BROILERHANDBOOK

More Meat, More Profit

1.1 Why farm Broilers? 1.2 Broiler Production Process 1.3 Housing and Equipment1.4 Broiler Farming Objectives 1.5 Record Keeping

Page 1

ContentsSection 1: Introduction Page 2

Section 2: Chick Management Page 8 2.1 Stockmanship2.2 Chick Transport and Handling2.3 Shed Preparation2.4 Brooding Management• Temperature Guidelines• Assessing Temperature• Spot Brooding Temperature• Water & Drinking• Feed & Feeding• Light Control

Section 3: Growing Management Page 19

4.1 Ready for Market4.2 Shed Clean-out

3.1 Stock Density3.2 Light and Temperature3.3 Water and Drinking3.4 Feed and Feeding3.5 Litter Management 3.6 Stress Management3.7 Biosecurity

Section 4: Post farming Page 27

Contact Page 29

Introduction

The purpose of this handbook is to provide management guidelines that optimise broiler performance and increase profits. While many poultry principles are universal, it’s important to recognise that every farm is different. The most successful farmers develop their own management programs. This requires an understanding of local environmental factors, poultry housing and equipment. This handbook is intended as a reference source for PNG poultry farmers.

The handbook was created by Zenag Chicken for a PNG farming context. The document draws on our rich farming history, as well as common poultry practices from around the world.

In this section, you’ll learn:

CONTENTS REFERENCE PAGE

1. Why farm Broilers? Page 32. Broiler Production Process Page 4 3. Housing and Equipment Page 54. Broiler Farming Objectives Page 65. Record Keeping Page 7

Page 2

Section 1

Small-hold poultry farming is one of the fastest growing SME sectors in PNG. NARI estimates that approximately 1 in 4 PNG households are engaged in some form of poultry production. Furthermore, stringent biosecurity measures have ensured the country remains free of the world’s worst avian diseases. PNG’s relative disease-free and favourable climate are the cornerstones of the poultry industry’s success.

As a healthy and cheap source of protein, demand for chicken meat continues to grow steadily. Consumer preferences for poultry will continue to be driven by rising incomes and population growth. Furthermore, well managed birds can be ready for sale at 6 weeks of age. This short production cycle can generate quick returns for broiler farmers.

1.1 Why Farm Broilers?

42 Days

Page 3

1.2 Broiler Production Process

Page 4

Male lineRearing

Female line Time scale

Grandparent Farm(From New Zealand)

Total time frame 52 weeks (364 days)

Egg production

0-18 weeks

19-65 weeks

Hatchery

Egg storage

Incubation

Hatching

Egg storage

Incubation

Hatching

7-10 days

21 days

Parent Farm

Rearing

Egg production

0-18 weeks

19-65 weeks

Hatchery

Egg storage

Incubation

Hatching

7-10 days

21 days

Same day

Broiler Farm

Brooding

Depletion

Growing

0-10 days

11-42 days

Day 42

Rearing

Egg production

HousingChicken sheds should be carefully planned to provide comfort and ideal conditions for optimal growth. The following factors should be considered when building a chicken shed:

1. Reflective roofing. Reduce impact of sun’s heat.2. Open sides (Chicken wire). Maximise ventilation and fresh air flow.3. East to West facing. No direct sunlight inside shed.4. Litter is soft and dry. 5. Stocking density recommendation: 15kg/m2 hot climates and 20kg/m2

cold climates)6. Biosecurity: No contact with other people, animals or birds.

STRONG BIOSECURITY = STRONG DISEASE CONTROL

EquipmentEquipment should always be clean and well maintained for optimal growth. The following equipment factors should be considered:

1. Feeders: Plan for 50 chickens per feeder.2. Water Drinker: Plan for 50 chickens per drinker.

If stocking rate increases more feeders and drinkers should be provided.

1.3 Housing and Equipment

Page 5

Broiler Farming Key ObjectivesThe overall objective in broiler farming is to grow chickens as cheaply and efficiently as possible to increase profits. The following performance indicators should be reviewed to assess performance of each flock.

• Low Mortality i.e. Only few chickens die during growing period.• Low FCR (Feed Conversion Rate). The amount of feed consumed per

kilo of meat. The lower the FCR, the more efficient chickens are at converting feed into meat.

E.g. 50 chicken sample has total weight of 110kg (50 x 2.2kg each). Total feed consumption was 160kg (25kg Starter + 50kg Grower + 95kg Finisher)

1.4 Broiler Farming Objectives

Page 6

FCR = Total Feed Consumed

Total Live Weight

FCR = 170kg110kg

Broiler Performance Targets

Flock Age(Days)

Average LiveWeight (kg)

Total Mortality (%) FCR

35 2.14 2.5 1.548

36 2.24 2.5 1.568

37 2.33 3.0 1.587

38 2.43 3.0 1.607

39 2.52 3.5 1.627

40 2.62 3.5 1.647

41 2.71 4.0 1.667

42 2.81 4.0 1.687

FCR= 1,545 (Each chicken consumed 1.545kg of feed per kg of growth)

1.5 Record Keeping

Record keeping is important as it monitors performance. Accurate record keeping will allow you to clearly see if management changes have made a difference to overall flock performance.

Page 7

BROILER PERFORMANCE SHEET

Farm: Shed: Date Placed:Flocks: Day Placed:DOC Body Weight (G): Total # Placed: GM:

DAY DATE AGE MORTS TOTAL DEP % CUMU ENDING INVTY

BODY NOTES (For Managers use) LUX LIGHT

ONSTD ACT1 572 733 914 1115 1346 1607 1898 2209 25610 29411 33612 38113 42914 48015 53516 53917 65518 71919 78620 85621 92922 100423 108224 116225 124426 132827 141428 150129 159030 168031 177132 186333 195634 205035 214436 223937 233438 242939 252440 262041 2715 PERFORMANCE42 2809 MORT:43 2904 ALW:44 2997 AGE:45 3091 FCR:

Chick ManagementOBJECTIVE

Providing chicks with a good start is the most important part of managing your flock. This will successfully develop optimal feeding and drinking behaviour, resulting in correct organ development and fast growth with maximum uniformity.

Chick behaviour should always be monitored as they will tell you If they are comfortable or not. Always refer back to the 5 key principles of Stockmanship when assessing a flock.

In this section, you’ll learn:

CONTENTS REFERENCE PAGE

1. Stockmanship Page 92. Chick Transport and Handling Page 103. Shed Preparation Page 114. Brooding Management Page 12

• Temperature Guidelines • Assessing Temperature Page 14• Spot Brooding Temperature Page 15• Water and Drinking • Feed and Feeding Page 17 • Light Control Page 18

Page 8

Section 2

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Page 13

Stockmanship

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Activity D

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Air Q

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Standing

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.. .. . .. ... .... . . .... .... ... Are chickens evenly distributed? D I S T R I B U T I O N

F E E D• Is it easily available?• Is it dry and fresh?• Are feeders clean?

A I R Q U A L I T Y• Take 3 deep breaths and assess air quality• Does the shed smell fresh or stale and bad?• Is there enough ventilation?

A C T I V I T Y• Are chickens active? • Do the chickens sound comfortable and not stressed?

W A T E R• Is it easily available?• Is it cold and fresh?• Are drinkers clean?• Taste ok to drink?

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Minimising stress and maintaining optimal temperature are the two most important considerations when transporting DOCs. Heat stress and suffocation are the two most common causes of DOC mortality.

2.1 Chick Transport and Handling

• Handle with care• Stack with gaps so hot air escapes• Stack in shade on dry ground

• Never leave in direct sun• Never stack on wet ground• Never shake DOC box

Under shadeCreate space between boxes

Direct sunlight

Page 10

• 25°C is the ideal temperature for transporting DOCs.• Over 30°C will cause heat stress and potentially kill DOCs.

Sheds should be fully cleaned and prepared for brooding before new DOCs arrive onto the farm. This will ensure best performance of the flock and help reduce the risk of disease. Pre-Placement checklist:

Drinker Equipment1. Confirm equipment capabilities suit placement. (1x bell drinker = 50x DOC)2. All drinkers working fine with fresh water. 3. Flushed, cleaned and disinfected.

Feeder Equipment1. Confirm equipment capabilities suit placement.

(1x feeder = 50x DOC)2. Cleaned and disinfected.3. All feeders working fine with fresh starter feed.4. Tip feed on paper (70g per chick).

Litter1. Dry, soft, low levels of dust are comfortable for chicks.2. Recommended material: Wood shavings or coffee husk/coconut husk.3. DO NOT USE SAWDUST! 4. Spread evenly throughout shed 5-10cm in depth.

Brooding Area1. A designated brooding area is installed inside shed 1.5 m2 per 50x DOC.2. Area is cleaned, disinfected and fresh litter spread.3. Paper laid out covering 100% of brooding area. Removed after 3 days.

Heater System1. Ensure heating system works and the temperature is regulated.

2.2 Shed Preparation

Page 11

Right image: Example of shed prepared and ready for chick placement

Brooding is the most important part of a chickens life. Growth in the first 14 days affects the development of immune and digestive systems. To ensure strong early development, brooding should be managed carefully following these key principles:

1. Temperature management2. Easy access to cool clean water 3. Easy access to high quality chick starter feed4. Fresh air5. High light intensity and long day length6. Comfort (no stress, no disease)

Some farmers use brooding rings, others use a small section of the shed, others use the whole shed. Whatever your preference, the key principles remain the same.

2.3 Brooding Management

Right image: Example of half shed brooding

Left image: Example of small section brooding

Page 12

As seen in the diagram above, during egg incubation and the first 5 days of life, chicks cannot produce enough heat to properly control their body temperature. It is critical to provide enough heat during this “Cold Blooded” period to ensure optimal development and growth performance. Always observe chick behaviour!

Brooding ManagementTemperature Guidelines

One simple method of monitoring chick temperature is to place feet on face.

• If their feet feel cold they are cold. Increase temperature of shed.

• If their feet feel hot they are hot. Decrease temperature of shed.

• If feet feel same temperature as your face, they are ok.

Mercury thermostats should be placed just above chick height inside the shed and used as a tool for management.

Page 13

Brooding Temperature Guideline ( C)

Age C

1 34.5

2 34.0

3 33.5

4 33.0

5 32.5

6 32.0

7 31.5

8 31.0

9 30.5

10 30.0

11 29.5

12 29.0

13 28.5

14 28.0

Days: 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 21 / 5 - 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 35 - 42

Hatchery

“Cold Blooded”

Broiler Shed

“Warm Blooded”

Development Phase Growth Phase

Description• No Activity• Even Distribution• Spread Wings and Pant

Action Required• Decrease Temperature• Increase Ventilation

TOO HOT!!

Description• Good activity• Even Distribution• Sound comfortable

Action Required• None Required

Description• No activity• Huddle together

TOO COLD!!

Action• Increase Temperature• Check Ventilation

Page 14

Brooding ManagementTemperature Checking

Spot BroodingSpot brooding is the most common brooding method used throughout PNG. For optimal broiler performance results, ensure to constantly check chick behaviour as an indicator of correct brooding temperature.

Brooding ManagementSpot Brooding Temperature

TEMPERATURE TOO HIGH TEMPERATURE CORRECT

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.Feed drumFeed on paper

Drink

Heat Light

Page 15

• No Activity• Even Distribution• Spread Wings and Pant• Chicks move away from heat source• Action: Lower temperature

• Good Activity• Even Distribution• Sound comfortable• No Action Required

• No Activity• BAD Distribution• Chicks noisy and move close to heat

source• Action: Increase Temperature

• No Activity• BAD Distribution• Action: Review wind/breeze, uneven

light distribution or outside noise stress

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TEMPERATURE TOO LOW WINDY

Water is an essential component of chick development and affects the long term growth of a chicken. Water provided should be clean, a cool temperature and changed every day to refresh. Water spillage should be kept to a minimum as it degrades litter quality. Chicks should not have to travel more than 2 metres to find water inside a shed.

Page 16

Brooding ManagementWater and Drinking

Nipple Drinkers

1. Nipple Drinkers should be provided at a rate of 1/10 chicks. 2. Nipple height = equal to eye level.3. Pressurise system by installing header water tank.4. Water pressure should be low so there is a water droplet on nipple.5. Flow rate should be 40ml/ minute.6. Flush regularly to maintain cool temperature and good hygiene.

Bell Drinkers

1. Bell drinkers should be provided at a rate of 1/50 chicks. 2. Height = equal to breast level of standing chick.3. Water level should be 5mm below lip of drinker. Avoid spillage.4. Regular checks, assessments and adjustments.5. Flush regularly to maintain cool temperature and clean for good

hygiene.

FeedBroiler feed is the largest proportion of overall cost of production. For optimal final performance and growth, chicks should have immediate access to clean and fresh starter feed.

1. Frequent additions of small amounts stimulates feeding activity.2. High quality chick starter in a dust-free crumble form should be

used at a rate of 500g per chick.3. Feeder height should ensure easy accessibility for DOCs.

Crop Fill Check Crop fill check is a way to monitor early feeding activity of DOCs.

Page 17

Brooding ManagementFeed and Feeding

Crop Fill Assessment Guidelines

Time Since Time Since PlacementPlacement

Target Crop Full (% chicks with full

crops)

12 Hours >85%

24 Hours >95%

48 Hours >100%

Feed needs to be in a dust-free crumble form.

Feeder height needs to allow for easy chick accessibility.

Full + Rounded Crop Empty Crop

Example of shed workers tipping broiler starter feed during brooding.

Light programs in brooding stimulates the chicks into feeding and drinking, providing the best possible start for early development. Light intensity and distribution throughout the shed significantly affects broiler activity and growth. To save power costs, coincide light programs with natural daylight sunrise and sunset.

Page 18

Brooding ManagementLight Control

1. There should ALWAYS be some period of darkness for rest and development.2. If the recommended lighting schedule above is uneconomical or not

available the program can be altered. Priority should be given to providing 23hrs of light for first 7 days as this dramatically improves chick development. 3. Any change to the lighting program should always be altered at the

“ON TIME.” DO NOT alter the “OFF TIME” as chicks prepare for sleep at the same time every day.

Recommended Lighting Program

Age (Days)

Light Intensity(Lux)

Day Length (Hours)

Dark periods(Hours)

1-7 40 23 18 10 20 49-14 10 14 10

Top image: Example of good light intensity and distribution throughout a shed.

Growing ManagementOBJECTIVE

To provide the perfect environment for optimal growth and flock performance.

Carefully monitoring chicken behaviour will indicate their level of comfort. Always refer to the 5 key principles of Stockmanship when assessing a flock.

CONTENTS REFERENCE PAGE

1. Stocking Density Page 202. Light and Temperature Page 21 3. Water and Drinking 4. Feed and Feeding Page 235. Litter management Page 246. Stress management 7. Biosecurity 8. Ready for Market Page 279. Shed Clean-out Page 28

Section 3

Page 19

Page 25Page 26

Page 22

Stocking DensityStocking density affects flock performance (FCR, growth rate and mortality) and shed litter quality. Optimal stocking densities result in maximum economic returns, however they depend on the environmental conditions, bird management and ventilation capability.

Overstocking increases the environmental pressures on broilers and will reduce performance. In general, stocking densities should be reduced in hot climates and increased in cold climates. Stocking density should be calculated at final processing weight. Our recommendations for PNG are:

3.1 Stocking Density

Hot Climate + No Fan Ventilation = Low Stocking Density = Optimal Flock Performance

Page 20

Maximum Stocking Density for sheds with NO ventilation (No Fans)1. Hot climates (PNG coastal areas) = 15-18 kg/ m2 (6-7 x 2.5kg chickens/ m2) 2. Cold climates (PNG highlands) = 25 kg/ m2 (8-9 x 2.5kg chickens/ m2)

For sheds with Tunnel Fan Ventilation 1. Hot climates (PNG coastal areas) = 25kg/ m2 (10x 2.5kg chickens/ m2)2. Cold climates (PNG highlands) = 35kg/ m2 (14x 2.5kg chickens/ m2)

Cool Climate + Tunnel Fan Ventilation = High Stocking Density = Optimal Flock Performance

3.2 Light and Temperature

Temperature Guidelines1. Assess chicken behaviour for signs of heat stress.2. In hot conditions ensure there is plenty of cool water easily accessible

for the chickens.

Page 21

East-west facing shed to avoid direct sunlight on chickens

Broiler Growing Lighting Guidelines

Age (Days) 15-42

Light intensity(Lux) 10

Day length (Hours) 14

Dark periods(Hours) 10

Broiler Growing Temperature

GuidelinesStocking Density °C

20 kg/m2 26 - 28

22 kg/m2 25 - 27

24 kg/m2 24 - 26

26 kg/m2 23 - 25

28 kg/m2 22 - 24

Light Guidelines1. Light must be evenly distributed throughout the entire shed. No dark

areas.2. There should be no direct sunlight inside the chicken shed.

3.3 Water and Drinking

Water is an essential component of a chicken’s life and should always be easily accessible for birds at all stages of the growing period.

Bell Drinker Management1. Lower water level after brooding to

avoid spillage. 2. Minimum 6mm water level above base.3. Adjust bell drinker height so water is in

line with a chicken’s back.4. Clean daily to reduce bacterial growth.5. Drain and replace water constantly to

refresh.6. Ratio of 50 chickens per bell drinker.

Nipple Drinker Management1. Increase water pressure after brooding

to avoid spillage. 2. Minimum flow rate of 60ml/min.3. Adjust nipple line height so a chicken

stretches up to drink.4. Clean lines between flocks to reduce

bacterial growth.5. Ratio of 10 chickens per nipple drinker.

Water Spillage = Poor litter quality = Poor flock performance

Bell Drinker

Nipple Drinker

Page 22

Top image: Example of shed with correct drinker and feeder heights.

3.4 Feed and Feeding

Broiler Starter • Sieved Crumble• No dust• Ratio 500g /chick

Broiler Grower • Mini-pellet • 1.5 – 3mm size• Ratio 1000g / bird

Broiler Finisher • Pellet • 5 – 8mm size• Feed until harvest

Auto Feed Hanging ManualPlastic Feed

Page 23

1. Ensure feeder heights are correct for the age of each flock.2. Don’t waste feed from spillage. 3. Regularly clean the feeders to ensure the feed stays fresh. 4. Ratio of 25 chickens per feeder.

For optimal flock performance always buy chicken feed from a reputable feed manufacturing company. Chickens should always have access to feed. Below is what we recommend feeding a flock:

3.5 Litter Management

Correct litter management is fundamental to achieve optimal flock performance, good flock health with low sickness/disease risk, and attributes to providing high quality meat.

Key Litter Functions:1. Dry, good moisture absorption ability. 2. Provides insulation barrier. 3. Low levels of dust (SAWDUST IS NOT GOOD!).4. Soft and comfortable for the chicken’s feet.5. Recommended material: Wood shavings,

coffee or shredded coconut husk, rice hulls, shredded paper.

Page 24

Wet/muddy and caked litter = bad for flock health

Example of dry, soft and fluffy litter

Water spillage = bad for health

Litter Management1. Spread evenly throughout the shed at 10 - 20cm depth. 2. Avoid water spillage from drinkers as it “cakes” litter. 3. Constant ranking to air-out litter and remove “caked litter”.4. Litter can be re-used between flocks, however should be piled together and composted for 14 days before re-using. The composting effect will kill most bacteria in litter. 5. If there is disease challenge DO NOT RE-USE LITTER between flocks.

3.6 Stress Management

Stress can affect broiler performance and sometimes even kill chickens. Farm managers need to continuously assess potential causes of stress and implement measures to mitigate stress risk. Factors associated with triggering stress in broilers include:

1. Noise - Outside lawn mower, people yelling, barking dogs etc.2. Predation - Cats and dogs trying to eat chickens.3. Temperature - Shed environment conditions too hot.4. Disease - Poor biosecurity management.

Example of outside noise stress (lawn mower) on broilers. Stress leads to smothering, high mortality and bad flock performance.

Page 25

1. Minimising the number of people visiting a shed/farm.2. Ensuring workers have clean uniforms, wear appropriate footwear

and they shower before entry.3. When entering sheds, workers/visitors should wash and sanitise

hands and boots.4. Control entry of rodents, insects and wild animals.5. Continuously cleaning and drying all equipment. 6. Ensuring at least 14 days downtime, full shed clean-outs and shed

sanitisation between flocks.

Page 26

3.7 Biosecurity

Biosecurity ManagementBiosecurity refers to management protocols to prevent the introduction and spread of disease/sickness onto a farm or flock. It is an integral management component of any poultry farm. Strong biosecurity management includes:

Shoes must be clean when entering the sheds.

Clean uniforms and head nets will prevent disease.

3.7 Ready For Market

Much time, work and money has gone into farming a flock to reach this point of their life. The main objective is to ensure minimal mortality during the catching, handling and transporting process to the market.

Page 27

4.1 Ready for market

Handling, Transporting and Holding at Market

1. Always handle chicken with care as seen in the photo the right.

2. NEVER LEAVE BIRDS IN DIRECT SUNLIGHT.

3. Ensure sufficient ventilation is provided during transportation to market.

4. Chickens should not be without feed for more than 8 hours.

5. Provide water whenever possible during transport and at the market.

Example of optimal broiler care at market.

Shed clean-outs are a critical part of strong biosecurity management. It is highly recommended to clean-out and disinfect sheds between flocks. Once a flock has been fully removed from a shed, cleaning should begin.

Below is the recommended cleaning procedure for a broiler shed:

1. Completely remove or pile litter in the centre of shed for a 14-day composting period.

2. Brush and remove dust and spider webs inside the shed.

3. Dry clean any equipment that cannot be washed with water (e.g. Electrical cables and lights etc.).

4. Remove all feeding and drinking equipment for washing with detergent. Be careful to check detergents are compatible with equipment manufacture requirements.

5. Once carefully scrubbed and cleaned, hang equipment to dry in an allocated area under shade with good air flow. NEVER DRY

EQUIPMENT IN DIRECT SUNLIGHT. This will degrade the plastic over time.

Example of a shed litter pile 14 day compost.

Page 28

4.2 Shed Clean-out

Contact

Page 29

PORT MORESBY Phone: 325-1199E-mail: pomsales@zenagchicken.com

CONTACTLAE MAIN MARKET

Mifo

rd H

aven

Rd

LAE MAIN WHARF

Mangola St

Mataram St

Marsina St

Lae Main Wharf

Bumbu St

SOUTH PACIFIC(SP) BREWERY LTD

Spring Garden Rd

Waigani Dr

COCA COLA AMATIL (PNG)

ABLE COMPUTING

LAE (Main Office) Phone: 472-3900E-mail: laesales@zenagchicken.com

Meatier

Pawa Protein

JuicierTastier

Pawa Kaikai

www.zenagchicken.com

More Meat, More Profit