Barnscapes: Mapping Rural Cultural Landscapes

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When people think of landscapes it can conjure imagery of rolling hills and mountains filled with forests and meadows. It can also bring up images of industrial sites filled with facto-ries and furnaces. We try to define and analyze different types of landscapes, typically isolating urban ones from rural ones and natural from man-made. Much has been done in the conservation of natural landscapes as well as in the protec-tion of unique historic urban centers�. Yet, there seems to

�. Cultural Landscapes: the Challenges of Conservation, 2002.

be missing a focused look at understanding and protecting landscapes that are at that boundary: rural agricultural and industrial landscapes.

Today many agro-industrial landscapes are in constant struggle of maintaining their rural way of life while deve-loping new economies to replace obsolete ones2. Many try to respond by replacing one economy with another, while other landscapes try to generate historical credibility and

2. Ibid., p. ��.

Barnscapes: Mapping Rural Cultural Landscapes

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George Steve JaraMIllo

Abstract: The two-part thesis looks at applying an analytical mapping technique onto the agro-industrial cultural landscape of Bonsall, England, as well as a design for a biorefinery, using that analysis. It promotes new design and sustainability with the preservation of the existing rural lands-cape by using mapping as an analytical tool to generate a synthesis and structure based on the formal elements and patterns that occur within the landscape. The relationships that the elements of the landscape create can communicate to us the history of a place and record our actions for future generations. The outcome seeks an alternative to the current method of creating museum cities or focusing solely on tourism as a solution for sustainable preservation. Through a better understanding of the landscape, a place can be preserved and maintained to respect the integrity of the site while allowing for the place to generate new growth and forms.Keywords: cultural landscapes, architecture, preservation, mapping, biomass.

Résumé : Cette étude en deux parties vise à appliquer une technique de cartographie analytique au paysage culturel agro-industriel de Bonsall, Angleterre, et à mettre au point un projet pour la création d’une « biorefinery », au moyen de cette même analyse. Elle promeut un nouveau projet de développement durable, tout en préservant le paysage rural existant, à travers l’utilisation de la cartographie comme outil analytique apte à produire une synthèse et une structure basée sur les éléments formels et les schémas reconnaissables dans le paysage. Les relations que les éléments paysagers entretiennent peuvent nous transmettre l’histoire d’un lieu et garder la trace de nos actions pour les générations futures. Les résultats de cette étude cherchent une alternative aux prati-ques actuelles qui consistent à créer des villes-musée et envisagent le tourisme comme seule solution pour la préservation durable des structures paysagères. C’est à travers une meilleure compréhension du paysage qu’un lieu peut être préservé et maintenu dans le respect de l’intégrité du site, tout en permettant à celui-ci de générer de nouvelles formes architecturales et paysagères et un nouveau développement économique.Mots-clés : paysages culturels, architecture, conservation, cartographie, biomasse.

George Steve JArAmILLo

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become entrapped in their past. Can there be a balance? What if these landscapes explored their unique boundary environment through an interdisciplinary approach? The two-part thesis looks at applying an analytical mapping tech-nique onto the agro-industrial landscape of Bonsall, England (fig. �) and at creating a design for a biorefinery, using that analysis of history and architecture. I believe that the authen-ticity and integrity of the organically evolved landscape of Bonsall can be retained and preserved while allowing new development and design that is not based on the « look » of a place, but rather on the integral elements that make up the landscape. We will consider more than what looks historic and will aim at redefining how we understand the preser-vation, sustainability, and relationship between natural and man-made elements.

Mapping is one way of looking at the landscape from a formal point of view, yet it is simply more than just represen-ting where objects are located. Mapping allows us to graphi-cally represent information and develop visual patterns. It also allows us to look at the « social » structure embedded within the landscape. Thus, I focused on using mapping as an analytical tool to generate a synthesis and structure based on the formal elements and patterns that occur within the landscape and to promote new design and sustainability with the preservation of the existing rural landscape. These patterns, that the elements of the landscape create, commu-nicate to us the history of a place and record our actions for future generations.

Re(de)fining Landscape

What is a landscape? The humanist alexander von Humboldt wrote that the landscape is the « totality of all aspects of a region, as perceived by man »�. The landscape is more than simply the natural objects of a place or the physi-cal structures built on it. landscape is a concept that people develop to understand their physical, cultural, social, econo-mic, and political surroundings.

Human interaction on the landscape makes the place embedded with the efforts of its inhabitants�. What we see is not necessarily the entire picture of a landscape. For exam-ple, England is known for its wide sweeping vistas, green hills, and crisscrossing walls with sheep and cattle. Yet, there are green rolling hills throughout other parts of the world; what makes those landscapes different is more than their location, it is also their unique relationship to the overall

�. Ermischer, G., 200�.�. Hayden, �997.

region. The physical placement of structures always has a reason, be it functional, spiritual, adversarial, or territorial. It is the interaction of these structures with each other that defines landscape.

a rural landscape, like Bonsall, is understood by UNESCo as a type of cultural landscape which is not urban�. The structures, economic concerns, and social works in a rural landscape create a unique environment where « nature » has a greater effect on its inhabitants. agriculture plays a major role in these types of landscapes, as do industries such as mining, quarrying, and logging. The two realms of man and nature are present.

raymond Williams proposes that the country and city are both part of a larger process. Williams asserts that the process that creates a city also creates the country, and that these processes change and evolve6. I further propose that the rural agro-industrial landscape needs to be understood from the point of view of being a complex system of man-made and natural processes. The processes can be broken down into a series of elements and relationships, for example the distinction between field furrows and barns. The landscape is the place where people and objects interact. The landscape needs to be put into a whole context, a « place » that is noisy, dirty, harsh, and arduous, as well as open and green.

analyzing the physical components of the landscape gives us the opportunity to look not only at our customs and ourselves but also at the past. This can consequently help us in guiding our future. Thus, the landscape can be understood as a communicative device capable of relaying messages. The landscape in a sense can tell a story7. We analyze the lands-cape by taking it apart and figuring out what it is commu-nicating to us from beyond the superficial elements.

BonsaLL: an histoRicaL Landscape

The people of Bonsall express their cultural links in language, custom, and social traditions. These are maintai-ned through the annual celebrations of well-dressings and carnival, the unique inflection of dialect of the region, and the interdependence of the people on their natural surroun-ding. The people display the resiliency and adaptive nature of their ancestors in a harsh environment (fig. 2).

located amongst the southern edges of the Peak District National Park, the landscape of Bonsall Moor has an inte-grated and continuous agricultural and mining industrial

�. Cultural landscapes: the Challenges of Conservation, 2002, p. 2.6. Williams, �97�, p. 29�.7. Foote, 200�, p. ��.

Barnscapes: mapping rural Cultural Landscapes

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Fig. 1: View of dry-stone walls, barns, parish church in background, Black Tor, Bonsall, (by author, 2004).

Fig. 2: Aerial photograph and contour over-lay of Bonsall moor (ba s ed on ordnance Survey).


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past represented not only in the physical elements on the moor that can be dated back to Brito-roman time periods but also in the shared relationship of farmers and miners�. Historically speaking, the major industries of Bonsall were lead mining and animal husbandry since much of the moor was not conducive for planting crops. The following describes the two major industries that developed on the landscape.

Lead Mines

Modern lead mining began in the region in the XIIIth and XIVth centuries. The mines of Bonsall belonged to the larger lead mines of the King’s Fields9. The geology of the region kept the moor’s activities to smaller mines, relative to the larger ones of Winster and Wirskworth. The majority of lead mining began on the southern portion of the moor along the old Bonsall mines. The formation of the Mining league in �2�� formalized the terms by which lead mines would be marked and worked�0. The mining laws allowed for miners to prospect on whatever land was open to them. In Derbyshire, the Barmote Courts in the village of Wirksworth oversaw the legal and judicial aspects of lead mining.

Traditional mining techniques included the excavation of open pits on the landscape removing any minerals near the surface. Shaft making soon followed to extract the ore from deeper in the earth. Shaft sizes ranged from twenty to fifty meters in depth and one to two meters in diameter to reach the veins of ore. Small footholds or stone outcroppings allowed a miner to slowly descend into the mine ladder-like. once at an appropriate level horizontal movement allowed for the removal of the ore to be brought back up for washing and separation. The galena ore would be removed from the existing feldspar and quartzites were left above the earth in large spoil heaps.

Agriculture

Subsistence farming as well as animal husbandry grew around the availability of water. Since the geology of the moor did not allow for an abundant stable resource much of the water came from digging wells to the level of the basalt in the valleys of the moor. a few natural springs along the edges of the moor allowed for a more constant supply as did the year round rains that fall upon the moor��.

�. Fellows, 200�. Most miners also held small portions of land that could be worked on. Many villagers held multiple jobs including frame knitting, lead mining, and farming.

9. andrews, 200�.�0. Barnatt, 200�.��. Bonsall: Village Design Statement, 2002, p. �7.

Earliest historical records show Bonsall as being a substantial hamlet�2. The format of medieval farming involved a combi-nation of both common pasture land where the villagers’ animals would graze and long narrow strips of enclosed land for arable farming. The medieval farming allowed the farmer to plow a field in approximately one day (a furlong) and still provide an acceptable amount of food��. Grains and hay plan-ted perpendicular to the contours of the land provided for the farmers the essential staple foods of the village. remnants of medieval farming field technology can be seen in fields just south and west of the village, the essential form being the long narrow S-curve along the edge of the terrain.

at this time larger farming families began to settle out on the moor and construct the earliest examples of the stone field barns. The majority of the barns, though, are from XVIIth century and later. They take on the standard form of using an existing field enclosure wall to build a small roughly rectan-gular shaped (~2� m2), one to two storey, limestone rubble filled structure. The barns usually held cattle or sheep on the lower floors and hay from the fields on the upper storey��.

The enclosure acts of the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries brought the old form of common land farming to an end and created the modern landscape we see today. In a matter of two to three generations the open commons slowly encountered the law of the crown and divided the land. The enclosures dealt more with territory and property when the farming system shifted from common ownership to allotments of particular fields��. land holding records from tithe maps show that a majority of farming villagers worked parcels of land rented out to them from larger landed estates or royal acreage�6.

During the last one hundred years the landscape slowly lost the lead mining industry and saw the centralization of farming. Today, we find the evolution of these two indus-tries in the multiple extraction quarries of stone and minerals surrounding the moor and the continued use of the moor-land as pastoral and arable land for animal husbandry.

anaLysis

In order to understand Bonsall’s landscape, we need a system of analysis that goes beyond looking at the barns or at maintaining the « character » of the landscape. as previously stated, the landscape can communicate to us the history of a place and through proper analysis we can uncover those inte-

�2. Martin and Williams (ed.), 2002.��. Fellows, 200�, p. 2.��. Ibid, p. 9.��. Fox, 2002a.�6. Fox, 2002b.


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ractions and relationships. In the case of Bonsall, this interac-tion is expressed in the mining shafts and agricultural fields. The landscape is dotted with stone barns enclosed by limes-tone rubble walls. abandoned mining shafts express them-selves on the surface as hillocks of rubble at times cutting across the establish pattern of fields.

I set about to identify some of the overlapping influences of the form of the landscape with the hope that I could discern what formal features they each distinctly produced. an analy-tical flowchart describes the components of the landscape that were mapped. It records my effort to distinguish « natu-ral » from « man-made » elements and then to consider the ways in which these elements could be tracked. The goal was to create categories for « mapping » and a process whereby one can identify specific features of the landscape and can analyze their formal and spatial relationships one to another. The result is the ability to select one element of landscape and study its relationship to other elements (fig. �).

Through various iterations and combinations the lands-cape soon uncovered unique patterns. For example, one can take the barns and map them against the stone walls. This allows you to see the relationship between wall and barn, the way a stone wall will expand and become a barn wall and form the space for the interior. Furthermore, when the stone walls are analyzed against the mining shafts they create a new set of formal patterns. Sometimes the stone walls plow through the location of the mine shafts and fields, but at other times they shift to accommodate for a shaft right in the middle of the walls’ expected path. Throughout the whole landscape, the elements that initially seem to act indepen-dently soon are colliding, assimilating, and avoiding other elements. The contours of the land give way to the surface warping of the walls that in turn affects the position of the barn, and consequently the overall pattern of the fields in the area. Meanwhile, a series of mining shafts will unexpec-tedly stop to simply start up again on the other end of a field. Was it because there was no lead? No, probably because the landowners of that field did not allow them to prospect on his land. Therefore a connection between the lead veins and the stone barns can be made, through the series of other previous connections (fig. �):

Barns ➢ walls ➢ mine shafts ➢ lead rakesThe relationships that the elements create express the

premise that a landscape can communicate to people its historical and social patterns; it can record peoples’ actions for future generations. Bonsall’s landscape records the history of the moor with the elements interacting both spatially and temporally. It shows in the way that the walls interact with the mines, the way the contours fold and warp the grid of the stone walls, and the way the mine shafts follow, like a plot-

ted graph, the rake of lead underneath. These relationships present the basic blocks to create new design and to help in understanding and interpreting the existing landscape. These patterns not only represent the landscape, they are the essence of the landscape and are the essential pieces for preservation. I have at hand the components that not only represent the landscape and belong to its historical antecedents but also provide the fodder for future development (fig. �).

design: (Bio)Refining

When considering the appropriate intervention onto the site certain factors, existing positive and negative influences, need to be considered�7:

Negative• Neglected land and structures including field walls

and barns• a lower yet maintained amount of farming and

animal husbandry• a vast amount of abandoned mining structures scat-

tered on the moor• an abandoned mineral pit

Positive• a local working economy of farmers and villagers• a way of life that continues to consist of agriculture

and extractive industries• a local community where gentrification of tourism

is not yet the major industry

These influences create a need for new program that can be integrated into the historical fabric while maintaining the integrity of the landscape. The historical resources of the place are the barns, walls, people, and fields��. The entire landscape is the resource. If you treat the landscape as a whole what can the intervention offer to the place? The interven-tion can help clarify the existing relationships, extract and develop new relationships.

Biomass (fig. 6)

Bonsall has the resources of farming and the continued biological resources of the refuse of farming. Therefore, I propose a biomass refinery to generate heat and fuel as well as to create products from the organic stock. The fields will act as the fuel to power the place. The place will develop into

�7. Bonsall: Village Design Statement, 2002, p. 2�.��. Way, 200�.


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Fig. 3: Analytical diagram of process.


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Fig. 4: Barn –Wall – mines analytical diagrams (by author).

Fig. 5: Analytical map of elements of Bonsall (by author).


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a new form of industry that reuses the landscape through farming and farm diversification by integrating new farming structure such as modern greenhouses and historic collec-tion points such as the barns. The landscape can continue to function as a working landscape and will continue to evolve. a productive landscape can be maintained, harboring new forms that are derived and influenced from the old. Here is an opportunity to generate a new function for the landscape that integrates the fields, the barns, the people, the crops, and even the cows into a new network.

Biomass technology is the thermochemical and enzyma-tic transformation of organic plant material into heat, fuel, energy, chemicals, and various other products�9. Biomass use is not a modern technology, but today it is focused on trying to improve the burning and transformation of the organic material into a more acceptable and higher valued product that is easier to transport, use, and manufacture.

Biomass is any plant-derived element. This includes every-thing from crops and trees to hay and weeds. In the modern sense, biomass can be the residue in harvesting hay or in crops that are cost effective in the refining process. The biomass best suited for the climate and landscape of central England includes the hay and various grasses that naturally grow in the region.

site seLection

The design is based on creating a network of greenhouses with the refinery to be integrated within the existing agricul-tural and biomass infrastructure that exists in England. To test the thesis at more than just one scale I chose to work at the macro scale of the entire landscape and at a micro scale of the abandoned mineral open cast mine. The site within a site allows the application of the mapping analysis to two different situations and shows how the analysis can help to inform the location, form, and integration of the building onto the site.

The location of the greenhouses is determined by a combi-nation of solar orientation, access to the road network by creating an element relationship map. The relationship map contains the points at which water, walls, mines, roads and barns all interact. This allows not only access to the larger road network and hydrologic system but also allows for the greatest amount of relationships between old and new elements to occur (fig. 7).

�9. US Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and renewable Energy, «Biomass Basics» http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/biomass_basics.html (accessed March 20, 200�).

The second site is the abandoned open cast mine that sits squarely in the middle of the moor. The Blakemere pit as it is called opened in �9��, as an opencast mine, as opposed to the shaft mines of the previous centuries. The majority of the minerals mined included calcite, flourite and galena. The mine destroyed an area of approximately 60,000 sq. m of existing farmland and meadow. It went through a series of closures finally ceasing to extract any minerals by �99�20. Today it sits partially backfilled, collecting refuse and attracting outsiders to use it without permission. The site is ready to accept something to replace the open sore on the landscape.

stRuctuRes

Greenhouses (fig. �)

The design proposes a network of greenhouses clustered around the moors’ natural watered ponds. Their location is determined by using the analytical diagram to pinpoint the most favorable conditions for access to water, sun and exis-ting road infrastructure. The greenhouses are made from an array of vertical post six meters high. They lay over the existing structures creating a new layer on the landscape. The simple truss and steel column structure allows it to be manipulated and flexibly added to or removed. The interior consists of a series of raised platforms that terrace accordingly to the contours of the landscape below. They are hung from the structure and support the hydroponic beds for planting of higher valued crops as well as the energy crops required for the operation of the biorefinery.

The translucent structure is a combined series of flat glass panels embedded with photovoltaic technology to power the computerized sensors within the greenhouse. The side panels are moveable steel mesh and plastic panels that slide across the modules to create enclosed sections to maintain multi-ple zones of climate. It is forecasted that the initial location will grow and adapt to demands placed by the consumption of the refinery and other various demands.

Biorefinery (fig. 9)

The biorefinery begins with the notion of trying to recreate the landscape that was lost by being informed through the analysis of the lost field patterns, the reconnection of the former Saltersway lane as well as interpreting the pit as

20. Planning Control Committee, 200�.


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Fig. 6: Biorefinery processing, (from ruth, NrEL, 2004).

Fig. 7: Site plan (by author).


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a building to be exposed and transformed2�. The analysis developed from the overall site worked to create a series of drawings that express the historical changes as well as the layers of extraction and backfilling.

Taking the old road as seam the building becomes the layers of exposed and warped surfaces upon the existing pit walls. The warped layers create two sets of structures with a central court. The function of the refinery allows the separa-tion of different processes to be placed in their appropriate settings relative to the refining process. The lowest level beco-mes the collection point where all the biomass gets gathe-red and sorted including but not limited to harvest residue, energy crops such as corn and other woody stalks, animal and human waste. The biorefinery center will create not only the standard gas and energy but will also be an experimental factory to produce finished chemical products such as etha-nol and other chemicals used in plastics.

The southern portion contains the energy processing part of the center. Two types of energy system will be processed within the site, the standard burning of biomass to create heat and steam energy and a smaller section for the produc-tion of methane gas from anaerobic digesters that collect the animal waste and breakdown the material22.

The northern portion of the site will contain the experi-mental section where along with a series of scientific green-houses, the hydrolysis of cellulose will transform the plant material into chemical products such as ethanol or be further processed into pre-finished plastic products. The two sections hug the edge of the open cast walls that will terrace upward to the current level of grade. as one moves upward from terrace to terrace the refining process moves along until it reaches the upper levels where it finally gets distributed out as finished products.

This refinery will become part of a larger infrastructure of an existing and soon to be expanding network of biogas and biomass producing centers throughout the United Kingdom. In the end the refinery will use the negative quality of the space as a positive element to mitigate the height require-ments of the refinery, while also exposing the inner workings of an industrial process.

≥

Bonsall’s landscape is created by the work of people, by the manipulation of the land and the expression of those people’s

2�. Saltersway lane, ancient? Packhorse roadway that lead from the brine pits in the west to larger towns in the west, such as Matlock. Dodd, 2000, p. �2�-�29.

22. US Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and renewable Energy, « Biomass Basics ».

needs, wants and aspirations expressed in physical structure, language, and traditions of the village. The markings on the landscape could be anything from the simply barn struc-ture to an entire enclosure system that stretches for miles around. The landscape is always changing, and preventing that constant evolution is pretentious on our part.

as an architect and preservationist I believe that we are given the responsibility to manage our landscape to help it progress forward and leave it better than the way we found it. The use of mapping and other spatial analysis can help in understanding not only formal relationships but the social structure that created the landscape in the first place. The crea-tion of an energy farm and refinery is only one of many solu-tions that could help the region’s goals of both maintaining its economic vitality (without the introduction of tourism) and preserving and maintaining its traditional roots.

Change in what seems a very static place is seen as a detriment to the place and not in keeping with the lifes-tyle of place. Change is what creates that place and preser-ving change is the most important element in preserving the entire landscape. Furthermore, trying to build in past styles not only trivializes the past’s vernacular architecture, but simply confuses the issue of authenticity and integrity. Therefore proposing a new different type, one that repre-sents the contemporary society, is best for the progress of Bonsall.

This is not the end all to the debate of rural landscape development, and many other peoples will continue to deve-lop new schemes filling all spectra of ideas and theories. In my opinion, this idea best utilizes the historical elements at hand while still producing new and forward looking design. a landscape can still inspire the pastoral romantic in all of us but can also show us what simply lies beneath its surface.

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Barnscapes: Mapping Rural Cultural Landscapes

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