad .
,spir .
,Shanghai . R . Sw inhoe, Esq . [C .J.
sku ll separate .
3 . Ad . ,Spil
‘
. Shanghai . (Type of Landemania irrorata .)t— u . n .
,spir . Shanghai .
11. Ad . , ske l . Shanghai .w—y . Y g .
, spir . Mounta ins N . of Mr. P ratt [C HJKiu - Kiang .
43. n . yg .
,Spir . Chusan . Dr. Cantor . (Types o f T.
tuberculatus and T . p erocella tus , )7 . A d .
, spir . St . P etersburg Museum [E HJ8— 6
,Ad . hgr.
, R . Sw inhoe , E sq. [C HJspir.
,sku ll separate .
17. Y g .
,spir. Ch ina . Dr. B . See inan [C HJ Haslar
Co l lection .
10. Tr ionyx swinhonis.
O scaria sw inhoei,Gray , Ann . 131 111 119 . N . H . (4) xn . p . 157
,p l . v .
Y 1
(1en leprosu s, H eude
,Mém . H ist . N at. E 1111) . 011in . i . p . 20
macu latus , H eude,l . c . p . 22
,p l . i .
e legans, H eude,l. c . p . 23.
viridis,H eude
,l . c .
pallens, H eade,1. c .
Costal plates eight pai rs , the last not more than half the size ofthe penult imate , and forming a medi an su tu re ; a single neuralbetween the first pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted . Epiplastraseparated from each other ; entoplastron forming a right angle ;plastral callosities feebly developed , on the hyo and hypoplastra .
Head moderate,w ith very short proboscis ; snou t (on the skull)
short, obtu se , abou t as long as the diameter of the orbit, which i sabou t double the width of the interorbital space and thrice thewidth of the postorbital arch mandibular symphys is narrow er thanthe diameter of the orbit , w ithou t med ian r idge . Black i sh greenabove
,elegantly marked with very numerou s roundish yellow spots
of unequal sizes ; dorsal shield with interrupted yellow l ines , someof wh i ch radiate , wh i le others ex tend across the costal su tu res '
plastron mostly grey i sh .
Length of dorsal di sk 33 centim .
Very closely all ied to T . eup hraticus .
Ch ina .
11. Ad .,Spin
,sku ll separate . Shanghai . R . Swinhoe
,Esq. [C .J.
(Type.)
258 01111011 1115 1.
1 1 . Tr ionyx euphraticus .
Testudo1 afeht, 01111101 , Voy . Emp . 01110111 . 1 1. p . 328 , pl . x l i .
Trionyx euph i aticus, Geofi) . Ann . JVIu s . x iv . p 17
GyninOpus euphraticus , D am . B ibr . i i . p . 498
Trionyx, sp ,1V1a1 1
‘
1n P 1 01, Zoo l. Soc. 1840, p . 50.
T \we 1 afeht,G1 a y, 011t .
Tiionyx rafeht,G1 ay , 011 t . S11.
pB ep t. i . p 05
,pl . xxx .
R afetus euphraticus, G1 ay , P 1 00. 2 001. S00. 1804,p . 8 1
, and Supp l.
t
(t a t. SI1. R ep t. i . p . 104 and P 1 00 Zoo l. S00. 1873, p . 05,
gs
Costal plates e ight pair s,the last not more than half the si z e of
the penu ltimate, and forming a median su ture a s ingle neu ral
between the first pair of costals ; plates rather coarsely p itted and
ve1miculate ; a fontanelle persist s late ln l ife between the nu chal andthe first neu ral and costal plates . Epiplastra separated from eachother ent-Oplastron forming an acute angle plastral callo si ti es feeblydeveloped
,on the hyo and hypoplastra . Head moderate
,with very
short proboscis snou t (on the skull) short , obtuse , abou t as long as
the d iameter of the orbit,wh ich i s double the width of the inter
orb i tal space , and thrice the width of the postorb ital ar ch mandibu lar symphysis narrower than the diameter of the orbit
,withou t
median ridge . Dark green above,whitish below .
Length of dorsal disk 37 centim .
Tigr i s and Euphrates .11. Ad .
,stffd .
,sku l l separate . Euphrates. W . K . Loftus, Esq [P .J.
0. Ad .
,stffd . Euphrates . Capt . Chesney [P .J
12 . Tr ionyx emoryi .A spidonectes emory i , Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 407
,p l . vi .
fig . 4
Closely al lied to the two following species, but differing in theshorter snout , which hardly equ al s the d iameter of the orbit, theshorter probosc is , and th e absence of con ical tubercles on the an
terior border of the dorsal d i sk . O live above, young w ith m inu teblack dots and a broad pale margin to the dorsal disk . Head , neck ,and limbs dotted with black ; a light black - edged streak on eachside of the head
,passing through the eye , and uniting w ith its fellow
into a large triangu lar mark ing, extending from between the eyesto the end of the probosci s .
Length of dorsal d i sk 30 centim.
Texas and R io Grande System .
a . n .
,spir .
,sku ll separate . R io Grande . Smithsonian Instit .
b- c . Y g .
,spir . Matamoras, Mexmo . Sm1thsonian Instit .
260 TR IONY CH I DE .
Gy(
mnopus spiniferus, part . , D am. (Sr B ibr . i i . p . 477, pl . xxn . fig . 1
1835
Trionyx)ferox , D elcay, N . Y . Faun . i i i . p . 6
,pl . vi . fig . 11
Tyrse argus, Gray, C at. Tort. p . 48 and Knows ley Menag .
pl . (1846Trionyx argus
?Gray , S11 . R ep t. i . p . 68
A spidonectes spinifer, Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U. S . i . p . 403 , pl . v i .figs . 1 «N, 2
Gymnopus olivaceus, W ied , N . A ct. A c . Le0p . Caro l. xxxi i . i . p . 55,pl . 11 .
C allinia spinifera, Gray , P roc . Z001. Soc. 1869,p . 222
,and Supp l . C at.
S11. R ep t. i . p . 109 and P roc . ZOO1. S00. 1873, p . 60, figs .Very closely allied to the precedi ng , but carapace fiatter snou t
and interorbital region narrower, and markings d ifferent . Dorsald isk with small black spots and r ing - like mark ings , which maybecome indi stinct with age young w ith a pale , black - edged borderto the dorsal d i sk ; a ligh t , black - edged streak on each s ide of thehead
,passing through the eye , un iting with its fellow at the base
of the proboscis limbs spotted and marbled with black.
Length‘
of dorsal disk 30 centim .
Middle and Northern tributarie s of the Miss issippi ; Ohio SaintLawrence R iver .a . IIgr.,
Spir. Foxbury, P ensylvania . Sm ithsonian Institution.
6. n .
,spir .
,skull W abash R iver .
separate .c,d,e. n . yg ., N . America.
spir.f . n .
,stfi
'
d . Lord Derby [P .J. (Typeof T. argus . )
15 . Tr i onyx muticus "
t.
Trionyx mu ticus, L esueur,Me
'
m . Mus . xv . p . 263,p l . V 11 .
L econte,Ann . Ly e . N . Y . ii i . p . 95 1830) H olbr. N Am. H erp .
i i . p . 19 , pl . i i . Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 50 and S11.
R ep t . i . p . 69 Strau ch, 01161011 . Stud . p . 174 and
Vent/1. Sel u'
ldkr . p . 125
Gymn0pu s mu ticus, D am . <9 B z’
br. 11 . p . 482
Amyda muti ca,Agassiz , Contr . N . H . U . S . i . p . 399 , pl . vi . figs . 6
7 Gray , Supp l . Ca t. S11. R ep t . i . p . 95 B aur,
Z001. A nz . 1887, p . 99 .
P otamochelys ? m i crocephala, Gray , P roc . Z001. See . 1864,p . 87
C allinia m icrocephala, Gray , P roc. Z001. Soc. 1869,p . 222
,and Supp l .
C at. S11. R ep t. i . p . 108,and P 1 00. Z001. Soc. 1873
, p . 62,figs .
Differs from the preced ing in the mu ch narrower,sharply pointed
snou t,th e absence of con ical tubercles on the anter ior border of the
dorsal d isk and on the posterior carti laginou s margin ,and in the
absence of a papi lla on each side of the nasal septum,wh ich is
considerably wider than in other Trionychoids . Entoplastron, in the
A small eighth pair of costa l p lates is present in one of our specimens .
1 In add i tion to the s ingle specimen in the Museum ,I have recently examined
a ful ly adu lt living specimen,from wh ich the fol lowing notes are taken .
1 . TRI ONYX . 261
Fig . 68 .
Skull of Trionyx maticas, enlarged (From Gray , P .Z. S. 187
262 rmonrcmnm.
adul t, with a callos ity ; each epiplastron likewise with a callosity,which is
,however
,very minu te. Brown above , whi tish inferiorly
head without markings back blotched with darker brown .
The length of the dorsal disk does not exceed 25 centim .
Mississ ippi,Ohi o, and Saint Lawrence .
11 . n .,stlfd .
,sku ll separate . (Type of C allz
'
uia microcephala .)
2 . PELOCHELY S .
Ch itra, part ., Gray , C a t. S11. R ept. i . p . 70 Guntk. R ep t.
B rit . 1 1111. p . 50
P elochelys, Gray , P roc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p . 89 , and Supp l. C at. S11.1. p . 90 and P roc . Z001. S00. 1873, p . 40.
Outer e xtremities of the nu chal plate overlying the second dorsalr ib neural plates well developed . Limbs completely exposed .
Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron not more than five plastral
Fig . 69 .
Skull of I '
eleefiely s ca 11ter1‘
s . (From Gray, P .
callosities . Bony choanae between the orbits ; jaws weak ; postorbital arch as broad as the diameter of the orbit ; pterygoidsposterior border free , wi thou t ascending process .East Indies .
The specimen ,stated to have been obtained by Mr. W allace at Sarawak.
was purchased at Stevens’
s sales .
264 Tmonrcnmm.
1 . Chitra indi ca.
Trion indi cus Gra Syn . R ep t . p . 47vai'l
, indi cus , Gray, I ll. I nd . Zool . 1 . p l . lxxx .
G(mnopus l ineatus, Dam. B z
'
br . 11 . p . 491
C itra indica, part . , Gray , C at. Tort . p . 49 and Sh . R ep t.
i.p
. 70, pl . xl ii . Giintlz . R ep t. B rat. Ind . p . 50
indica, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1864, p . 9 1 , figs.”
C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 89 Theob. C at. R ep t. B rat. I nd . p . 27
Fig . 70.
Skull of Ckz’tra indica . (From Gray , P . Z . S.
C ostal plates eight pairs , the last well developed and forming a
median suture ; a single neural between the first pair of costals ;plates coarsely pitted and verm icu late . Epiplastra widely separatedentoplastron forming an acu te angle ; plastral callos ities largelydeveloped . Head small
,with extremely short snout ; interorbital
space considerably narrower than the greatest diameter of the orbit .
3 . CHI TRA.- 4 . C Y CLODERMA . 265
O live or green above,whitish inferiorly ; dorsal disk of young with
dark vermicu lations head and neck with dark longitudinal l ines .Length of dorsal di sk 60 centim.
Ganges and Irawaddy .
a,b. n . Sc yg ., stfid . India . Capt . Boyes
c. Ad .,skel . Cal cutta.
cl. Ad .,skel . (incom lete) . A l lahabad . W . Theobald
,E sq [E ]
e . Ad .
,skull hyoi bones . Nepal . Dr. Falconer
4 . CY CLODERMA.
C ycloderma, P eters , Mon. B er l. Ac. 1854, p . 216, and R eise u .
Mossamb. i i i . p . 9
C yclanosteus, part ., Gray , C a t . Sh . R ep t. i . p . 64
H eptathyra, Cop e, P roc . A c . P izz'
lad . 1859 , p . 294 Gray , Supp l. Cat .
Sh . R ep t. i . p . 9 2 and P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873,p . 41 .
A spidochelys, Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc . 1860, p . 6 .
C yclederma,part .
,Strauch
,Claclon. Stud . p . 55
Nu chal notched at the outer end , which underlies the first costalplate ; no praenuchal bone ; neural plates well developed , eight ornine in number
,forming a cont inu ou s series ; eighth pair of costals
large in the adu l t,form ing a median sutu re . P lastron with a
cu taneou s femoral valve, under which the hind l imb may be concealed hyoplastron coossified with hypoplastron s even plastralcallosit ies (in the adult) . Bony choanae between the orbits ; jawscomparatively feeble ; postorb ital arch very broad , much broaderthan the diameter of the orbit posterior border of pterygoids witha median ascending process forming a suture with the opisthotic .Tropical Afri ca .
1 . Cycloderma frenatum.
C ycloderma frenatum ,P eters
,Mon . B erl. A c . 1854
,p . 216, and
R eise n . Mossamb. iii . p . 14, pls . i . ~ i i i . AC yclanosteus frenatus, Gray , C a t. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 64
A spidochelys liv ingstonii , Gray , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1860,p . 6, p l . xxu .
Heptathyra livingstoni i, Gray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1864, p . 94 .
frenata,Gray , l . c.
,and Supp l. C a t. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 93
Carapace and plastral callosities finely granu late and verm iculatetwo neu ral plates between the first pair of costals s even plastralcallosities , of which the entoplastral i s very small , tran sverse ,subcrescentic ; hyo - hypoplastral callosit ies w idely separated fromeach other . Head mu ch depressed , w ith the eyes qu ite anterior,the snou t very short in terorb ital Space very narrow , not half thediameter of the orbit. Dark green above , head and neck withblack longitudinal bands .Length of dorsal disk 50 centim .
Zambezi .
266 TR IONY CHIDE .
Fig . 71 .
Skul l of Cyclodcrma aabry i. (From Grav P . Z . S. 1864 )
268 rnrourenmm.
of the orbit ; posterior border of pterygoids with a median ascendingprocess form ing a suture with the opisthot i c .
East Indies .
Fig . 72 .
Skul l of E’
myda granosa . (From Gray , P . Z . S.
Synapsis of the Sp ecies .
Head with yellow Spots entoplastral callosity
Head without yellow spots first marginalplate mu ch larger than second 2 . vitta ta , p . 269 .
Head withou t yellow spots first marginalplate not larger than second 3 . scutata , p . 270.
5 . EMYDA . 269
1 . Emyda grano sa .
Testudo granosa, Scheep Test . p . 127, pl . xx .
granulata , D aud . ep t. i i . p . 81,p l . xix . fig . 2
Tr ionyx coromandelicus, Gerfl r . Ann . M as . x i v . p . 16 W ayl.
Sy st. Amp li . pl . i i . figs . xxi .—xxxi i i . L esson,in B é lany .
Voy . I nd . O r. , Zoo l . p . 29 6
granosus, Sclzwczyy . P rodr . p . 18 (1814) Gray , I ll. I nd . Zool .i i . 1. lx ii i .
Emy a punctata, Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 49 (1831) B ell,Test. pls .
(1836 ) Gray , C at. Tort. p . 46 and Sh. R ep t. i . p . 63
and Supp l. p . 117
Trionyx punctata, Gray , I ll. Ind . Zoo l . 11 . pl . lx iv.
C ryptopus granosus, D um. B ibr . i i . p . 501, p l . xxu . fig. 2
Emyda granosa, Strauch, C71e lon. S tud . p . 57 Gna th . R ep t .
B rit. I nd . p . 45 Strauch,Ver th . Seln
'
ldkr. p . 131 (1865)Gray, Ann . 8 May . N . H . (4) xi . p . 306 Tlzcob. C at. R ep t.
B rit. Ind . p . 32
P otamochelys stel lata, part. , Gray, P roc . Zool. Soc. 1864, p . 85,
fig .
, and Supp l. C at . Sit . R ep t. p . 104 .
Emyda dura, A nders . Journ. Linn. Soc . x11. p . 514
Carapace and plastral callosities finely and uniformly granu latetwo neu ral plates b etween the first pair of costals anterior marginalvery large , mu ch larger than the others seven plastral callosities
,
of which the entoplastral i s mu ch the small est the extent of thesecallos ities varying considerably, not only with age , but according toind ivi duals . Head moderate snout short . Skin of dorsal disk
,
in the young, longitudinally plaited . O live - brown above,with
round yellow spots on the head and back , which become less dist inctin adu l t specimens plastron and margin of carapace yellowishwhite .
Length of dorsal disk 25 centim .
India .
a . Y g .
,spir . Allahabad, N .VV
India.
6. Y g .
,spir. Sikkim .
e—e. n . yg .,Spil
‘
.
f . Ad .,l oose bones .
y . II gr. , skel .h— i , k . Y g ., spir .l . Yg .
,spir .
72,0) I) ; 9 ) 7" Ad v
kgr., yg . , stfi
‘
d .
s,t. n .
,skulls Indla. Dr. Falconer
shells .u . Ad .,
skull . P rof. O ldhamv,w,
.x Ad . hgr.
,W . Theobald, Esq. [E ]
skulls .
y , z . Ad ., she lls . India.
2 . Emyda vittata.
Emyda punctata (non Gray), Kelaart,P rodr. Faun. Zey l. p . 179
(1852)v1ttata, P eters, Mon. B erl. A c. 1854, p . 216 ; Gunth. R ep t. Brit.
Messrs . v . Schlagintweit
s uMessrs . v . Schlagintwei t
F. Day , Esq . [P .l.Gen . H ardw i cke LP -lDr. Leith
G . E . Mason,Esq.
270 m rourcnmzs .
Ind. p . 46 B lanf. Journ. As . Soc. B eny . xxxix . p . 343T/zeob. C at. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 32 Lydekker,
al. Ind. (10) i i i . p . 197, p l . xxv i . fig. 1
Emyda ceylonensis, Gray, C at. Sh. R ept. i . p . 64,pl . xxix . A (1855)
Gu’
ntlz . l . c . p . 45 ; Gray, Supp l . Cat. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 117 andAnn. 5”May . N . If . (4) X i . p . 307
Under this name may be provis ionally grouped such specimensas agree with E . granosa except in the uni form brown colour ofthe upper parts (with or withou t darker bands on the head and
neck) and u sually in the larger entoplastral and xiphiplastralcallosities . The constancy of and the correlation between thesecharacters , however , still require to be tested upon a larger numberof specimens .Cey lon, India.
a . Ad .,shell . Cey lon. Dr. Kelaart. (Type of
E . ceylonensis .)b,c- d . Y g .
,spir .
e—h. Ad . yg.,spir . Lord Ar thur R ussell [P
3. Emyda scutata.
Emyda scutata, P eters, Mon. B er l. A c. 1868,p . 449 ; Tkeob. C at.
R ep t. B r it. Ind. p . 32 Anders. An. Zool . R es . Y unnan,p . 779, pls. lxxiv . ,
lxxv.,lxxv . A . figs . 12— 16
fuscomaculata, Gray , Ann. flIay . N . H . (4) Xi . p . 308
Very closely allied to E. granosa and E. vittata, but anteriormarginals less enlarged, less unequal in siz e, the first not larger thanthe second . Entoplastral callos ity large or moderate . Brownabove, carapace spotted or reticulated with darker .
Burma .
a—d.
.
A d .,hgr. , y R angoon. M. L . Fea
Splr.
e. Y g .
,spir . W . Theobald, Esq. (Type
of E .fuseomaculata .)f . Y g .
,spir . P egu . W . Theobald, Esq C
g , k. Ad . yg .,shel ls . Burma. W . Theobald, Esq
6 . CYCLANORBIS.
C ryptOpus, part . , Dum. B ibr . ii . p . 499
C yclanorbis, Gray , P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1852, p . 135 .
C yclanosteus, Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1855, p . 201,and Supp l . C at.
Sh . R ep t. i . p . 111 and P roc. Zool. Soc . 1873,p . 70.
C yclanosteus, part., Gray , C at. Sit . R ep t. i . p . 64
C yclederma, part. Strau ch, C belon . Stud . p . 55
Tetrathyra , Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc . 1865, p . 323,and Sup p l. C at. Sh.
R ep t. i . p . 109,and P roc . Zoo l . Soc. 1873
, p . 70.
Baikiea (non Gray , Gray, Supp l. C a t. Sit . R ep t. i . p . 114,and
P roc . Zoo l . Sec. 1873, p . 69 .
Nuchal not notched-
at the outer ends, which extend slightlybelow the first costal plate ; a praenuehal bone (absent in the
young) ; neural plates forming an incomplete series, some or all of
272 rnronrcnmm.
C ycloderma senegalense , A . D um . A rch. Mus. x . p . 168
petersii, Strauch, Che lon . Stud . p . 56
C yclanosteu s senegalensis, Gray , P roc . Zool. Soc. 1864,p . 95, and
1865,p . 422
,figs ,
and Supp l . C at. Sh. R ep t. i . p . 112 and
P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1873,p . 70.
Tetrathyra baikii, Gray , P roc . Zool . Soc. 1865, p . 324,fig .
,and
Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t. p . 110.
Baikiea e legans, part . , Gray , P roc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p . 222,and Supp l.
C at. Sh. R ep t. p . 115 .
Carapace and plastral callosit ies rather finely granu late and vermiculate ; two neural plates between the first pair of costal s ; at
l eas t nine plastral callos i ties in the adu lt,sometimes more
,addi tional
small plates be ing present on the s ides of the ep iplastra and betweenthe latter and the hyoplastra ; x iph iplastral plate s u sually thesmallest ; the hyo—hypoplastral and epiplas tral callos i ti es d evelopedbefore th e oth ers . Head moderate ; snou t short ; orbit nearlyequ idistant from the nasal and temporal fossae ; interorbital spaceat least half the greatest diameter of the orbit in the adult ; noprotuberance at the symphysi s of the mandi ble . Dorsal disk ofyoung with longitud inal r idges of small tubercles . O live above ,un iform or w ith small dark spots on the dorsal disk ; head withnumerou s small light spots ; plastron yellow ish , clouded with brown .
Length of dorsal d isk 35 centim.
Senegambia to Upper Nile .
a . n .
,shel l . Gambia . Earl of Derby (Type
of C. p etersii. )b. Gambia. Earl of Derbyc . Y g .,
spir . Senegal .d y
—m . Y g .,spir . W . A frica. Dr. B . B aikie C .
n . Ad . , stfi d . “7 . A frica . B . B aikie C .
0, p . Y g .
,stfi d . W . Afr ica. B . Baikie (Types
of Tetrathyra haiku .)g. n .
,shel l . Dr. B . Bailn
’
e [C .
r,s,t. Ad .,
sku l l s . Dr. B . Baiki e [C .l. (Typesof B a ihiea elegans.)
u, v, w. n .
,skulls . Dr. B . Baik ie [O n]
a’
, y . II gr.,shel ls.
2 . Cy clanorbis elegan s .B aikiea e legans, part ., Gray, P roc . Zoo l. Soc. 1869
,p . 222, pl . xv.
f. 2,and Supp l . C at. Sh . R ep t. i . p . 115
This spec ies,wh i ch i s known from qu ite young specimens only ,
d iffers from the preced ing in the presence of a strong knob on the
inner su rface of the symphysis of the mand ible , in the larger dorsaldermal tubercles
,and in the coloration . Dorsal and ventral d isks
dark brown , the former with very large irregular yellow ish spots ,the latter w ith small round spots of the same colou r h ead and
chin w ith closely - set yellowish spots separated by a brown network .
W es t Afr ica .
a . Y g .,sp ir . b. Y g .
,stfi d . W . Afri ca . Dr. B . Baikie [C H]
(Types .)
m1 YDOSAUR IA . 273
O rder EMYDOSAUR IA .
Emydo- Sauriens, B la invil le, B u ll . Soc . P hilom . 1816 .
Loricata,Illerrem
,Tent. Syst. Amph . 1820.
Emydosauri, Gray, Ann . P hil. (2) x . 1 825.
C rocodili, W ay ler, Syst. Amp h . 1830.
Quadrate bone immovably un ited to cranial arche s ; two horiz ontal bony temporal arches . Cervical and dorsal r ibs mostly twoheaded , the middle dorsals articulating with the transverse processesof the neural arch . Sternum and interclavicle present ; seven oreight transverse series of abdom inal r ibs ,”not connected with thevertebral r ibs , each composed of fou r oss icles forming an angledirected forwards . Teeth present in the j aws
,implanted in alveoli .
Ventricle of the heart div ided by a complete septum . P ectoral andabdominal cavitie s separated from each other by a muscular diaphragm. Anal opening longitudinal . Copulatory organ present ,simple .
The existing members of this O rder , the most highly organizedof all recent R eptilia
,cannot in my opin ion be d ivided into several
families . The fact that Tomistoma is altogether qu i te as mu chrelated to the long- snou ted Crocodile s as to the tru e Gavial isopposed to the separat ion of the Gavia lidae. The only constantimportant character between the Crocodiles and the Alligators i sthe increased number of mandibu lar t eeth in the latter, which isthe same as in Tomistoma . The well—known Cuv ierian character ofthe fou rth mandibu lar tooth fitting into a notch in Grocodilu s and
into a pit in A lligator is not absolutely d iagnostic , s ince , as alreadyobserved by Huxley , specimens of the short - snou ted C rocodilu sp alustris occu r which agree in th i s respect w ith the All igators,whilst, on the other hand , Cope has described a supposed All igator inwhi ch the fou rth tooth , on one s ide , fits into a notch . The shortsnou ted species of Grocodilus and Osteolcemus further agree w i th theAlligators in the mandibu lar teeth biting inwards of the maxillaryteeth instead of between them . Os teolcemus , although agreeingwith C rocod ilus in its dentit ion ,
stands in most other respects nearerthe All igators . A rather trifling character , recently pointed out byBau r
,viz . the absence of a more or les s developed po inted process
on the free border of the quadratojugal,d istingu ishes Alligator and
Oaiman from the other Crocod il ians
274 CROC ODILI‘DE .
Earn . 1 CROCODILIDE .
Crocod i l idae, Gray, Ann . P hil. (2) x . 1825 .
C 1 ocod111ens ou A spidiotes, D umé rzl g. B ab) on,E 1p Gé n. i i i . 1836 .
C i ocodilidae,Alligato1 idae, Gray , C at. Tort . & c. 1844 .
Gavial idae, C i ocodilidae, Alligato1 idae , H ua ley, Joum . L i .nn Soc. iv .
1860 ; Gray, Cat. Sh. R ep t. i i . 1872 .
Nares anterior ; choanae opening far back between the pterygoids ,wh ich
,like the palatines and maxillarie s, are produced into osseous
plates j oin ing on the median line of the palate ; orbit communicating w ith the infratemporal fossa . Vertebrze proceelou s ; ribswith uncinate proces ses . No clavicles . P ubis excluded from acetabu lum . Manu s with five well - developed d igits
,pes with four . A
dorsal armour of bony scutes . Ears with movable opercles .
The pupil is vertical in all the species . W ith the possible exception . of P erosuchus fuscus , the three inner digits are clawed .
Synap sis of the Genera .
I . Nasal bones widely separated from the nasal apertu re splenialelements entering the mandibular symphysis , which extends atleast to the fifteenth tooth .
teeth on each s ide, none of the mandibular received into pitsnasal bones w idely separated from the praemaxillari es .
1 . Gavial is, p . 275 .
fig; teeth on each side, the lateral mandibu lar received into pitsbetween the maxillary teeth ; nasal bones in contact with theprumaxillaries 2 . Tomi stoma
,p . 276 .
II . Nasals entering the nasal aperture ; splenial elements not
entering the mandibular symphysis, which does not extendbeyond the eighth teeth .
A . Fourth mandibu lar tooth u sually fitting into a notch in the16
upper jaw 717 121teeth on each s ide .
No bony nasal septum 3 . C rocodi lus, p . 277.
Nasal bones dividing the nasal aperture 4 . Osteolamus, p . 288 .
B . Fourth mandibu lar tooth usually fitting into a pit in the1 - 20
upper jaw 157 2—
2teeth on each side .
Nasal bones dividing the nasal aperture ; dorsal bony scutes notarticulated together ; ventral bony scutes absent or very thin .
5 . All igator , p . 289 .
No bony nasal septum ; a dorsal and a ventral armour of articulated ,overlapping bony scutes 6 . Caiman,
p . 291 .
276 cnoeom tm zn.
a , 6. Ad . hgr.,stfi
'
d . Ganges . F. P . Holloway, Esq.
c. IIgr.
,stfi d. R iver Junma,
MajorKamptienearMu thra.
d . Y g .
,sttfd . Nepal .
e . Ad .,sku l l . Nepal . B . H . Hodgson, Esq.
f. Ad .,skul l (w ithout P oonah Dr. Leith
low er jaw ) .y . Y g .
,spir . Mrs . Manger
h. Y g .,spir .
i . Y g .
,stti
'
d .S . P . P ratt, Esq.
k,l,m . Y g .
, stffd .
11. Ad .
,skull . Capt . O rie l
0. A d .,sku l l (imperfect) . F . Day , Esq.
p . n .,skull.
Dr. J . E . Grayg, r, s, t. Ad . yg .
, skulls.
2 . TOMISTOMA.
Mecistops, part. , Gray , C a t . Tort. 190. p . 57
Tomistonia, S . Mul ler, Arch. f . N at . 1846, p . 122 ; Gray , C at. Sh .
R ep t. i i . p . 6
lhy nchosuchus, H ux ley , Journ. L inn. Soc. iv . p . 16
Gavial is, part. Strau ch, Syn. C rocod . p . 62
20 or 21 upper and 18 or 19 lower teeth on each side , the lateral sreceived into interdental p its fifth maxillary tooth largest
4“ man
dibular te eth , first and fou rth fi tting into n otches in the upper jaw .
Snout very narrow and elongate nasal bones not e xtend ing to thenasal Open ing , but in contact with the prwmax illaries nasal openingsmaller than the supratemporal fossae ; a small anterior bony platein the upper eyelid . Mandibu lar symphys is very long , extendingto the 14th or 15th tooth , comprising the splenial bones . A dorsalsh ield formed of four longitudinal serie s of juxtaposed, keeled , bonyscutes .Borneo .
1 . Tomistoma schlegeln .
Crocodilus (Gavial is) schlegelii, S . Muller,Tiy
'
dsehr . v. N at. en
P hysiol . v . p . 77, pl . i i i . Schley . 5'
111 1111 111 Te111111ineh,Verh . N at. N edcrl. I 1al. , R ep t. p . 18
, pls . i .— i ii . B la inv.
O ste’
oyr . R ep t .
MecistOps journei, part . , Gray , C at. Tort . so. p . 58
R hynachosuchus schlegelii, H ux ley , Jo 111'11 . Linn. Soc. i v . p . 18
Gaviali s schlegelii, S trauch, Syn . C rocod . p . 62
Tomistoma schlegelii, Gray , Trans . Zoo l . Soc. v i . p . 134 and
C at. Sh. R ep t. i i . p . 6
Snou t thri ce to thrice and a half as long as broad at the base .Nuchal and dorsal scutes forming a single cont inuou s shield
,com
The young have five teeth in each prmmaxilla l ike the Gavia l and all
ye ung C rocod ih ans except C a i111a11 tr iyonotus and p alp ebrosus the second toothd i sappears W i th age , as normal ly 1n C rocod ilus catap hractas, niloticus, and
p oros'
as .
2 . tronrsrona .— 3 . CROC OD I LUS . 277
posed of 22 transverse series , the broades t of which contain six
scutes,the fou r anterior (nuchals) only two all keeled ; two smal l
postoccipital scute s . Fingers webbed at the base ; ou ter toes extensively webbed . A strong crest on the outer edge of the leg . Scaleson limbs keeled . O l ive above
,with dark spots or cross bands .
R eaches a length of 4 31 metres .
Borneo .a . Y g .
,spir . Dr. B leeker.
b—c . Embry os, Spir . Leyden Museum .
d . Ad .,sku l l . Leyden Museum .
e. Ad .,skull . Mr. Mitten
3 . CROCODILUS.
Crocodilus, part ., Laur . Syn. R ep t. p . 53 Strauch,Syn.
Graced . p . 28
Crocod i lus,Cavier, Ann. Mas . x . p . 40 (1807) W
’ayl. Sy st. Amplo.
p . 140 1830) D am . S~ B ibr . i i i . p . 93 Gray , C at.
'
ort.
(Ye .
'
p . 58 H ux ley, Journ . L inn . Soc. iv . p . 6
G'a'
ntlz . R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 60 Gray , C a t . Slt . R ep t. 11 .
p . 14
C hampse , ZVI errem,Tent . p . 36
Mecistops, part . , Gray , C at. Tort. p . 57 .
O opholis, Gray , l. c . p . 58, a )
P alinia,Gray , l l. cc. pp . 60, 18 .
Molinia,Gray , 11. 00. pp . 60
,17 .
Mecistops , H a r ley, l. c . p . 15 ; Gray , C at. S/a. R ep t . p . 21 .
B ombifrons, Gray , Ann. May . N . II . (3) x . p 269 and
R ep t. 9 .
Temsacus, Gray ,121. cc. pp . 272, 18 .
P hilas, Gray , P roc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p . 177 .
17 to 19 upper and 15 lower teeth on each s ide ; fifth maxillarytooth largest the fourth mandibular u sually fitting into a notch inthe upper jaw. Snou t more or less elongate nasal bones e xtendingto the nasal aperture
,which is undivided and larger than the supra
temporal fossae a very small an terior bony plate in the upper eyel id . Splenial bones not entering the mandibular symphys is , whichdoes not extend beyond the eighth tooth . A dorsal sh ield formedof four or more longitudinal series of juxtaposed , keeled, bonys cu tes .Africa, Southern Asia, North Aus tralia, Tropical America .
Notwithstanding all that has been written on the specific charactersof the Crocodiles , their dist inction and definition remains a matter ofconsiderable difficulty . Although the extreme fo rms , viz . G. ca lap kracta s and G. p alustris, differ very widely , the passage is so complete as to render even subgeneric divisions unadvisable . Thefollowing key will, I hope, suffice in most cases for the exactdetermination of the species, except with respect to newly bornspecimens, which can only be named by comparison with olderexamples .
278 cnoconrmnzn.
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
I . Snout very slender, Gavial—l ike , at least twice as long as broad at
the base ; mandibular symphys i s extending to the level of thesixth
,seventh
,or eighth tooth ; preemax illo - max illary suture ,
on the palate , produced pos teriorly .
Nuchal s cutes in two longitudinal series,
continuous or subcontinuous with thedorsals 1 . cataphractas,p . 279 .
Nuchal scu tes six , four in a squ are withone on each s ide , subcontinuou s with thedorsals 2 . johnstoni i, p . 279 .
Nuchal scutes six , four in a square w ithone on each side , widely separated fromthe dorsals 3 . intermedius, p . 280.
I I . Snou t more than once and a half, and not more than twi ce andone fourth
, as long as broad at the base ; mandibular symphysis extending to the level of the fourth or fifth tooth ;praemaxillo
- maxillary suture, on the palate , produced posteriorly .
A . No longitudinal ridge in front of the eye ; anterior nuchalscutes (postoccipitals) well developed .
A longitudinal swelling or ridge along themiddle of the snou t 4 . americanas, p . 28 1 .
A longitudinal ridge between the orbits ,none on the snout 5 . siamensis
,p . 282.
No ridges on the forehead or snout 6 . n iloticus,p . 283.
B . A long itudinal r idge in front of theeye ; anterior nuchals u sually absent . 7 . p orosas , p . 284 .
III . Snout not more than once and a half as long as broad at thebase ; mandibular symphys is extending to the level of thefou rth or fifth tooth ; praemax illo - maxillary suture, on thepalate
,transverse or curved forwards .
A . Snout without ridges .Dorsal sh ield usually composed of four longitudinal series of scu tes , the median ofwhich are broader than long 8 . p alustris, p . 285.
Dorsal shield composed of six longitudinalseries of scutes in the middle 9 . robustus, p . 286 .
B . A more or less distinct oblique ridge in front of the eye .
Scales on upper su rface of limbs keeled 10. rhombzfer, p . 287 .
Scales on limbs perfectly smooth 11 . moreletii, p . 287 .
280 C R OC ODILlDZE.
Six large nuchal scutes , four in a square and one on each side , subcontinuous with the dorsals
,which are in 19 transverse rows, the
fourth to fourteenth of which are composed of si x scutes those ofthe two m iddle rows broader than long ; four oval scutes in a
transverse serie s behind the occipu t . Scales on the sides and limbskeeled . Fingers nearly free , outer toes extensively webbed . A
s errated fringe on the outer edge of the leg . O l ive above , closelyspotted with black ; yellowish inferiorly .
R eaches a length of 2 metres .North Au stralia .
a . Y g .,stffd . P ort Darw in .
6 . Cast of head of type spe G . Krefi’
t,Esq.
cimen, from Queensland .
3 . C rocodi lus intermed ius .Crocodi lus inteimedius
,Graves
,Ann . Ge
’
n . Se . P hys . 11 . p . 344
St1 a11071,Syn. C 1 ocod . p . 58 1 111111 11
,Vzdensk.
Meddel. 1884—86,p . 61
journei , B o1y de St. V1nc. D 101. Class. v . p . 111
35B 11» i i i . p . 129 IIa t ley , J011rn . L 1n11
Soc. iv . 11 A . D am. A 1 071 . M113. x . p . 172 pl . x iv .
fig . 3
Meeistops journei, pa1 t . , Gray , C at. To1 t. &c. p . 58
ba
5
thy1hynchus, Cop e, P 1 00 Ac. P lz zlad . 1860, p . 550,(11111 1861 ,
p . 18
Mo linia inte i media, G1 aJ , Ann . May . N . H . (3) x . p. 272
and T1 ans Zoo l. Soc. v i . p . 151,figs .
,pl . xxxi i . figs . 4 6 (l867),
and C at. S71 . R ep t. ii . p . 18
18 01° 19 upper teeth on each side . Snou t very s lender, twice to
twice and a hal f as long as broad at the base,without distinct
ridges ; mandibu lar symphysi s long , extending to the sixth tooth ;preemax illo- maxillary suture , on the palate , produced backwards ;maxillaries u sually forming a median suture above
,behind the
nasal open ing . Six large nu chal scu tes,four in a square and one
on each side , widely separated from the dor ;sals four postoccipitalscutes 111 a transverse series ; dorsal s cu tes in 16 ti ansverse series ,the broadest of which contain six scutes in an uninterrupted series ;other large keeled scutes isolated on the sides . Scale s on the limbskeeled a serrated fringe on the ou ter edge of the‘ leg . A shortw eb between the second and th ird fingers ; ou ter toes ex tensivelv
W ebbed . O live above, yellowish inferiorly .
The largest known specimen measures nearly 4 metres .Or inoco .
a . Ad . Sku l l .6. Ad .
,skul l .
c . Y g .
,sp ir .
3 . cnocomw s . 281
4 . C rocodilus americanu s .Sci meid . II z
’
st. A 111 171. i i . . 23 1801 Geo r . Ann. 211113. 11. 1. xxxv11.1 p 17 P
Crocodi lus americanus , La11r. Syn . R ep t. p . 54 Gray , 0111."
art . 51
0. p . 60 Journ. L inn. Soc . iv. p . 11B ecourt, Miss . Sc. M ex .
,R ep t. p . 30
,pl . vi i i . fig . 1
, 8:p l . ix . fig . 1 G iintlz . B iol. C .- A n1 .
,R ep t. 19
acutus, A nn .M113. x . p . 55, pls . i . 81 i i . 18 Geojfi'
. Ann .
Mus . x . p . 70 Tieden1. , 01111 , L ib . N at. Amp/1. p . 78 ,pl . xi i i . D awn. 18 B z
'
br. i i i . p . 119 0001. 111Sayra,H 1
'
st. Cuba, R ep t. p . 62, pl . v . (1843) Strauch,Syn .
Crow d .
pp. 56 102 (1866) TVynmn, Amer . Journ. x l ix . p . 105biscutatus
,C 111) . 1. c . p . 53, pl . i i . fig . 6 ; T11118111 , 01111 , 1? L 171.
cit. p . 77 p l . X 11 .
Molinia americana, Gray, Ann. 81 May . N . H . (3) x . p . 272and Trans. Zool. Soc. V i. p . 150 11nd 0111 S71. R ep t. i i .p . 17
Crocod ilu s pacificus, B oeourt,l. c . p . 31
,pl . ix . fig. 5 .
lewyanus, B oeourt, l . c . p . 33, pl . vii i . fig. 2 .
mexicanus, B oeou rt, l . c . p . 34,pl . v i i i . fig. 3.
18 or 19 upper t eeth on each side . Snout variable in length,
once and three fifth s to twice and one fourth as long as broad at
the base ; a median ridge or longitudinal swelling along the snoutmandibu lar symphy sis extending to the fourth or fifth tooth prze
maxillo - maxillary su ture , on the palate , dire cted backwards maxil
laries forming a short median sutu re above , or narrowly separatedby the nasals . Usual ly fou r large nuchals forming a square , with a
smaller one on each side of the anterior pair ; the large nuchalssometimes followed by one or two detached pairs of smaller scu tesu sually two pairs of smaller nuchals in a transverse row behind theocciput. Dorsal scu tes well separated from the nuchals
,in 15 or
16 tran sverse and four or six longitudinal rows the scu tes of thetwo median rows regu larly arranged , the others more or lessi rregular and more strongly keeled ; sides with scattered keeleds cutes . A slight web between the second and third fingers ou tertoes extensively webbed . A serrated fringe on the ou ter edge ofthe leg ; scales on the l imbs keeled . Blackish oli ve above
, yellowishinferiorly young pale ol ive , dotted and spotted with black .
The largest specimen in the Collection measures 3% metres .Ecuador , Colombia, Venezuela, Central America, “
rest Indies ,Florida.
W . E cuador .Chepo
,P anama .
San Juan de Nicaragua .
Y g .,spin . N i caragua.
e . n .
,stfid . Guatemala .
f . Y g ., stfi d . Tapana,Tehuantepec .
g . Y g ., spir . Maz atlan .
11, Y g .
,skins . P residio .
Mr. Fraser [C .J.O . Sal vin, Esq . [C .J.G . R . W i l liams, Esq.
[P .J.Sir J. R ichardsonO . Salv in, Esq . [C ]F. Sum ichrast
JUJ
Mr. ForrerJO .
Mr. Forrer
282 cnocommnzs .
71. Ad . skull . W . coast of Ameri ca. Sir E . B elcher [P .J.1,
Ad . yg .
,Mexico .
stfi‘d . 81 skins .9 . A d .,
skul l .Ad . , Stfld .
s,t. Y g .
,spir . F. Beckford, Esq. [P J.
Y g .,spir . W . S. Mac leay, Esq .
[P .J.111. IIgr.
,stffd . Tropi cal Amer ica . Sir J . R ichardson [P .J.
Y g .
,spir. Tropi cal Ameri ca . J . Goodridge, Esq. LP . J .
1Usr ya ,
9
stfi d .
8. Ad .
,ske l .
e,
Y g .,sku l ls .
5. C rocodi lus siamensisCrocodi lus siamensis, S17111e1
'
1l. H ist. Amp h. 11 . p . 157 01111171 .
R ep t . B rit. Ind . p . 61,pl . vi i i . fig. B (1864) Strauch
,Syn .
C'
rococl. p . 50
galeatu s , Ann . Mus . x . p . 51,pl . 1. fig . 9 (1807) 2101113111 ,
01111 , LS L 171 . N at, A 111pl1 . p . 76 , pl . X i . D 11111 . Bibr . i i i .p . 113
vu lgaris, Sclzley . S1 111 1121. 111 T0111111111011, Ver . Nat. Gesc/1. c er l .I 111l.
,R ep t. p . 28
,pl . i i i . fig . 9
Bombifrons siamensis, Gray , Ann. 81 May . N . II . (3) x . p . 269
siamensis,part .
,Gray , Tr . Zool. Soc . vi . p . 144 and
C a t. S71 . R ep t. i i . p . 13
18 upper and 15 lower teeth on each side . Snout once and threefourths as long as broad at the base
,rough but w ithou t any distinct
ridges ; interorbital space bread , w ith a median longitudinal ridge(wh ich , in the spec imen figu red by Cuvier, i s developed into a strongcrest followed by another on the occipu t) mandibu lar symphysisextending to the fourth tooth prsemax illo—maxillary su ture , on thepalate
,directed backwards ; praemax illaries narrowly separated
above by the nasal s . Fou r large nu chals forming a square,with a
smal ler one on each s ide ; two pairs of smaller nuchals in a transverse series beh ind the occiput . Dorsal scutes well separated fromthe nu chal s
,in 1 6 transvers e and four or si x longitudinal rows ,
equally strongly keeled ; one or two longi tudinal series of small erscu tes in addition on each s ide . Fingers slightly , outer toes extensively webbed . A serrated fringe on the ou ter edge of the leg ;scale s on the limbs strongly keeled . Dark olive above
,spotted with
black .
The half—grown specimen in the Collection measures 1 metre38 centim .
Siam,Camboja, Java .
11. n .,stffd . Camboja. M. Mouhot [C .J.
284 cs oeonrtmzs .
p . n .
,stifd. G. L . Conyngham,
Esq.
11 . Ad .
,skel .
r . Ad . , stffd .
s—t . Y g .,spir.
11 . Ad .
,stfi d .
v. Y g .,spir .
10. A d .,skul l .
y , z . Ad .
,skul ls .
a . n .
,skul l .
B. Y g .
,head in sp ir.
7 . Egg ,spir.
8. 1 g ,splr.
6 . Ad ., stfi
‘d .
{1 77° yg'
}
9 . Y g .
,spi r.
1 . n .,ske l
K. Y g . , spir .A, p . Y g .
,stffd .
7 . C rocod ilus porosusCrocodi lus porosus Senneid . H ist . Amp /1 . 1 1. p . 159 Gray,C a t. Tort. &c . p . 58 (1844) G1
’
1nt71. R ep t. B rit. Ind . p . 62
Tlzeob. C at. R ep t. B rit. I nd . p . 36
oopholis, Schneid . l . e . p . l65.
biporcatus, C 111) . Ann . Mas. x . p . 48 , pls . i . 81 11. (1807) Tiede111.,Opp ,
18 L il) . N a t. Amp/1 . p . 72,p l . ix . (1817) L esson
,in B elany .
'
11y . 1 1117. Or.,Zool . p . 303 D am . (S 11111 . iii . p . 115
Scliley . Abbild . p . 3,pl . 1. flaxley, J0111
'
11 . L inn.
Soc . iv . p . 11 (1860) Straw /1,Syn . Creced . pp . 52 99
biporcatus raninus, Schley . 13Matt. in Tc111111ine71,Vern. N at.
Gesek. N ederl. Ind , R ep t. p . 28,pl . i i i . figs . 7 8 (l844 ) .
00phol is porosus, Gray , Ann . 8‘ fil ay . N . H . (3) x . p . 267
and Trans . Zool. Soc. v i . p . 138 and C at. S71. R ep t. 11 .
p . 8
pondicherianus, Gray , ll. cc . pp . 268,139
,9 .
Crocodi lus pondicerianus, 6 1111171 . R ep t . B rit. I nd . p . 62,pl . v i i . ;
Stoliez ka,Journ. A s. Soc. B eny . x l i i . p . 113 (1873) T/1eob. l . e .
17 to 19 upper teeth on each side . Snou t once and two thirds toz
twice and one fourth as l ong as broad at the base ; head rough , snou twith a more or less strong ridge on each side in front of the eye ,slightly converging towards i ts fellow mandibular symphysi s extending to the fifth tooth praemaxillo
- max i llary sutu re , on the palate,di rected backwards or W - shaped nasal bones separating the priemaxillaries above . Four large nu chals forming a square
,with one or
two small er ones on each side postoccipital scutes u sually absent,
sometimes small and i rregu lar . Dorsal shield well separated fromthe nuchal
,the scutes form ing 16 or 17 transverse and four to eight
longitudinal series ; scales on sides and limbs smooth or feeblykeeled . Fingers webbed at the base ; outer toes extensively webbed .
A serrated fr inge on the ou ter edge of the leg . Adult dark olive
Abyssinia.
Senegal .Senegal .N ig Dr. B . Baikie [C H]Old Calabar . A . Murray , Esq. P
Old Calabar. A .Murray , Esq . P
W . A frica. Dr. B . Baikie [CH]W . Africa. Dr. L ivingstone [P ].P ongo Andongo, An Dr. W e lw itsch [P .]go la.
Tette,Mo z ambique . Sir J. KirkNatal .S . A frica . Lord DerbyMadagascar .Madagascar .Madagascar .
adag ascar.
p
3. crocoa us . 285
above ; young pale ol ive , with large black spots on the body and
tail and dots on the head .
The largest specimen in the Col lection measu re s "
l me .tres
India and Ceylon and Southern China to North Austi alia and the
Solomon and Fij i Islands . Ente1 ing sal t water and frequentlyoccurring out at sea.
a . Y g.,stfi d . Ind ia . Gen dlardwieke [P .J.
b. n . ,stfi d . India . Capt. Ince [P .J.
e,d . Ad . yg., stfi d . India.
e . Ad ., sku l l . India . Dr. Falconerf, g , 11 . Ad .
,skulls. Ind ia .
Ad .,skullfit Baw isaul
,Bengal G ilson R owe , Esq .
[P ](Type of C. 11011111001 11111113 )
W . Fe1guson, Esq .
[P l
Y g ., sp ir. Coast of Tenasserim .
9 . Many specs , yg ., Singapore .
Spir .
— s Y g . spir.t . Y g .
,sp11 .
11 . Y g spi i .
Ad .
,skul l .
111. Y g .,spir .
Y g .
,spir .
y . Y g .,spir .
z . Y g .
,spi 1 .
01 3137 110 1. yg ,
skul ls .8 . n .
,skul l . Guadalcanar
,Solomon lds . H . B . Guppy, Esq.
P .
e . Ad . , skul l . Treasury Id .
,Solemon Ids . H .
[B]. Guppy
,Esq.
P .
N . Austral ia .
L J
N . Austral ia . Dr. J . Els ey LO .J.N . Austral ia . Capt . Stokes [P .J.N E . Austral ia .
8 . Crocod i lus palu str is .Crocod i lus palustris, Less on B é lany . O r . Zoo l. p . 305
Kelaart,P rodr . Faun . Zey l . p . 183 G1
'
1'
n171. R ep t.
Bu t Ind . p . 61, p l . v ii fig . A Str1111c/1,6yn . 01 00011. pp . 48
9 7 7 11006 C a .tO
[ .R e Jt B u t Ind . p . 36
vulgai is, va1 . B,
i ii p . Cantor. C at.
Mat. R ep t . p . 15
palustris, pa1 t .
,Gray . C at. To1 t . 80. p . 62
trigonOps, G1 ay , l c .
Stated by the donor to have pertained to a specimen 33 feet long and
measuring 13 feet 8 inches round the body .
Java .
Borneo .
Borneo .
B orneo .
Labuan.
P lacer, N .E . Mindanao .
Manado , Ce lebes .Gorontalo .
Fly New Guinea .
Sir R . Sehomburgk
[P .J.Dr. P ackman [P . .JGov ernorofSingapore
[P .J.Mrs . Lyon [P .J.Sir E . B e lcher [P . .JSir H . Lowe [C .J.
Haslar Hosp ital .A . Everett
,Esq .
Dr. A . B . Meyer
286 enoconlmnzs .
Crocodilus bombifrons, Gray , 0111. Tort. p . 59 (1844) H a rley , Journ.
L inn . Soc. iv . p . 13
Bombifrons trigonops, Gray , Ann. 851 May . N . H . (3) x . p . 269
indi cus,Gray , Trans. Zoo l . Soc . vi . p . 140
,figs , pl . xxx i . figs .
1— 3 and C a t. 1571 . R ept. i i . p . 9
19 upper teeth on each side . Snout once and one third to onceand a half as long as broad at the base ; head rough but withou tany ridges ; mandibular symphysi s extending to the level of thefourth or fifth tooth ; praemax illo - max illary suture , on the palate ,transverse , nearly straigh t, or curved forwards ; nasal bone s separat ing the praemax illaries above . Four large nuchals forming a square ,with a smaller one on each side two pairs of smaller nu chals on a
transverse series behind the occipu t . Dorsal sh ield wel l separatedfrom the nu chal
,the scutes u sually in four , rarely in six, longitu
dinal series,those of the two median u sual ly considerably broader
than long ; 1 6 or 17 transverse series . Scales on limbs keeled .
Fingers webbed at the base ; outer toes extensively w ebbed . A
serrated fringe on the outer edge of the leg . Adult blackish oliveabove , young pale olive , dotted and spotted with black .
The large st Specimen in the Collection measures 3 metres .India
,Ceylon ,
Burma, Malay P enin sula and Arch ipelago .
a . Ad .,stfi
‘
d . R iver Jumna, near Maj or Kamptie [P . .JMuthra.
R iver R aptee .
Ganges .
Madras .India.
1. Ad .
,sku l l . India.
11 . n . ,skull. India.
1. Ad .
,skul l . Ind ia .
111 . IIgr .
,skull. Cey lon . Dr. Kelaart [P . .J
n . Y g .,stfld . S ingapore .
0, p . Y g.
,stfi d .
9 . C rocod ilus robustus .
Crocodi lus robu stus,Va z
’
ll. Grand . C'
. R . A c. Sc. lxxv . p . 150'
a z'
ll. C. R . A c . Sc. xcvi i . p . 1081
1 9 upper teeth on each side . Habit stou t . Snout short,obtuse ;
praemax illo - max i llary su ture , on the palate , transverse , rectilinear .
Four anter ior nuchal scu tes in a transverse series a nu chal shieldcomposed of six scutes on two rows , well separated from the dorsalshi eld ; latter composed of si x scu tes in a transverse row on themiddle of the body . Ou ter toes webbed to the claw . Cnemialfr inge present .R eaches a length of 10 metres .Interior ofMadagascar .
Dr. Sayer [P J .
Gen . Hardw i cke [P .J (Typeof C '. triy onops .)
Gen . Hardw i cke [P . .JCapt . Oriel [P .J. (Types ofMus . As iat . Soc . C. 60111
B engal . bifrons .)W . Theobald
,Es
Sir J . E . B o i leau P .J.
288 cnocomtmm.
CROC ODI LUS P LANIR OSTR IS, Graves, Ann . Gén . Sc. P hys . 11 . p . 348
Crocod i lus gravesii, B ory dc St. Vine . D iet. Class . d’H ist. N at. v .
p . 100 D am. B ibr. i i i . p . 101
Hab i t remarkably stout . Snout short , perfectly fiat above, without ridges . Four anterior nu chals on a transverse series and sixposterior on two transverse series . Dorsal scutes in s i x longitudinaland 18 transverse series , with very strong , tubercu lar or recurvedkeels ; lateral scales obtusely keeled . Scales on upper surface oflimbs keeled , tubercular . Toes enti rely webbed . No cnemial crest .
4 . OSTEOLEMUS.
O steolaemus, Cop e, P roc . A c. P /zilad . 1860, p . 549
H alcrosia, Gray , Ann. illay . N . H . (3) x . p . 273 and
C at. S/i . R ep t. i i . p . 19
Crocodi lus,part .
,Strauch
,Syn . C‘reced . p . 28
16 or 17 upper and 14 or 15 lower teeth on each side ; fifthmaxillary tooth longes t ; fourth mandibu lar tooth fitting into a
notch in the upper jaw . Snou t rather short ; nasal bones forminga septum divid ing the nasal aperture ; supratemporal fos sae verysmall ; a bony plate occupying the greater par t of the upper eyelid .
Splen ial bon es not entering the mandibular symphysi s , wh i ch extends to the fou rth or fifth teeth . A dorsal sh ield formed of four orsix longitudinal series of juxtaposed , keeled , bony scutes gular andventral scutes bony, not articulating together .W est Africa.
1 . Osteolaemus tetraspis .
Osteolaemus tetraSpis, Cope, l . c . p . 550,and P roc . A c. P /z ilacl. 1867,
p . 209,and Tr . Am. P hil . Soc. (2) x iv . p . 85, fig .
Crocodi lus frontatus,A . .Marray , P roc . Zoo l. Soc . 1862
,p . 213,
pl . xxix . A . D am . N . A rc/z . Ma s . i . B u ll. p . 38 Strauch ,Z. 0. pp . 37 84
,p l . and B a ll . A c. St. P e
'
tersb. xii i . p . 51
Halcrosia frontata,Gray , Ann . 6} bl ag . N . H (3) x . p . 273
nigra, Gray , Trans . Zool . Soc. vi . p . 153, pl . xxxi . figs . 1—6and C at. Sh . R ep t. ii . p . 20
afz elii,Lilljebory , P roc. Zoo l. Soc. 1867
,p . 715 fi
Head once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broadsnou t obtu se
,its length exceeding a littl e its basal width ; upper
surface deeply honeycombed , w ithou t ridges ; interorbital spacedeeply concave , narrow . Nu chal sh iel d distinct from the dorsal
,
composed of two or three pairs of strongly keeled scutes , the anterior of which are very large ; anterior part '
of nape with small ,scattered , keeled bony tubercles , the largest of which may form a
transverse series . 17 transverse series of dorsal scutes , the broadestcomposed of six scutes ; keels very feeble on the two median series,
4 . OSTEOLZEMUS .— 5 . ALLIGATOR . 289
stronger on the others . Fingers with a rudiment of web outer toe shardly hal f- webbed . Scal e s on upper surface of l imbs keeled : no
cnemial crest . Adul t un iform blackish ; young yellowish brownabove , profusely dotted and spotted with black
,and with broad
black cross bands on the body and tai l ; ventral shields black and
yellow .
Total length 1 metre 70 centim.
Sierra Leone to Ogowai .
a . Y g . ,Spir . Old Calabar . A . Murray , Esq . [P .J.
(Type of C.fi'
oa ta tus. )b,0. Ad . hgr.
,skulls
, Old Calabar . A . Murray, Esq. [P .J.w ithout lower jaws .
d . n .,stfi d . Dr. Forsyth [P .J.
e. Ad .,stffd .
f, y . H crr. 85 yg . spir.Ii . Y g .
,
o
skel.
5 . ALLIGATOR .
A l l igator, part . , Uavier, Ann . Al as . x . p . 30 D am. tS' B ibr .
i i i . p . 63 S traacb,Syn. C rocod . p . 9
C hampsa, part. , lfVayler, Syst. Amp/z . p . 140
A l ligator, Gray, C at. Tort . (S'
c. p . 66 (1844) H ar ley , Joarn. L inn .
Soc. iv . p . 3 Gray , C at. Sb . R ep t . i i . p . 28
17 to 20 upper and 18 to 20 lower teeth on each side ; fourthmaxillary tooth longest fourth mandibular tooth fitting into a p itin the upper jaw . Snout rather short : nasal bones forming a
septum div iding the nasal aperture ; supratemporal fosszc small .Spleni al bones no t entering the mand ibular symphysis, which extends to the fourth tooth . A dorsal shield formed of s i x or eightlongitudinal s er ies o f juxtaposed , keeled , bony scutes gular and
ventral s cute s withou t or with thin ossifications .
North America and China .
Synop sis of the Sp ecies .
The broadest transverse series o f dorsalscutes composed of 8 scutes four largenu chal s cutes ; upper eyelid bony an
teriorly ; fingers webbed ; end of tailstrongly compressed and crested 1 . mississ ipp icnsis , p .
The broadest transver se seri es of. dorsals cu tes composed of 8 s cu tes two largenu chal scutes ; fingers free end of tailli ttl e serrate above , scarcely compressed 2 . heleis , p . 290.
The broades t tran sverse series of dorsalscu tes composed of 6 scu tes s ix . largenu chal s cutes ; u pper eyelid entirelybony fingers free ; end of tail stronglycompressed and crested 3 . sinensis , p . 29 1 .
290 cxoconrrmzn.
l . Alligator mi ss is s ippiens is .
Crocodi lus m iss issippiensis, B aud . R ep t. i i . p . 412
lucius,C '
av. Ann. Mas . x . p . 32 and Oss . Foss. v .
pt . i i . p . 32, pls. i . i i . (1824) Ticdem . ,Opp ,
L ib. Aral. Amph .
p . 58, pl.iv IIarlan
,Med . Zoo l. R es . p . 146
cuv1eri, Loacli , Zoo l. IlI isc. i i . p . 117 , pl . ci i .A lligator luc ius, B ory dc St. Vine . D iet. Class . (l
’
II . N . v . p . 100
(1824) Dam . S B ibr . i i i . p . 75, pls . xxv . 8: xxvi .cuvieri, B ory dc St. Vine . l . c . p . 104 .
m ississipp iensis, Gray , Syn. R ep t. p . 62 (l83l ) H olbr . N . Am .
IIcrp . i i . p . 53,pl . vi . Gray , Gal. Tort. é
’
c . p . 66
Straac/z , Syn . C'
rocod . pp. 15 66 Gray , Trans . Zoo l. Soc .
vi . p . 168 and C a t. Sb . R ep t . i i . p . 29 C laafi ary’
on,
Ann . Soc . L inn . Lyon, xxv i ii . p . 83
1 9 or 20 upper and as many lower teeth on each side . Headnearly twice as long as broad ; snou t mu ch depressed , broadlyrounded at the end, w i th the lateral ou tl ine nearly straight a veryshort r idge in front of the orbit ; upper eyelid bony anteriorly .
Two pairs of large nu chal s cutes , forming a square , separated on themedian l ine , with a pai r of small ones in front and another pairbehind . 17 or 18 transverse series of dorsal scutes , the broades tcomposed of 8 scu tes . Fingers hardly half- webbed , ou ter toes abou ttwo - th irds webbed . Tail strongly compressed and crested posteriorly . Dark green or blackish above
, y oung with yellowish crossbands ; lower parts yellowish .
Total length 2 metres 20 centim . ; reaches a length of 4 % metres .South—eastern United States , from the mou th of the R io Grande
to North Carolina .
a . n .,stfid . Dauph in Island, Maj or De Bathe [P . .J
Mobile B ay . (Type of C. ca vieri) .b. Y g . ,
spir . New Orleans .
c— d . Y g .
,Spir N . America . Lord Ampthi ll [P .J.
e . Y g .,stfi d . N . Ameri ca . E . Doub leday , Esq .
|
LP .J.
f , y , /l, i , k. Ad .
,N . Ameri ca.
hgr.
, yg .
,stffd .
l,m
,n,o . n . N . Ameri ca.
yg .
,shel s .
19 . Ad .
,sku l l .
g. Ad .
,skull. Dr. Falconer [P .J.
2 . All igator helois.
Al l igator helois,Cope, P roc . A c. P iz z
'
lad . 1865,p . 185 .
Two keels behind and between the eyes, diverging posteriorlyshort and nearly transverse keel in front of the eyes . Two oblique rowsof elevated horn—like scu tes on each side of the neck , of rather smallsize
,four in the inner, three in the outer row, the third of the inner
and the second of the outer forming, with two large elevated medianscu tes, a transverse row. Eight longitudinal row s of dorsal scutes
c:
2 9 22 (1 111100 11 1
Synap sis of the Spa ies .
1 . Upper eyelid incompletely bony ; supratemporal fossae present ;five teeth in each praemaxilla ; 17 to 20 mand ibular teeth on
each s ide .
A . O rb it produced anteriorly to the vert ical of the n inth or tenth max i llarytooth upper eyelid fiat ; vomerexposed on the palate l . n iger, p . 292 .
B . O rb i t not produ ced anteri or ly ; upper eyelid rugose , moreless d i st inctly rai sed into a smal l horn .
The w idth of the snou t , on a line w ith theanter ior borders of the orb its , equals i tslength ; three or fou r tran sverse row s oflarge nuchal s , only one of wh i ch i s composed of four s cu tes 2 . la tirostris , p . 293 .
Snou t longer than wide at the base ; fouro r five transverse row s of large nuchal sall the scutes on th e body , l imbs , and tailbony in the adul t 3 . sclerop s, p . 294 .
11 . Upper ey elid entirely bony ; supratemporal fossee obl iterated ;fou r teeth in each praemaxilla ; 20 to 22 mand ibular teeth on
each side .
Some or all of the scu tes between the hindlimbs in tw o or three longitudinal seri e scaudal crest double up to the n inth ortenth verti cil in clu si vely 4 . trigonatus , p . 29 6 .
All the sh i elds betw een the h ind l imbs infou r ser ies caudal crest double Up to th eeleventh or twelfth vertic il incl us ively . 5 . p alp ebrosus, p . 29 6 .
1 . Caiman niger .Caiman niger, Sp in , Lacert. B ras
,p . 3
,pl . i v .
C hampsa nigra, lfVay lcr, Sys t. Anzph . p l . vi i . fig . 1 (1830) N a tterer,
A nn . TV ien . Alas . i i . p . 320,pl . xxi .
Jacare nigra, Gray , C al. Tort. Sc p . 65 and Tr . Zoo l . Soc.
t i . p . 162 and C at. 1571. R ep t. i i . p . 25
fi ssipes H uxley , Journ . Linn . Soc . iv . p . 4
A l ligator niger, Straucb, Syn . C rocod . pp . 17 71
18 (or 19 ) upper and 17 or 1 8 l ower teeth on each s ide : fourthmax illary tooth mu ch longer than the th ird . Head once and th reefifths to once and two third s as long as broad ; snout moderate ,obtu se
,a l i ttle long er than broad ; a feeble transverse ridge in front
of the concave interorbital reg ion , bordering two deep concavi ties 0
two ob l iqu e ridge s on each s ide of the snou t , one from the orb i t. to
6 . c u m s . 293
the fou rth max i llary tooth , the othe r from the frontal pit s to thefifth praemaxillary tooth ; orbi t produced anter io rly to the verti calo f the n inth or ten th max i llary tooth ; upper eyel id flat
,fine ly
striated above,w ith a small bony p late anter iorly ; supratemporal
fossa} presen t ; vomer v i s ibl e on the palate as a small rhombo ida lplate . Fou r o r five transverse se ries of small pos toccipital scutes ;four transverse se r ies of large nu chal s
,the firs t two composed
o f fou r s cutes,all articulated togeth er . Dorsal shield composed
o f 1 9 transverse series of s cutes,the broadest o f wh ich contain
ten scu tes ; all strong ly and sharply keeled . V entral scutes bonyand imbri cate, except on the posterior abdom inal region
,where the
ossifications are absent or redu ced to a small nucleu s . Fingers free,
outer toes hal f- w ebbed . Black above, yellow inferiorly .
Total length 4 metres .
Tropical South America east o f the Andes .
0 . Ad .,stff d. R . Graham
,Esq [P
b, 0. Ad . , sku l ls. R . Graham,
Esq LPd . A d .
,skul l . Mr. E . Bartlett LO ]
2 . Caiman latirostris .
Crocod i lus latirostris , D aud . R ep t. i i . p . 417
Caiman fissipes , Sp elt , Lacert. B ras . p . 4,p l . i i i .
C hampsa fie sipes, W ayl. l oan . Amp/L. p l . xvi i . (1830) N atterer
,
A nn . lV-
z
'
en . Mus . i i . p . 32 1,pl . xxi i .
Crocod i lus sclerops (non W t
'
ed,A bbi/(l.
A lligator sclero ps, part .
,Gray , Syn . R ep t. p . 62
cy nocephalus , B um . (S b’ ibr . i i i . p . 86
Jacare fissipes, Gray , C at. Tort . p . 64
latirostris,part . , Gray , A nn . May . N . H . (3) x . p . 328
and Tr. Zoo l. Soc . vi . p . 103 and C at. Sh . R ep t .
i i . p . 25
Alligator latirostris , Strauch, Syn . C rocod . pp . 19 S: 73 (1866) I fcnsel,
Arch. f . N at . 1868 , p . 384 ; B urma'
ster,Ann . Soc. A rg ent. ix .
p . 244
18 o r 1 9 upper and 17 or 18 lower teeth on each side ; fourthmaxillary tooth mu ch longer than thi rd . Head not more than onceand a half as long as broad ; snou t very broad and rounded
,its
basal width nearly equa ll ing i ts length ; a strong r idge from one
anterior border of the orbit to the other, more or less producedan teriorly towards th e fourth max i llary tooth orbi t not producedanteriorly ; interorb ital space concave ; upper ey elid rugose o rtubercu lar , more or less produ ced into a smal l horn, w ith a smallbony plate anteriorly supratemporal fossae present . Two more o rless regular transverse ser i es of smal l posto ccipital scu tes three or
fou r transverse series of large nu chal s , the anter i or composed offou r scutes , the others o f two . the transverse ser ies separated fromeach other by an interspace . Dorsal sh ie ld composed ot 18 transve rseserie s of scu tes , the broadest of wh i ch contain 8 or rarely 10 scutesthose of the median serie s very obtu sely keeled in the adult . Bony
294 0110001111 1 13- 11 .
v entral sh ield mu ch les s developed than in the other species, onlythe scu tes on the sternal region imbr icat ing the posterio r abdominal region w ithou t any ossifications . F ingers free
,ou ter toes
w ebbed at th e base . Adu lt uni form black i sh ; young olive and
black,the latter colour u sually predominat ing .
The largest Specimen in the Collect ion measures 2 m . 5 centim .
Sou th Amer i ca east o f the Andes , from the Amazon to the R iode la P lata .
a,b,c, d . Ad . hgr.
,Braz il .
stffd .
e —q. Y .g ,spir . J . P . Sm ith , Esq . R ] .
11 . Ad,ske l . (incomplete) Dr. v . Ihering [C .
i,k . IIgr.
,skul l s . Dr. V . Ihering [C H]
1. A d . , stfi‘
d . C ol. P erez de Lasala [Pm—n . Y g .
,spir. J . VVilks
,Esq.
o . Y g .
,s tfid .
p . n .
,skel .
g. sku l l .
3 . Caiman sclerOps .
Crocod i lus selerops . Schneid . H ist. Amp/1 . 11 . p . 162 C a r.
Ann . JVla s . x . p . 31, pls . i . i i . Tredem
,01111 ,
Lib. N a t.
Amp h . p . 60, pl . V .
caini an,D aad . R ep t . i i . p . 399
yacare, D aud . Z. c . p . 407 .
Jacaretinga punctulatu s, Sp ar, Lacert. B ras . p . 2, pl. i i .
C hampsa sclerOps, W ay l. Sy st:Ample. p l . v ii . figs . 1 42
N afltterer
,Ann . l/Vren . Ala s . i i . p 321, pl . xx ii i .
A l l igator sclerOps, part . , Gray, Syn . R ep t. p . 62
selerops,D am . (fr 3 267 . i i i . p 79 Strau ch, Syn. C rocod .
pp . 21 && 76 Soc . A ry ent. ix . p . 245
(1880)punctulatus , D am . 8
‘ B ibr . t . c . p . 9 1 Strauch, l . 0. pp . 24 79 :s fl z . B io l. - A rn .
,R ep t . p . 21
C hampsa v allifrons,N atterer
,Z. c . p . 322
,p l . xxiv .
punctu lata, Ana ttei ei l. c . p . 323, pl . xxv .
Jacare selerops , Gray , C at . Tort.
punctu lata,Gray, 1. c . p . and C at. S11. R ep t. 11. p . 26
vallifrons,Gray , Z. c .
longiseutata, Gray , Ann . (9 Illay . N J ] (8) x . p . 328
and Tr . Zoo l. Se e . vi . p . 164,p l . xxx iv . and C t . Sh . R ep t
i i . 1ocellata
,G1 ay , ll . cc . pp . 329
,164
,pl . xxxi ii . p . 26 .
multiscutata,Gray, l
'
r . Zool. Soc . vi . p . 164 , and C a t. S11 .
R ep t . ii . p .
I ha 1 e been unable to trace the tvpe specimen o f J . nza itzscud afa and I
sti ongly suspect that,th1 0 11g |1 some o ve rsight , th i s suppo sed species was
10 11ntled 11po 11 the rear spe t imen which had p im ious h se n ed a s the tvpe o f7 {o ug h t " fa/11
P ernambuco .
R io Grande doSul.
R io Grande do8 111.
R io P araguay .
Buenos Avres .p
29 6 (311000011 105 3.
4 . Ca iman trigonatus .
Crocod ilus trigonatus, Scbneid . H ist . Amp/i . 11 . p . 161 (1801)Tiedem .
,01111 ,
131 Lib. N at . Amph . p . 66,pl . vi i .
palpebrosus, var. 2,Gamer, Ann . 211 118 . x . p . 35
,p l . i i . fig. 1
A lligator palpebrosus , v ar. b , Gray , Syn. Rep t. p . 63 D am.
B ibr. i i i . 11 . 72
C hampsa trigonata, N atterer,Ann . lfVien . 111 113. i i . p . 323
,pl . xxvi .
(1840)Caiman trigon 1tus, Gray , C at. Tort. 13
°
C . p . 66 and S71 . R ep t.i i . p . 28
A l l igator trigonatu s, Strauch,
,Syn . Orocod . pp .
‘27 82
1 9 or 20 upper and 20 to 22 low er teeth on each side ; th i rd and
fou rth max i l lary teeth largest . Head once and three fourths totw i ce as long as broad ; snout subacum inate , i ts basal w idth con
tained once and a half to tw iee in i ts length ; no cross— i idge in fronto f the interorbi tal region} wh i ch i s bu t sligh tly concave ; uppereye l id flat and smooth , ent i rely bony , the bony plate cons i sting offour di s tinct p ieces ; supratemporal fossae obl i terated . A s ing les eries of postoccipital scutes , follow ed by fou r or five transverseseries of large
,very h ighly and sharply keeled nu chals , each com
posed of two or sometimes of three or four s cu tes . Do rsal s cute sin 18 or 1 9 transverse series , the broadest o f whi ch are composedo f s ix scu tes ; some or all of the posteri or (between the hind limbs )composed of two or three scu tes o’nly the dorsal scu tes
,except the
two med ian series very strongly and h ighly keeled . The caudalcrest becomes s ingle on the tenth or eleventh vert i ci l . Dorsal and
v entral bony armou r mu ch developed ; s ides of body soft , w iths cat tered small bony tubercles ; gu lar and ou ter ventral scuteskeeled . Fingers free
,toes w ebbed at the base . Y ellow ish brown
above , spotted and cross—barred w i th black .
Total length 1 m . 40 centim .
Trop ical South America east of the Andes .
a . IIgr.
,stffd . Guianas .
Ad . , sku l l . Surinam .
c . n .
,spir. Demerara Fal l s .
(1. n .
,spir . H ual laga R iver , E . P eru . Mr. E . B artlett [C J
0 n .
,sku ll . Moyombamba, E . P eru . Mr. A . H . R offLC J
9
5 . Caiman palpebrosus .
Crocod ilus palpebrosus , var. 1 , Cu vier, Ann . Mac. 11 . p . 35, pl . i .fig . 6
,8: pl . ii . fig . 2
(1 galpebros us, Tiedem.
,Opp ,
L ib. N at. Amp/1 . p . 64,p l . vi .
8 7
Jac aretiii ga m osehifer, Sp ine
,Lacert. B ras . p . 1
,p l . 1.
A l l igator palpebrosus, var. a,Gray , Syn . R ept. p . 63 D am .
6° B ibr . i i i . p . 69
( ‘hampsa palpebro sa , Na tterer,A rm. 11 ten . 111113 . i i . p . 324
,pl . xxvi i .
6 . 29 7
C hampsa gibbiceps, Natterer,l. 0. pl . xxvi ii .
Caiman palpebrosus , Gray , C a t. Tort. p . 67 and Sh.
R ept . i i . p . 28 (1872
g ibbiceps, Gray , C a t . Tort. p . 67 .
All igator palpebrosus, S trauch, Syn. Creced . p . 25
19 or 20 Upper and 20 lower tee th on each side third and fourthmaxillary t eeth larges t . Head once and three fifths to once and
two th irds as long as broad ; snout subacuminate , its basal w idthcontained abou t once and a half in its length no cross - r idge in frontof the interorb ital region , which i s but sl ightly concave ; uppereyelid flat and smooth ,
ent ir ely bony ,the bony plat e consisting of
fou r distinct pie ces ; leres very steep and h igh ; canthus rostral isangular ; supratemporal fossa obliterated . Two transverse ser iesof postoccipital scutes , followed by four o r five transverse series o flarge , very highly and sharply keeled nu chals
,th e se cond and third
u sually composed of three or fou r s cutes , the others of two . Dorsals cutes in 18 or 19 transverse series , the broadest of which are
composed of si x or eight scutes,wh i ch are less h ighly keeled than
in the preced ing species ; those between the hind l imbs constantlyin four longitudinal series . The caudal crest becomes single on thetwelfth or th irteenth vert ic il . Dorsal and ventral bony armou rmu ch developed ; s ides of body soft , with scattered small bonytubercles gu lar and outer ventral s cutes keeled . F ingers free , toeswebbed at the base . Y ellow ish - brown above
, spotted and crossbarred w i th black .
Total length 1 m . 20 centim .
Gu ianas and Brazil .
a,11. Ad . hgr. ,
stffd .
c,d . Y g .
,Spir .
The precise affinities of the foll ow ing Crocodile are uncertain,as
the or iginal descript ion does not give the number of the mandibularteeth ; and as
,in the uni que specimen upon wh ich the species is
founded , the fourth mandibular tooth on one s ide i s rece ived into a
notch as in tru e Crocodiles , and on the other into a pit,as in the
Alligators , i t i s d ifficu lt to say to wh ich group it belongs , althoughCope su spects i t s affinities to be rather more Alligatorial.
”It
also appears to me doubtfu l whether the absence o f the claw in thethird finger will prove a constant character .
PEROSUCHUS.
Cop e , P roc . Ac. P /1ilad . 1868, p . 203,and Tr . Am . 1 7117. See . (2)
x i v . p . 83
Toes 5— 4 , with claws two — three . No osseous nasal septum orbony ey elid . Belly protected by series of osseou s plates , as well asthe back .
”
C ROC OD ILIDE .
Pnaosuenus ruseus .
Snou t broad and flat,r ounded at the end, without any r idges . A
transverse row of six small anterior nu chals the large nuchals infour transverse rows
,all of four s cutes ex cept the last . Dorsal
scutes,six or eight in each transverse row . F ingers free , toes half
webbed . No posterior crest on arm or leg . Tai l short, w i thremarkably l ow crest . Colou r above dark brown
,almost black on
the upper su rface of the head tai l paler , ligh t ol ive—brown eyel idsand a band through the ear yellow ; lower surfaces everywherebr ight y ellow .
Total length 73 centim .
Magdal ena R iver, Colombia .
300
batagur (Tetraonyx), 6 1 .
Ba tagurella , 51 .
Ba tagun dw,48 .
bathyrhynchus
t ops), 280.
bealn (C istuda ) , 107 .
bealii (C le mmys) , 107 .
beulli (Emy s) . 1117 .
beahi (Sacalm ) 107 .
bel a n gen (Emys) , 121 .
Bellla ,97 .
belliana (C inixys) , 143 .
be lln (C h rysemys) , 74 .
belh i (C yc lemys ) , 131 .
b ellii (Emy s) , 74 .
belln (P hxjynop i ) , 219 .
bc lh i (R hinoclemmys ),
(Meeis
belln (Testudo). 179 .
belh l (T r i o n y x ) , 250.
benne ttii . C lemmy s) , 85.
bennettii (Emy s) , 85.
bennettii (Meeistops),
berardi i (Dermatemys) ,29 .
berardii (Emys) , 29 .
berdmorei (Batagu r), 67 .
berdmorei (Em y s ) , 66 .
berdmore i (Kach uga) , 67 .
berdmorei (Morem a ), G7 .
berend tiam nn (C lnosternum ) . 43 .
berl a n d i er iberla n d i er i (X eroba t es),bettai (Te studo), 177 .
b lbron ii (P al och elys) ,263.
bicarinata (C h e l oma) 182 .
b lcinctum (C inotlsternum ), 256 .
b i co l or (Hydraspis), 224 .
b i col or (Ter r ape n e) , 133 .
bigu ttata (Emy s), 108 .
b i n uensis (C rocod i l u s) ,283 .
bipo rcatu s (C rocod ilu s) ,biscu tatus (C rocodflus ),
bispinoszm(Obe1y s) , 209 .
bisp ino sa (T e s t udo ) , 209 .
b lssa (C a re t ta ), 183.
bland ingil (C istuda ) , 1 14 .
bland ingii (Emyd o idea ) ,1 14.
bla nd ingn (Emy s) , 114 .
bo
bo ie i (Testudo) . 157 .
B um b i fr o n s , 277 .
A LP HAB ETI C A L INDEX .
bombifrons (C rocod ilus),boreal i s (Emys), 112 .
bo rneem is (B atagu r) , 55 .
borneensw (B e lh a ) 100.
borneenms (C lStudo ), 100.
100.
bo rneoens is (C lemmjs ),
borneoens is (Emysh 55 .
bose li (Ste rnotlwerus), 37 .
bosoni (Te rrapene ) , 37 .
bo utonii (Testudo ) , 173.
brevncaudatum (Km o
s le rnon ) , 4 1 .
brevngu lare (C inosternum ) , 42.
brongnartii (Trionyx),barhamani (Trionyx) , 250.
burmana. (Emys), 123 .
ba r n esu (Hom0pus ), 178 .
cafra (Testudo) , 148 .
cagado (Testudo), 157 .
C anaan,29 1.
caiman (C rocod ilu s) , 294 .
calcara i-a (C hersina), 160.
calcarata (Tes tudo ) , 159 .
C alemy s , 100.
ca l i fo r n ia n a170.
C aliagur , 60.
C alllchelys , 69 .
C allinia ,242
calllrostris (C allichely s),
(Testudo) ,
callirostris (C hrysemys) ,
calln‘
ostris (Emy s) , 82.
calh rostrls (P seudemys) ,
callocephala (R hinoclemm y s), 123.
canocephalus (Geoclemmy s) , 123 .
cmnp zm ula ta (Testudo) ,
canallcula ta (Emy s). 22 1 .
canaliculata (P latem3s) ,
C antorella , 60.
ca n t o r i s (P elochelys) ,
C aouana , 184 .
caouana (C he lonia), 184 .
C aouana (Tes tudo) , 18 -1.
caouana. (Tha lassochelys),185 .
C aouanidae, 180.
capensis (P ent-onyx), 197 .
carbonuria157 .
C aretta , 180, 184 .
caretta (Gaouana) , 185 .
caret ta (C he lonia) , 185 .
caretta (Testudo) , 184 .
carettzu (Thalassochelys),184 .
C are ttochelyd id z’e . 236 .
C arettochelys , 236 .
carinata (Aromochelys) ,
(Testudo),
cm'inata (Terrapene) , 116 .
carina ta (Testudo ) , 115 .
carma tum (C inosternum ), 38 .
carinatus (Triony x) , 259 .
carinif'
e ru s (Asp ilus) ,249 , 254 .
can n if‘
erus (Trionyx),251 , 253.
ca r ol i n a (C lstudo) , 115 .
carolma (Terrapene ), 1 15 .
carolina (Te studo) , 115,155 .
cal‘
olinus
155 .
cart-ilaginea (Gymnopus),253.
ca r t i lagi n ea (Testudo) ,
(Xerobates) ,
ca.rt11agineu s
253 .
caspia (Emy s) , 105 .
(C lemmys ), 103,
caspica (Emys), 103, 104 ,105 ,
106
104 .
caslnca (Testud o ) , 103.
cas ta n ea (Emys ), 195.
castanea (Kim xy s ) , 141 .
castane us (Stem otb fe rus ) ,194
,195 .
ca t-aphm ctu s (C rocod ilus ), 279 .
ca taph r ac t a s (Me eistops).2 79 .
cataspila
ca tasp lla (Emy s), 82 .
catasp lla
cau tleyi (Batagur), 64 .
cayennensis (Emys), 202 .
cayelmensis (Hyd rasp is) ,202 .
centrat-a (Emy s ), 89 .
ce n t rata (Ma laclemys) ,89 .
ce n t ra ta (Testudo ), 89 .
C entrochely s , 149 .
ceped iana (Testudo), 180.
(Trionyx),
ceped ii (C are tta), 182.
cephalo (C a re tta ) , 184.
cephalo (C helonia ), 184 .
cepha lo (Tes tudo) . 184.
C eplmlochd ys , 184 .
C e ramo pelta , 242 .
ceyloneu s is (Emyda ) , 270.
C ha ibass ia , 139 .
C hampsa ,289
,29 1 .
C hampse , 277 .
chumses (C rocod llus),283.
C lxeliurus, 20.
C helodmu , 210, 213, 219 .
C helomed usa, 210.
C helone , 189 .
C helonemys , 199 .
C helonia , 4 , 180, 184 .
C heloniadw, 7 , 180.
C helon idae , 180.
C helon iens , 4 .
C helonii , 7 , 11 .
C helonina . 180.
C helonioidaa, 180.
C helono id ls , 149 .
C helonum , 20, 23.
C helopus , 100, 1 18 .
C helyda ,19 1 , 206 .
C helyd ze , 19 1 . 236 .
C helyd ldae. 19 1 , 206 .
C helyd ra , 20.
C helydn dm, 19 , 27 , 33.
C he1yd rm zi a, 19 ,27 .
C hely d ro idae, 19 .
C helymys , 228 .
C helyo idm. 206 .
C helys , 207 .
C hersemyda, 19 , 27, 33,
C hersina , 149 .
C hers ine , 109 , 118 , 149 .
C bers inella , 149 .
C he rsites , 48 .
C he rsob ius , 145, 149 .
C hersus , 149 .
chiapasiu s (Al ligator),295.
ch i le n s i s (Testudo), 159 .
C hitra ,262, 263.
C hitradaa. 241 .
C hloremys , 27 .
C hrysemy s , 69 .
C inctiste rnurn ,242.
cinerea (C hrysemy s), 73.
cinerea. (Emys ), 73 .
cinerea (Testudo), 72, 73.
C inixys , 140.
C mos tem idse , 33.
cinostem oides (C istudo),1 17 .
C inosternum , 33.
A LP HABETIC AL INDEX . Jul
C ino thorax , 140.
C istoclemmys , 128 .
C i s tuda , 114 .
Uistudm ida} , 48 .
C i stud inina ,48 .
C is tudo , 1 11 , 1 14 .
C laud i us , 29 , 32 .
cla usa (C istudo ) , 1 15 .
clausa (Emys ) , 1 15 .
clausa (Terrapene ) , 115 .
clausa 115 .
C lemmydo id ze . 48 .
C lemmys , 5 1, 60,6 1, 63,
66 , 69 , 85 . 88 , 92, 97 ,
109 , 118 , 135.
C lidoplastra , 11 .
C hdosterna , 1 1 .
cobanum (C inosternum),42 .
C oelognathu s , 242.
collie i (C he lod ina) , 216 .
C o lpochely s , 184 .
complanatu s (C rocodilus ) , 283 .
concentrlca (Emy s) , 89 .
concentrlca(Malaclemy s ),
concentrica (Testudo),89 .
concinna (C allichelys ),82.
concinna (C lemmys) , 83.
concinna (C hrysemys), 83concinna (Emy s), 83.
conc ilma (P seudemys),
concmna (P tychemy s),83.
concmna (Terrapene), 83.
concinna (Testudo ), 83.
C optopelta , 242 .
comacea (C he lonia) , 10.
con acea (C o riudo ) , 10.
coriacea (Dermoche lys),10.
coriacea (Sphargis) , 10.
coriacea (Tes tudo), 10.
C oriudo , 7 .
coromamlelicus (Trionyx), 269 .
cortloata (Thalassochelys ) , 185 .
cou i (Testudo ) , 166 .
couro (Emys) , 133.
couro (Terrapene), 133,
coutinh ii (P odocnem is ),199 .
crass icol lis (Be ll ia), 98 .
crassico l lis (C lemmys ),98 .
crasswolhs (Emys ) , 98 .
cruss ilabris (Bell ia), 98 .
C rocod ili,
C rocod ilulzo, 274 .
C ro co di lions,274 .
C rocod i lus , 277 . 288 .
crocod il us (L acerta) , 283 .
cruentata (Swanka ) , 44 .
cruentatum (C iuo stcr1mm) , 44 .
C ryptod é z'
os,19 , 27, 33,
45,48 .
C ryptodn'
a,1 1
, 237 .
C rypmpus , 267 , 270.
C uchoa , 5 1 .
cumberlandensis (Emys ),78 .
cummgu
263 .
C uo ra, 128 .
cuvie ri (A lligator) , 299 .
cuv ieri (C rocod ilus ) , 290.
cuvieri (T rlonyx), 6 1.
C y clano rbls , 270.
C yclanoste us . 265, 270.
C yclemys , 128 .
C ycloderma,265, 270.
C y lindm sp is , 149 .
cynocepha lus (Alligator),
(P elochelys ),
C ynosuchus, 29 1 .
Dactyloplastra , 11 , 237.
Dactyloste rna ,11
,237 .
Damonia, 92 .
d aud im i (Testudo), 169 .
decussata (C lemmys), 79 .
decu ssata (Emys) , 79 .
decussata (P seudemys),79 .
De i l'oohely o idm, 48 .
Deirochely s, 69.
d enta ta (C ll elymys ) . 235.
dentata (C istudo) , 131 .
dengalta (C yclemys), 130,
10
dentata (Elseya) 2 35.
denta ta (Emys ), 54 ,
131 .
dentata (Kachuga) , 54 .
d entata (P odocnemis),
dentatus (Sterno tb ze rus),19 4
d ent iculata (Km ixys) ,141 .
dentlculata (Testudo) ,
d epres z a (C helonia) , 182 .
dep l'
essa (Emys ) ,2 27 .
302
depressa (Geoemyda) ,139 .
depressa (HydrasPiS) ,
depressa (Hydrom edusa),211 .
d ep ressa (P latemys) , 223.
(lepressa (Testudo) , 155.
derbianu s(Sternothaerus),
D ermatemydidze , 27 .
D ermatemys , 27 .
Dermatochelyd ze , 7 .
Dermatocb elys, 7 .
D ermochelys , 7 .
desertorum (Testudo) ,166 .
Dhongoka , 51 .
dhongoka (Batagur), 54 ,55, 56 .
dhongoka (C lemmys) , 55,dhongoka (Emys) , 56 .
dhongoka (Kachuga) , 56 .
dhor (C yclemys), 131 .
dhor (Emys) , 54 ,131 .
D iacosfo idea, 237 .
diardii (C istudo), 131 .
d iard ii (Emys) , 131 .
D iclida , 33, 114 .
d illwyni (Trionyx) , 246 .
(liversum (Sphenodon), 3 .
Dogania ,242.
Dongoka , 51.
dorb igny i (C hrysemys) ,80.
d orb ignyi (C lemmys) , 80.
dorbigny i (Emys) , 80.
dorri (C inixys ) , 143.
dorsalis (C hrysemys), 74 .
d orsah s (Emys) , 124 .
d orsualis (Emys) , 123.
doubledayi (Kinosternon) , 39 .
(1ubia (C helon ia), 186 .
Dumerilia,199 .
dumerlliana (C helonemys), 202, 203.
d um emhana (Emys), 202.
d umeriliana (Hydraspis) ,202 .
dumerlliana (P odocnem ié ); 202 , 203
dura (Emyda ), 269 .
dura (P angshura), 59 .
(lu randi (Batagur) , 56 .
dussumieri (C helonia),d ussumieri (Lepidochelys), 185.
duvaucelii (Ba tagur) . 56 .
ALPHABETI CAL INDEX .
d uvauceln (Emys) , 56 .
d uvaucelu (GymnOpus),248 ,
249 .
92, 97 ,114 , 118 , 128
, 135,
expansa (Emvs) , 204.
expansa (Hydraspis ),
expansa (P odocnemis),
ecaudata (Testudo) , 17 6 .
edeniana (Melanochelys),123.
edeniana (N icoria) , 123.
eH'
eld tu (C inosternum),43.
elegans (Baikiea), 272.
elegans (C hers ine ) , 161 .
e legans (C hrysemy s) , 78 .
e legans (C lemmys ) , 78 .
elegans (C yclanorbis) ,272 .
elegans (Emys ) , 78 .
elegans (P seudemys) , 78.
elegans (Testudo), 161 .
elegans (Trachemys), 78 .
elegans (Y u en), 257 .
elephan tina (Testudo) ,167, 169 .
E lephantopu s , 149 .
e lephantopu s (Testudo) ,169 , 170.
elliot i (Batagur), 54 .
ellioti (C lemmys) , 54 .
Elod ites, 19, 27 , 33, 45,
48, 19 1, 206 .
elongata (Gaouana), 185.
e longa ta (Eremonia) ,185 .
elongata (Testudo), 173.
e longata (ThalassoChe lys), 185
elongatu s (P e ltastes) ,173.
Elseya, 228, 234 .
emarginata (C he lydra),21 .
Emia , 51 .
Emmen ia , 100.
emory i (Asp idonectes) ,258 .
emory i (Trionyx ), 258 .
myda , 267 .
Emy daa, 19 , 33, 48 .
Emydea , 11, 187 .
Emyd ldw, 19 , 27, 33, 45,
48 , 19 1 , 206 .
Emyd inad ze , 241 .
Emydoidea, 48 .
Emydo idea , 11 1 .
emydoides (Testudo),158 .
Emydosauria ,273.
Emydosau riens, 273.
Emydura, 228 .
Emyoides , 114 .
Emys , 51, 6 1 , 63, 66 , 69 ,
emys (Manouria) , 158 .
emys (Testudo) , 158.
Emysau ru s, 20.
eph ipp i um (Testudo) ,171 .
eph ipp ium (Trionvx),
Eremonia, 184 .
Eretmoche lys, 180.
erosa (Cm ixys), 141 .
erosa (Testudo) , 141.
E ryma , 100.
Erymnochelys , 199 .
ery throcephala (Emy s),
e scu lenta (C are tta), 182.
Enchelymys , 228 .
Euchelys , 180.
Euereta . 7 , 11 .
euphratlca (Testudo) ,
euphra ticus (Gymnopus),258 .
euphraticus (R afetus),
euphrat icus (Triony x) ,258 .
eul'
opma (C istudo ), 112 .
europa’a (Emys) . 1 12 .
e uropaea (Lu tremys),
em‘
Opsea (Terrapene),
europaea (Testudo), 1 12.
Evemy do id ze, 48 .
expansa (C he lod ina ),
falconeri (Ba tagur), 64 .
fa lconeri (Scapia ), 158 .
fa lconeri (Testudo), 158 .
fascia ta (C hersine ) , 147 .
fa sciata (Swanka ) , 39 .
fasciata (Testudo) , 147 .
femoral is (Homopus) ,147 .
ferox (P latypeltis ), 2-16 ,259
fe l'ox (Testudo), 259 .
ferox (Tr ionyx) , 259 .
fimbl’ ia ta (C hely s) , 209 .
fimbriata (Matamata ),29 9 .
304
gra y ii (T rionyx), 25 1.gnentli eri (Sphenodon ) , 3 .
glintlieri (Dogan ia ) , 246 .
g lintberi (Trionyx) , 246 ,
gutta ta (Aromocllelys ),
gu tta ta (C lemmy s) , 109 .
gu ttata (Em y s ), 93,109 .
gu ttata (G eoclemys), 109 .
guttata (Nnnemya ) , 109 .
guttafa (Te studo), 109 .
gu ttatum (Kino s ternon) ,37 .
gu ttatus 109 .
Gymnopus, 242, 263 .
Gypocbelys , 23.
H alcros ia , 288 .
ham11tom i (C lemmys ), 93.
ham iltonii (Damon i a ),93.
ham iltonii (Emys) , 93.
ham iltonn (Geoclemmys),93.
Hardella,63.
hardwickii (Dhongoka) ,54, 56 .
li ardw ickii (Kaclmga), 54 .
Hatteria, 2 .
H a tteriidaa
h ellen ica (C istudo) , 112 .
helois (Al ligator) , 290.
henricihenrici (Swanka ) , 40.
H epta th y ra , 265 .
b eron1es (Testudo) , 157 .
hermanni (Testudo), 177 .
H e teroclemmys , 9 7 .
li ieroglypli ica (C hrysemy s) , 76 .
li ieroglyphica (C lemmy s) ,76 .
h i eroglyphica (Emys) , 76 .
hieroglyphica (P seudemys), 76 .
h ieroglyphica
cli emys ) , 76 .
hilari i (Hyd ra spis) , 222 .
hilaru (P latemys), 222,
(P ty
hippocrep is (Kinosternon ). 39 .
h irlicollis (Jae-
are), 295 .
h irt ipes (Omosternum) ,38
,42 .
holbrookn (Emys) , 78 .
holbro oku (T rachemys) ,
ho lolissa (Testudo), 168 .
homeana (C m ixy s), 143Homopns , 145.
ALPH {BETIO 4 L INDEX .
intermed ia (Elseya) , 235.
in termed ia (Emys ) , 58 .
intermed ia (Kachuga),58 .
intermed ia (Molinia),280.
inte i'm edius (C rocod ilus ) ,iravad ica (B atagur) , 55.
irrigata (Emys) , 84 .
irrora ta (Landcmania ),256 .
Iso la, 242.
lachrymata (C he lon ia),182.
laco rdaire i (Alligator) ,lacnnosus
283.
lx v is (P s ilognathus ), 256 .
Land emania , 242 .
lan iaria (Emys ) , 105 .
lan iaria (Mau remys), 105 .
lasalee (Spatulemys ) , 222 .
lata (C he lonia), 182.
(C rocodilus),
liorsfieldu (Homopus ),178 .
ho rsfleld u (Testud inella) ,178 .
ho rsfieldu (Testudo ) , 178 .
hud sonicaburum (Tri onyx ) . 249 .
Hyclm sp id idae ,19 1 , 206 .
Hyd raspis , 197 ,200
,210,
2 19 , 226 ,2 13, 217 ,228 .
Hydromed usa, 210.
ibera (Testudo) , 176 .
Ida , 242.
imbricata (C are tta ) , 183.
imbricata (C helone ) , 183.
imbricata (Eretmochelys),183.
imbricata (Testudo) , 183.
imp ressa (Geoemyda),
incisa (Emys), 125 .
incisa (N icor ia), 125.
iri c isus (C helopus), 125 .
ind i (B ardel la ) , 64 .
ind ica (C hitra) , 263, 264 .
io d ica (Megalocli elys),167 .
ind ica (Testudo) ,169 , 170. 172, 173.
iud icus (B ombifrons),
167,
ind i cus (Gymn opus) , 263.
ind icus (Trionyx), 264inepta (Te studo) , 172 .
insculpta (C arettochelys) ,236 .
insculpta (C lemmys ), 107 .
insculpta (Emys ) , 107 .
insculpta (G1yptemys) ,107 .
inseulpta (Testud o ), 107 .
integra (Swanka) , 42 .
integrum (Thyrostern um) , 42.
integrum (C inosternum ),
Jacare , 29 1 .
Jaca re tinga,29 1.
jamao (Emy s), 79 .
japonica (C helon i l ) . 180.
j aponicaj aponica (Emys ), 95, 106 .
japom ca (Testudo) , 180.
j aponicus (T rionyx) , 256 .
j avanica (Tyrse) , 248 .
javanicus (Aspidonectes),253.
javan icus (Trionyx), 248 ,Jerdonella , 51 .
j eud i (T rionyx ), 250, 25 1.
jolmsoni (C rocod i lus) ,279 .
jolm stoni (C rocodi lu s),iohnstoni (P h ilas 279 .
journe i (C rocod i lus), 280.
journe i (Mee istops), 276 ,
Kachuga , 51 , 60.
kaclmga (Batagur) , 54 .
kachuga (Emys) , 54 .
kemp i i (Thalussochelys) ,186 .
Km ix'ys , 140.
kinos ternoides
117 .
Kinosternon,22
,33
,128 .
klemmauni (Testudo),175 .
kraussi
(Emy s) ,
(O nychochelys),
krefl’
m (C helymys) , 231 .
kreffll i (Emydu ra) , 231 .
1abia tu s (Tr ionyx)lab) rintb ica (Emys ), 90.
lacertina (C helydra ) , 20.
lacertma (Gypochelys) ,
lacertina (Macrocliely s),
lata (Hyd raspis ) , 202 .
laticcps (C lemmys ) , 105 .
la t icep s (Emy s ), 105 .
la t icops (E ryma ) , 105 .
la tirostu s (Al l igator) ,293 .
latirostris (C aiman), 29 3.lat i rostris (C eramopelta) ,
latirostris (C rocod i lus) ,293 .
la tiros lris (Jacare ) , 293.
latis term im (Elseyu ) , 233 .
Iatisternum (Emydura),
leach ianus (Sternothmrus) , 195.
leith i i (Isola), 249 .
le itln i (P angshura ) , 56 .
le i lli ii (P e l tastes) , 175.
leithi i (Testudo ) , 175 .
leith li (Tri omx ), 249 .
Lepidocli ely s , 184 .
leprosa (C lemmys) . 105 .
leprosa. (Emya), 105 .
leprosus (Y uen ) , 257 .
leptocnemis (Tes tud o) ,172.
leptorlu nchus (C rocod ilus ), 279 .
lessom i (Tetraonyx) , 61 .
lesueurii (Emys) , 90.
lesueurii (Graptemys ),9 1
les ueum (Malacoclem
m ys), 90.
leucostoma (Swanka ), 42,43 .
leucostomum (C inosternum ), 42. 43.
lewvana (P odocnem is),
lewyanus (C rocod il us) ,281 .
lineata (Batagur) , 54 .
lin eata (C lemmys), 54 .
l ineata (Emy s ), 54 .
l ineata (Kachuga ), 54 .
l ineata (Trachemys), 78 .
lineatus (Gymnopus),
liv ingstonii (Aspidochelys) , 265 .
livingstoni i
tliyra) , 265 .
longlcaudata
4 1 .
longicaud atum
s ternon ) . 41 .
longicollis (C he lod ina) ,215.
(Hepta
(Swanka),
(Kino
A 1.1’ 11
Long i ros tres , 275 .
long irostri s (C rocod i l us) ,an " )
longlscu tata (Jacaro),
madagascariensis (C rocod ilu s), 283 .
(Em y s),maxim i liani
maxnmliam (Hydraspis) ,
longico llis (C lemmys) ,long icolli s (Em ) s ), 2 15 ,
long ico llis (Hyd rasp i s ) ,2 15 .
lo ngic ollis
2 15 .
IO llgIC O lllS
(Testudo ),
Lorica ta , 273 .
l uciu s (All igator), 290.
l ucius (C rocod i lus), 290.
lunata (R hm oclemmys ) ,
lutari a (C i studo ) , 112.
luta ria (Emys ), 105,
lu tari a (Testud o ), 112 .
Lu tremys , 111 .
luxata (Mamouria ) , 158 .
luxa tu s (Teleopu s ), 158 .
Lysoplastra , 1 1 .
Lysosterna, 1 1 .
maackn (Trionyx), 256 .
macquaria (C helynq s),230, 232 .
macquaria (P lateng s),
macquariaa (Emyd ura ),
macquarru (Hydraspis ),230.
maeroeephala
mys ) , 94 .
macrocephala (Emys) ,macrocephala (Geoclemmys) , 94 .
Macrochely s , 23 .
Macroclemmy s , 23 .
macropu s (C helone ) , 182 .
macropu s (Euche1ys),
(C lem
macropus (Testudo) , 180.
maculata (Hyd raSp is) ,macu lata (Swanka) , 42,43 .
macu lata1 15 .
macu latus (Y uen) , 257 .
macu losa (C helonia) ,
(Terrapene) ,
mmlnguscnrimi s is (h um o
ril iu) . 205 .
mud zigusonrim s is (P o d ocnemis ) , 205 .
mu (lagzi scurions is (P yxis ),mmlem spatana (Bug s) ,| 21 .
major (C i studo), 1 17 .
maj or (Kzlcli ugu) , 60 ,
B'Ia lzi clemm y d zc , 48 .
B'lu lnulenmu s , 88 .
B’I ah m vlcmmys , 88 .
Blano uria, 149 .
margmala (C hers ine),174 .
ma rgmnta (C h rysemys) ,
marg ina ta
174 , 175 .
margina tu s (C ha sm ),
(Testudo),
marg inatu s (C rocod i lus ),nmrg inzmi s (P el tastes ),174 , 176 .
marmoruta (Act incnnys ) ,110.
mar ] 11om ta (C helonia),mam i orata (C lemmys) ,110.
marmora ta (Emys), 110.
marmora ta (Geoclemmy s), 1 10.
marmoratus (C helopus ) ,110.
marmoratus (Staurotypu s) , 32 .
marmorea (C lemmys) ,105.
marmorez i (Emy s), 105 .
ma rtm ella (P la temys) ,
martine lla (Testudo),
Matamata , 207 .
matamata (C helys ), 209 .
matamata (Testudo ), 209 .
Mau remys , 100.
mauritamca (Testudo ),176 .
mau ritanicus (P elta stes) ,170.
mawil (Dermatem y s ), 28 .
maxim i lian i (C helod i na) ,
306
maximil iani (Hydrome
d usa ) , 210, 212 .
Meeistops , 276 , 277 .
m egacepaala (Emys), 46 ,90.
megacephalum (P latysternum ), 46 .
mega cepli alus (C laudi us),Mega locb elys , 149 .
mcgalopus (Testudo ),16 1 .
melanocephala (Testudo) ,
Melano cli e lys , 1 18 .
melanos terna (C lemmys),melanosterna (Geoclemys) , 124 .
melanosterna (R hinoclemmys ), 124 .
melanosternum (Nicoria) ,
Melauosuchus , 29 1 .
m eleagris (Emys), 114 .
m eleagms (Lutremys),114 .
meleagris (Testudo), 112.
m ercurialis (Sphargis) ,10.
Mesoclemmys, 219 .
Mesodeca, 245 .
mexicana. (C i studo) , 118 .
mexicana (O nychotria),118 .
mexicana (R hinoclemmy s), 127 .
memcana (Swanka ), 44 .
mexicanum (C inoste rnum ), 44 .
mexicanus (C helopus),127 .
mexicanu s281 .
m icrocephala (C allinia),260.
m icrocephala (P otamochelys), 260.
m icrophyes (Testudo),170.
m iliusu (Hydraspis ) ,
(C rocod i l us),
m ili usn (P li ryuops) , 224 .
m iliusii (P latemys ) ,m inor (Aromochely s),
m inor (Gou iocli elys), 38 .
m iss ismppiensis (All igator), 290.
missnssipp iensis (C rocod ilus ), 290
ALPHABETIC AL INDEX .
mobilensis (C lemmys ) , 85 .
mob i lens is (Emys) , 85 .
mobi lensis (P seudemys) ,85 .
m ob i liensis (C hry semys) ,
mob iliensis (P tychemys ),
Molm ia , 277 .
Mo n imopelyca, 187 .
Mono clida , 33.
mo rdax
namad ica (Emys), 58 .
Nanemys, 100.
nasicornis (C aretta), 182 .
nasuta (Emys), 218 .
nasuta (Hydraspis), 218,
nasuta (P latemys), 219 .
moreletu (C rocod ilu s),m oreletu (P alinia), 287 .
Moren ia , 66 .
mortoni (Trionyx), 255 .
mosch ifer (Jacare tmga ),
mouhotu (C yclemys) ,
mouhotu (Emys) , 132 .
mo uhotii (P yxidea), 132.
moz ambica (P elome
d usa), 198 .
muli leubergii (C alemys),108 .
muli lenbergll (C helopu s),108 .
mu hlenbergn (C lemmys ),105 .
muh lenbergu (Emys)108 .
m uhlenbergu (Geoclemys) , 108 .
m uhlenbergu (Terrapene) , 108 .
muhlenbergii (Testudo),108 .
multiscutata (C he lon ia),184 .
m ultiscutata (Jacare ),mut ica (Amyda ) , 260.
m utica (Damon ia), 96 .
mu tica (Emys) , 96 .
m u ticus (GymnoP us),260.
m uticu s (Trionyx ), 260.
Myd as, 180.
mydas (C he lone ), 180.
mydas (Tes tudo), 180.
nasuta (R hinemy s) , 218 .
nebulosa (Terrapene),1 15 .
N ectemydo idae, 48 .
N ectemys , 69 .
nem ora l i s (Testudo) ,
neuwiedu (P latemy s),9 5 9a—l - ‘u .
N icoria , 1 18 .
n iger (Al liga tor), 292.
niger (C aiman ) , 292.
mger (Sternothmrus ),
n igra (C hampsa), 292 .
mgra (Emys), 98 , 110.
mgra (Halcrosia ), 288 .
n ig ra (Jacare ), 292 .
nigra (P elomed usa) , 198 .
n igra (Testudo), 170.
n igri cans (C lemmys), 97 .
nigricans (Damonia) , 96 ,97 .
nigricans (Emys), 96,
n igricans (Kinosternon ),195.
n igricans (Sternothzerus),195.
nigri cans195 .
nigricans (Testudo), 195 .
n ig ricans (Trionyx) , 250.
n igrita (Testudo), 169 .
nigriventrls (Testudo) ,164 .
n iloti ca (Tyvse), 255.
n iloticus (C rocodi lus),283 .
niloticus (Trionyx), 255.
N ilssonia , 242 .
noguey i (Homopus), 148 .
N o toa, 19 1 .
Notochely s , 128 .
novae -
guineae (C helod ina), 215.
nov zxz - gu ineaa (Emyd ura ),233.
non e -
gu inea; (P latemys) ,233.
novae - holland iae (C helod ina) , 2 15 .
novem - costatum (Tortisternum ) , 256 .
novem - costatus
gnatlu i s) , 256 .
nucli alis (Aspidonectes) ,
(Terrapene),
(C oelo
nuchal is (Be llia), 94 .
nuchal is (Emys), 94 .
nuttali i (C hrysemys), 74 .
308
pileata (Emys) , 89 .
pitipii (B artlettia) , 204 .
planicauda (Testudo) ,
planiceps (Elephanto
pus) . 169 .
plan icep s (Emy s) , 22
planiceps (Hydraspis),
plan iceps (P latemys) ,227 .
plan iceps (Testudo) , 169 ,
plan irostris (C rocod ilus) ,288 .
platanensis (Hydromedusa), 212 .
P latemys, 217, 219 , 226 ,
platycephala (P latemys),227 .
pla tycephala (Testudo),
platy nota, (C yclemys),130.
platynota (Emy s) , I3O.
platynota (Notochelys) ,130.
platynota (Testudo) ,
platynotus (P eltastes) ,
P latypeltis, 242.
P latysternidm,45.
P latysternum , 45.
P latythyra , 34 .
P leuroderes , 187 , 191 ,206 .
P leurodira , 187 .
P odocnemid id fe , 191 .
P odocnemis , 199 .
polyaspis (C he lonia) , 186 .
polyphem us (Testudo),155 .
polyphemus (Xerobates) ,155 .
ponderosa (Testudo),[ 167 .
pond icerianus (C rocod ilus), 284 .
pondiche rianus (O opholis), 284 .
porcata (Dermatochelye) ,10.
porosus (C rocod ilu s),284 .
porosus (O opholis), 284 .
postinguinale (C inoste r42 .
P otam ites , 241 .
P otamochelys , 242, 267 .
P sammobates , 149 .
ALPHAB EI‘
IC AL INDEX .
punctulatus (Aspilu s) ,254 .
punctulatus(Jacaretinga) ,
pusil la (Te studo) , 147 ,176 .
P yxiclemmys , 128 .
Pyxidea ,128 .
P y xidem y s,114 .
P yxis , 144 .
P seudemydaa. 48 .
P se udemy s , 69 .
pseud o- care tta (C helo
n ia) , 183 .
pseud ogeograpli ica(C 1emrays ), 9 1 .
pseudogeograpli ica
(Emy s), 90.
pseudogeographica
(G raptemys ) , 9 1.
pseudogeograpli icus (Ma
lacoclemmys ), 9 1 .
pseudo183.
P silognathu s , 242 .
P tychemys , 69 .
pu lchel la (Emys), 107 ,1 12.
pu lche lla (Geoclemmys ),107 .
pulchella (Glyptemys).107 .
pu lche lla (Testudo) , 112.
pulcli errima (Gallichelys), 125.
pu lcherrima (C lemmys),125.
pul ch errima (Emys) , 125 .
pulcli errima (Nicoria),125 .
pulcherrima (R hinoclemmys) , 125 .
pulcherrimus (C helopus) ,
pu lchra (C hrysemys), 73,
punctata (Emys) , 109punctata (Hatteria) , 2.
p unctata (Terrapene),109 .
punctata (Testudo) , 109 .
punctata (Trionyx), 269 .
punctatum (Kinostnon) , 39 .
punctatus (Sphenodon),2 .
punctularia (C hersine),
punctularia (C lemmy s )123.
punctularia (Emys) , 123.
punctularia (Nicoria ),123.
punctularia (Testudo),123.
p unc tulariu s (C helopu s),123.
punctu lata (C hampsa) ,294 .
punctu lata (Jacare) . 294 .
punctulatus (Al ligator),
rad iata (Asteroehelys) ,166 .
rad ia ta (Te studo), 160.
rad iolata (C helodina) ,rad iolata (Emys), 224 ,
225 .
rad iolata (Hydraspis ),
rad iolata (P latemys),
rafcli t (Testudo), 258 .
raieht (T rionyx). 258 .
rafeht (T y rse ), 258 .
R afetm , 242 .
raniceps (Hyd raspis) ,2 18 .
ran iceps (P latemy s ) , 219 .
raninus (C rocodi lu s),R apara , 20.
R edam ia , 69 .
reeve su (C lemmys) . 95.
reevesu (Damonia ) , 95 .
reevesn (Emys) , 95 .
ree vesii (Geoclemmy s) ,95 .
reticu laria (Deirochelys) ,75 .
reticularia (Emys), 75,reticu lata (C hrysemy s) ,75 .
reticulata (C lemmys ), 75 .
reticula ta (D eiroche lys) .75
ré ticulata (Emys), 75.
reticu lata (Terrapene ),75 .
reticu lata (Testudo ), 75.
retz ii (Testudo) , 4 1 .
R hamphostoma,275 .
R hinemys , 217 , 219 .
R hinoclemmys , 118 .
rhomb ifer (C rocod i lus),287
rli ombifer (P alinia) . 287 .
R liynchocepbalia, 1 .
R li ynchocephalidse , 2 .
t nchocepli alu s , 2 .
R hynchosucli us , 276 .
ri i ulata (C lemmys), 104 .
rivulata (Emys) , 84 , 104 .
robustus (C rocod i lu s),rodericensis . (Testudo) ,173 .
roes ignom i (C helydra),23
r'
ossignonii (Emysaurus
rostellum (C inosternumrostrata (Testudo) , 253.
rub ida (Emys), 127 .
rubida (Geoclemmys) ,127 .
rubida (Nicoria) , 127 .
rubidus (C helopus ), 127 .
rubriven tris (C hrysemys),
rubriventris (C lemmys) ,84 .
rubriventris (Emys), 84 .
rubriventris (Te rrapene),
rubriventris (Testudo) ,84 .
rufipes (Emys) , 225.
rufipes (Hydraspis), 225 .
rufipes (P brynops) , 225 .
rufipes (P latemys), 225 .
rufipes (R li inemys ), 225 .
rugo sa (C hry semys), 79 .
rugosa (C lemmys ), 79 ,84 .
rugosa (Emy s) ,rugosa (P seudemy s), 84 .
rugosa. (P tychemys), 84 .
rugosa (Testudo) , 79 .
rugosa (Trachemys), 79 .
Sacalia , 100.
salvm i (Emys) , 81 .
salv ini (P seudemys), 81 .
salvini (Dermatemys ),
salvinii (Stauremys), 32.
salvinii (Stauro typus) ,32.
sangu inolenta (Emys) ,78 .
Sarbieria , 242 .
Saurochelys , 20.
scabra (Emys) , 107, 123 .
scabra (Terrapene) , 107 .
scabra (Testudo ), 121,
123.
scabra (P seudemys) , 77 .
scabra (R hinoclemmys )123 .
ALP HAB E'
I‘
IC AL INDEX . 309
serpentina (C he lonura ) ,sc abra (Trachemys) , 77 .
Scapia, 149 .
sclilegelii (C rocodi lus),schlegeli i (Gavial is) , 276 .
schlegelii (R liyncli o sucli ns ) , 276 .
schlegeli i (Tom istoma),
scli legeli i (Trionyx) , 256 .
sclme id eri (Emy s) , 115 .
scli o ensis (Kiii ixys), 143.
scliweiggeri (P latemys) ,218 .
scliweiggeri (Testudo),156 .
selerops (Al ligator) , 293,294 .
selerops (C aiman ), 294 .
scler0ps (C li ampsa) , 224 .
selerops (C rocod ilus) , 293 ,294 .
sclerOps (Jacare) 2 94 .
scorp ioidea (Emys) , 4 1.
scorpioides (C hers ine),41 .
scorpioides (C inosternum ) , 41, 42, 44 .
scorp ioides (Swanka) , 41 ,42, 44 .
scorpioides (Testudo),4 1 .
scripta (C hrysemys), 77 .
scripta (Emy s) , 77 .
scripta (Testudo), 77 .
scripta (Trachemys), 77 .
sculpta (Testudo), 157 .
scutata (Emyda) , 270.
seba (Ge oclemmys), 122 .
sebae (Emys). 122 .
sebae (Geoclemmys), 109 .
ebae (Melanochelys), 121 ,
semiserrata (Testudo),166 .
sem iserratus (P eltastes),166 .
senegalens is (C yclanosteu s) , 272 .
senegalense (C ycloderma),272 .
senegalensis (C ryptopus),271 .
senegalensis (C yclanorbis), 271.
senegalensis (Emyda),271 .
senegalensis (Testudo),160.
septem- cos tata (C opfo
p elta), 256 .
serpe i itina (C lielyd ra), 20.
serpentinaserpe i it ina (Enq sa ura),
se i'
pentina (R npara), 20.
serpenti i i a (Tes tudo) , 20.
eerra lzi (C lemmys ), 77 .
serra ta (Emy s ) , 77 , 84 .
serrata (P seudemy s) , 84 .
serrata, (Terrapene ), 77 .
serrata (Testudo), 77 ,120.
severus (C laudius), 32 .
severus (Slaurotypus ), 32 .
sewaare (Trionyx) , 250.
sextube rculata (P odocncmis), 204.
sli aw ia ii um (Kinoste rnon), 4 1, 44 .
siam ensis
siamensis (C rocod ilu s) ,282 .
signata (C hersine) , 149 .
signata (Te studo ), 148 .
Signatus (Homo m s), 148 .
eigriz (C lemmys), 105.
sigriz (Emys), 105.
sigriz (Terrapene) , 105 .
sine ii sis (All igator), 29 1.
s inensis (C lemmys ) , 85.
sm ensis (Emys ), 85 .
sinensis (O cadia) , 85.
sinens is (Trionyx), 256 .
sinuatus (Sternotbaerus),194 .
sm ith ii (Batagur), 57 .
smithi i (C lemmys), 57 .
sm itli ii (Em ia ), 57 .
smithi i (Kachuga ), 57 .
sm ithi i (Testudo), 165.
sonoriense(C inosternum) ,40.
sonoriense (Thyroster40.
Spa tulemys , 219 .
speciosa (Emys), 107 .
spekii (Kinixys ), 143 .
spengleri (C lemmys),121 .
spengleri (Emys), 98 ,
spengleri (Geoemyda),121 .
spengleri (Nicoria), 120.
spe i igleri (Testudo ), 120.
Sphargidaa, 7 .
Sphargid ina , 7 .
Sphargis , 107 .
3 10
Sphenodon , 2 .
Sphenodontidae, 2.
sp ini l'
er (AsPidonectes),260.
spinifer (T rionyx) , 259 .
spini I'e ra (C alli ii ia ) , 260.
spmil’
erus (Gymnopus ) ,259 , 260.
spino sa (C lemmys) , 137 .
spinosa (Else y a ) , 233.
Spiii osa (Emys) , 137 .
spinosa (Eucli elymys),
sp ino sa (Geoemyda), 137 ,158 .
spix ii (Acantli och elys ) ,227 .
spixii (Hydraspis) , 218 ,
sp ixii
squamata (C are tta), 183.
squam ata (Eretm ochelys) ,183 .
Stauremys , 29 .
Staurotyp idce . 27 .
Staurotypu s , 29 , 33.
Steganopodes , 1 1, 19 , 27,
stel lata (P otamochely s),
stella ta (Testudo) , 161 .
ste l latus (P e ltastes), 16 1 .
stellatus (Trionyx), 253,Sterii o tha ridee , 19 1 .
Sternothaerus , 33 , 128,19 1.
Streptopelyca, 11 .
subdepressa (Hydromed u sa) , 211 .
subglobo sa (Emydura),
subglobosa (Euchelymys),
subn igra (Emys ) , 195 .
subnigra (Testudo) , 195.
s ubniger (Sternothzeri i s) ,1 95 .
subplana. (Dogania) , 246 .
s ubplanus (Gymn0pus),246 .
subplanus (Trionyx) ,e iibr i i fa (Emys) , 197 .
subrufa (Hydraspis) , 197 .
subrufa (P e lomedusa),198
subru fa (Testudo) , 197 .
94 .
sub tr i i i iga (Emys ) . 94 .
s i iohus (C rocodilus) , 283.
ALPHABETI C AL IN DEX
tenu iro stris (Gavialis) ,tennis (C helonia) 182terrapen (Malncoclem
my s) , 89 .
s ulcata (C helod ina) , 215.
s ulcata (Testudo ), 159 .
sulcatus (C entrochelys) ,160.
su lca tus (P el tastes) , 160.
sulcifera (C helod ina),215 .
su‘C ifera (Euchelymys),
Swanka, 33 .
swinli oei (O scar ia) , 257 .
swinli on is (Trionyx),sylbe tensis (Jerdonella),57 .
sylhetensis
57
sylli etensis (P angsli ura),57 .
(Kachuga),
tabulata (C helono ides),157 .
tabu lata (C hersine) , 157 .
tabu lata (Testudo) , 157 .
Tanoa, 19 1 .
tarapacona (ThalassoC he lys) , 185 .
tecta (B atagur), 58 .
tecta (Emy s ), 58 .
tecta (P angsli ura) , 58 .
tectife ra (Hydromed i isa),2 12.
tectum (C lemmys) , 58 .
tectum (Kachuga ), 58 .
TeleoP i is , 149
te inm inckii (C helonura ),25 .
temm inckii (Emy saurus),
temmincki i (Macroche
13's ) , 25 .
temmincki i (Macroclem
toy s), 25 .
Tem i i ognathus, 242.
Temsacu s , 277 .
tentoria (Batagur) , 58 .
tentoria (C lemmys ) . 58 .
tentoria (C u choa) , 59 .
tentoria (Emys) . 58 .
tentoria (P angshu ra) , 59 .
te ii toria (Testudo), 164 .
tento riu s (P e l tastes), 164 .
tenu irostre (R li amphostoma ), 275 .
tenu irostris (C rocod ilu s),
Terrapene , 69 , 88 , 100,
terrapin (C lemmy s) , 89 .
te i'rapin (Emy s ) , 89 .
terrapin (Testudo) , 89 .
tessel lata (Te studo) , 157 .
Testud inata , 4 .
Testud i ii ella , 149 .
Testud inidaz , 48 .
Te stud inea, 11 .
Testudmina, 48 .
Testudo , 145 , 149 .
tet radactyla (C hersine) ,147 .
Te traonyx , 6 1 .
tetrasp i s (O steolaemus),
Tetra thyra ,270.
Thalassite s , 7 , 180.
Th zi lassocbelys , 184 .
Thecopli ora , 1 1.
theobald i (C haibassia),140.
thermalis (C lemmys) ,thermalis (Emys) , 122.
the rmalis (Nicoria ) , 122 .
tli unbergii (Garett-a), 182 .
thurgi (Batagur), 63, 64 .
tli i i rgi (C lemmys ), 63 .
th i i rgi (Hard ella) , 63.
th urgi i (Emys ), 63.
tb i irji i (Emys) , 63.
Thyroste i'
num, 34 .
Tomistoma , 276 .
'l'
ortisternum,24 2 .
tracaxa (Emys) , 206 .
traoaxa (P eltocepli alus),
trncaxa (P odocnemis),206 .
Trachemys, 69 .
tricarinata (C haibassia ),139 , 140.
tricarinata (Geoemyda) ,139 .
tricarinata, (Terrapene) ,41 .
tricarinata (Testudo) , 41,121.
trifa sciata (C istudo) . 133.
trifa sciata (C uora), 133,135 .
trifascia ta
133 .
t ' i “asciata (Terrapene),133.
trifasciatus
rus) , 133 .
lrigibbosa (Emys) , 58 .
trignnata (C li ampsa), 296 ,
(C yclemys).
(Sternothae
