Bloom-IJMS -2010

Indian Journal of Marine Science

Vol. 39(3), September 2010, pp. 323-333

Bloom of Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ehr.) and its impact on water quality and

plankton community structure in the coastal waters of southeast coast of India

A K Mohanty1, K K Satpathy

1, G Sahu

1, K J Hussain

1, M V R Prasad

1 & S K Sarkar

2

1 Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu- 603 102 India 2 Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata- 700 019 India

[Email: [email protected]]

Received 14 September 2009; revised 11 January 2010

An intense bloom of Trichodesmium erythraeum was observed in the coastal waters (about 600 m away from the shore)

of southeast coast of India during the post-northeast monsoon period. The bloom appeared during a relatively high

temperature condition with coastal water salinity > 31 psu. A significant reduction in nitrate concentration was noticed

during the bloom period, whereas, relatively high concentration of phosphate and total phosphorous was observed. An

abrupt increase in ammonia concentration to the tune of 284.36 µmol l-1 was observed which coincided with the highest

Trichodesmium density (2.88 × 107 cells l-1). Contribution of Trichodesmium to the total phytoplankton density ranged from

7.79% to 97.01%. A distinct variation in phytoplankton species number and phytoplankton diversity indices was noticed.

The lowest diversity indices coincided with the observed highest Trichodesmium density. Concentrations of chlorophyll-a

(maximum 42.15 mg m-3) and phaeophytin (maximum 46.23 mg m-3) increased abnormally during the bloom.

[Key words: bloom, phytoplankton, tropical, Trichodesmium, oligotrophic, cyanobacteria]

Introduction

Trichodesmium erythraeum, a marine

cyanobacterium, is an important nitrogen-fixer in the

sea. It is one of the common bloom-forming species

found in tropical and sub-tropical waters, particularly

in the eastern tropical Pacific and Arabian Sea,

contributing > 30% of algal blooms of the world1.

Estimated global nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium

bloom (~ 42 Tg N yr-1

) and during non-bloom

conditions (~ 20 Tg N yr-1

) suggests that it is likely to

be the dominant organism in the global ocean

nitrogen budget1, 2

. Trichodesmium normally occurs in

macroscopic bundles or colonies and blooms formed

by it are often extremely patchy. The patchy spatial

distribution of plankton blooms is usually connected

to the physical variability of the water body3.

Reports in literature showed frequent occurrence of

Trichodesmium blooms in Indian waters, however, it

has been reported more frequently in the west

coast4, 5, 6-11

as compared to east coast12, 13-15

. Equipped

with buoyancy regulating gas vesicles and nitrogen

fixation enzymes, Trichodesmium is regarded as an

organism well adapted to stratified, oligotrophic

conditions2. All the available reports on

Trichodesmium bloom from east and west coast of

India have been observed far away from the coast

(> 30 km). This appears to be the second report of

Trichodesmium bloom which was sighted near the

coast similar to the last year report from the same

locality15

.

During a regular coastal water monitoring program,

a prominent discoloration of the surface water was

noticed in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam (12o

33' N

Lat. and 80o

11' E Long) (Figure 1) on 19th February

2008. The bloom was very dense and created

yellowish-green coloured streaks (Figure 2a) of about

4 to 5m width and 10-20m long patches. The entire

bloom extended to several kilometers along the coast.

The phytoplankton responsible for discolouration was

identified as Trichodesmium erythraeum (Figure 2b).

Though, bloom of Noctiluca scintillans16

, Asterionella

glacialis17

and Trichodesmium erythraeum15

in the

coastal waters of the Kalpakkam have been reported,

the present one has many interesting features.

Although, the data collected during our regular work

were not concerned directly with an investigation into

the causes of the bloom, the interest stimulated from

the studies of various physicochemical and biological

characteristics of the coastal water justifies the

purpose of this paper. The acumen in investigating

Trichodesmium bloom appearance and distribution

stems from the recent report about its harmful nature,

INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 39, No, 3, SEPTEMBER 2010

324

sometimes causing damages to coastal fish and shellfish

fauna18

. Thus, studying the causes that favour the

appearance of this bloom has social and economical

connotations. The impact of bloom on coastal water

quality and phytoplankton community is reported in this

paper along with the characteristic feature of the bloom.

Fig. 2a & b Discolouration of coastal water of Kalpakkam by Trichodesmium erythraeum bloom patches (a); magnified view of

bundles formed by trichome (b)

Fig. 1 Study area showing the sampling location

MOHANTY et al.: BLOOM OF TRICHODESMIUM ERYTHRAEUM (Ehr..) AND ITS IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY

325

Materials and Methods

Surface water samples were collected twice daily

(between 9 to 10 AM and 4 to 5 PM during the bloom

period (19th to 23

rd February), whereas, during pre-

and post-bloom periods samples were collected

weekly only in the morning hours. Samples were

drawn by lowering a clean plastic bucket from the

Jetty of Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) and

analyzed for various physicochemical parameters.

Temperature was measured by a mercury

thermometer with an accuracy of ±0.1oC. Winkler’s

method19

was followed for the estimation of DO.

Salinity was estimated by Knudsen’s method19

. pH

was measured by a pH meter (CyberScan PCD 5500)

with an accuracy of ±0.1. Dissolved nutrients such as,

nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, silicate and phosphate along

with total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP)

were estimated following the methods of Grasshoff

et al.19

and Parsons et al.20

. Chlorophyll-a and

phaeophytin were measured spectrophotometrically

(Parsons et al., 1984. The phytoplankton density was

estimated using Utermohl’s sedimentation technique21

and counted using Sedgwick Rafter counting chamber

with the aid of binocular research microscope (Nikon

Eclipse-50i). The identification of phytoplankton

was done by following standard taxonomic

monographs such as Desikachary22

for diatoms;

Subramanian23,24

for dinoflagellates and Fristch

25

for green and blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria).

Three diversity indices such as species richness (R),

species diversity (D) and evenness (J) were computed

to evaluate the variation between phytoplankton

community structure and diversity, using standard

formulae of Gleason (1922), Shannon-Weaver (1963)

and Pielou (1966) respectively.

Results and discussions A. Hydrography

The values of pH did not show significant

variations and ranged from 8.0-8.2 during the study

period (Figure-3a). It did not show any correlation

with bloom appearance as it remained almost stable

during pre-bloom, bloom and post-bloom periods.

The surface water temperature during the study period

ranged from 27.2-32.6°C (Figure 3b). Comparatively

high temperatures were noticed during the afternoon

collections. A general increase in water temperate was

noticed from January to March, which is a general

phenomenon associated with air temperature in this

locality during this period of the year. Most of the

marine cyanobacteria exhibit substantial growth in the

temperature ranges 25-35°C11

. The present bloom was

noticed during relatively high temperature conditions

(28.4-28.7°C in the morning and 31.2-32.6°C in the

afternoon). Temperature has long been recognized as

an important factor that controls Trichodesmium

abundance26-27

. Generally bloom of this filamentous

alga occurred during hot weather season13

,

as

cyanobacteria require relatively high temperature for

its optimum growth compared to other

phytoplankton28-29

. The present study agreed well with

earlier reports4, 13-15, 30

, which showed similar

temperature conditions with the appearance of

Trichodesmium bloom during early summer and

spring31

in the coastal waters of India. As observed,

the bloom was more predominant during afternoon

period when the temperature was relatively high as

compared to morning period.

The observed salinity ranged from 31.58-33.18 psu.

A gradual increase in salinity was noticed during the

study period (Figure 3b). Stable salinity condition

close to typical value of 32 psu and above is known to

Fig. 3a


326

support the growth and abundance of Trichodesmium.

It is well known that the cyanobacterium is a

stenohaline form with optimum growth at > 33 psu

and can’t survive in low salinities11-14

. DO

concentration ranged from 6.2-8.1 mg l-1

(Figure 3a). The lowest and the highest DO

concentration was observed during the post-bloom

and bloom period respectively. Marginally high DO

was noticed during the bloom compared to the pre-

and post-bloom period. However, concentrations of

DO during pre-bloom period were relatively high as

compared to post-bloom period. This could be due to

photosynthetic release of oxygen by the dense algal

biomass. Similar increase of DO content during

Trichodesmium bloom has also been reported

earlier2,15

. As expected relatively low DO contents

were observed during the post-peak bloom period,

indicating that some of the cells are in decayed stage.

This phenomenon of observation of low DO values

near bloom area is common to post-bloom era and

indicative of decayed phase of the bloom.

B. Nutrients Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.17–6.79

µmol l-1

, the highest value being observed during the

pre-bloom period and the lowest during the bloom

(Figure 3c). Relatively low nitrate levels, continuous

patches with yellowish green colour and increased

primary production (as reflected in chlorophyll-a

values) coinciding with peak bloom period

sufficiently indicated that the bloom was in growth

phase. A significant reduction in nitrate concentration

was noticed during the bloom as compared to pre- and

post-bloom periods. Similar reduction of nitrate

concentration during Trichodesmium bloom has also

been reported by others12,14-15

. Insignificant variation

in concentration of nitrite was noticed during the

period of study. On the contrary, ammonia values

Fig. 3b

Fig. 3c


327

were significantly high during the bloom, especially

on the day of the highest cell density, compared to the

pre- and post-bloom observations (Figure 3d), which

ranged from 0.22-284.36 µmol l-1

. This could be

ascribed to the diazotrophic nature of Trichodesmium,

which has the ability to produce ammonium through

the process of nitrogen fixation32

. As a result of the

above process, the observed TN concentration was

also relatively high (392.80 µmol l-1

) on the peak

bloom day (Figure 3d). Surprisingly, perusal of a

plethora of literature available from Indian coasts

revealed that ammonia concentration during

Trichodesmium bloom has rarely been estimated or

reported4, 8, 33

. A comparison of the present ammonia

concentration with that of earlier reported value

(126.72 µmol l-1

) during Trichodesmium bloom from

the same locality15

showed a two fold increase.

Many reports have indicated discolouration of water,

production of offensive smell, increase in ammonia

content and fish mortality in coastal waters due to

Trichodesmium bloom11

. During the present

observation, in spite of prevalence of very high

ammonia content, there was however, no fish

mortality and thus social and economical implications

were minimal. Considering the fact that, ammonia

concentration >0.1 mg l-1

is toxic for the fish

community18

, the bloom could have a significant

adverse effect on the biota of the coastal waters had it

continued for a longer period. No report of fish

mortality or any such nuisance incidence during the

present study could be attributed to factors like

shorter period of bloom persistence and its drifting

away along with the pole-ward water current.

Phosphate levels ranged from 0.09 µmol l-1

during

the pre-bloom to 1.51 µmol l-1

during the bloom

(Figure 3e). The peak coincided with the day of the

Fig. 3d

Fig. 3a-e Variations in physico-chemical properties of the coastal waters of Kalpakkam during appearance of Trichodesmium

erythraeum bloom.


328

highest Trichodesmium cell density. It did not show a

clear trend during the study. Phosphate constitutes the

most important inorganic nutrient that can limit the

phytoplankton production in tropical coastal marine

ecosystems34

and thereby the overall ecological

processes. Usually seawater serves as the main source

of phosphate in estuarine and coastal waters except

those receives fresh water contaminated with

phosphate. Apart from the physical and chemical

processes, phosphate concentration in coastal waters

mainly depends upon phytoplankton uptake and

replenishment by microbial decomposition of organic

matter. In the present study, an abrupt increase in

phosphate content was encountered on the day of

highest cell density compared to other observations.

This increase in phosphate could be due to the

extracellular release35

and decomposition of plankton.

Moreover, bacterial liberation of phosphate from dead

organisms has also been reported to be responsible for

enhanced levels of phosphate during blooms36

. Many

other authors have also reported similar increase of

phosphate content during the occurrence of bloom of

Trichodesmium14-15,35

, Noctiluca37-39

and

Asterionella17

. The irregular trend observed in

phosphate concentration during the study could be

due to its rapid uptake as well as replenishment

processes taking place in the coastal waters. Total

phosphorous concentration showed a trend similar to

that of phosphate and ranged from 0.14-2.83 µmol l-1

(Figure 3e).

Silicate values ranged from 7.58-16.28 µmol l-1

with

lowest and highest values being observed during bloom

and post-bloom periods respectively (Figure 3c). Pre-

bloom concentrations of silicate were marginally high

as compared to that of bloom and post-bloom periods.

Silicate, utilized for the formation of the siliceous

frustules of diatoms, constitutes one of the most

important nutrients regulating the phytoplankton

growth and proliferation and ultimately to its

blooming. Relatively high values of silicate observed

during the pre-bloom period could be ascribed to the

silicate rich freshwater input into the coastal water

during the post-monsoon period. Also, during post-

monsoon period, the environmental conditions were

unfavorable for phytoplankton growth, and thus

silicate uptake was negligible leading to enhanced

level of silicate in the coastal waters. Gradually, with

onset of favourable conditions for phytoplankton

growth, silicate uptake increased leading to decrease

in its concentration in the coastal waters as observed

during the present study. Except for the enhanced

concentration levels of silicate during pre-bloom

period, its concentration remained almost stable

during the bloom and post-bloom period.

Observations similar to this have also been reported

by several authors during the appearance of non-

diatom blooms16,37-38

, where silicate remains

unutilized.

C. Phytoplankton community structure

Trichodesmium is considered as an organism well

used to stratified, oligotrophic environment. Thus, its

abundance should be high in the boundary currents and

decrease towards the coast wherein the availability of

nitrogenous nutrients is more. There has not been any

report of T. erythraeum bloom in the coastal zone right

near the coast (within 600 m from the shore). Results

showed that the bloom constituted both individual

trichomes and colonial forms although the later

dominated to the extent of 80-90%. Generally the

trichome length varied from 300-1200 µm. Unlike the

west coast of India wherein phytoplankton bloom is

generally observed during the beginning of SW

monsoon period (May-September), the present bloom

was observed during the end of NE monsoon period.

The present observation coincided with the transition

period during which the coastal water current was

about to change from southerly to northerly direction.

This is the lull period during which the lowest

magnitude of current is observed at this location.

Blooms have been reported to be conspicuous in calm

conditions. These calm conditions assist the trichomes

to form dense rafts on the surface of the sea as has

been observed during this study.

Phytoplankton community showed a distinct

variation in its qualitative as well as quantitative

aspects during the study. In total 69 species of

phytoplankton were identified which comprised of

62 diatoms, 5 dinoflagellates, one silicoflagellatte and

the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum. The

population density of phytoplankters ranged from

1.23 × 105 and 2.94 × 10

7 cells l

-1 (Figure 4) showing

more than two order increase during the peak bloom

period. The lowest cell density was observed during

post-bloom period. Surprisingly, Trichodesmium was

found only during the bloom period from 19.02.08-

23.02.08 and was totally absent during the pre- and

post-bloom observations. Contribution of Tricho-

desmium to the total cell count ranged from 7.79 %

(1.10 × 104 cells l

-1) to 97.01 % (2.88 × 10

7 cells l

-1).


329

It is well known that Trichodesmium is more abundant

in subsurface layers (20-30 m) as compared to surface

water36

. Though, the present bloom was observed in

coastal waters with much lower depth

(~ 8 m), in order to examine the presence of

Trichodesmium in the subsurface layers, bottom

samples were collected, and found to be absent. The

observed density of Trichodesmium was found to be

significantly higher than the earlier reported value of

3.38 × 106 cells l

-1 by Ramamurthy et al.

13 and

4.80 × 106 cells l

-1 by Krishnan et al.

11. Scrutiny of

published literature showed that, the present observed

density of Trichodesmium is the highest, reported to

date from Indian waters, and surpassed by a factor of

1.75 times from that of earlier reported highest value

(1.75 × 107 cells l

-1) by Santhanam et al.

14 from

Tuticorin Bay.

Community structure of phytoplankton showed that

the number of species on a single observation varied

between 7 species (on the day of highest cell count)

and 24 during the post-bloom period. As expected

relatively less number of species were found during

the bloom as compared to pre- and post-bloom

periods. Similar results have also been reported40

during Asterionella bloom. Interestingly, number of

species were relatively less during the afternoon

collections on all the occasions as compared to the

morning collections. This again emphasized that

certain phytoplankton such as Trichodesmium

erythraeum, which can tolerate relatively high amount

of irradiance in the surface water during afternoon as

compared to morning period1-3,32

. However, species

not tolerant to irradiance, evading the surface water

leading to low species diversity. Based on the

numerical abundance, 30 species were considered as

important contributing 74.19-99.70% of the

population density (Table 1). Out of these

Asterionella glacialis, Nitzschia longissima,

Thalassionema nitzschioides, Thalassiosira decipiens

and Thalassiothrix longissima were present almost

throughout the study period. Species such as

Biddulphia heteroceros, Cocconeis distans and

Leptocylindrus minimum were found only during the

pre-bloom period and totally absent during bloom and

post-bloom periods. On the contrary, two species of

Biddulphia (B. aurita and B. rhombous) were found

only during the post-bloom period. This clearly

indicated that presence of Trichodesmium erythraeum

favours growth of a selected group of diatoms during

the post-bloom period.

Distinct variations in all the three diversity indices

were noticed during the study period (Figure-5).

Fig. 4 Total phytoplankton density, density of Trichodesmium erythraeum and number of species observed during the bloom


330

Table 1 Percentage contribution of dominant phytoplankton species, total cell density and number of species encountered during the

Trichodesmium erythraeum bloom in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam

14.02.08 19.02.08

M

19.02.08

E

20.02.08

M

20.02.08

E

21.02.08

M

21.02.08

E

22.02.08

M

22.02.08

E

23.02.08

M

28.02.0

8 M

Asterionella

glacialis

21.98 16.48 1.14 3.75 14.40 20.66 5.59 21.52 30.43 24.68 12.90

Biddulphia

aurita

4.84

Biddulphia

heteroceros

1.10

Biddulphia longicuris 0.06 2.42

Biddulphia mobiliensis 2.42

Biddulphia rhombus 1.30 4.03

Chaetoceros

lorenzianus

0.42 2.25 2.42

Chaetoceros sp 0.19 1.13 1.38 1.61

Cocconeis distans 1.10

Coscinidiscus sp 1.10 0.19 2.42

Cyclotella sp 1.30

Dictyocha sp 2.60

Guinardia flaccida 1.61

Leptocylindrus

minimum

0.90

Licmophora gracilis 2.20

Melosira sulcata 2.20 0.33 6.49

Melosira sp 16.81

Nitzschia longissima 3.30 1.48 0.98 3.19 16.00 5.36 1.97 6.33 14.49 2.60 1.61

Nitzschia sigma 2.20 0.60 1.43 2.53

Nitzschia stagnorum 1.10 1.27

Pinnularia interrupta 1.32

Pleurosigma sp 1.27

Pseudonitzschia

delicatissima

0.59 5.07

Pseudonitzschia

pungens

1.13

Thalasiossira

decipiens

12.09 0.26 0.09 0.80 0.25 8.86 8.70 6.49 8.87

Thalasiossira sp 12.09 0.53 0.04 0.19 2.40 1.74 0.66 1.27 4.35 7.79 10.48

Thalassionema

nitzschioides

24.18 4.69 0.34 2.06 16.00 15.05 8.88 17.72 21.74 24.68 13.71

Thalassiothrix

frauenfeldii

4.40 0.45 0.09 1.13 1.06 0.99 1.27 5.19 2.42

Thalassiothrix

longissima

0.41 0.94 2.40 2.04 2.53 1.30 2.42

Trichodesmium

erythraeum

0.00 44.04 97.01 75.80 33.60 43.43 74.67 17.72 13.04 7.79 0.00

% contribution of

above sp.

89.01 88.19 99.70 96.81 85.60 92.47 94.08 82.28 92.75 92.21 74.19

Total cell density

(X 105)

1.29 13.91 294.05 6.89 1.46 8.28 5.63 1.29 1.23 1.37 2.02

Total No. species in

the sample

16 19 7 18 9 16 13 12 8 13 24

M= morning collection, E= evening collection


331

Relatively high values of all the indices during the

pre- and post-bloom periods showed that the

phytoplankton community was floristically rich

during these periods. A significant decrease in

diversity indices was noticed on the day of the highest

Trichodesmium density. This could be attributed to

the dominance of Trichodesmium and the presence of

very less number of other phytoplankton species.

E. Photosynthetic pigments Photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll-a and

phaeophytin showed wide variations which ranged

from 1.21-42.15 mg m-3

and 0.78-46.23 mg m-3

respectively (Figure 6). The highest concentration was

encountered during the bloom which coincided with

highest cell density. In general, concentration of

chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments remained high

during bloom as compared to pre- and post-bloom

periods and the peak values of these two pigments

were about 20 times higher than the normal values.

Interestingly, concentrations of these pigments were

relatively high during the post-bloom period as

compared to the pre-bloom period. This affirmed the

fact that phytoplankton growth gradually increased

from post-monsoon to summer in this part of Bay of

Bengal10-11

. Similar observations of unusually high

pigment concentrations have been reported by

Ramamurthy et al.13

, Pant & Devassy35

and Satpathy

et al.15

during Trichodesmium bloom and Mishra

et al.40

and Mishra & Panigrahy41

during Asterionella

bloom.

Conclusion Relatively high temperature, low current

magnitude, stable salinity (~ 33 psu) and low nitrate

concentration were observed during the bloom of

Fig. 5 Variations in phytoplankton diversity indices during the bloom period

Fig. 6 Chlorophyll-a and phaeophytin fluctuations during the appearance of bloom


332

cyanobacterium T. erythraeum in the coastal waters of

Kalpakkam. Abnormally high concentration of

ammonia observed during the bloom period was a

concern. The cell density was found to surpass all the

earlier reported densities from east and west coast of

India. Appearance of T. erythraeum in coastal waters

of east coast of India during two successive years

necessitates the need for continuous monitoring of

physico-chemical parameters on a long-term basis,

which would help in comprehending its cause and its

ecological significance.

Acknowledgement

Authors are grateful to Director, Indira Gandhi

Centre for Atomic Research and Director, Safety

Group for their encouragement and support. Help

rendered by Shri. S. Bhaskar of Environmental and

Industrial Safety Section is also duly acknowledged.

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