Ayutthayan Seaport and Import Ceramic in Nakhon Si Thammarat

Ayutthayan Seaport & Import Ceramics

in Nakhon Si Thammarat,

Southern Thailand

Atthasit Sukkham Assistant Curator

Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum

Bangkok University, Phaholyothin Road

Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand

E-mail. [email protected]

NMV Monthly Lecture

National Museum Auditorium – October 24, 2013

“Between 1350 and 1767, Ayutthaya Kingdom

became to be one of the most important trading

centers in the region and a magnet for explorers,

missionaries, ambassadors and merchants from

Southeast Asia, India, Persia, China, Japan, and

Europe to make relations and settle in the capital

of Ayutthaya Kingdom. Crucial to its success was

location of the capital, which has irrigated the

fertile Thai heartland and been a vital strategic

and communications link.”

Ganier, Ayutthaya: Venice of the East (2004)

AYUTTHAYA KINGDOM

& THE CAPITAL

• Ayutthaya Kingdom was ruled by the kingship

with the royal court in the capital.

• The kings were absolute monarchs with semi-

religion status that derived from the ideologies

of Hinduism and Buddhism as well as from

natural leadership.

• The kingship of Ayutthaya Kingdom was

founded in 1350 by King Ramathibodi I (1350-

1369) and existed for over four hundred years

by thirty three kings in total.

List of the Kings of Ayutthaya and China

Ayutthaya Ming

King Ramathibodi I*

1350-1369

Hongwu Emperor #

1368-1398

King Ramesuan*

1369-1370

King Boromarachathirat I*

1370-1388

King Thong Lan*

1388

King Ramesuan*

1388-1395

King Ramracha*

1395-1409

Jianwen Emperor#

1399-1402

King Nakharindrathirat*

1409-1424

Yongle Emperor#

1403-1424

* Early Ayutthaya, # Ming Gap Shortage

Ayutthaya (Continued) Ming (Continued)

King Boromarachathirat II*

1424-1448

Xuande Emperor#

1426-1435

Chengtong Emperor#

1436-1449

King Boromtrailokanath*

1448-1488

Jingtai Emperor#

1450-1456

Tianshun Emperor#

1457-1464

Chenghua Emperor

1465-1487

King Boromarachathirat III**

1488-1491

Hongzhi Emperor

1488-1505

King Ramathibodi II**

1491-1529

Zhengde Emperor

1506-1521

* Early Ayutthaya, ** Middle Ayutthaya, # Ming Gap Shortage


King Boromarachathirat IV**

1529-1533

Jiajing Emperor

1522-1566

King Ratsadathirat**

1533-1534

King Chairacha**

1534-1546

King Kaew Fa**

1546-1548

King Mahachakkraphat**

1548-1568

King Mahindrathirat**

1568-1569

Longqing Emperor

1567-1573

King Mahathammaracha**

1569-1590

Wanli Emperor

1573-1619

** Middle Ayutthaya


King Naresuan the Great**

1590-1605

King Ekathosarot**

1605-1620

King Chaofa Srisaovaphak**

1620

Taichang Emperor

1620

King Songtham**

1620-1628

Tainqi Emperor

1621-1672

King Chetthathirat**

1628-1630

Chongzhen Emperor

1628-1644

King Athitayawong***

1630

King Prasat Thong***

1630-1655

** Middle Ayutthaya, *** Late Ayutthaya

Ayutthaya (Continued) Qing

King Chaofa Chai***

1655-1656

Shunzhi Emperor

1644-1662

King Srisuthamracha***

1656

King Narai the Great***

1656-1688

Kangxi Emperor

1662-1722

King Phetracha***

1688-1703

King Sorasak***

1703-1708

King Taisa***

1709-1723

King Borommakot***

1723-1758

Yongzhen Emperor

1723-1735

*** Late Ayutthaya

Ayutthaya (Continued) Qing (Continued)

King Uthumphon***

1758

Qianlong Emperor

1736-1795

King Ukathat***

1758-1767

End of Ayutthaya

Jiaqing Emperor

1769-1820

Thonburi and Rattanakosin Daoguang Emperor

1821-1850

Xianfeng Emperor

1851-1861

Tongzhi Emperor

1862-1874

Guangxu Emperor

1875-1908

Xuantong Emperor

1909-1911

*** Late Ayutthaya

The Capital of Ayutthaya Kingdom

• The capital named Ayutthaya is located on the

Chao Phraya River Basin.

• It surrounds by three rivers and one unearthed

canal following:

Northern Side – the Lopburi River and

unearthed canal called Kua Na Canal.

Eastern Side – the Pa Sak River.

Western and Southern Sides – the Chao

Phraya River.

• The Chao Phraya River connects to the capital

with the Gulf of Thailand.

The Capital

Chao Phraya River

(To the Gulf of Thailand)

The Town Conditions of the Capital of

Ayutthaya Kingdom

• Royal Palace – is situated on the northern

riverside of the capital and is believed to use

since the first reign until the last reign, excepted

King Narai the Great (1656-1688) who stayed

at the royal place in Lopburi (formerly called

Lavo or Louvo) that he also designated there to

be the second capital.

• Phra Sri Sanphet Temple – is a place for

performing royal ceremonies and religious

practices for the kings and royal families in the

royal palace.

Ancient Map of Ayutthaya, Vincenzo Coronelli

(Italian), 1698 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

Royal Palace and Phra Sri Sanphet Temple

Royal Palace

Phra Sri Sanphet Temple

Ancient Map of Lopburi, Nicolas Bellin (French),

1747 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

Royal Palace

Outer Court

(Depositories) of

the King Narai’s Palace

Middle Court (throne-halls

and state buildings) of

the King Narai’s Palace

Dusit Sawan Thanya

Mahaprasat Throne-hall

in the Middle Court of the

King Narai’s Palace

• Buddhist Temples – most of temples in the

capital are the Buddhist temples that the kings

or noblemen contributed construction budgets

as well as they were constructed inside or

outside the capital.

• The important Buddhist temples inside the

capital comprise of Ratchaburana, Mahathat,

Lokaya Sutta, Phra Ram, and Suwan Dararam

Temples, for instance.

• The important Buddhist temples outside the

capital comprise of Phu Khao Thong, Na Phra

Main, Chai Watthanaram, Phutthai Sawan,

Phanancherng, Yai Chaimongkhol, Maheyong,

Kudidao, and Ayotthaya Temples, for instance.

• Their architectures are Indian, Khmer, Chinese,

and European influences.

• Buddha images – were developed from many

internal and external influences and became to

be Ayutthaya styles of Buddha images that

were produced as the great Buddha images of

the temples, surrounding Buddha images in

the temples, and Buddha images produced by

several materials.

• Church – is constructed when the European

people and dissemination of Christianity had

arrived and permitted by the kings especially St.

Joseph Church, which was built around 1656-

1688 and located on the southern outside of the

capital.

• Mosque – many Arabian, Persian, Indian,

Melayu, and Tani Muslim people had also

permitted by the kings and they built the

mosque especially Takia Mosque, which was

built around 1620-1628 and located on the

southern outside the capital.

• Gates, Fortresses, and Town Walls – some

part was destroyed because of the land

developments but some of them still survived

and restored, specifically Khao Pleuak Gate

and Phet Fortress, for instance.

• Elephant Corral and Kraal – previously used

on the northeastern corner of the capital close

to Kua Na Canal and then changed to the

northern outside of the capital close to the

Lopburi River since the reign of King

Mahachakkraphat (1548-1568).

The Capital

Foreigners in

the Capital of Ayutthaya Kingdom

• Chinese

• Vietnamese

• Indian

• Persian

• Portuguese (since 1511)

• Japanese (since 1563)

• Dutch (since 1605 or 1620)

• British (since 1612)

• French (since 1683)

International Port in

the Capital of Ayutthaya Kingdom

• The anchorage for international ships is

situated at the confluence of the Chao Phraya

and the Pa Sak Rivers in front of the Phet

Fortress in the southern side of the capital.

• Foreigners have got permission by the kings to

settle and set up villages in the southern

outside of the capital and to operate the trading

stations as well.

Phet Fortress with the Confluence of

the Chao Phraya and the Pa Sak Rivers

The Ceramics Recovered from the Bottom of the

Confluence in Front of Phet Fortress

The Capital

Map of Ayutthaya and Sourrounding Kingdoms.jpg

Territory of Ayutthaya Kingdom


Ancient Map of Mainland Southeast Asia and Siam,

Andreas and Metellus, 1596 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

Ancient Map of Insular Southeast Asia, Jodocus

Hondius (Dutch), 1606 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

Ancient Map of India and Southeast Asia, Willem J.

Blaeu (Dutch), 1635 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

Ancient Map of Southeast Asia, Dudley, 1665 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

Ancient Map of Siam, le Père Placide (French), 1686 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

Sail ship named L’Oiseau and LaMaligne.

Ancient Map of Siam, Jean Dominique Cassini

(French), 1688 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

GEOGRAPHY OF

MALAY PENINSULA

Indian Ocean

Bay of Bengal

Gulf of Martaban South China Sea

East China Sea

Gulf of Thailand A

nd

am

an

Sea

A BRIEF HISTORY & FORMATION OF

TAMBRALINGA, LIGOR

TILL NAKHON SI THAMMARAT

According to a few historical records specifically

legends, scriptures, inscriptions, and chronicles

written in several languages and even local

languages including the results of archaeological

research by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand

and foreign researchers, the middle part of Malay

Peninsula formulated since the 1st century.

Between the 1st and 7th Centuries

• This region was first connected to international

maritime routes and the cultural exchanges

were began since then, specifically with India,

Persia, and China even Southeast Asia. They

transmitted the religious beliefs and brought

several kinds of cultural materials to this region.

• Satavahana bronze coins, Hindu images,

Buddha images, Indian rouletted ceramics,

Han ceramics, and various kinds of bead, for

instance, are the diagnostic artifacts that have

been found in this region.

Between the 8th and 13th Centuries

• Many cities and temples were formulated in the

region as Srivijaya Kingdom covering on the

modern countries of the southern Thailand,

Malaysia, and Indonesia. By many

archaeological researches, some cities were

recorded their old name even a brief history of

politics, trades, and wars in a few Chinese,

Arabian, and Sanskrit chronicles. Tang

ceramics including a lot of domestic and non-

domestic cultural materials have been found

there as well.

• Those evidences represented Srivijaya

Kingdom as a complex and powerful kingdom

by many religious activities, cultural

exchanges, trades, fleet of warships, trans-

peninsula routes, and maritime routes.

“Tambralinga”

• Tambralinga was a kingdom located on

the Malay Peninsula that at one time came

under the influence of Srivijaya and was

believed to be Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Early records are scarce while estimations

range from the 7th to 14th centuries. The

word “Tambralinga” is Sanskrit language

meant “Red Linga (the Hindu phallic

symbol of Siva)” that usually recorded in

different words of the Indian and Sri Lanka

chronicles.

• The history of Tambralinga was also recorded

in the King Sri Dhammasokaraja of Nakhon Si

Thammarat’s inscription that dated around the

13th century. The inscription mentioned about

Tambralinga as a thriving Buddhist city.

Between the 13th to 14th Centuries

• Some cities in southern region that formulated

since Srivijaya had established new relation

with Sukhothai Kingdom in the northern region

especially Nakhon Si Thammarat.

• They also established the relation with Sri

Lanka especially for religious purposes. The Sri

Lanka Buddhist including its architectures of

Polonnaruwa round bell-shaped stupa

transmitted to Nakhon Si Thammarat then

spread to Sukhothai and Ayutthaya.

• According to other Nakhon Si Thammarat’s

chronicle, a great stupa of the temple called

Phra Borommatrat Chedi (the Great Noble

Relics Stupa and recently called Phra Mahatrat

Temple) was built prior to other religious

architectural buildings in the temple by King Sri

Dhammasokaraja of Nakhon Si Thammarat in

approximately the early 13th century in order to

establish the Theravada Buddhist symbol in the

region.

• Nakhon Si Thammarat’s legend also

mentioned about twelve dependency cities of

Nakhon Si Thammarat during the early 13th to

mid-14th centuries that called “the Twelve

Zodiac” with animal symbols of the city

following:

The Twelve Zodiac

under Nakhon Si Thammarat

Sai (Sai Buri)

rat

Tani (Pattani)

cow

Kelantan

tiger

Pahang

rabbit

Si

big snake

Phatthalung

small snake

Trang

horse

Chumpon

goat

Banteay Smo

(Chaiya)

monkey

Sra U-rao

(Tathong)

chicken

Takua Pa

dog

Kra (Kra Buri)

pig

Between 1350 and 1767

• Ayutthaya desired to conquer the mainland

Southeast Asia and developed to be the

strongest and wealthy kingdom. Ayutthaya

began its hegemony by conquering northern,

western, eastern, and especially southern

regions for territory expansions, population

increases, the occupations of an important

resource, and economic development.

“Nakhon Si Thammrat”

• The word “Si Thammarat” was first appeared in

the King Ram Kamhaeng’s inscription no. 1 of

Sukhothai Kingdom that assumed to be

Nakhon Si Thammarat.

• Ayutthaya chronicles always recorded as

“Nakhon Si Thammarat” but the spelling was

various.

• Only one European map that recorded the

word “Nucaon” is the map of Southeast Asia

and Siam or “Regnvm Sian”, which drawn by

Andreas and Metellus in 1596.

Ancient Map of Mainland Southeast Asia and Siam,

Andreas and Metellus, 1596 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

“Ligor”

• In fact, Portuguese merchants arrived to this

region around the early 16th century and they

could not pronounced “N” and distorted to be

“L” instead.

• The words “Ligor” “Ligoral” and “Lugu” were

used to record the location of Nakhon Si

Thammarat in many European maps during

the 16th to 17th centuries that represented the

port towns along their journeys to the capital of

Ayutthaya Kingdom.

Ancient Map of Siam, Jean Dominique Cassini

(French), 1688 Source: Suarez, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia (1999)

NAKHON SI THAMMARAT AS

A CHIEF CITY & A SEAPORT OF

AYUTTHAYA KINGDOM IN THE SOUTH

• King Ramathibodi I (1350-1369), who founded

Ayutthaya Kingdom, sent troops to conquer the

northern, western, eastern, and especially

southern regions.

• Nakhon Si Thammarat defeated and was ruled

by Ayutthaya since then.

•

• The reforms in the reign of

King Boromtrailokanath (1448-1488) adopted a

Mandala-style tributary (circle of power) system

and developed new local government

organizations for the dependency cities

systematically.

Local Government Organization

Ayutthaya

Inner Cities

Outer or Chief Cities (Phraya Maha Nakhon)

Tributary City-states

Independent City-states

• Nakhon Si Thammarat was listed to be chief

city (Phraya Maha Nakhon) in southern territory

of Ayutthaya Kingdom to control other four

cities, specifically Phatthalung, Chaiya,

Chumpon, and Thalang.

• After that, there was changed to be primary-

rank outer city with high level of security and

transferred all dependency cities under it to

control from the capital directly to protect the

rebellion.

• Since the reign of King Boromtrailokanath

(1448-1488), the restoration of Buddhist

temples, which were built since previous

periods, and religious promotion on the

Buddhism became to be a tradition for every

kings of Ayutthaya Kingdom.

• Especially at the main temples as the center of

the cities, such as Phra Borommatrat Temple

as the center of Chaiya and Phra Mahatrat

Temple as the center of Nakhon Si Thammarat,

for instance.

Phra Borommatrat Temple as the Center of Chaiya

Phra Mahatrat Temple as the Center of

Nakhon Si Thammarat

• The town wall was believed to construct since

the reign of King Sri Dhammasokaraja of

Nakhon Si Thammarat in approximately the

early 13th century.

• In Ayutthaya period, they were repaired several

times, such as in the reigns of King Ramesuan

(1388-1395), King Ramathibodi II (1491-1529),

and King Naresuan the Great (1590-1605).

• As well as King Narai the Great (1656-1688)

ordered to Monsieur de la Mare, a French

engineer, to surveyed for designing and

construction of the town walls of Nakhon Si

Thammarat, Phatthalung, Songkhla, Bangkok,

Lopburi, In Buri, and Myeik officially.

Ancient Plan of Nakhon Si Thammarat’s Town Wall,

de la Mare (French), 1686 Source: Fine Arts Department, GIS Database (2013)

Phra Mahatrat Temple

Can

al

Canal

Coastline

• In fact, Nakhon Si Thammarat is situated far

from the bay around 13 kilometers that

connected between them by many rivers.

• The map by Monsieur de la Mare recorded a

canal in the southern outside the town.

• The 14th Regional Office of Fine Arts

Department has reported that the villagers

have been found a few fragments of Chinese

ceramics of Tang to Qing Dynasties along the

waterside in Klong Ta Rua sub-district but

some villager called that canal as the Ta Rua

Canal, which connected with the area in front of

southern gate.

• The southern side of town is possible to be

the port at the time.

The Area Assumed to be the Port and

River Way for Connection between

Bay and Town

• Peppers and tins are local products that were

popular and supplied for Far Eastern and

European markets.

• Since the reign of King Ekathosarot (1605-

1620), Dutch got permission to open trading

stations in Nakhon Si Thammarat and Pattani

since 1612 as well as British got permission to

open a trading station in Nakhon Si Thammarat

since 1621.

CERAMICS FOUND IN

NAKHON SI THAMMARAT

• The ceramics were used to be religious

purpose that have usually been found as

several archaeological contexts including

around the pedestal of stupa, inside stupa, and

around temple but have no human remains

inside.

• They were also used to be architectural

decoration.

1280-1368 1368-1424 1426-1505 1506-1521 1573-1644 1644-1911

Chinese

(Yuan Dynasty)

- celadon

Chinese

(Ming Dynasty)

- celadon

- blue-and-white

- overglaze enameled

Chinese

(Qing Dynasty)

- white glazed

- blue glazed

- blue-and-white

- overglaze

enameled

Vietnamese

(Le Dynasty)

- blue-and-white

Si Satchanalai

- classic celadon

Si Satchanalai

- underglaze

black

- two-color

glazed

1280-1368

Chinese Ceramics of Yuan Dynasty

Vietnamese Ceramics of Tran Dynasty

Longquan Celadon Dishes of Yuan Dynasty,

the Late 13th to Late 14th Centuries Found in the town of Nakhon Si Thammarat.

1368-1644

Chinese Ceramics of Ming Dynasty

Thai Ceramics of Si Satchanalai Kilns

Vietnamese Ceramics of Le Dynasty

Longquan Celadon Dishes of Early Middle Ming

Dynasty, the first half of 15th Century Stuck on pillars in the great hall of Chai Na Temple.

The Maha Ut Great Hall of Chai Na Temple, Dated in

the Early Ayutthaya Period (1350-1488)

Late Si Satchanalai Underglaze Black Jarlet, the Late

15th to Mid-16th Centuries Found around pedestal of the stupa of Chediyak Temple.

Late Si Satchanalai Two-color Glazed Jarlet, the Late

15th to Mid-16th Centuries Found around pedestal of the stupa of Chediyak Temple.

Cizao Two-color Glazed Jarlets of Later Middle Ming

Dynasty, the Late 16th Century Found around pedestal of the stupa of Chediyak Temple.

Chediyak Temple

Chu Dau Blue-and-White Jarlet of Le Dynasty, the

15th Century Found at the pedestal of the great stupa of Thao Khoht Temple.

Chu Dau Blue-and-White Covered Box of Le

Dynasty, the 15th Century Found at the pedestal of the great stupa of Thao Khoht Temple.

Jingdezhen Blue-and-White Jarlet of Early Middle

Ming Dynasty, the Late 15th to Early 16th Centuries Found at the pedestal of the great stupa of Thao Khoht Temple.

Jingdezhen Blue-and-White Jarlets of Early Middle

Ming Dynasty, the Late 15th to Early 16th Centuries Found at the pedestal of the great stupa of Thao Khoht Temple.

Cizao Two-color Glazed Jarlet of Later Middle Ming

Dynasty, the Late 16th Century Found at the pedestal of the stupa of Thao Khoht Temple.

The Great Stupa of Thao Khoht Temple.

Go Sanh Brown Glazed Jar, the 15th Century Found inside the stupa of Khao Trat Temple.


15th Century Found inside the stupa of Khao Trat Temple.

Late Si Satchanalai Two-color Glazed Jarlet, the Late

15th to Mid-16th Centuries Found inside the stupa of Khao Trat Temple.

The Stupa of Khao Trat Temple


early 15th Century Found in Nangtra Temple.

Middle Si Satchanalai Celadon Dishes, the first half

of 15th Century Found in the town of Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Cizao Green Glazed Jarlet of Later Middle Ming

Dynasty, the Late 16th Century Found in the stupa of Phra Khien Temple.

Cizao Green Glazed Jarlet of Later Middle Ming

Dynasty, the Late 16th Century Found in the town of Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Pinghe Blue-and-White Jarlet of Later Middle Ming

Dynasty, the Late 16th to Early 17th Centuries Found in the town of Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Pinghe Blue-and-White Kendi of Later Middle Ming

Dynasty, the Late 16th to Early 17th Centuries Found in the town of Nakhon Si Thammarat.

PHRA MAHATRAT TEMPLE

Chinese Ceramics of Later Middle Ming Dynasty

Chinese Ceramics of Qing Dynasty

Jingdezhen Blue-and-White Dish of Qing Dynasty,

the Mid-17th Century Stuck on the great stupa of Phra Mahatrat Temple.


the Late 17th to Early 18th Centuries Stuck on the great stupa of Phra Mahatrat Temple.

Jingdezhen Overglaze Enameled Dish of Qing

Dynasty, the Late 17th to Early 18th Centuries Stuck on the great stupa of Phra Mahatrat Temple.


the Early 18th Century Stuck on the great stupa of Phra Mahatrat Temple.

Dehua Blue Glazed Dish of Qing Dynasty, the Early

18th Century Stuck on the great stupa of Phra Mahatrat Temple.

Dehua Overglaze Enameled Dishes of Qing Dynasty,

the early 18th Century Stuck on the great stupa of Phra Mahatrat Temple.


the 19th Century Stuck on the great stupa of Phra Mahatrat Temple.

SINGKORN TEMPLE

Chinese Ceramics of Late Ming Dynasty

Chinese Ceramics of Qing Dynasty

Chinese Ceramics of Republic

Jingdezhen Blue-and-White (Kraak) Dish of Late

Ming Dynasty, the Early 17th Century Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.

Jingdezhen Blue-and-White Dish of Late Ming

Dynasty, the Early 17th Century Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.

Jingdezhen Blue-and-White Dish (?) of Qing

Dynasty, the Mid-17th to Late 18th Centuries Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.


the Late 17th to Early 18th Centuries Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.

Jingdezhen Overglaze Enameled Dish of Qing

Dynasty, the Late 17th to Early 18th Centuries Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.


the Early 18th Century Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.

Jiucun Blue-and-White Dish (?) of Qing Dynasty, the

Late 18th to Early 19th Centuries Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.

Dehua Blue-and-White Dish of Qing Dynasty, the 19th

Century Stuck on the cave ceiling of Singkorn Temple.

Tonqi Blue-and-White Dish of Qing Dynasty, the

Second Half of 19th Century Stuck on the stupa in front of Singkorn Temple.

Jiucun and Dehua Blue-and-White Dishes of Qing

Dynasty, the Second Half of 19th Century Stuck on the stupa in front of Singkorn Temple.

Dabu Blue-and-White Stem Dishes of Republic of

China, the 20th Century Stuck on the stupa in front of Singkorn Temple.

SHIPWRECK ASSEMBLAGES

& MARITIME TRADE ROUTES

The Rock Arts of

Phrayanaga (Viking) Cave

• This cave is situated at Phi Phi Leh Island and

close to Thalang, which was one of the

dependency of Nakhon Si Thammarat and

was covered on the modern province of

Phuket.

Chinese Junks in Yuan, Ming and Qing

Dynasties or Probably Thai Junks

Arabian Somali Dhow and

Indonesian Perahu Makassar

European Carracks

European and American

Paddle Steamer Ship

Moken’s or Urak Lawoi’s Boat

Songdoc Shipwreck

The Late 14th Century

Nanyang Shipwreck

The 15th Century

Royal Nanhai Shipwreck

The 15th Century

Samui Shipwreck

The Early 16th Century

Xuande Shipwreck

The Mid-16th Century

San Diego Shipwreck

The Late 16th Century

Wanli Shipwreck

The Early 17th Century

Desaru Shipwreck

The First Half of 19th Century

Diana Shipwreck

The First Half of 19th Century

CONCLUSION

• Ayutthaya Kingdom ruled Nakhon Si

Thammarat as the good location to control

other dependency cities in the middle part of

Malay Peninsula and to be the halfway house

of maritime trade routes between the western

and eastern worlds during 1350-1767.

• There also benefited to Ayutthaya Kingdom for

local product supplier, territory expansion and

trading.

• The ceramics trading represented that

Ayutthaya Kingdom including Nakhon Si

Thammarat established the foreign relations

with China in Yuan (1280-1368), Ming (1368-

1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties by the

ports of Fuzhou and Quanzhou as well as

Vietnam in Le (1428-1788) Dynasty by the

ports of Ha Long and Van Don.

• There also connected with the capital and

northern territory by maritime trade routes that

have been found Si Satchanalai wares there

and they related to the ceramics recovered

from many shipwrecks.

• By the rock arts of Phrayanaga (Viking) Cave

and the excavation of shipwrecks, the Chinese

or Southeast Asian styles of sail ships were

used to transport the goods especially

ceramics.

• The ceramics at the point of destination in

Nakhon Si Thammarat also related the many

ship cargo that travelled around the Gulf of

Thailand and South China Sea for trading

especially on ceramics.

• The ceramics were used to be luxury goods in

religious purposes, specially for offering and

architectural decoration in many Buddhist

temple inside and outside the town wall of

Nakhon Si Thammart.

Thank You for Your Attention

• I would like to acknowledge to the 13th, 14th,

and 15th Regional Office of Fine Arts

Department at Songkhla, Nakhon Si

Thammarat, and Phuket, for helpful data.

• I would like to acknowledge to Bangkok

National Museum Volunteers, for organizing

the lecture.

Ayutthayan Seaport and Import Ceramic in Nakhon Si Thammarat

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Transcript of Ayutthayan Seaport and Import Ceramic in Nakhon Si Thammarat