EFFECT OF STATIC STRETCHING AND ECCENTRIC TRAINING ON IMPROVING HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES.

PRESENTED BY: Hepzibah Rubella.D

Fathima Rizvi.A

GUIDED BY: Mr. V.P.R Sivakumar M.P.T Mrs. Malarvizhi.D M.P.T

INTRODUCTION:

The Hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee.

Hamstring are primarily knee flexors and constitute: Semitendinosus,Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris and Ischial part of adductor magnus.

The Hamstring cross both the hip and knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension.

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CONT…

Hamstring muscle injuries are one of the most common musculotendinous injuries in the lower extremity. They occur primarily during high speed or high intensity exercises and have a high rate of recurrence.

Hamstring inflexibility in the hip can lead to abnormal lumbopelvic and hip mechanics which leads to low back pain.

Hamstring flexibility is limited due to poor posture and lack of regular exercises.

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CONT…

One of the gold standard technique which plays a major role in improving hamstring flexibility are static stretching and eccentric training.

Static stretching helps to reduce injuries and improve athletic performance.

Eccentric training is a technique that allows the muscle to elongate naturally (relaxed state). “This elongation is achieved by the subject concentrically contract the antagonist muscle to move the joint through the full available range in a slow, controlled manner to stretch the agonist muscle group”.

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AIM OF THE STUDY:

To find out the sex difference of static stretching and eccentric training on hamstring flexibility.

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BACKGROUND OF STUDY:

Hamstring injuries are most common musculoskeletal

injuries in lower extremity due to high intensity

exercises.

Previous studies proved eccentric training, static

stretching of Hamstring reduces risk of injury and

improved athletic performance in training programs.

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NEED FOR THE STUDY:

To Find out whether static stretching and eccentric training yields improvement in hamstring flexibility.

To Find out the difference in hamstring flexibility changes between males and females.

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HYPOTHESIS:

NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the static stretching and eccentric training in improving hamstring flexibility in male and female athletes.

ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: There is a significant difference between the static stretching and eccentric training in improving hamstring flexibility in male and female athletes.

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METHODOLOGY:

STUDY DESIGN: Quasi experimental study STUDY TYPE: Comparative study. STUDY SETTING: YMCA college of physical education,Nandanam,Chennai-600035.

SAMPLING METHOD: Convenient sampling. SAMPLE SIZE: 30 athletes. Group 1=15 male athletes(static stretching, eccentric training)

Group 2=15 female athletes(static stretching,eccentric training)

STUDY DURATION: 1 week program.

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INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Athletes with popliteal angle between 135°-140˚

Both male & female athletes.

Age group : 18 – 20 years. 

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EXCLUSION CRITERIA:Low back pain

Sacroiliac joint dysfunction.

Musculoskeletal problems in hip and knee.

Any recent (6 months) history of fractures in spine or

lower extremity.

Any congenital or acquired deformity or contractures in

lower limb.

Any history of neurological deficit.

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MATERIALS USED:

GONIOMETER.

THERA BAND (ECCENTRIC TRAINING).

OUTCOME MEASURE: Popliteal angle was measured using Goniometer.

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STARTING POSITION FOR MEASURING POPLITEAL ANGLE IN MALE AND FEMALE

ATHLETES

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PROCEDURE:30 subjects were selected, those who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria and informed consent were taken.The subjects had no warm up before data collection.30 subjects were divided into two groups: Group 1-15 males Group 2-15 females

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PROCEDURE FOR ECCENTRIC TRAINING: Position of patient: Supine lying Position of therapist: Walk stanceProcedure for eccentric training: The left leg in extended position. A black theraband was held by the ends in each hand with the mid section of the band wrapped around the right heel.

The subject then pulled the hip into full flexion by pulling the ends of the thera band with the arms .

The subject was to stop when he/she felt a gentle stretch.Then subject pulled the leg into hip flexion,He/she was to resist the flexion motion eccentrically contracting the hamstring muscles.

The eccentric activity was performed six times for a total stretch time of 30 seconds per day for 1 week.

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ECCENTRIC TRAINING OF HAMSTRING MUSCLE IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES

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PROCEDURE FOR STATIC STRETCHING:Position of patient: Supine lying Position of therapist: Walk stance Procedure for static stretching: The subject was asked to place their right leg at the end of the chair with ankle in dorsiflexed position.The left leg was stabilised on the ground.

Then, the subject was instructed to do a forward bend of his upper trunk which results in static stretching of his hamstring muscle in left leg.

Static stretching procedure was performed for 6 times for a stretch duration of 30 seconds per day for one week.

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STATIC STRETCHING OF HAMSTRING MUSCLE IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES

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DATA ANALYSIS:

Paired t-test’ and ‘independent t-test’ were used for statistical analysis

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group N Mean Std. Deviation

Std.error mean

1.00 15 140.3333 10.08299 2.603422.00 15 133.3333 6.98638 1.80388

INDEPENDENT ‘T’ TEST RESULT OUTPUT-POST VALUE VALUES

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INDEPENDENT 't' TEST

MALES FEMALES0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

140.33 133.33

N = 30

P value = 0.027

Within Group Comparison – Females[ Pre Test & Post Test]

Mean N Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Pair 1Pre Test Females 127.00 15 5.916 1.528

Post Test Females 133.33 15 6.986 1.804

MEAN S.D S.E SigPre Test Females and Post Test Females

6.333 7.898 2.039 0.008

PAIRED 't' TEST – FEMALES

PRE TEST POST TEST0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

127 133

N = 15

P value = 0.008

Within Group Comparison – Males[ Pre Test & Post Test]

Mean N Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

Pair 1Pre Test Males 129.67 15 4.419 1.141

Post Test Males 140.33 15 10.083 2.603

MEAN S.D S.E SigPre Test Males and Post Test Males

10.667 7.528 1.944 0.001

PAIRED ‘t’ TEST – MALES

PRE TEST POST TEST0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

129.67140.33

P value = 0.001

N = 15

PAIRED SAMPLE TEST:

Paired differences

t df Sig

Mean

Std.deviation

Std.error mean

95% confidence interval of the differenceLower

-14.83538

upper

Pair 1 male pretest and post test

-10.66667

7.52773

1.94366

-6.49795

-5.488

14

Pair 2 female pre test and post test

-6.33333

7.89816

2.03930

-10.70719

-1.95948

-3.106

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MALE PRE AND POST TEST INTERVENTION MEASUREMENT:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 150

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

male premale post

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FEMALE PRE AND POST TEST INTERVENTION MEASUREMENT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 150

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

female prefemale post

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RESULTS:To explore if there is any significant increase in

range of motion for male and female study participants the data was analysed separately using

‘paired t-test’. The male and female participants had a statistically

significant increase in their range of motion. To ascertain whether outcomes in male and female participants are same, ‘independent t-test’ was

performed, Both groups are same. 

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DISCUSSION:Studies to date have examined the use of eccentric

training to reduce injury rates, but the SAID

(Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demand) principle

proves that ,”muscle adapts to the imposed

demand of eccentrically training, theoretically,

injury rates would be lower since most injuries

occurs during the eccentric phase activity”. 

Eccentrically training through a full range of

motion, theoretically, will improve the functional

ability of the extremity by improving not only the

flexibility but also the strength in that range.

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CONT…

Static stretching has been proven to improve

flexibility, static stretching has the ability to strengthen

through the entire range of motion. Both static stretching and eccentric training showed significant improvement in male and female athletes.

By the End of the study, athletes were fully satisfied and thera bands were distributed among them for their further training.10/12/2022 32

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:

Hamstring self stretching should be advised to prevent occurence of low back pain.

 

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CONCLUSION:

‘Paired t-test’ and ‘independent t-test’ proved that,

static stretching and eccentric training showed

significantly greater hamstring flexibility in male

athletes than female athletes.

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RECOMMENDATIONS:

Further studies have to be done with different age group for better results in hamstring flexibility.

Further studies have to be done to measure the

performance as an outcome measure.

Long term measures should be further studied.

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LIMITATIONS:

Only the athletes (male and female) aged 18-20 years

were studied.

The study was restricted only for right side hamstring

flexibility.

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REFERENCES: 1. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997;77:1090–1096. [PubMed]2. Halbertsma JP, van Bolhuis AI, Goeken LN. Sport stretching: effect on passive muscle stiffness of short hamstrings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:688–692. [PubMed]3. Hartig DE, Henderson JM. Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:173–176. [PubMed]4. Zachezewski JE. Improving flexibility. In: Scully RM, Barnes MR, editors. Physical Therapy. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1989. pp. 698–699.5. Henricson AS, Fredriksson K, Persson I, et al. The effect of heat and stretching on the range of hip motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984;6:110–115. [PubMed]10/12/2022 37

CONT…6. Anderson B, Burke ER. Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching. Clin Sports Med. 1991;10:63–86. [PubMed]

7. Worrell TW, Smith TL, Winegardner J. Effect of hamstring stretching on hamstring muscle performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;20:154–159. [PubMed]

8. Iashvilli AV. Active and passive flexibility in athletes specializing in different sports. Teorig i Praktika Fizicheskoi Kultury. 1987;7:51–52.

9. Murphy DR. A critical look at static stretching: are we doing our patient harm? Chiropract Sports Med. 1991;5:67–70.

10. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of static stretch and dynamic range of motion training on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27:295–300. [PubMed]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to express my gratitude to respected DEAN Prof.V.P.R Sivakumar M.P.T,SRM college of physiotherapy and Mrs.Malarvizhi M.P.T(Associate Professor)for their Excellent guidance and worthy suggestions.

I would like to thank Mrs.Sheela Stephen,The PRINCIPLE of YMCA college of Physical Education; Mr.Karthikeyan(co-ordinator of physical education); Mr.Charly Daniel (sports physiotherapist)for providing us opportunity to complete our study with the athletes.

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