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Assignment on: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
-submitted by: Students of 3rd Semester Master of Planning
(with specialization in Environmental Planning)
PALLAVI C NATH, 3rd SEMESTER, Masters in Planning ( with specialization Environmental Planning)
ROLE OF MEDIA IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
Media plays a large role in environmental protection especially in
promoting environmental awareness and education.
The basic responsibilities of the communication media may
include:
• Reporting and publishing the truth
• Conducting thorough probes into issues relating to violations
• Highlighting the failure of government officials
• Not succumb to the pressure tactics adopted by governmental
officials/ anti-social elements
The emergence of the Internet as a source of information, with its
vast reach and accessibility, has been an extremely important
development. The television and the print media play an
important role in creating environmental awareness. Further, the
radio has a significant impact due to its large audience in the rural
areas.
The Role of MEDIA in ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
In 1998 the all India Radio hosted a 52- episode entertainment-
education radio serial It was titled: "Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum':' ("Where
Have We Arrived?") and aimed to tackle Environmental Issues.
The show was Produced by Mrs. Usha Bhasin with the assistance of the
central pollution Control Board.
It was Broad casted in 7 seven Hindi speaking States in Northern India-
India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh and Delhi.
The show had a listenership of 1,00,000 people.
The programme addressed issues such as water, air and noise pollution,
deforestation, solid waste disposal, organic farming and other topics.
This series was built around the story of a rural background in which a
factory settles near a small village.
ALL IN RADIO- “YEH KAHAN AA GAYE HUM”
Why was" YehKahan Aa Gaye Hum" so effective in stimulating environmental activism in Lutsaan (Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)? Exposure to this radio serial was higher in Lutsaan than elsewhere in North India. • Inspired by the radio serial, members went on cycle tour to educate the
public to conserve fuel, thus saving the environment from pollution. • They rode to the nearest railway junction where several rickshaws waited,
with their ignitions on. The Lutsaan "activists" explained to the drivers the hazards of air pollution, encouraging them to switch off their ignitions.
• Members of the Lutsaan listeners' club also approached heavy smokers in the
village, informing them about its health hazards. • Another suggestion that the Lutsaan residents gathered from the serial" Yeh
Kahaan Aa Gaye Hum" was to plant trees on festive occasions. • Self help groups set up by the village leaders in association with the listeners’
club helped spur and sustain environmental action in Lutsaan.
Community effects of Radio in Lutsaan, Uttar Pradesh
TELEVISION
CNN IBN : Saving The Ganga: The holy river in distress The news channel CNN-IBN had focused on a special initiative, Saving the Ganga. It was a 45-day campaign in association with Sankat Mojan Foundation • The sacred river is dying despite
lumpsum money being spent on saving it.
• Dams and pollution are killing the Ganga in every state that it passes through.
• Peoples initiatives to save this mighty river from getting polluted anymore.
Example of an initiative to clean the Ganga: Breeding of turtles in captivity and then releasing them into the river. As the turtles are meat eating animals, they play a vital role in cleansing the river.
NDTV : Ma Ganga - Killing her softly NDTV along with a team from The Energy Research Institute travelled the length of the Ganga to understand the crisis the mother river is in and how bad the situation is. Samples of the water have been at key places, like Gangotri, Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna and Kolkata to test for pollutants and heavy metals. The study was carried out for a period of 1 year and is being telecasted on television in a series of 5 documentaries.
Killing her- Killing her Softly but Deliberately
TELEVISION
To commemorate the 67th year of India’s independence, Animal Planet celebrates the country’s exotic wildlife through its programme “Yeh Mera India”. • It showcase the fascinating wildlife, rich
and varied landscapes and great natural treasure troves of India.
• The episodes’ content include: Odisha’s Wetlands documenting the contribution of wetlands in maintaining the ecological balance;
TELEVISION: YEH MERA INDIA
‘Nagarahole – Tales from an Indian Jungle’ capturing the natural spectacle from one monsoon season to the next and investigating the threats to India’s precious ecological heritage; ‘Creatures of the Great Rains’ portraying the effect of monsoons on creatures great and small – from elephants to frogs, tigers to monkeys, rhinos to leeches; ‘Shola – India’s Jungle of Rain’ showcasing the incredible variety of wildlife present in the Western Ghats.
Will we have any safe and potable water left? The episode mainly dealt with the dire water situation in the county. • Scarcity and the huge health problem that we are
exposed to due to the poor quality of water. • Methods to deal with water scarcity- rain water
harvesting, creation of small reservoirs, cleaning up of lakes.
TELEVISION: SATYAMEV JAYATE
Example: The introduction of Mandatory rain water harvesting by the Chennai government under the supervision of IAS officer Shanta Sheela Nair. • Revision of Chennai Municipal Corporation Act in 2003: a
law was passed to install rain water harvesting systems within a year.
TELEVISION: SATYAMEV JAYATE
Waste is Wealth
• Issue of garbage disposal and waste as a resource.
• How people are making a difference
and introduced us to waste warriors. • A huge amount of Municipality budget
is set aside for cleanliness in the country but it's not properly used.
Grim realities Garbage mounds everywhere, the pollution of ground water and soil, and the spread of diseases.
Success Waste Management • Pune based organization SWACH has been lending a
helping hand to numerous waste pickers to become more empowered.
• The Biogas experiment: One ton of garbage can be made into gas equivalent to 2 lpg cylinders.
• Roads from plastic waste
PRINT MEDIA: DOWN TO EARTH
In May 1992, the Society for Environmental
Communications (sister organization of CSE) started
India’s only science and environment fortnightly,
Down To Earth (DTE).
• Informs readers about the environmental
threats facing India and the world - a dimension
underplayed in mainstream media.
• Gives a comprehensive view on the most critical
issues of human existence.
• The magazine is transparent in terms of the data
it publishes with sufficient scientific support.
The magazine not only addresses aspects of
environmental degradation, but also highlights
methods in which people/ institutions contribute
towards ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
PRINT MEDIA: SANCTURAY ASIA
Sanctuary Asia, is a wildlife, conservation
and environment magazine.
• Started in 1981 to raise awareness
among Indians of their disappearing
natural heritage.
• Sanctuary Cub, a children's nature
magazine, started in 1984 reaches out to
children across India through schools and
nature clubs.
The magazine aims to communicate the
rationale for wildlife conservation and
environmental protection.
WALL·E : Waste Allocation Load Lifter The film portrays the outcome of environmentally destructive human activities.
MOVIES
RIO 2: Focuses on “The Last Rainforest” ICE AGE: THE MELTDOWN- Climate Change
HAPPY FEET has a strong environmental message the about the over-harvesting of arctic fish for man’s consumption.
Animated movies have an intent to implement hidden messages, sometimes politically driven and many focusing on environmental issues.
Green Movies - ENCHANTED LANDS AND FABLES
A Fable From The Himalayas - Perspectives On Climate Change The film was shot in the remote ice desert region of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India (Bordering Tibet). The UN Environment Program picked up this film for their Billion Tree campaign.
• Spreads the message of how Global warming is impacting fragile ecosystems.
• The Fable depicts the evilness that Climate Change causes- the Change from Silver rivers to grey rock, and Green fields to Red earth, smiles on faces to deep frowns.
One Small Seed
One Whole Tree
A Thousand Seeds
A Thousand Trees
A Million Trees
Savior from a large Calamity
“The Real Power to Save the people from a Calamity is not in the Seed, but in the idea that has been planted in the heads of people”.
References: • Environmental Activism through 'Yeh KahanAa Gaye Hum,' an Entertainment-
Education Radio Soap Opera in India. – by Arvind Singhal, Saumya Pant, and Everett M. Rogers (2000).
• http://www.thepaperlessproject.com/hidden-messages-how-media-teaches-children-about-sustainability/
• http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/maa-ganga-killing-her-softly-gangotri-to-rishikesh/335397
• http://www.satyamevjayate.in/ • ibnlive.in.com/features/saving-the-ganga.html • http://www.downtoearth.org.in • http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/ • www.discoverychannel.co.in/tv-shows/yehmeraindia
THANK YOU
JUDICIARY and NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL’S ROLE IN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Presented By: Narinderjit Kaur
3rd Semester, Batch 2013-2015 Master of Planning (Environmental Planning)
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
PIL and WRIT petitions are the legal remedy and a tool for environmental jurisprudence under Article 226 and 32
(i) Liberalization of the rules of standing; (ii) Procedural flexibility; (iii) Creative and activist interpretation of legal and fundamental rights . (iv) Remedial flexibility and ongoing judicial participation and supervision. Indian judiciary is first that has developed the concept of right to healthy environment as part of
Article 21
International conventions
which support judiciary
to take requisite action:
• UN Conference at
Stockholm 1972
• General assembly
resolution in 1972
• Earth summit
• Agenda 21
• Environmental Jurisprudence in India made a beginning when
Parliament enacted Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974.
• Quantum leap with amendment of Constitution in 1976 and
incorporation of Article 48-A in the Directive Principles of State
Policy and Article 51- A (g) in the Fundamental Duties of every
citizen of India.
• These Articles unequivocally provide for protection and
improvement of the environment.
• Parliament enacted Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• With three enactments, a modest beginning was made by
Parliament.
• Unfortunately, soft laws were enacted at a time when strong
legislation was critical for environmental conservation.
• Writ of Habeaus Corpus,
• Writ of Mandamus,
• Writ of Quo-Warranto,
• Writ of Prohibition, and
• Writ of Certiorari.
Judiciary
Examples of the Sources of PIL:
• The creation of authorities for the regeneration of the Aravalli
Range Protection of the Doon Valley and the protection of
the coastal zones from prawn culture.
• Supreme Court Chief Justice Ranganath Mishra directed
Govt., to include environment at all levels of education. It’s
very positive and most important outcome of a PIL.
• In prawn culture matter, precautionary principle and
polluter must pay introduced in the Supreme Court's order.
• Some green minded Judges are Justice Krishna Iyer, Justice
Bhagwati, Justice Kuldip Singh and Justice Ranganath Mishra.
They are always in favor of environmental protection.
• Green benches have been created in some High Courts to
exclusively hear environmental cases.
• Advocate M.C. Mehta has earned international fame by
working for environmental protection. He is a lawyer of
Supreme Court. He has been awarded the prestigious
Magsaysay Award for Asia in 1997.
Judiciary
Doctrines Evolved By Courts:
• Precautionary principles
• Polluter pays principles
• Absolute liability principle
• Sustainable development
• Public trust doctrine
Types of judicial approach Pro-Project: Judges tend to
emphasize the potential benefits of
a particular project or commercial
activity.
Judicial Restraint: Judges defer to
the determinations made by
executive agencies and experts
with regard to the environmental
feasibility of a project.
Judicial Review: Judges tend to
scrutinize the environmental impact
of particular activities. Services
rendered by expert committees,
amicus curiae and NGOs prove to
be a valuable asset.
Continuing Mandamus
• Monitor the implementation of orders by seeking
frequent reports from governmental agencies on
progress made in the same.
• Fact-finding commissions and expert
committees or amicus curiae which are constituted
to examine a particular environmental problem.
Absolute Liability
• Bhopal Gas Leak involved two disasters,
one being the huge loss of life and
secondly absence of clear legal
framework to bring relief.
• It was ruled that occupiers of premises
where hazardous activities were undertaken,
would be liable to third parties for damage
caused as a result of such activities,
irrespective of any fault being shown on their
part.
Precautionary Principle
• With respect of developmental activities
that may harm environment and local
communities.
• While policy-making in this regard has, also
evolved with the requirement of
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
before commencement of construction
activities, judicial oversight is still needed to
ensure that same is conducted transparently.
Polluter Pays Principle
• In environmental law, the PPP is enacted to make
the party producing pollution responsible for
paying for the damage done to the natural
environment.
Public Trust Doctrine:
• It is the principle that certain resources are
preserved for public use, and that government is
required to maintain them for the public's
reasonable use like water, air, forests etc.
First mentioned in the MC Mehta vs Kamalnath case:
“ State is the trustee under legal duty to protect
natural resources. These resources meant for
public use cannot be converted into private
ownership”.
Judiciary
The CNG controversy case; SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
• On July 28, 1998 Supreme Court of India ruled that all eight-year-old buses and pre-1990 three-
wheelers and taxis would have to be converted to compressed natural gas (CNG) by March 31,
2000. For the rest of the buses, three-wheelers and taxis, the deadline was fixed as March 31, 2001.
• This order, however, is getting to be the most difficult to implement. Resistance from diesel lobby and
lack of support from government nearly sabotaged the initiative.
• Instead of taking pride in the fact that one of the largest CNG programmers of the world has been
launched in Delhi, efforts are being made not to let it happen.
• Despite the opposition, Delhi today boasts of more than 2,200 CNG buses, 25,000 CNG three-
wheelers, 6,000 CNG taxis and 10,000 CNG cars.
• US Department of Energy issued the notification, entitled”
Natural Gas Buses: Separating Myth from Fact”, in April 2000.
•The release deals with every issue that is confusing Delhi’s
decision makers: cost, effect on global warming, safety, and
health effects of nano particles or ultra-fine particles from
CNG. “It becomes very difficult for people to understand the
benefits of an alternative fuel program if they are confronted with
misinformation or poor comparisons based on false
assumptions,” points out the notification.
• Similarly in Delhi, ever since the Supreme Court orders have
come into effect, there has been a spate of statements from
government officials, politicians, some experts and by the
media on CNG.
INDIAN COUNCIL FOR ENVIRO-LEGAL ACTION v. UNION OF INDIA SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS , POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
• Petitioner, Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action
brought this action to stop and remedy pollution
caused by several chemical industrial plants in
Bichhri village, Udaipur District, Rajasthan.
• The Respondents operated heavy industry plants,
producing chemicals such as oleum, single super
phosphate, toxic H acid.
• Respondents operated these plants without permits
which caused serious pollution.
• Toxic waste water was untreated and left to be
absorbed into the earth causing aquifers and the
subterranean supply of water to be polluted.
• The soil became polluted and unfit for cultivation.
Several people in nearby villages are alleged to have
contracted diseases due to the pollution.
• From 1989-1992, Court issued orders to respondents,
directing them to, among other things, control and
store the sludge.
• These orders were largely ignored. In 1994, the
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI) reported on pollution caused by respondents,
and in 1996, court held a final hearing on these
matters.
LEGAL FRAME WORK :
• Constitution of India, Articles 21, 32, 48A and 51A(g).
• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act,
1974
COURT’S VERDICT:
• The respondents are strictly and absolutely
liable to compensate all those who are
affected by the accident.
• Court also endorsed polluter pays principle,
under which financial costs of preventing or
remedying damage lie with those who cause
pollution.
• Sections 3 and 5 of Environment (Protection)
Act 1986 empower the Central Government to
take necessary measures to protect the
environment.
• Respondents are "rogue industries", and
hence all their plants and factories in Bichhri
village are ordered to be closed.
• Villagers can institute suits in the appropriate
civil courts to claim damages from
respondents.
VELLORE CITIZENS WELFARE FORUM v. UNION OF INDIA ;SUPREME COURT INDIA Constitutional Right,. Environment Protection Fund, Polluter Pays Principle,
Precautionary Principle
• Petitioner, Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum, filed this action to stop tanneries in the State of Tamil Nadu from discharging untreated effluent into agricultural fields, waterways, open lands and waterways.
• Among other types of environmental pollution caused by these tanneries, it is estimated that nearly 35,000 hectares of agricultural land in this tanneries belt has become either partially or totally unfit for cultivation,
• 170 types of chemicals used in the chrome tanning processes have severely polluted local drinking water.
• Court has passed other orders relating to this case, and has monitored this petition for almost five years.
• Each tannery in the petition is subject to a Rupees 10,000 fine which will be put into an
"Environment Protection Fund "which will be used to restore the environment and to
compensate affected persons.
• Expert bodies will help frame a scheme to reverse environmental pollution.
• All tanneries must set up common effluent treatment plants, or individual pollution control
devices, and if they do not, the Superintendent of Police and the Collector/District Magistrate/
Deputy Commissioner in each of the respective districts is authorized to close the plants down.
VELLORE CITIZENS WELFARE FORUM v. UNION OF INDIA ;SUPREME COURT INDIA Constitutional Right,. Environment Protection Fund, Polluter Pays Principle,
Precautionary Principle
Legal Framework
• Constitution of India, Articles 21, 32, 47, 48A, 51A(g)
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
• Environment Protection Act 1986.
• Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
• Madras District Municipalities Act (1920).
COURT’S VERDICT
• Supreme Court noted that although leather industry is a major foreign exchange earner for
India and provided employment, it does not mean that this industry has the right to destroy
the ecology, degrade the environment or create health hazards.
• Directed Central Government to take immediate action under the provisions of environment
protection act 1986 (to create an authority with powers to control pollution and protect the
environment)
• The authority shall implement precautionary principle and polluter pays principle, and identify;
1) Loss to ecology/ environment; and
2) Individuals/ families who have suffered because of pollution, and then determine
compensation to reverse environmental damage. Compensate those who have suffered from the
pollution. Collector/ District Magistrates shall collect and disburse the money.
Case Examples from News room
October 2014: HC: Government to decide on encroachment removal in Rohini. The court was told that 29 of the 94 parks in Rohini have been encroached upon by various religious structures.
October 2014: SC: No end to mining in Aravalis, SC
to prosecute erring Haryana officials.
• Turning heat to derelict officials of Haryana
government Supreme Court said it would prosecute all
erring officials without waiting for any more reports
on illegal mining and stone crushing units in Aravalis
Hills.
• Supreme Court order of 2002 was yet to be
executed in completion, court ordered government to
furnish list of officials responsible for the execution
within 4 weeks.
• NGO Bandhua Mukti Morcha had revived its PIL
regarding the matter. Satellite imagery of 28 villages
had 287 Ha. of land under illegal stone crushing.
Case Examples from Court room
September 2014:
SC wants details on steps taken to protect wetlands
• Supreme Court has issued notice to Centre and concerned states over the protection of 36
priority wetlands.
•It has asked to submit within four weeks, details of steps taken to protect these wetlands. The order has
come following a petition filed by M. K. Balakrishnan regarding the demarcation of priority areas and
wetlands.
•The Court has also ordered the Centre to give information regarding the formation of Central Wetlands
Regulatory Authority under the 2010 Wetland Conservation Rules.
Jharkhand Government orders closure of 12 iron ore mines
•Following the Supreme Court orders, Jharkhand Government has directed the closure of 12 iron ore
mines in West Singhum District.
•Tata Steel, Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) and Orissa Manganese and Minerals Private Ltd were
operating these 12 leased mines without renewing their mining licenses for the past few years.
•The closure has led to panic among major steel makers in the region along with loss of livelihood for
hundreds of tribal miners.
Many hurdles to the proposed Vizhinjam Port Project
•The Supreme Court refuses to stay National Green Tribunal’s application that has challenged
environmental clearance and Coastal Zone Regulation (CRZ) clearance of the proposed Vizhinjam Port
Project.
• Kerala Government has appealed to the court against the Tribunal's order.
• Against the Court's decision, Environment Ministry has given its justification regarding the
clearance of the project and has asked the former to dismiss NGT's order.
National Green Tribunal (NGT)
• Taking into account large number of environmental cases pending in higher courts and
involvement of multidisciplinary issues and Hon’ble Supreme Court judgments MC Mehta v/s
UoI, Indian Council for Enviro-legal Action v/s UoI, AP PCB v/s MV Nayudu, Law Commission in its
186th Report titled “Proposal to Constitute Environmental Courts” emphasised the need for
Environmental Courts accordingly a Bill was introduced in Parliament in 2009 for establishing
such courts.
• National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is a federal legislation enacted by Parliament of India,
under India's constitutional provision of Article 21, which assures the citizens of India right to a
healthy environment. NGT has been established on 18.10.2010.
• The tribunal is a specialized fast-track court to handle cases pertaining to environmental issues
and dispose them expeditiously.
• It also enforce legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for
damages to environment, persons and property.
• Presently, it has a full time Chairperson and 7 Judicial Members and 10 Expert Members.
• It has Principal Bench in New Delhi and four Zonal Benches at Bhopal, Pune Chennai and
Kolkata.
• Several landmark judgements delivered in past resulted in visible impact on environment.
• Judgements have set a precedent to demonstrate the importance and need for change in the
environmental sector in India.
• Judgements are particularly focused on three principles of Environment legislation – Polluter
Pays, Precautionary Principle and Sustainable Development.
• In a significant decision Supreme Court on 9-8-2012 directed that all cases concerning
environment shall be transferred to the NGT from the various High Courts.
Important Provisions of the NGT Act 2010
• S-14: All civil cases where substantial question of environment arises, to settle disputes in implementing the Acts under Schedule-I.
• S-15: By order relief, compensation, restitution.
• S-16: Appellate jurisdiction.
• S-17: Liability to pay compensation or relief.
• S-19:
• NGT is not bound by Code of Civil Procedure 1908, but guided by Principles of Natural Justice,
• It is not bound by Indian Evidence Act, 1872, it is vested with same power as Civil Courts under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908,
• All proceedings before NGT are deemed to be judicial within meaning of S-193, 219, 228 for the purpose of S-196 of Indian Penal Code
• NGT is deemed civil court for the purpose of S-195 and Ch XXVI of Code of Criminal Procedure 1973
• S-25: An award/order/decision of NGT – as decree of civil court.
• S-26: Penalty for failure to comply;
• Individual up to 3 yrs imprisonment or fine up to 10 Crores or both, with additional fine of Rs 25000/day of violation.
• Company up to 25 Crores and 1 lakh/day of violation.
• S-33: NGT to have over-ridding effect on other regulations.
• S-22 Appeal to Supreme Court; Any person aggrieved because of the decision of the Tribunal u/s 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, may file an appeal before the Apex Court within 90 days.
National Green Tribunal
Established for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Why need of a Green Court
Direct violation of specific statutory environmental obligation by a person by which:
• Community at large other than individual or group of individuals are affected or likely to be affected
by the environmental consequences
• The gravity of damage to the environment or property is substantial
• The damage to the public health is largely measurable
Present Cases
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Forests
• Municipal Solid Waste
• Industrial Pollution
• Sewage
• Ground Water abstraction and pollution
• Encroachments of water bodies
2011 2012 2013
Appeal
Applic
ation
Revie
w
Applic
ations
Total
of
2011
Appea
l
Applic
ations
THC
Appeal
TGC
Applica
tions
Revie
w
Applic
ations
Total
2012 Appeal
Applic
ations
THC
Appeal
THC
Applic
ations
Misc
Applic
ations
Revie
w
Applic
ations
Cases
from
Shimla
Total
2013
Grand
Total
Total
Pending
as on
30.09.13 3 1 4 13 44 3 10 2 72 30 149 11 41 310 2 40 583 659
Fresh Filing from
01.10.13 7 10 54 4 75 75
Total
Pending
as on
30.09.13 3 1 4 13 44 3 10 2 72 37 159 11 41 364 2 44 658 734
Disposal from 01.10.13 to 31.10.13
(Court 1) 1 10 1 106 118 118
Disposal from 01.10.13 to 31.10.13
(Court 2) 3 4 1 2 33 43 43
Pendenc
y as on
31.10.13 3 1 4 13 44 3 10 2 72 36 152 11 41 315 1 44 600 676
Total Cases till October 2013
EPM and Scientific Basis for Regulatory Standards
• Environmental quality criteria
• Techno-economic feasibility
• Socio-economic criteria
• Local importance of environment
• Existing use
• Special ecological importance (sensitive area)
• Dilution available
Environment is Holocoenotic in Nature
Atmosphere,
(Air Environment)
Hydrosphere,
(Water Environment)
Lithosphere
(Land Environment)
Biosphere
(Life Environment)
EPM and Components of Environment
FUNDAMENTAL DUTY
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT
August 2013: DPCC asked to act against steel-
pickling units in the Wazirpur industrial area (2000
units), which have failed to comply with the standards
of environment protection laws.
• In its May 2014 order NGT directed closure of units
which were letting dangerous Sulphuric acid used to
remove impurities from steel, into drains and then
finally into rivers.
Case Examples from News room
September 2014: Top cop
gets green court notice over
sand mining.
NGT sends notices to Delhi
pollution watchdog and
irrigation department’s chief
engineer.
Despite the NGT’s clear
orders, sand mining is still
happening with active
support from the Delhi
Police plying of sand filled
trucks may damage bunds
and cause flooding.
The Posco Case is one of the most
important cases in NGT’s history.
The Order to suspend the establishment
of the 12 MTPA capacity steel plants in
Odisha came as a radical step in favour
of the local communities and forests.
While the case is still going on in the
court, it is worth mentioning that the
Tribunal has stood its ground to support
sustainable development and valued
local communities above economic
profit from the project.
Case Examples
March 2014: NGT stays new
tube wells, eucalyptus
plantation.
Punjab government to
maintain a status quo on
70000 new connections of
tube well and plantation of
eucalyptus owing to depleting
ground water situation in the
state.
October 2014: NGT restrains Centre, Orissa from granting new mining leases in Keonjhar. NGT directed in its interim order no fresh permission or extension expansion of existing mines in Keonjhar district in the state due to pollution of drinking water. Petition was filed by Rahul Kumar Aggarwal alleging environmental pollution. Deaths of human and animals have been reported in the district due to said pollution. NGT demanded report from government whether companies operating were adhering to environmental laws of the land.
Case Examples from Court room
The Goa foundation case was a landmark
case that established NGT’s jurisdiction in
all civil cases which involve a substantial
question of environment.
•The petition sought protection of the Western
Ghats and prayed for directions to the
respondents to exercise the powers conferred
upon them under the enactments stated in
Schedule I to the National Green Tribunal Act,
2010 (for short “the NGT Act”) for preservation
and protection of Western Ghats within the
framework, as enunciated by the Western
Ghats Ecology Expert Panel in its report dated
31st August, 2012.
•The Tribunal directed the MoEF to file its
reply on the report within 4 weeks.
NGT seeks Centre's clarification on fresh
survey of Western Ghats
•The National Green Tribunal has ordered the
Environment Ministry to respond on whether
the concerned States have been notified to carry
out a fresh survey on the identification of eco-
sensitive areas in the Western Ghats.
•The Tribunal has shown doubts on both the
Gadgil report as well as the Kasturirangan report
on the Western Ghats.
•It has also called the Ministry 'messy', as it has
been changing its stands on the issue every day.
Case Examples from Court room
The Sand Mining Order has been the
latest victory of NGT.
•The Tribunal put a ban on all forms of
Illegal River and Ocean bed sand
mining which were rampant across the
country due to the sand mafia's
influence over the sand market.
•The Tribunal, in a series of orders
banned the mining and called upon
state authorities to show cause why
‘illegal sand mining had been going
on without any environment
clearances’.
•While the case is still going on, there
has been severe backlash from
states against the ban calling it
‘judicial over reach’ and a reason for
increased black marketing of sand.
SC gets strict with illegal river sand miners
•The Supreme Court has ordered prosecution under
Indian Penal Code for those found mining sand from
river banks and beds without a valid license.
•The order was given following a conflicting judgment
passed by the High Courts regarding the Mines and
Minerals Development and Regulation (MMDR) Act.
•While referring to the UNEP Global Environment Alert
Service Report, the Court has shown serious concern
over the ecological damage done to rivers through sand
mining.
Dilemma
•Recent times saw the tribunal’s jurisdiction being challenged by not only
litigants but even the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).
•In an affidavit submitted to the Supreme Court, MoEF stated that the tribunal has
“exceeded its brief” and caused it “embarrassment” in Parliament.
• The Supreme Court even threatened to stay the operation of the tribunal due to
this hostile approach of the ministry. The affidavit was later withdrawn.
•It is important to observe that there is a sensitive line between the orders
passed by the NGT and those of the Supreme Court. NGT has succeeded in
bridging the gap between a Tribunal and the Apex Court of the country.
References
http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/environmental-studies/what-is-the-role-of-judiciary-in-the-
environmental-protection.html
http://amoghavarsha.com/stories/western-ghats/
http://blog.scconline.com/post/2014/06/17/enactment-of-national-green-tribunal-act-would-not-bar-the-
constitution-of-appellate-authority-under-air-and-water-act.aspx
http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/Writereaddata/Downloads/NGT_Journal_Vol1.pdf
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Green-tribunal-exceeding-its-brief-Govt-to-
SC/articleshow/22527436.cms
http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/enablers/cel/national_green_tribunal/article_by_cel/
http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Green%20Tribunal/Final%20Version%20-
%20National%20Green%20Tribunal%20Bill.pdf http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-green-tribunal-bill-2009-740/ http://www.socialwatch.org/sites/default/files/swindia/Gujarat-Social-Watch-Report-2014.pdf http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/myths_facts.pdf http://envis.mse.ac.in/problems%20pdf/CNG%20CONTROVERSY.pdf https://in.news.yahoo.com/sc-wants-experts-at-helm-of-ganga-op-080923688.html?vp=1 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/Why-is-the-Taj-Trapezium-Zone-and-why-is-it-called-so/articleshow/3008537.cms
• National Green Tribunal Act 2010 • Report on Assessment of working of National Green Tribunal • Legislative Brief National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009
• National Green Tribunal International Journal on Environment Volume 1 of 2014.
• The Role of Judiciary in Promoting Sustainable Development: Need of Specialized Environment Court in India
by Km. Saroj Gupta Research scholar, Nehru gram Bharati University, Allahabad published in 2011.
• The Role of Indian Judiciary in Protection of Environment in India- A Critical and Analytical Role by S.M.
Rajan & Kamal Adhikari, published in International Journal of Basic And Advanced Research,2013; 2(2); 48-53
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST (MoEF) UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM – INDIA -(UNDPI)
Submitted By – MUNNU JOSE
CONTENTS • HISTORY OF FORMATION OF MoEF • INTRODUCTION • OBJECTIVES • OFFICES UNDER MoEF • DIVISIONS OF MoEF • RULES/ACTS THAT EMPOWER THE ACTIONS OF
MoEF.
1966–1977 and 1980–1984
Indira Gandhi’s prime- ministership
• Introduced environmental debates into the national political agenda.
• The 4th Five Year Plan (1969–74 proclaimed “harmonious development on the basis of a comprehensive appraisal of environmental issues.”
1976
added Article 48A to the constitution.
• It states that “ The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.”
• The same decree gives the central government the power to overrule state decisions in this matter.
1985
• These political and constitutional changes prepared the groundwork for the creation of -
• Federal Department of Environment in 1980, turned into
• Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985
HISTORY OF FORMATION OF MoEF
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and implementation of India's environmental and forestry policies and programs. Nodal agency in the country for the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), South Asia Co-operative Environment Program (SACEP), International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) The organizational structure of MoEF, It has two wings 1.Environmental Wing 2.Forest and Wildlife Wing
INTRODUCTION
THE BROAD OBJECTIVES OF THE MINISTRY ARE: • Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife • Prevention and control of pollution • Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas • Protection of the environment and • Ensuring the welfare of animals These objectives are well supported by a set of legislative and regulatory measures, • National conservation strategy and policy statement on environment and
development, 1992. • National forest policy ,1988. • Policy statement for abatement of pollution, 1992. • National Environment Policy, 2006. -also guide the Ministry's work.
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MoEF 1.CLIMATE CHANGE Prepares National Action Plan on Climate Change. National Consultation for State Action Plans on Climate Change.
Holds meetings and workshops. Delhi is the first Indian state to launch Action Plan on Climate Change.
2.CONTROL OF POLLUTION Programs of the Ministry related to prevention and control of pollution are 1.Environmental Statistics and Mapping 2.Development and Promotion of Cleaner Technologies 3.Adoption of Cleaner Technologies in Small Scale Industries 4.Waste Minimizing 5.Program for improvement of Quality of Automotive Fuels (Motor Gasoline and Diesel) for reducing Vehicular Pollution 6.Environmental Epidemiological Studies 7.Development of Standards etc.
3.CONSERVATION AND SURVEY
-National Wetland Conservation Program.
-Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
-Biosphere Reserves.
-Botanical Gardens.
-Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
-Biological Diversity Act etc.
4.DESERTIFICATION CELL.
-Prepares Desertification Atlas. -The Sustainable Land and Ecosystem Management (SLEM) Program - The objective of the SLEM is to promote sustainable land management and use of biodiversity as well as maintain the capacity of ecosystems to deliver goods and services while taking into account climate change
5.FOREST PROTECTION DIVISION -All Issues relating to forest protection. -Illicit felling of trees, deforestation & encroachment on forests land. -Pest & disease attack relating to forest protection -Implementation of the Centrally Sponsored Intensification of Forest Management Scheme during the 11th Five Year Plan.
6.WILDLIFE DIVISION Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats 1.Support to Protected Areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves) 2.Protection of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas 3.Recovery programs for saving critically endangered species and habitats. 7.NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION DIRECTORATE -Implementing the Centrally Sponsored Schemes of National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) -National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems’(NPCA) for conservation of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the country. 8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DIVISION -Environmental Appraisal Committees have been constituted for the following sectors: Mining Projects Industrial Projects Thermal Power Projects River Valley, Multipurpose, Irrigation and H.E. Projects Infrastructure Development and Miscellaneous Projects Nuclear Power Projects
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1974 to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution, The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981 and amended in 1987 to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in India. The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in 1986 with the objective of providing for the protection and improvement of the environment. The Biological Diversity Act 2002, aims at the conservation of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable manner. The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was enacted to help conserve the country's forests. It strictly restricts and regulates the de-reservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purposes without the prior approval of Central Govt. The Indian Forest Act, 1927 consolidates the law relating to forests, the transit of forest-produce and the duty leviable on timber and other forest-produce.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION TO UNDP (INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO) • OBJECTIVES • FUNCTIONS OF UNDP IN INDIA • ACTIONS WITH REGARD TO ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT • ACTIONS TAKEN TO ACHIEVE MGD’S
• The UNDP was founded on 1 January 1966 by merging the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance or EPTA and the United Nations Special Fund.
• The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is the United
Nations' global development network. • Headquartered in New York City. • UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member
nations. • The organization has country offices in 177 countries, where it works
with local governments to meet development challenges. • UNDP works internationally to help countries achieve the Millennium
Development Goals.
INTRODUCTION TO UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
UNDP
Poverty reduction/
Democratic Governance
Crisis prevention
and recovery
Energy
and environment
Women’s empowerment and inclusion
Human development
OBJECTIVES OF UNDP FUNCTIONS OF UNDP IN INDIA • Helps in fulfilling
Government’ s objective of inclusive growth.
• Helps India to achieve the global Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
• Helps to achieve national objectives articulated in consecutive Five-Year Plans.
• Helps to improve the lives of the poorest women and men, the marginalized and the disadvantaged in India.
ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
Key areas of interventions are : • LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE ECONOMIC GROWTH. • ACTIONS REGARDING CLIMATE CHANGE (mitigation and adaptation), • SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (conserving
biodiversity and addressing land degradation) and • INTEGRATED CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT (phasing out of ozone
depleting substances and reducing persistent organic pollutants).
1.LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE ECONOMIC GROWTH • 40 percent of India’s households remain without electricity. • UNDP works with key ministries to improve access to clean energy,
especially in rural and remote areas. • Focuses on enhancing efficiency in energy intensive sectors like transport,
commercial and residential sectors. • Government efforts to remove market barriers to enhance the use of
renewable energy technologies.
2.CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY • UNDP assists the government in preparing and implementing Climate
Change Action Plans. • In partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Forests, UNDP has
developed a common framework that serves as a guide to states preparing climate change action plans.
3. PROTECTING INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY • India is one of the top ten species diverse countries in the world. • UNDP’s assistance in two states- Madhya Pradesh and Orissa- has
expanded the scope of ‘Protected Areas’ and linked conservation with community development.
• UNDP assists in effective implementation of India’s Biological Diversity Act, the guiding framework for biodiversity conservation in the country.
• Ecosystem-based micro enterprises developed under UNDP projects have increased incomes of poor rural communities in India.
• Mainstreaming Coastal and Marine Biodiversity into Production Sectors in Sindhudurg Coast in Maharashtra (Jan 2011-Dec 2016)
-In partnership with the MoEF, financed by the Global Environment Facility, - generate awareness among local communities on biodiversity conservation amidst the threat of unsustainable fishing practices, rising pollution from fishing vessels and maritime traffic in the region.
• Conservation and Sustainable use of Gulf Of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal Biodiversity (2002-2013)
-in partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India demonstrates the possibilities of sustainable community-led conservation of coastal areas, and integration of conservation activities in coastal zone management plans.
• Sustainable Urban Transport Program. -The project, in partnership with the Ministry of Urban Development, -Aims to reduce urban transport emissions causing environmental damage. The project will also demonstrate sustainable urban transport models in 10 cities in the country.
• Biomass Energy for Rural India. -In partnership with the Department of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Government of Karnataka, aims at overcoming barriers in promoting the use of renewable and bio-energy technologies by rural communities.
VARIOUS PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY UNDP
8 MDG’S
7th MDG
Ensure Environmental Sustainability
The Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-12)
UNDP helps the Government to fulfill
targets to achieve
MDG VII.
• Increase forest and tree cover by 5 %. • Attain WHO standards of air quality in all major cities by 2011–12. • Treat all urban waste water by 2011–12 to clean river waters. • Clean drinking water to be available for all by 2009. • Increase energy efficiency by 20 % by 2016–17. • Ensure electricity connection to all villages and Below Poverty Line
households by 2009 and reliable power by the end of the Plan. • Ensure all-weather road connections to all habitations with population of
1000 and above (500 and above in hilly and tribal areas) by 2009.
VARIOUS TARGETS OF 11th FIVE YEAR PLAN TO ACHIEVE 7th MDG -
“As we destroy the ecological and social community in our
countryside, we increase the threshold of violence and decrease
our capacity for compassion.”
- Vandana Shiva, 2005
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
Jasprit Kaur
3rd Semester, Master of Planning with specialization in Environmental Planning
School of Planning and Architecture
New Delhi
Structure of the Presentation
•Introduction to Vandana Shiva
•Field of Work
•Important revelations made by her
•Why do we need to know about Environmental Activists like
her?
VANDANA SHIVA: •World renowned environmental thinker and
activist
•Leader at the International Forum of
Globalization
•Winner of the Right Livelihood Award in
1993
•Director of Navdanya and the Research
Foundation for Science, Technology, and
Natural Resource Policy
•Author and Editor of various books : The
violence of the Green Revolution, India
divided etc.
FIELD OF WORK
Genetically Modified Crops
Water
Farming Practices
in India
Climate Change
Nuclear
Energy
Important issues raised and
addressed:
1. True connotation of
DEVELOPMENT
2. SEZs : sustainable answer to
India’s growth trajectory ?
3. Nuclear energy may not be the
answer to all our energy
problems
4. Interlinking of rivers
5. Climate change : Carbon
trading and Kyoto Protocol –
are they actual solutions ?
Why is it important for
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNERS ?
That’s what we will be
expected to support
Question the growth
paradigm promoted
Observe long term effects
–broaden our horizon
Question the solutions
provided by the
DEVELOPED countries
SHE questions the connotation of Development in today’s
world:
• In biology, Development:
SELF-DIRECTED, SELF-REGULATED & SELF-
ORGANIZED evolution from within
•In today’s context, Development is an externally driven
process. It must be dependant on external resources, energy
& money.
Living Systems are thus transformed into Mechanical
systems – which also inhibits sustainable functioning.
“Only if we could adopt the natural definition of development”
SEZ- A land grabbing tool
Inspired from China, this is why Vandana Shiva thinks SEZs are “land grabbers”
CONSTRUCTION OF REACTOR
• Each nuclear reactor emits 20 million tons of CO2 in its construction
EXTRACTION OF URANIUM
• Because most of the Uranium deposits are low grade, almost 100,000 tons of rock have to be mined to produce a ton of uranium
• A standard reactor needs 100 tons
PROCESSING OF URANIUM
• Extraction and enrichment uses halogenated compounds which are 10,000 times more potent GHGs than CO2
NUCLEAR ENERGY: Is it a sustainable solution?
WASTE GENERATION
• Waste generated holds 95% of radioactivity
• 1000 MW nuclear power reactor produces 30 tons of waste/year
INDIA’S URANIUM
• Jaduguda mine (Jharkhand) impacts 30,000 people living in 15 villages within a 15km radius
• After U extraction, 99% of the mined rock is left as waste-consists of thorium-230, radium-226, radon-222
“CLEAN cannot be measured only in terms of CO2 emissions. It has to include all
ecological risks from cradle to grave. “
- VANDANA SHIVA
Inferences: Nuclear Power also needs to be used with equal
caution and sensitivity- owing to the fact that it’s
repercussions effect generations
INTERLINKING OF RIVERS
What ?
•One of the largest infrastructure project ever undertaken in the world
•To transfer water from the surplus river basins to ease the water
shortages in western and southern India while mitigating the impacts of
recurrent floods in Eastern India
•It will build 30 links and some 3000 storages to connect 37 Himalayan
and Peninsular rivers to form a gigantic South Asian water grid.
•The canals, planned to be 50 to 100 meters wide and more than 6 meters
deep, would facilitate navigation
Vandana Shiva’s response:
" The project is based on the false assumptions that water from surplus
rivers can be diverted to deficit rivers. The truth is there are no surplus or
deficit rivers. There are only living and dead rivers. Rivers live
where river basins have been ecologically
managed."
“You may link them today but once the rivers start
changing their course after a few decades then the entire
project would be in vain.
There would be loss of biodiversity, reduction in
downstream flows, damage to fisheries and wild life,
displacement of people, conflicts over water sharing and
pressure created on land by cubic tonnes of water that
might cause seismic tremors.
“A dam constructed at the Sharda-Yamuna link in Haryana
is going to create a load of 500 billion tonnes on the uphill
side making the surface tremor-prone due to this load.”
Its not only the river, but an entire ecoSYSTEM that
would get affected
It might be possible to engineer the relocation of a river,
but this will not address the ecological issues associated
with the river
Globalization V/S CO2 emissions – How adequate are the
current mechanisms that address Climate Change ?
COUNTRY National
CO2
emissions
Per capita
CO2
emissions
U.S.A 5.75 Billion
tons
22 tons
CHINA 6.2 Billion
tons
4.7 tons
Shiva .V, 2009
•In a global economy, setting
emission levels for each country is
inappropriate:
1. Not every citizen contributes to
pollution
2. Corporations, not nations are
appropriate for regulating
atmospheric pollution
•Emission trading schemes do not
exactly help reduce pollution – but
instead provide quotas for countries
to accommodate their pollution
levels and if they aren’t able to they
can always “buy” this right of theirs
from developing countries ( Annex II)
Therefore,
•Our focus shouldn’t be confined to Carbon trading, Nuclear
energy
•Instead promote the tax on the use of fossil fuels
•COMMERCE should work within the laws of Ecological
Sustainability and social justice
•Address the consumption
patterns:
its not only about managing
wastes but producing less waste as the first step
SO, WE DO NEED TO READ ABOUT HER/OTHER
ACTIVISTS..
BECAUSE……
•Simulate our thought process towards critical environmental
phenomena
•Help us question the manner in which these issues are
addressed
•Help us substantiate our work
•Help us rethink the way we design our policies
•Since they work at grass-root levels, help portray a more
realistic picture
REFERENCES
Shiva. V, 2008. ‘Soil Not Oil’. Women Unlimited, New Delhi
Shiva. V, 2005. ‘ India Divided’.
Shiva, Vandana (2003). River Linking: False Assumptions,
Flawed Recipes. New Delhi,Navdanya.
http://www.navdanya.org/articles/false_assumptions.htm
Shiva. V, 2010. ‘ The Great Indian Land Grab’. Navdanya. New
Delhi
www.navdanya.org
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/seeds-of-doubt
www.vandanashiva.com
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
(C.S.R U.N & INDIAN PERSPECTIVE)
Tauseef EP/286
M.Planning in Environmental Planning 3rd Semester.
School Of Planning & Architecture Delhi.
MAIN CONCEPTS OF CSR
CSR (Carrol, 1979)
Firms have responsibilities to societies including economic, legal,
ethical and discretionary (or philanthropic).
Social Contract (Donaldson, 1982; Donaldson and Dunfee,
1999) – There is a tacit social contract between the firm and
society; the contract bestows certain rights in exchange for
certain responsibilities.
Stakeholder Theory (Freeman, 1984) – A stakeholder is “any group
or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of an
organisation’s purpose.” Argues that it is in the company’s strategic
interest to respect the interests of all its stakeholders.
• Concepts, key issues
• Key CSR drivers
• Implications for enterprise
• Implications for development
FRAME WORK OF PRESENTATION FOR U.N
(UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE FOR TRADE &
DEVELOPMENT UNCTAD)
MAIN CONCEPTS OF CSR
CSR = Political Economy The rights and responsibilities assigned to private
industry.
CSR is generally understood as being the way
through which a company achieves a balance of
economic, environmental and social imperatives
(“Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach”), while at the
same time addressing the expectations of
shareholders and stakeholders.
KEY ISSUES IN CSR
Economic conditions and Labor rights:
responsible sourcing,
stakeholder engagement
child labor
forced labor
safety and health
Environmental conditions
environmental management
eco-efficiency
Social conditions
job creation
public revenues
employee and community relations
gender balance
human rights & social equity
KEY DRIVERS OF CSR
Around the world
• NGO Activism
• Responsible investment
• Litigation
• Gov & IGO initiatives
Developing Countries
•NGO Activism
•Domestic consumers
• FDI
• Government & IGO
IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
(ENTERPRISES)
New social and product liability
patterns
Development of Codes of
Conduct and CSR reporting
Expanding sphere of influence
Application of Code of Conduct to
value chain
CSR management: value chain
management = compliance
management
The Extended Firm
Regional Plants / JV Partners
Suppliers / Distributors
CSR Drivers
Transnational Corporations
Implications for Enterprises:
CSR Management
How do companies address socio-environmental &
legal compliance issues?
• Policies - Code of Conduct
• Systems - Compliance Management
• Reporting - Accounting and Reporting
CSR Management:
Plan, Do, Check, Act method
Plan
• Consult stakeholders
• Establish code of conduct
• Set targets
Do
• Establish management
systems and personnel
• Promote code compliance
Check
• Measure progress
• Audit
• Report
Act
• Corrective action
• Reform of systems
Compliance Management:
Management by certification
ISO 14000 by Region
Europe
Far East
N. America
Aust./ New
Zealand
S. America
Africa/ W.
Asia
• Introduced 1998
• By 2005: 763 factories,
47 countries
• Introduced 1995
• By 2002: 37,000 factories,
112 countries
SA 8000 by Region
Asia
Europe
N.
America
S.
AmericaAfricaSource : UNCTAD REPORT 2008
CSR Management:
CSR reporting becomes ‘mainstream’
% of Large Firms Issuing a CSR Report
64%
Source : UNCTAD REPORT 2008
CSR Management:
Emerging standards in CSR Reporting
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) A multi-stakeholder initiative
International Standards of
Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) A project of UNCTAD
IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
CSR ‘cascade effect’ on members of the global value chain
labour conditions (e.g. OSH, right to organise, wages)
environmental controls
transfer of new management techniques
Compensation for weak legal environment in LDCs
Impact on economic development & national competitiveness???
IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT:
IS CSR GOOD FOR GROWTH?
David Henderson
“[CSR]’s adoption would reduce competition and economic
freedom, and undermine the market economy.”
Implications for Development:
Experiments in quantification
R2 = 0.6079
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
National Corporate Responsibility Index (2003 Score)
Lab
or
Co
st
per
wo
rker
in m
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g
($ p
er
year,
1990-1
994)
Indonesia Costa Rica
Does an increase in CSR correspond with an
increase in labour costs?
Source: UNCTAD, 2008
Implications for Development:
Experiments in quantification Relationship between CSR & GDP?
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
National Corporate Responsibility Index (2003 Score)
Real G
DP
Gro
wth
Avg
era
ge 1
991-2
001
China
Turkey
New Zealand
Thailand
Russia
Ireland
Indonesia
Source:U. N report 2005
Source: UNCTAD, 2008
• Government is playing the role of facilitator for Public and private sector enterprises to undertake CSR as an integrated endeavor
• Few landmarks:
— Ex PM’s Ten Point Social Charter
— Voluntary Guidelines on CSR, 2009
From the year 2010-11, the Department of Public Enterprises, India has substantially incentivised Sustainable Development &
CSR for Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs);
— National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities 2011 (NVGs: the revised, elaborated version of 2009 CSR Guidelines )
— Planning Commission and Task Force on Business Regulation
Role of GOI in promoting CSR.
• Proposal by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on
Finance (August 2010)
– Every company having a net worth of € 70 million
or more, turnover of € 140 million or more, or a net
profit of € 0.7 million or more, during a year, shall
be required to spend every year at least 2% of the
company’s average net profit during the three
immediately preceding financial years, on CSR
activities of the company’s choosing
Role of GOI in promoting CSR contd…..
Principle 1: Ethics, Transparency and
Accountability
Principle 2: Providing Goods and
Services that are
Sustainable over entire Life Cycle
Principle 3: Well-being of Employees
Principle 4: Being Responsive towards
Stakeholders, especially the disadvantaged
Principle 5: Respecting and
Promoting Human Rights
Principle 6: Protecting and Restoring the Environment
Principle 7: Responsible Policy
Advocacy that enhances
Public Good
7 Principals of CSR in Indian Context.
NVG’S(NATIONAL VOLUNTARY
GUIDELINES): NEXT STEPS
Advocacy and capacity building of multipliers (various
ministries/government agencies, financial sector,
business associations, consumers etc)
Sector specific guidelines/guidance
Disclosure Framework
Audit/Assurance
25
DISCLOSURE FRAMEWORK : GUIDELINES
FOR DRAFTING
Should be conforming to the NVGs
Should suit the requirements of the
Companies Bill 2011
Should be designed in the form of an
electronic form to be filed under MCA 21
Should take into account the frameworks
already being used
26
DISCLOSURE FRAMEWORK: OBJECTIVES
Help companies to understand the ethos of NVG in context of implementation
Help companies establish internal processes as well as identify deficiencies
Assist in providing aggregated data on corporate social responsibility performance to aid policy formulation/research
Assist the stakeholders to review/assess CSR performance
27
DISCLOSURE FRAMEWORK: BASIC STRUCTURE
Section A: General Information about the
Company
Section B: Financial Details of the Company
Section C: Other Details
Section D: Business Responsibility Information
Section E: NVG Principle-wise performance
28
KEY DEVELOPMENTS
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) mandates top 100 companies by market capitalization to submit Annual Business Responsibility Reports based on the NVGs as part of Annual Reports
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) draft on Corporate Environmental Responsibility takes into account the NVGs
The Planning Commission of India includes NVGs as the common framework for Business Responsibility in its manufacturing Plan for the next Plan Period
GRI to draw complementariness between the NVGs and GRI Reporting Framework
29
CSR INITIATIVE BY OIL INDIA LIMITED. Vision Statement
“OIL is a Responsible Corporate Citizen deeply committed to socio-economic
development in its areas of operations
Summary of Various CSR initiatives
Social Survey: OIL conducted a social survey through Dibrugarh University in
the year 1983 (in its operational areas in the North-East) to evolve a CSR
Strategy. Based on the recommendation of the survey, the Company
introduced a scheme entitled Social Welfare Programme (SWP) in 1984 and
later on another scheme called Areas Development Scheme (ADS) in 1996.
The SWP policy places OIL’s commitment of protecting the environment,
upliftment of education, Health and socio-economic Development a topmost
priority.
Health: OIL’s Mobile Dispensary services: The mobile hospital services of
OIL have always been one of the most significant community welfare
projects of the Company. Today, the team of doctors and paramedical staff
of OIL hospital cater to the basic medical needs of the villages in and
around OIL’s operational areas.
CSR OIL INDIA CONTD….
Mobile Hospital facility Rupantar SWP by OIL.
Handicraft training
and production centre
for women skill
development &
employment.
Save Our Tigers
Aircel’s tag line to bring alive the cause, ‘Just 1411 left, Save Our Tigers’, hit a chord
in the hearts and minds of millions of Indians and evolved into a brand unto itself.
People began to rally for the cause and started lending their voices towards it.
AIRCEL “SAVE TIGER” CSR INITIATIVE
AIRCEL “SAVE TIGER” CSR INITIATIVE
Projects with WWF- India: Aircel began active on ground support work in 2008 with
WWF- India. Post a project- donor match, we conceptualized and put to practice two
projects, detailed below:
Support Initiative Fund - In this project, we worked across all the tiger reserves in the
country, extending infrastructure and capacity support on a need basis.
Conservation of Tigers in Assam: The state of Assam has one of the highest
densities of Tiger populations in the country, but also has very high human- animal
conflict. Aircel concentrated on capacity building here, carrying out extensive work on
training of forest guards in anti-poaching measures, infrastructure build up within
the tiger reserves and in securing corridors.
Conflict mitigation in Sunderbans: The Sunderbans is known for one of the
healthiest Tiger populations, but in the recent years has had an increase in incidents
of Human- Animal conflicts due to Habitat destruction along with increase in
population. In an attempt to negate this, Aircel along with WWF-India worked in a
conflict mitigation project in the Sunderbans. They put into use several solar lamps
and a unique technologically advanced trapping cage to capture Tigers that stray
into human habitation and thereby prevent harm to them.
CSR INDIAN CONTEXT A BRIEF
National Foundation for Corporate Social Responsibility (NFCSR)
IICA-GIZ partnership focused on adoption and capacity development of multipliers for NVGs
Building synergies among diverse stakeholders and instruments to mainstream responsible business practices through an integrated approach
The CSR agenda has five elements:
Create a new narrative for corporate philanthropy as an investment in society
Develop an inclusive “operating system” for philanthropic investment
Professionalize the field
Improve collaboration, communication, and knowledge sharing
Mobilize “field level” leadership behind this agenda
United Nations conference on Human settlement,1972(Stockholm conference) To discuss status
of Human environment &Human interactions with environment.
UNEP: United nations environment program
To examine the world’s growing environmental and development problems with a view to making recommendations to national govt. and international bodies.
UNEP work encompasses: •Assessing global, regional and national environmental conditions and trends •Developing international and national environmental instruments •Strengthening institutions for the wise management of the environment
Issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy
UNEP, established in 1972, •is the voice for the environment within the United Nations system. • UNEP acts as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote the wise use and sustainable development of the global environment.
Developing • international environmental conventions , •promoting environmental science and information •way those can be implemented of policy with national governments, regional institutions in conjunction with environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) UNEP has also been active in funding and implementing environment related development projects
UNEP has aided in the formulation of guidelines and treaties on issues such as •the international trade in potentially harmful chemicals, •trans boundary air pollution, •And contamination of international waterways. •The World Meteorological Organization and UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988
UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies •for the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and • the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, •and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group
UNEP's main activities are related to climate change;
including the Territorial Approach to Climate Change(TACC);
•disasters and conflicts; •ecosystem management; •environmental governance; •environment under review; •harmful substances; and •resource efficiency.
Notable world projects sponsored the development of solar loan programs The most famous example is the solar loan program sponsored by UNEP helping 100,000 people finance solar power systems in India. UNEP sponsors the Marshlands project in the Middle East that helps to protect the largest marshland in the Middle East Glaciers shrinking Glaciers are shrinking at record rates and many could disappear within decades, the U.N. Environment Programme said on March 16, 2008.
oceans and coasts
Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain
most of the world's biodiversity
Forests
freshwater ecosystems.
it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Issues: conservation, research and restoration of the environment,
non-governmental organization founded on April 26 1961, formerly named the World
Wildlife Fund,
It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over •5 million supporters worldwide, •working in more than 100 countries, •supporting around 1,300
conservation and environmental projects.
The group's mission is "to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature."
History The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was initially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper The Observer.
an initial focus on the protection of endangered species its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change.
In 1986, the organization changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature, to better reflect the scope of its activities, In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission to: “Stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: • conserving the world's biological diversity • ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable • promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.”
The Critical Regions Approach Priority species Reducing India’s Global Footprint
The overall objectives under which these activties are undertaken are: •Tiger populations in priority landscapes are conserved for posterity •Elephant populations and their habtiats are secured in Terai Arc Landscape, North Bank Landscape, Kaziranga Karbi Anglong Landscape and Western Ghats Nilgiris Landscape •Distribution of rhinos in North Bank Landscape, Kaziranga Karbi Anglong Landscape and Terai Arc Landscape is expanded to ensure long term survival •Conserve populations and habitats of red panda, snow leopard and Nilgiri tahr •Innovative and scalable models of community based conservation, sustainable livelihoods, and institutional partnerships are established in all landscapes •Landscape and forest conservation priorities are integrated into state development plans and policy advocacy undertaken for forest, species and habitat conservation
WWF-India
Priority species
Reducing Footprint •Climate Change and Energy •Rivers for Life, Life for Rivers •Sustainable Business •Sustainable Fisheries •Sustainable Forestry •Sustainable Agriculture
International Union for Conservation of Nature •International organization •Dedicated to finding "pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges.” •The Union's headquarters are located in Gland ,Switzerland , near Geneva.
"a just world that values and conserves nature"
IUCN is the world's oldest and largest global environmental network—a democratic membership union with more than 1,000 government and NGO member organizations, and almost 11,000 volunteer scientists in more than 160 countries.
Its mission is to
"influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable"
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species
e
Sir Julian Huxley
• IUCN began when the first Director General of UNESCO, Sir Julian Huxley, sponsored a congress to establish a new environmental institution to help serve this purpose
first congress
(held at Fontainebleau, France), on 5 October
1948.
• At that first congress (held at Fontainebleau, France), on 5 October 1948, 18 governments, 7 international organizations, and 107 national nature conservation organizations all agreed to form the institution and signed a "constitutive act" creating an International Union for the Protection of Nature
to better preserve
their flora
and fauna
• to explore and promote mutually beneficial conservation arrangements that suit those promoting development as well as assisting people and nations to better preserve their flora and fauna.
How to safeguard protected areas and threatened species?
Working with rather than against local people became a major working principle for IUCN
When approached in 1978 by primatologist Richard Wrangham to contribute funds to the new Digit Fund to prevent further poaching of mountain gorillas near Dian Fossey's Karisoke Research Station in Rwanda, the International Union for Conservation of Nature declined to provide funds to the cause. Instead, IUCN supported opening the Virunga Volcanoes to tourism as a way to encourage the Rwandan government to preserve the gorillas.
The percentage of species in several groups which are listed as critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable on the 2007 IUCN Red List
The IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce species extinction.
Extinct (EX) – No known individuals remaining. Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Endangered(EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild. Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild. Near threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered in the near future. Least concern(LC) – Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. Data deficient(DD) – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction. Not evaluated (NE) – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria
Some key dates in the growth and development of this organization include:[
1956: Name very soon changed from International Union for the Preservation of Nature (IUPN) to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 1956: IUCN creates the IYF= "International Youth Federation for the Study and Conservation of Nature", which creates in 1983 YEE=Youth Environment Europe.
1959: UNESCO decides to create an international list of Nature Parks and equivalent reserves, and the United Nations Secretary General asks the IUCN to prepare this list. 1961: After more than a decade of funding difficulties, eminent science and business personalities (including Sir Julian Huxley) decide to set up a complementary fund (the World Wildlife Fund) to focus on fund raising, public relations, and increasing public support for nature conservation. 1969: IUCN obtains a grant from the Ford Foundation which enables it to boost, substantially, its international secretariat. 1972: UNESCO adopts the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the IUCN is invited to provide technical evaluations and monitoring
1974: IUCN is involved in obtaining the agreement of its members to sign a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), whose secretariat was originally lodged with the IUCN 1975: The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) comes into force, and its secretariat is administered from the IUCN's headquarters 1980: IUCN (together with the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Wide Fund for Nature) collaborate with UNESCO to publish a World Conservation Strategy 1982: Following IUCN preparation and efforts, the United Nations General Assembly adopts the World Charter for Nature 1990: Began using the name World Conservation Union as the official name, while continuing using IUCN as its abbreviation. This name change proved to be short-lived. 1993: IUCN (together with United Nations Environment Programme and the World Wide Fund for Nature) publishes Caring for the Earth 2001: Establishment of the IUCN Business and Biodiversity Programme 2008: Stopped using World Conservation Union as its official name and reverted its name back to International Union for Conservation of Nature 2008: More than 6,600 leaders from government, the public sector, non-governmental organizations, business, UN agencies and social organizations attended IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona, Spain.
An educationist is a person who is versed in theories or who advocates and
promotes education.
There are many educationist who had played vital role in management and
protection of environment by
Organising research institutes and writing artticles. Like Anil Aggarwal (CSE), Ms. Rashneh N.
Pardiwala and Mrs. Kitayun Rustom (CERE)
By serving academic institutions of environmental science. Like R.K. Pachauri (TERI)
By playing the role as an activist and safeguarding the environment . Like Madhav
Gadgill, Vandana Shiva etc.
ORGANISING RESEARCH AND TRAINING
PROGRAMMES
Anil Agarwal (Founder of Centre of Science and
Environment)
1980• Founded the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) in New Delhi.
• The CSE highlighted environmental risks by journal, Down to Earth
1982• His reports on The State of India’s Environment, portray the environment
as a political problem partly reflecting international and class-based divisions of power and wealth.
• Studied Mechanical Engineering from IIT Kanpur
1973• Became a science correspondent at the Hindustan Times.
1974• He wrote about the Chipko movement and won the first A.H. Boerma Award given
by the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organisation in Rome
• Under a campaign entitled ‘Making Water Everyone’s Business’, the CSE supported experiments in water harvesting and land management in Sukhomajri in Haryana, Ralegan Siddhi in Maharashtra and the TarunBharat Sangh in Rajasthan.
• He argued that creating knowledge about environmental problems should not be left to experts in developed countries.
• Criticized the tendency for some analysts to assume that anthropogenic climate change should be addressed by controlling deforestation in developing countries.
• Worked on this theme during the approach to the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and facilitated the signing of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and Convention on Biological Diversity.
The writings of Anil Agarwal has created awareness among the people about the
environmental issues. His writings enlightened people about the social issues as
one of the factor for environmental problems. Today CSE is an organization which
is playing an important role in environmental protection and management.
Ms. Rashneh N. Pardiwala (Established The Centre for
Environmental Research & Education ,CERE)
• An Ecologist from the University of Edinburgh
• Specialized in the field of Climate Change
2002
• Founder & Director of the Centre for Environmental Research and Education (CERE), a Mumbai-based non-profit organization
• Works to promote environmental sustainability through formal education, corporate partnerships, public awareness campaigns and legal advocacy.
2005
• One of the youngest ‘Social Entrepreneur for Change’ and was awarded the Ashoka Fellowship
2009
• Dr. Pardiwala was selected as one of Asia’s 21 Young Leaders and conferred the Asia Society Fellowship
CERE team members worked in the field of education for many years for a varied
audience be it governmental, corporate or educational organisations.
CERE conduct Teacher Training programs on the following topics
Environmental Education in Action
This would cover the Why (Purpose), What (Content) and How (Method) of
Environmental Education
Green Sustainable Schools
It focus on how a school can become sustainable in all aspects of its working.
Climate Change Education
This would explain the topic of Climate Change together with the mitigation
strategies and how these could be implemented in schools.
Art and Craft with Waste
An excellent program that would lead schools to working at resource conservation
and help schools use waste for all their art and craft work and for projects and for
bulletin board displays.
Duration of these courses would be for 1 day to 3 days. CERE would need at least a
month’s notice before conducting the course.
PROMOTING INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING DEGREE
COURSES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
R.K. Pachauri (Director of TERI and Chancellor of TERI
University)
1958
• Mechanical engineering from Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Bihar
1972
• MS in Industrial Engineering from North Carolina State University in Raleigh, USA
1974
• PhD with co-majors in Industrial Engineering and Economics
1974-81
• Served as professor in international to national educational institutes.
1982
• Joined The Energy and Resources Institute(TERI) as Director
2002
• Elected Chairman of the United Nations established Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2002
• Convinces that the world must be really ambitious and very determined at moving toward a 350 target.
2007
• IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former US Vice-President Al Gore.
2005• Conceptualized and launched Lighting a Billion Lives Initiative.
2009-12
• Has held numerous academic positions and was the Founding Director of the Yale (University) Climate and Energy Institute (YCEI)
R.K. Pachauri has played an important role by serving national and international
academic institutions at different positions. He is known for his contribution
towards the climate change research. With TERI, many environmental and social
issues have been solved. TERI university providing environmental courses to
different disciplines will enable in provision of skilled professionals in the field of
sustainable development.
1998
• Chancellor of TERI University is the first of its kind in India to dedicate itself to the study of environment, energy and natural sciences for sustainable development.
PLAYING ROLE AS AN ACTIVIST AND SAFEGUARDING
THE ENVIRONMENT
Vandana Shiva (Indian environmental activist and anti-
globalization author)
1977
• Pursued an M.A. in the philosophy of science at the University of Guelph (Ontario, Canada)
1978
• She completed and received her PhD in the philosophy of science at the University of Western Ontario.
• interdisciplinary research in science, technology, and environmental policy at the Indian Institute of Science and the Indian Institute of Management in Bangalore.
1984
• Her work on agriculture started in 1984 after the violence in Punjab and the gas leak in Bhopal from Union Carbide's pesticide manufacturing plant
• promote biodiversity in agriculture to increase productivity, nutrition, farmer's incomes and climate resilience.
1987
• Founded the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology
1990
• Founded as a board member of theWomen's Environment & Development Organization (WEDO)
• Vandana Shiva plays a major role in the global Ecofeminist movement.
1991
• Creation of Navdanya, a national movement to protect the diversity and integrity of living resources, especially native seed, the promotion of organic farming and fair trade
• Resulted in conservation of more than 2000 rice varieties from all over the country and have established 111 seed banks in 17 states across the country
Vandana Shiva , being an activist played an important role in field of sustainable
farming. With the movement of Navdanya, It is enable to acknowledge the farmers
about seed sovereignty, food sovereignty and sustainable agriculture. Played an
important role in upliftment of Women farmers and receiver “Right Livelihood Award’
in 1993. Vandana Shiva has spent much of her life in the defence and celebration of
biodiversity and indigenous knowledge and thus helps in provision of sustainable
environment.
The educationist have used their knowledge and experience
in environment protection. By playing roles in different
characters, they acknowledge the people and enlightened
the world about different environmental issues. Through
different tools and techniques, they are helping in
Environmental Protection and Management.
OVERVIEW
India has been a founding member of ADB since its establishment in
1966. During 1986 the initial stages of India's economic reforms ADB
commenced operations in the country and became a partner in its
development efforts India's economic reforms . ADB's first set of
operations were designed to match the early priorities of the reform
agenda, assisting with the infrastructure and foreign exchange
requirements.
While continuing to support India’s endeavors to reduce poverty through
infrastructure-led growth, ADB’s India program has developed and
matured over the years in terms of its sector, geographic, and thematic
coverage, in line with the government's evolving priorities and increasing
focus on inclusive and sustainable growth. Besides continuing its
support for core infrastructure sectors, such as energy, transport, and
urban services, ADB is now engaged in innovations in infrastructure
finance and improving water resources management, agribusiness
infrastructure development, and skills development.
During 1986-2000, ADB confined much of its
assistance to core infrastructure sectors
such as energy, transport, private sector
investment facilitation, housing finance
and capital market development.
Towards the end of this period, ADB began to
broaden the focus of its finance sector
operations by helping fiscally stressed
states in the area of fiscal reform.
From 2007, ADB began to experiment with
projects promoting integrated water
resource management, agribusiness
infrastructure, and financial inclusion.
Recognizing the employment generation
potential of rural cooperatives and Khadi
and Village Industries.
STRATEGY
The country partnership strategy (CPS), 2013-2017, for India supports its
12th Five Year Plan to create jobs for youth, enhances on-going
investment reforms, and improves infrastructure in critical areas, such
as energy, transport, urban services and water.
The strategy combines physical investments with knowledge products to
target emerging issues such as urbanization, water scarcity, climate
change, emission controls, internet connectivity, vocational training,
and the development of capital markets.
Thematic approach
ADB assistance strives to support cross cutting thematic goals. Key ones
include achieving growth that is inclusive and
environmentally sustainable;
promoting private sector development and PPP;
encouraging gender equity;
building capacity, especially among executing agencies operating in the
infrastructure domain; and
supporting regional cooperation.
(technical, financial, and policy/institutional of infrastructure development in
the transport, energy, urban, and agriculture and natural resources sectors. )
Environmental sustainability
ADB operations have been supporting environmental sustainability through its
operations across various sectors which include:
Expansion of clean and renewable energy development (including solar,
hydro, wind, and development and diffusion of new technologies for low
carbon development).
Enhancing energy efficiency (including demand side management
through feeder separation, reduction of transmission and distribution
losses, smart grids and end-use efficiencies, and efficient pumps)
Supporting development of environmental and climate change policy
and regulatory frameworks and strengthening compliance and enforcement
of environmental laws and regulations.
Supporting integrated water resources management to improve water
productivity and irrigation efficiency and sector resilience to climate
change, including irrigation development.
Promoting coastal zone, river and watershed management and flood
risk management.
Promoting the expansion of railways and sustainable urban mass transit
systems.
Investing in modern sanitation, solid waste, and wastewater
management.
TRANSPORT
The transport sector comprises a
diverse network of roads, railways,
inland waterways, ports, coastal
shipping and airways.
A well-developed transport network not
only bridges the rural-urban divide but
also improves access to health and
education services and new
employment opportunities.
key strategies:
Supporting the development of sustainable
urban transport options for the growing urban
population.
Development of pedestrian-related
infrastructure and infrastructure for improving
safety associated with passenger transport.
ADB will help set up a mechanism for
measuring and monitoring carbon emission
reductions, in order to claim carbon credits
under the UNFCCC Clean Development
Mechanism scheme.
ENERGY
The challenges for the sector
Generation capacity and fuel availability
Tariff management
Distribution subsector
Renewable energy generation
Rural electrification
Energy efficiency
key strategies:
In its efforts to encourage renewable energy
generation and support private sector energy
projects, ADB has supported several wind power
projects in the states of Gujarat and Karnataka.
ADB will explore development of renewable
energy using innovative and new technologies,
and knowledge products.
URBAN
The process of urbanization underway
in India represents a historical
opportunity for achieving high, inclusive
and sustainable growth. Realizing the
promise of urbanization, however,
requires meeting several challenges.
Investments and fund availability
Institutional frameworks and
governance structures
Urban planning
ADB’s initiatives in urban public
transport will help in mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions in these
cities, thereby contributing towards
addressing climate change
concerns.
AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
During the 11th plan period (2007 -12), and
agricultural production grew twice as fast as the
population, India is still at a juncture where further
reforms are required to achieve greater efficiency
and productivity in agriculture.
Water use efficiency
Maintenance of irrigation systems
Major and medium irrigation projects
Irrigation potential created and utilized
River basin planning and management
Post-harvest infrastructure for high value
agriculture
ADB realises the vulnerability of the agriculture sector to climate change
including projected changes in temperature and rainfall, increased
frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as flood and
drought, a rise in sea level, and intensification of storm surges. It, hence,
plans to design its future agriculture investment projects keeping in mind
the consequences of climate change.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
India has to provide good quality of
education to its youth and ensure that
its workers have the skills needed in a
rapidly modernizing economy.
Enrolment in secondary schooling
Focus on vocationalization
REGIONAL COOPERATION AND INTEGRATION
South Asia accounts for one-fourth of the worlds population while
contributing only 6.8% to the world GDP (in purchasing power parity
terms). In order to improve efficiency and achieve a higher regional growth
rate, regional cooperation is important.
Economic and social development is facilitated not just by the expansion of
trade but also through regional cooperation in sectors like transport and
energy. Regional cooperation becomes even more critical when
individual economies grow, as it will facilitate collective actions
among countries to respond increasing to spill-over impact of global
and regional economic shocks.
PRIVATE SECTOR OPERATIONS AND PUBLIC PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIPS
Private sector participation has not only enabled
capacity expansion, but has also brought in
expertise, improvements in service quality,
diffusion of technology, competition, cost
efficiencies and productivity improvements. It
has thus generated employment and contributed
significantly to economic growth.
RESULTS OF ADB-SUPPORTED OPERATIONS: INDIA
ADB operations cover 22 Indian states, and the country has been one of
the top three borrowers of ADB's ordinary capital resources loans since
2007. ADB is guided by the principles of the 3Rs (relevance,
responsiveness, and results) as it designs and implements its program in
India. ADB remains committed to supporting the government's efforts
toward making India's growth inclusive and environmentally
sustainable.
VISUALS OF SUCCESS STORIES (2-min each)
• Improve living conditions- Mangalore, Karnataka
• Clean water for the city- Bhopal, MP
• Harnessing the sun to generate clean energy - Rajasthan
• One stop STP- Rajasthan
• Solar lanterns light up village- Haryana, Odisha
REFERENCES
http://www.adb.org/countries/india/main
http://www.adb.org/green-cities/index.html
http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2013/india-adb-
development-partnership-2013.pdf AsianDevelopmentBank – YouTube www.youtube.com WIKIPEDIA
THANK YOU
Ganga River • Ganga is a perennial river which originates as a
stream called “Bhagirathi” from Gaumukh in the Gangotri glacier.
• Ganga has been India's river of faith, devotion and worship.
• It is a river with which the people of India are attached spiritually and emotionally.
• Basin area: 10,80,404 sq.km. (Countries covered by the Basin: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Tibet)
• 4th largest river in the world.
• Length- 2,525 kms (Covering States- Uttaranchal, UP, Bihar, Jarkhand, West Bengal).
• Major Tributaries: Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandaki, Kosi, Son, Punpun and Damodar.
• This river inhabited by around 37 per cent of India's population.
• About 45 per cent of total irrigation land in India is located in Ganga basin
• The Ganges plains were first settled by Aryans around 1200 BC and in subsequent 3,200 years of occupation, the landscape of the region has been completely transformed by generations of agriculturists and the more recent expansion of urban centres and industrial activities.
• Now along the river there are 29 class-I cities, 23 class-II cities, 48 towns and about 1000’s of villages.
• Due to rapid industrialisation and urbanization from 20th century the settlements around the river basin started polluting the river
Class-I Towns
Class-II Towns
Evolution of Ganga Action Plan (GAP):
• The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) originated from the personal intervention and interest of our
late PM Indira Gandhi.
• She directed the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, now
CPCB to do a comprehensive survey of the situation of Ganga in 1979.
• CPCB published two comprehensive reports which formed the base for GAP.
• In Feb 1985, the Central Ganga Authority (CGA) with the PM as Chairman was formed,
with an initial budget of Rs.350 crore.
• In June 1985, the Ganga Project Directorate (GPD) now was established as a wing of the
Department of Environment.
• GAP was launched on June 14, 1986 by Shri Rajiv Gandhi at Varanasi.
Objectives of GAP
• To decline pollution and improve water quality by interception, diversion and
treatment of domestic Sewage and industrial chemical wastes entering in to the
river.
• Control of non-point Pollutions from agricultural run-off, human defecation,
cattle wallowing and throwing of unburnt and half burnt bodies into the river
• Research and development to conserve the biotic, diversity of the river to enlarge
its productivity.
• Implementing similar river clean up programs in other polluted rivers in India.
• The ultimate objective of the GAP is to have approach of integrated river basin
management.
GANGA ACTION
PLAN
GAP-I
(1985)
100% centrally sponsored scheme
25 Towns One River
(States: UP, Bihar, West Bengal)
STP’s & ETP’s(34) capacity of 865 mld
Was created with 461.7 Cr.
The project was extended to GAP-II
GAP-I completed in 2000
GAP-II
(1993)
50-50 Cost Sharing C & S
95 Towns Ganga and Its Streams
4 Rivers (Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar, Mahanada
Action plan)
STP’s and ETP’s(83) of 2000 mld constructed
with Rs. 1498.86 cr
NRCP (1996)
(National River Conservation Project)
70(Central)-30(State)
YAP(Yamuna Action Plan)-II
YAP-III Cntd
Extended to Merged With
This phase is not yet cmpltd
Total Established ETP’s: In Both GAP-I & II by 2010
Ganga
Ganga
Yamuna
Ganga
Yamuna
• Now, Only 227 ETP’s are functional
Sources of
Pollution
Industrial Effluents
Solid Waste
Religious Practices
Dead Bodies of Human
and Animals
Fertilizers run-off from agricultural
land
Domestic Sewage
Sewage: Ganga Yamuna
• Everyday 2,964 MLD(millions litres per
day) of waste water from sewage and
domestic sources are dumped directly
into Ganga
• In which 80% is sewage discharge of 50
cities located along the river.
• Kanpur is the major contributor of
Sewage then Allahabad, Varanasi…
• Everyday 5,400 MLD of sewage disposal.
• To Yamuna Delhi contributes 70 % (3800MLD)
of the sewage, Agra 20%(1080MLD) and
other cities contributes 10%
• Delhi generates about 3,800MLD (where it is
960 MLD in 1985) of sewage while the city's
installed waste water treatment capacity is
only 2,330 MLD. More than 937 MLD of waste
is not treated.
Industrial Effluents: Ganga Yamuna
• 764 industries in the main stream of the
Ganga consume 1123 MLD water and
discharge 500 MLD waste water.
• 90% of this industrial pollution is along the
river’s Uttar Pradesh stretch
• Sugar, pulp, paper and distillery industries are
responsible for 70% of the pollution.
• 1080 industries are present along the
streams of Yamuna discharges 620 MLD
of Waste water.
• 80% of the Pollution is discharging by the
industries along Delhi and Agra.
• Electronics, Paper, Pulp industries are the
major Contributors.
• Dumping of solid waste and garbage is also a major problems.
• Many cities along the Rivers do not have any sort of solid waste management
system, and if they do, they are never sufficient to handle the amount that is
produced each day.
• Another huge problem is a lack of environmental awareness among the ordinary
people.
Solid Waste: Ganga & Yamuna
• The agriculture is also one of the sources of contamination in the rivers.
• It is an Non-Point Source of Pollution
• Which directly or indirectly affects river water quality through surface water runoff of
agricultural land through pesticides and farmyard waste.
• Usually in the non-monsoon time majority of the river streams shrinks and their catchment
areas are used for farming and thus directly contributing pesticides residue in the rivers.
Pollution from Agriculture:
Religious Practices & Dead Bodies of Human and Animals:
• Traditions and belief of Hindus are incomplete without the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna.
• Some of the Spiritual places on the banks of rivers
Ganga: Haridwar, Rishikesh,Varanasi, Allahabad, Patna, Bhagalpur, Kolkata, Dhaka
Yamuna: Mathura, Panipat
• Religious practices like Kumbh mela, Mass bathing and ritualistic , Idiol immersion, Harthi
Practices.
• As per the spiritual tradition, the bodies of saints are immersed in the Ganga instead of
cremating or burying them.
Why
Ganga
Failed
Cooperation between
Central, State and Local
Government bodies
Non-availability of State help
Establishment of Sewage Treatment
Plants on highly productive crop
lands
Lack of technical expert committees for monitoring the
work
Lack of awareness in
People
Lack of Operation
and Maintenance
Time Delaying Process
Lack cost effective
treatment technologies
Thank You…
Every Day We, The Environmental Planners also Contributing to waste water
So, Please before using water atleast think one’s that
“it is a limited resource’’
What is a “Community”? A community may be defined as a group of people coming together on the basis of a geographical area, a work place, a theme/issue, or on the basis of gender/age.
Why community participation? a) Choices and preferences on quality of
life and lifestyle. b) Decision-making, decisions need to be
taken at the local and community levels
c) Commitment and involvement to ensure success of various joint activities,
d) Resources and diverse skills and working strategies checking and corrective action through monitoring/evaluation
Advantages of Community participation
• Improves quality of decision-making • Improves agency credibility within the community • Enhancement of social capital and economic benefits • Responsibility for conservation and biodiversity
protection • Greater access to community skills and knowledge • Improves community understanding of conservation
issues • Promoting environmental citizenship.
Chipko Movement a) Started in1970s Chipko Movement aimed at protection and conservation
of trees and forests from being destroyed. b) First Chipko Movement- April 1973 c) Non-violent movement of organised resistance to cutting down of trees. d) Indian villagers fighting to protect forests
• The first Chipko action took place spontaneously in April 1973 in the village of Mandal in the upper Alakananda valley and over the next five years spread to many districts of the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh.
• It was sparked off by the government's decision to allot a plot of forest area in the Alaknanda valley to a sports goods company.
• This angered the villagers because their similar demand to use wood for making agricultural tools had been earlier denied.
• With encouragement from a local NGO, DGSS (Dasoli Gram Swarajya Sangh), the women of the area, under the leadership of an activist, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, went into the forest and formed a circle around the trees preventing the men from cutting them down.
The April 1973:
Outcomes of the movement
• Major victory in 1980 with a 15-year ban on green falling in the Himalayan forests of that state by the order of Mrs Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India. Ban on cutting the trees for the 15 years in the forests of Uttar Pradesh in 1980.
• By 1981, over a million trees had been planted through their efforts • It generated pressure for a natural resource policy which is more
sensitive to people's needs and ecological requirements. • New methods of forest farming have been developed, both to
conserve the forests and create employment. • The Chipko is still working to protect the trees today through the
same nonviolent methods.
• INDIA’S NATIONAL FOREST POLICY of 1988 was a landmark policy for local people’s rights over forest
• Examples-Joint Forest Management originated in West Bengal accidentally at the Arabari Forest Range in West Midnapore, near Midnapore town in 1971. The major hardwood of Arabari is sal, a commercially profitable forest crop. Planting trees
Role Of Community Participation Through JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVES OF JFM
To actively
involve village
communities
and Panchayati
Raj Institutions
in Forest
Management
ecosystem.
To ensure long
term
conservation of
biodiversity
through joint
efforts
Equitable
distribution of
forest resources
among poorest
of the poor
especially the
tribal
population.
To promote
sustainable
utilization of
natural
resources
To generate
additional
income and
alternate
livelihood
options of local
people to reduce
traditional
dependence on
forests through
development of
skills and
provision of
vocational
training and
inputs.
Basic Features of JFM
Source: Himadri Sinha, Forest and People: Understanding the Institutional Governance, Social Identity, and People's Participation in Indian Forest Management
Issues JFM Jharkhand Orissa JFM West Bengal JFM
Forest Category Degraded protected forest
Degraded protected
forest Degraded protected forest
Evolution and Inititaion FD and villagers FD and villagers FD and villagers
Participants All willing adults
Willing people of
adjoining area Economically backward people
Management unit Village/group of villages
About 200 ha of forest
land Village/group of villages
Rules framed Constitutional FD FD FD
Collective choice FD & villagers FD and villagers FD and villagers
Operation rules Villagers Villagers Villagers
Institutional structure 2 tier-GB & MC 2 tier-GB & MC 2 tier-GB & MC
Institution registered as society Formally recognized by FD
Formally recognized by
FD Formally recognized by FD
People's representation in MC
One Mukhiya/ Sarpanch
representative of villagers
(men & women)
6-8 members (at least 3
women), Naib 6 elected representatives
Voting rights 1 vote per HH 1 vote per HH 1 vote per HH
Tenure of the committee 2 Yrs 2 Yrs 2 Yrs
External representative Forester/ Forest guard
Beat officer/ Deputy Range
manager
NGO, Teacher NGO Nil
Solid Waste Management at Puri
(a) The location & importance of the city made waste management more challenging with limited resources and unsuitable for land filling
(b) Improve and strengthen waste management system with Puri district through public participation technique
(c)Aware, educate and involve public participation to improve waste management as the success of all schemes depends upon people
(d) Improve environmental quality with cleaner environment and health condition for the citizen of Puri but also for the tourists
Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve
• The village community and Tamil Nadu Forest Department manage the area and protect the birds nesting in their village
POND HERON
PAINTED STORKS
SPOT-BILLED PELICANS
EGRETS
Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve is protected bird nesting area in the 2.84 hectares Tiruvidaimarudur village, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu • It was declared Feb 14, 2005 and is
the first Conservation Reserve to be established in India.
A successful case of participatory watershed management RALEGAN SIDDHI
“A MODEL VILLAGE OF INDIA RALEGAN SIDDHI IN 2009 THE MAN THAT MADE IT HAPPEN MR. ANNA HAZARE”
• STRATERGIES FOLLOWED • TRAPPING RAIN WATER • REPAIRING PERCOLATION • HORTICULTUTRE DEVELOPMENT • DRIP IRRIGATION • 4 LAKH TREES PLANTED
HISTORY BACKGROUND
• Ralegaon lies in drought prone zone of ahmednagar district maharashtra
• Before 1975 there was acute under deprivation, fragile, degraded ecosystem and water scarcity
• 70% of population was below poverty line
• Village met only 30% of food requirement PRESENT SCENERIO • Recharge the GW to 6.5 m depth through
out the year • Agricultural prod. 294.3 tonnes 1975-76 to
1386.2 tonnes in 1985-86 • Supply of water for industries
(a) Lakes first victims of intense urbanization of Bangalore, city alone has a 280-300 lakes it lost its identity
Some common problems in urban lakes
Key recommendations by local authority
• Lakes with high biodiversity to be notified for conservation.
• Promoting the involvement of local communities and residents , voluntary organizations in lake preservation and restoration.
Community participation in lake management in
Bangalore
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Support for Narmada Bachao Andolan are Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy
and Aamir Khan
30 large dams 135 medium dams 3,000 small dams.
• Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement consisting of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against a number of large dams being built across the Narmada river. .
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS "LIFE LINE OF MADHYA PRADESH"
6 October 1969
The river flows through the states of Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh in India
References
• http://www.iesglobal.org/waste_management.htm • http://www.lawteacher.net/environmental-law/essays/role-of-
communities-in-environmental-decisions.php • http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/india/index.cfm?uProjectI
D=IN0962 • http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/Radioserials/Conserving_Biodiversity2.pdf • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan
• To address the diverse environmental issues a number ofenvironment related institutions setup at international,national level by United Nations, national governmentsand civil society.
INTRODUCTION
• seeks to protect, analyze or monitorthe environment against misuse ordegradation or lobby for these goals.
• environmental Institutions, bothwithin and outside the government,working for the conservation andimprovement of environment at globaland national level.
• institutions with environmentalresponsibilities, principally in relationto the management of the impacts ofurban and industrial growth.
Indian Institute of Forest Management
• The Indian Institute of Forest Management is a sectoral management institute, established in 1982
• evolve knowledge useful for the managers in the area of Forest, Environment and Natural Resources Management and allied sectors.
‘’To Provide Leadership in Professional Forestry Management Aimed at Environmental Conservation
and Sustainable Development of Ecosystems"
Cont…
Research:• Sustainable Forest management & Forest certification• Marketing of Forestry Products• Trees Outside Forests (ToF)• Ecosystem Services and Management• Forest policy• Community Forestry and livelihood• Institutional Linkages• Gender studies• Biodiversity, Protected Area Management and Human – Wildlife
conflict• Climate Change: vulnerability, mitigation and adaptation, REDD+• Environment and human behaviour• Corporate Social Responsibility.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
• approved by the Government of India in February 1962, PUNE.
• IITM is a premiere research Institute to generate scientific knowledge in the field of meteorology and atmospheric sciences that has potential application in various fields such as agriculture, economics, health, water resources, transportation, communications, etc.
RESEARCH:IITM’s contribution in the International programmes:
• World Climate research Program (WCRP),
• Climate and its Variability (CLIVAR),
• International Geosphere - Biosphere Programme (IGBP),
• Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC),
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Bilateral research programmes:
• Indo-UK programme on impact of climate change on water resources
• Indo-France programme for the study of sensitivity of the Indian summer monsoon to anthropogenic climate change
• Indo-US (DST-NSF) projects on aerosol studies
• U.K.- India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI)
• Asia-Pacific Network (APN) for global change research
• Indo-Bulgaria Programme of co-operation in Science & Technology
• Indo-Swedish collaborative programme on Composition of Asian Deposition (CAD)
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
• established in the year 1966, Dehradun .
Objectives:Capacity building in the field of Remote Sensing & Geoinformatics and their applications in natural resource management, earth and atmospheric sciences, oceanography, urban & infrastructure development, environment and disaster management, through:
• Special and customised training programmes as per the need of stakeholders.
• Educational programmes at post graduate level and undertake applied research .
Recent Research:
• Evaluation of Space-borne LIDAR for Terrain Feature Extraction and Mapping
• Mapping Aerosol Optical Depth using IRS-P4 Ocean Colour Monitor and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor Data.
• Characterizing Snow Cover in Parts of Himalaya using Active Microwave Remote Sensing.
• National Carbon Project under the ISRO-Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
• Landslide Hazard and Risk Analysis in Part of Garhwal Himalaya• Process based Soil Erosion Modeling – A Case Study in Himalayan
Watershed• Urban Growth Modelling – Example of an Indian Cit
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
• It was established in Nagpur in 1958.
• focus on water supply, sewage disposal, communicable diseases and to some extent on industrial pollution and occupational diseases.
• NEERI has five zonal laboratories at Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai.
NEERI states its mandate as:
• To conduct research and developmental studies in environmental science and engineering.
• To render assistance to the industries of the region, local bodies, etc. in solving the problems of environmental pollution.
• To interact and collaborate with academic and research institutions on environmental science and engineering for mutual benefit.
• To participate in CSIR thrust area and mission projects
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
• financed and administered by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• Location: Pusa, Delhi
• research leading to the "Green Revolution in India" of the 1970s.
• It has served the cause of science and society with distinction through first rate research, generation of appropriate technologies and development of human resources.
S. no.
Name of institution year place Research work
1 Indian council of agricultural research
1929 Coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the country.
2 Central institute of brackish water aquaculture
Chennai Techno-economically viable and sustainable culture systems for finfish and shellfish in brackishwater
3 Central institute of fisheries technology
Kochi Basic, strategic and applied research in fishing and fish processing
AGRICULTURE
S. no.
Name of institution year place Research work
4 Central rice research institute
Cuttack Plant breeding and genetics, plant pathology and mycology, entomologyNematology, physiology, biochemistry, blue green algae, food technology
5 Fisheries College and Research Institute
1977 Thoothukudi,Tamil Nadu
developed a low cost cage-based technology for open water fish culture.
6 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
1968 Bengaluru, Karnataka
basic, strategic, anticipatory and applied research on various aspects of horticulture such as fruits, vegetable, ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants and mushrooms
7 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
1972 Patancheru combine tested methods of crop commodity research with well
established practices in research in natural resources management
S. no.
Name of institution year place Research work
1 Arid Forest Research Institute
Jodhpur, rajasthan
Forest ecology Division. Forest Genetics and Tree breeding Division, Forest protection Division, Silviculture Division, Non Wood Forest Products Division, Agroforestry & Extension Division
2 Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension
Agartala, Tripura
aims to nurture, cultivate and boost bamboo plantation
3 Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development
1995 Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh
biodiversity conservation, forest protection, silviculture, non-wood forest products, socio economics and tree improvement.
FOREST
S. no.
Name of institution
year place Research work
4 Forest Research Institute (India)
1906 Dehradun forestry research
5 Himalayan Forest Research Institute
1977 Shimla Ecology & Biodiversity Conservation Division, Silviculture & Forest Genetics Division, Non Wood Forest Product Division, Research Co-ordination Division, Agro-Forestry & Extension/PFM Division, Forest Protection Division
6 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
1986 Dehradun, Shimla, Ranchi, Jorhat, Jabalpur, Jodhpur, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Allahabad, Chhindwara, Aizawl, Hyderabad and Agartala
Conservation, protection, regeneration, rehabilitation and sustainable development of natural forest ecosystem
S. no.
Name of institution year place Research work
7 Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation
1992Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Wasteland reclamation, Development of Agro-forestry Models, Reclamation of mined areas through afforestation, Productivity of Ecosystem
8 Institute of Forest Biodiversity
2012 Hyderabad Forest BiodiversityGenetic ResourcesClimate Change and BiodiversityForest EcologyMicrobial Biodiversity and Forest ProtectionConservation Biology
9 Institute of Forest Productivity
1993 Hyderabad
S. no.
Name of institution
year place Research work
1 Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research
2006 Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali
2 Institute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology
Palampur, Kangra district sustainable utilization of Himalayan bioresources, and in the area of tea, floriculture, bamboos and medicinal and aromatic plants
3 InstituteCentre for Earth Science Studies
1978 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Geosciences Division, Marine Sciences Division, Atmospheric Sciences Division, Environmental Sciences Division, Resource Analysis Division, Chemical Sciences Division
OTHERS
S. no.
Name of institution
year place Research work
4 Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology
Kochi marine living resources
5 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
1966 Dehradun Agriculture and SoilsForestry and EcologyGeosciencesMarine and Atmospheric SciencesHuman Settlement AnalysisWater ResourcesSatellite Image Analysis & Photogrammetry
6 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
1962Pune, Maharashtra
Monsoon Mission, Seasonal and Extended Range Prediction, Climate Change, Climate
Variability and Chemical Weather, Physics and Dynamics of Tropical Clouds, National Facility
for Airborne Research, National Facility for Airborne Research
S. no.
Name of institution
year place Research work
7 Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
1992 Timarpur, Delhi
Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
8 National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
1998 Vasco da Gama, Goa
storing ice core samples, from Antarctica and the Himalayan Mountains.operating the Himadri Arctic research station in Spitsbergen, Norway.managing the oceanic research vessel
9 National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
1958 Nagpur solving the problems of environmental pollution, participate in CSIR thrust area and mission projects
S no. Name of institution year Research work
10 National Geophysical Research Institute
1961 Hyderabad,Telangana
exploration and management of groundwater resources, earthquake hazard assessment, structure of earth's interior and its evolution (theoretical studies), and geophysical instrument development
11 TATA ENERGY RESAERCH INSTITUTE (TERI)
1974 Delhi tackling and dealing with the rapid depletion of the earth’s finite energy resourceswhich are largely non-renewable, and on account of the existing methods of their usewhich are polluting
Introduction…
• Madhav Gadgil (born 1942 Pune) is an Indian ecologist.
• Fields: Ecology, Conservation Biology, Human Ecology, Ecological history.
• Institutions: Harvard University, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
• Publish: 215 research papers and 6 books
• Known for: Gadgil Commission.
• Notable awards: Volvo Environment Prize (2003) 2
Work…
• Madhav Gadgil’s scientific work focuses on ecology, conservation biology, human ecology, and ecological history. He has been a Lecturer on Biology at Harvard and a Visiting Professor of Human Biology at Stanford.
• Madhav Gadgil’s : the faculty of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, where he founded the Centre for Ecological Sciences.
• He worked on the committee that drafted India’s Biological Diversity Act 2002.
• He was the chairman of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel or otherwise known as Gadgil Commission.
• Prof. Gadgil was a member of the Science Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India
3
Books… • "THIS FISSURED LAND" : the ecological history of India
• "ECOLOGY AND EQUITY“: The book analyses the use and abuse of nature on the sub-continent to reveal the interconnections of social and environmental conflict on the global scale.
• "DIVERSITY : The cornerstone of life" ,
• "Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian Agenda"
• “Ecological Journeys”
• “People’s Biodiversity Registers: A Methodology Manual”.
4
Awards and recognition…
• He was awarded the National Environmental Fellowship in recognition of his field research on The people environment relationship on the hill chain of Western Ghats in India.
• He is a recipient of The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for Biological Sciences and The Vikram Sarabhai and Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar awards.
• He was conferred Padmashri and Padma Bhushan by the President of India.
• The Rajyotsava Award by the Government of Karnataka.
• Gadgil was awarded Honorary Fellowship of the association for his contributions to the advancement of tropical biology and/or the conservation of tropical ecosystems.
5
Gadgil Commission.. • The Western Ghats Ecology Expert
Panel (WGEEP), also known as the Gadgil Commission after its chairman Madhav Gadgil, was an environmental research commission appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of India.
• The commission submitted the report to the Government of India on 31 August 2011. The Expert Panel approached the project through a set of tasks such as:
Compilation of readily available information about Western Ghats.
Development of Geo-spatial database based on environmental sensitivity, and
Consultation with Government bodies and Civil society groups.
6
A major opportunity to demonstrate
7
A major Points
Conservation and development can go hand in
hand Benefits of development can
reach out to all segments of society
Local communities can guide the course of development
Conservation does not imply excluding people
The Panel shall perform, the following functions:
8
• Demarcate areas within the Western Ghats Region which need to be notified as ecologically sensitive and to recommend for notification of such areas as ecologically sensitive zones under
the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• Activities began without any spacific guidelines in 1989 with Murud- Janjira
• Guidelines: MoEF. 2000. Report of the Pronab Sen Committee on identifying parameters for
designating Ecologically Sensitive Areas in India
Sen Committee criteria
Primary : Species based
1. Endemism
2. Rarity
3. Endangered species
4. Centers of evolution of domesticated species
9
Sen Cmt Primary Criteria
• Ecosystem based
4. Wildlife Corridors
5. Specialized ecosystems
6.Special breeding site/area
7. Areas with intrinsically low resilience
8. Sacred groves
9. Frontier Forests 10
Report of Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel {WGEEP} SUMMARY OF
RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACTION PLAN
• Delineation and demarcation of ecologically sensitive area in Western Ghats region
• Development Restrictions in proposed Ecologically sensitive areas
• Financial arrangements and
Incentivizing Green Growth in Western Ghats region
• Decision Support and Monitoring Centre for Western Ghats
11
Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), Criteria for ESA
Biological attributes: We propose that demarcation of an ESA shall consider the following components of biological and cultural uniqueness and richness :
• Biodiversity richness: Richness in diversity at all taxonomic groups and hierarchies.
• Species Rarity: Rarity of population size, distribution and also rarity in taxonomic representation.
• Habitat Richness: Spatial heterogeneity of landscape elements
• Productivity: Total biomass productivity
• Estimate of biological/ecological resilience: Representation of the plesio-vegetation
• Cultural and Historical Significance: Evolutionary–historical value and cultural–historical value of the area 12
Criteria for ESA
Geo-climatic layers attributes: These include the range of layers that assess the innate or natural vulnerability of the area. Obviously features such as slope, aspect, altitude, precipitation etc shall be used under the following two component attributes:
• Topographic Features: Slope, altitude, aspect etc.,
• Climatic Features: Precipitation, number of wet days etc.,.
• Hazard vulnerability: Natural hazards such as landslides and fires.
13
Mapping For this purpose, WGEEP divided the entire Western Ghats region into 5 minute x 5 minute grids. WGEEP is naturally constrained to using only the readily available datasets to decide on relative levels of ecological sensitivity of different areas. These included: • 1. Endemic plants : Number of endemic plant
species • 2. IUCN_max: Number of IUCN Red listed
mammal species • 3. Unique per cent: Percentage of area
covered by unique evergreen ecosystems such as shola forests
• 4. Comp3 per cent : Percentage of area covered by relatively undisturbed forest with
• low edge • 5. Forest per cent: Percentage of forest area • 6. Elevation • 7. Slope • 8. Riparian Forests/Vegetation
14
15
The Gagdil Committee report was criticized for being more environment-friendly and not in tune with the ground realities.
References
• Report of The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhav_Gadgil
16
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONROL BOAD
&
STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BORAD
SUBMITTED BY:
SUPRIYA SINGH
3RD SEMESTER
Framework
• Introductions
• Functions of central pollution control board (cpcb)
• Programme of air & water under cpcb
• Functions & vision of state pollution control board (spsb)
• Pollution management : spsb
• On 23rd March, 1974, An Act passed to provide prevention and control of
water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of
water, there was establishment of Boards for conferring on and assigning
to such Boards powers and functions related to matters.
• The central government constituted name of that board was ‘central board
for the prevention and control of water pollution’ on September 23,
1974.
• The name of the central board was amended to central pollution control
board (cpcb) under the water (prevention & control of
pollution)amendment act, 1988 (no. 53 of 1988).
• The Central Pollution Control Board has been entrusted with the added
responsibilities of Air Pollution Control since May, 1981 under
the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
INTRODUCTION
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
i) To promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of
the states by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution,
and
ii) To improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air
pollution in the country
• Air Quality Monitoring is an important part of the air quality
management.
• The National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP) has been
established with objectives to determine the present air quality status
and trends and to control and regulate pollution from industries and
other source to meet the air quality standards.
• The parliament of India in its wisdom enacted the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 with a view to maintaining and restoring
wholesomeness of our water bodies.
• One of the mandates of CPCB is to collect, collate and disseminate
technical and statistical data relating to water pollution. Hence, Water
Quality Monitoring (WQM) and Surveillance are of utmost importance.
PRIME FUNCTIONS
Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and
control of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air and
water
Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program me
Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among
them
Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carryout
and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water and
air pollution
Plan and organize training of persons engaged in programme
Organize through mass media, a comprehensive mass
awareness program me
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to
water and air pollution
Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and
disposal of sewage and trade effluents
Establish or recognize laboratories to enable the Board to perform board
level of research
DIFFERENT PROGRAMME BY CPCB
Air Quality/Pollution
Water Quality/Pollution
Urban Environment
Industrial Environment
Environment Palnning
Waste
Noise Pollution
1. AIR QUALITY
A nation-wide program me of ambient air quality monitoring known
as National Air Quality Monitoring Program me (NAMP)
The objectives of the N.A.M.P. are
• To determine status and trends of ambient air quality in term of presence
of NO2.SO2, suspended particle material, Reparable Suspended Particulate
Matter
• To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are
violated
• To Identify Non-attainment Cities
• To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing
preventive and corrective measures
Monitoring Agencies
The monitoring is being carried out by
• Central Pollution Control Board
• State Pollution Control Boards Pollution Control Committees;
• National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI), Nagpur.
There are 342 operating stations covering 127 cities/towns in 26 states
and 4Union Territories of the country.
2. WATER QUALITY
• CPCB in collaboration with concerned SPCBs established a nationwide
network of water quality monitoring comprising 1019 stations in 27
States and 6 Union Territories.
• The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters
and on half yearly basis in case of ground water. The monitoring
network covers 200Rivers, 60 Lakes, ponds etc.
Presently the inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under
three-tier program me i.e.
• Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS),
• Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS)
• Yamuna Action Plan (YAP)
Under this programme Water samples are being analysed on the
basis of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters.
The Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD), one of the most important
indicators of pollution which take in consideration under this scheme
Faecal Coliform another important indicator of pollution in India.
3. URBAN ENVIRONMENT
(Scheme under the X Plan)
The objective of the Eco city project is to improve environment and bring in
visible results through implementation of identified environmental
improvement projects in the selected towns/cities.
The specific objectives are to:
• Identify the environmental problems/hotspots in the identified towns and
priority environmental improvement projects through participatory
approach;
• Designing & detailing the prioritized environmental improvement projects;
and creation of landmarks that shows visible environmental improvement
4. INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
The Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) has launched the Charter
on "Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP)" in march
2003 with the purpose to go beyond the compliance of regulatory norms for
prevention & control of pollution through various measures including waste
minimization, in-plant process control & adoption of clean technologies.
• Targets - conservation of water, energy, recovery of chemicals, reduction
in pollution, elimination of toxic pollutants, process & management of
residues that are required to be disposed off in an environmentally sound
manner.
• Pollution control for various categories of highly polluting industries.
• Monitoring the progress of implementation of crep recommendations/
action points.
5. ENVIRONMENT PLANNING
• Environmental planning is a tool for reducing the impacts form industries .
Proper siting of newly planned industries and industrial estates is a strong
pollution preventive instrument that ensures environmental soundness of
the industrial development.
• It is the site that ultimately determines which water bodies might be
affected by effluent discharged by an industry, which air-shed might be
affected by air pollutants or which ecosystems might be harmed.
• Site selection based on environmental criteria with the objective of
minimising adverse environmental impacts is, therefore, a vital
prerequisite.
The Zoning Atlas for siting of industries zones
The objectives of preparing a Zoning Atlas for siting of industries are:
• to zone and classify the environment in a District;
• to identify locations for siting of industries; and
• to identify industries suitable to the identified sites.
5. WASTE
• Municipal Solid Wastes
• Hazardous Waste
• Bio-medical Waste
• Plastic waste
• E-waste
• Batteries management
6. NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution (regulation & control) rules 2000
ENVIS
Realising the importance of Environmental Information, the Government of
India, in December, 1982, established an Environmental Information System
(ENVIS) as a plan programme. The focus of ENVIS since inception has been
on providing environmental information to decision makers, policy planners,
scientists and engineers, research workers, etc. all over the country.
Objective of Environmental Information System
Long-term objectives :
• To build up a repository and dissemination centre in Environmental Science
and Engineering.
• To gear up the modern technologies of acquisition, processing, storage,
retrieval and dissemination of information of environmental nature; and .
• To support and promote research, development and innovation in
environmental information technology.
Short-term objectives :
•To provide national environmental information service relevant to present
needs and capable of development to meet the future needs of users,
originator, processors and disseminators of information;
•To build up storage, retrieval and dissemination capabilities with the ultimate
objectives of disseminating information speedily to the users;
•To promote, national and international cooperation and liaison for exchange
of environment related information;
•To promote, support and assist education and personnel training
programmes designed to enhance environmental information processing and
utilisation capabilities;
•To promote exchange of information amongst developing countries.
Vision of SPCBs
Strategic Planning- Broad Institutional goal, assesses the performance
and develop overall strategy
Operational Planning- Framework of implementing strategy derived from
Strategic planning
Uniform staffing and enforcement mechanism
Laboratory- Nucleus of SPCs- More credible
Comprehensive monitoring planning and execution
Development of industry specific pollution control guideline and
inspection protocol
IT Based functioning
Major Functions of SPCBs
Command & Control Principles
• Formulation of preventive measures
• Laying down env. Standards
• Consent and authorization Administration
• Env. Friendly technology development
• Control of pollution through inspection & monitoring of industrial units
• Regulation of location of industries
• Disposal of waste (hazardous, plastic, municipal, electronic etc.)
• Collection and dissemination of information
• Advise the State Govt.
• Penal action against the violation
Policy Making Agency (MoEF)
State Govt.
Adoption of Acts
Monitoring Agency (CPCB)
Implementing Agency (SPCB)
Project End Project Approval
Consent to EstablishProject Completion
Detail Assessment
Project Continue Monitoring
Closure
Regulation
of Services
Conviction Court Public Suit
Pollution Abatement Policy Enforcement Mechanism in India
1.Environmental Planning
• Development of standards and guidelines
• Development of laws, rules and regulations
2. Environmental Monitoring
• Environment surveillance (General)
• Ambient Monitoring
• Maintenance of data base
3. Environment Impact Assessment/Audit
• Identification and inventory of source of pollutant
• Impact Assessment on different components of environment (air, water,
land and other natural resources)
4. Laboratory Management
• Quality control
• Research and development
Pollution Management-SPCBs
5. Pollution Control Enforcement (Facility Specific)
• Inspection
• Prosecution
• Direction
6. Technological Intervention
• Design and development of appropriate technology
• Dissemination of appropriate technology
7. Environmental Awareness/Information
• Support to NGOs/Education Institutions
• Capacity building through training programs
• Mass awareness through media
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
THE ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE; CENTRE FOR SCIENCE and ENVIRONMENT
- MEZHUVOLIE USOU 3rd semester,
Master of Planning (With Specialization In Environmental Planning)
Established in 1974, TERI is an independent, not-for-profit research institute based in New Delhi focusing its research activities in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable development. TERI registered in Delhi in 1974 as the Tata Energy Research Institute. As the scope of its activities widened, it was renamed The Energy and Resources Institute in 2003.
Vision: Creating Innovative Solutions for a Sustainable Future.
Mission: Tackle issues of concern to Indian society, and the world at large, and develop innovative and cost effective solutions Enhance networking for sustainable interventions Realize potential for national and international leadership as a knowledge-based agent of change in the fields of energy, environment, other natural resources, and sustainable development Inspire and reach out to diverse stakeholders for realizing a shared vision of global sustainable development, which could be translated into action.
Domestic and Global Operations TERI Southern Regional Centre, Bengaluru TERI North-eastern Regional Centre, Guwahati TERI Western Regional Centre, Goa TERI Western Regional Centre, Mumbai TRISHA, Mukteshwar TERI NA, Washington, DC TERI Europe, Utrecht TERI Japan, Tokyo TERI Gulf, Kuwait TERI Southeast Asia, Kuala Lumpur
MEZHUVOLIE USOU
Overview:
Climate Change
Climate Science and Modelling TERI is working to assess and address the existing uncertainties and gaps in climate science and modelling by building capacity in Global Earth System and high resolution regional climate models. Under the Norwegian Framework Agreement (NFA). To simulate climate at local scales, TERI, in collaboration with the UK Met Office, has developed in-house capacity to project climate change scenarios over the Indian region at high spatial resolution.
Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation TERI is involved in two projects in the state of Maharashtra focusing on impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. Its objective is to develop community-based adaptation strategies and build capacities among vulnerable community groups and policy-makers/practitioners at state and local levels. Project ‘Too-India’ seeks to predict the impact of climate change on the hydrological system in the dry lands of Maharashtra with respect to water availability and quality, assess subsequent socio-economic consequences for related sectors and livelihood, and propose technical and non-technical adaptation solutions. The project focuses on three case study areas — Pune, Solahpur, and Satara districts in Maharashtra — where the problems of water scarcity, rural–urban water allocation, and poor drinking water quality congregate.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT by TERI and CSE
MEZHUVOLIE USOU
Water Resources
• The Water Resources Division provides services in core areas such as applied research, training, consultancy, and implementation.
• Recognition as the National Key Resource Centre for rural drinking water and sanitation by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, the Division has successfully imparted training to Public Health Engineering Department officials as well as District Sanitation Coordinators.
• At the state level, the Division conducts Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework eg. for BIHAR.
• As the regional knowledge hub of the Asia-Pacific Water Forum (APWF) in Water and Climate Change Adaptation, it has been actively involved in developing adaptation strategies through participatory approaches for local people at the river basin level. With special emphasis on the Himalayan ecosystem and with continued research on glacial studies.
Biotechnology and Bio-resources
• Focus : global population projections revised to 10 billion by 2050.
• The TERI–Deakin Nanobiotechnology Research Centre : To improve fungicides and pesticides to enhance the resource efficiency of agricultural ecosystems.
• Bio-refinery using wheat and rice residues as feedstock for ethanol production as a petrol substitute. It is also collecting, screening, and characterizing the micro algal gene pool for potential biodiesel production.
Sustainable Habitat
• Actively engaged in steering cities towards the attainment of sustainable urbanization and habitats, at both the policy and practice levels.
• Engaged in the implementation of the National Mission on Sustainable Habitats of the Ministry of Urban Development.
• Working with the state government of Gujarat to integrate the provisions of the Energy Conservation Building Code in the general specifications, and accordingly modify the schedule of rates of the Public Works Department (PWD), Gujarat.
• Provided expert inputs on Guidelines/Standards for Planning and Development of Human Settlements in Rural and Urban Areas of Bhutan.
• ADaRSH (the registered society to implement GRIHA, the indigenous rating system for India) has been instrumental in implementing green buildings across the country, with about 11 million square metres of built up space currently registered to be GRIHA compliant.
Energy
• TERI is working towards improving access to energy in regions with large rural populations living in poverty. A staggering 1.3 billion people still do not have access to electricity across the globe.
• TERI launched its flagship initiative ‘Lighting a Billion Lives’ (LaBL) in 2008. This is done by displacing kerosene/paraffin lanterns with solar lighting devices, thereby facilitating education of children, providing better illumination, and a smoke free indoor environment.
• LaBL has effectively overseen the distribution of over 19,000 solar lanterns to rural communities across Africa and Asia.
Educating Sustainable Development
• GREEN Olympiad and TERRAQUIZ, which paved a way to encourage school students.
• Project Climate EduXchange, provide a platform for students in 400 schools across 12 cities in India to share information on climate change;
• Project SEARCH (Sensitization, Education, and Awareness on Recycling for a Cleaner Habitat), encourage youth to practice the 4Rs — refuse, reuse, reduce, and recycle.
• TERI University: doctoral research, Master’s programmes in Environmental Studies and Resource Management, MBA programmes in Infrastructure and in Business Sustainability.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT by TERI and CSE
Human Capital
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MEZHUVOLIE USOU
Financial Summary
Partnerships and Networks
Research and Academic Institutions
Partner Focus Area Type of Association
Deakin University, Australia
Nanobiotechnology Collaborative research
Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Jammu University
Mapping and conservation of sea buckthorn diversity
Collaborative research
FiBL, Switzerland Field trials for testing biofertilizers
Collaborative research
Government
Partner Focus Area Type of Association
Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (NL Agency) The Netherlands
Biomass conversion and waste valorization
Collaborative research
Embassy of Norway Climate change research Funding
Government of Gujarat (MoU)
Climate change research Technical support for research
Banks and Financial Institutions
• International Finance Corporation (IFC)
• National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, India
• The World Bank • National Housing Bank
Private Sector Companies
Bilateral and Multilateral Organization
• The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) • UN Habitat • United Nations Environment Programme
• NDTV, CnnIBN and Hindu. • ACB Groups Pty Ltd, Australia • Nirmal Seeds Pvt. Ltd • Agriland Biotech Ltd • Advance Materials Consultants, Bangalore
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT by TERI and CSE
MEZHUVOLIE USOU
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1980 ( Anil Agarwal), CSE works as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, Poor planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans and advocates for policy changes and better implementation of the already existing policies. CSE uses knowledge-based activism to create awareness about problems and propose sustainable solutions.
The Centre’s efforts are built around following broad programmes:
Communication for Awareness
CSE helps provide advance warnings, perceptive analyses and intellectual leadership in the field of environmental management and helped to build an informed public opinion. • Down To Earth • Website : CSE website is an effective
campaigning tool that allows campaigners to reach thousands instantly. Every month, about 1,000 people fill in the online feedback forms for more information.
• India Environment Portal.
Research and Advocacy
CSE searches for solutions that reconcile economic development with environmental conservation; solutions that people and communities can implement themselves; and it pushes the government to create frameworks in which people can act on their own. CSE believes that the urban, educated group are the most environmentally illiterate and therefore, directs its activities towards educating this group.
Right to clean air campaign
CSE has been working to improve air quality of the city of Delhi for the past ten years Implementation of the largest ever CNG programme for the public transportation systems, and phasing out of the 15 year old commercial vehicles. 2004, CSE organized a conference, The Leapfrog factor
Water management campaign
Slogan, ‘Make Water Everybody’s Business’, the People’s Water Management campaign promotes a new paradigm in water management. • At the invitation of K R Narayanan, who
was then the President of India, CSE set up a rainwater harvesting structure at the Rashtrapati Bhawan (President’s House) in 1998.
• campaign to rural areas - jal biradaris (water communities), urban areas paani yatras - A Rain Centre has been established in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
Sustainable industrialisation:
CSE started the green rating project to rate the environmental performance of major industrial firms by developing the industrial rating methodology. The Green Rating project was thus launched in May 1997 by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister of India. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) took-up the issue of mercury pollution and wrote to the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF), recommending the phasing-out of the Mercury Cell plants by 2005. CPCB also set up a team to revise its standards on mercury emissions from Chlor-alkali sector. In the automobile sector, Hero Honda Motors developed an environmental reporting programme based on GRP rating to monitor its day-to-day performance. Hindustan Motors started addressing their environmental issues as per CSE recommendations. Hyundai Motors, in an unprecedented move, publicly announced that from now on it would produce same standard cars in India as its European plants. The Government of Bangladesh invited the team to provide training on environmental impacts of some key sectors and EIA process to their high level officials in the Department of Environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT by TERI and CSE
MEZHUVOLIE USOU
Education and Training
CSE’s Environmental Education programme takes environment issues into the classroom by organising practical workshops and talks about sustainability issues for school-students, youth and school teachers. The unit also conducts the Ecological Footprint project, which consists of eco-tours, lectures, and poster competitions that teach children about the ecological dimensions of their city.
The Environment education programme.
In 1998, it began the publication of a children’s newsletter, Gobar Times. Several other educational workshops for students and teachers.
In 2005, CSE changed the way it undertook education programmes in a way that the task of educating students can be taken up by teachers. The programme, called the Green Schools Programme, is a rating mechanism that enables teachers, students and the school management authorities to assess their own environmental management practices within the school campus.
The Anil Agarwal Green College
The Anil Agarwal Green College (AAGC), an education and training initiative of CSE, was established to communicate the science, complexity and politics of environment across India, South Asia and the world.
AAGC serves as a research, academic and capacity building hub that conducts a number of short and long-term courses and training programmes such as Environment Impact Assessment (EIA), Managing Urban Growth, and Urban Mobility.
Pollution Monitoring
CSE started its urban air quality programme in 1996 to protect public health in Indian
cities. Some of the key developments include advancement of Euro II emissions standards for new vehicles in 2000, lowering of sulphur content in diesel and petrol to 500, lowering of benzene to 1 percent, implementation of the largest ever CNG programme for the public transportation systems, and phasing out of the 15 year old commercial vehicles. CSE’s studies on pesticide residues in packaged drinking water and soft drinks set a milestone in environmental advocacy. The two studies that exposed the presence of pesticide in bottled drinking water and soft drinks. A total of 57 soft drinks samples of 11 brands – 7 brands of PepsiCo and 4 brands of Coca Cola – were tested for 15 organochlorine pesticides and 13 organophosphorus pesticides. (2006)
1. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) 2. Evangelische Zentralstelle fuew Entwicklungshilfe (EZE) 3. Oak Foudation 4. DanChurchAid 5. HeinrichBoll Foundation 6. Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) 7. Church of Sweden 8. ClimateWorks Foundation (CWF) 9. Misereor 10. European Commission 11. HSBC 12. Maitri Trust 13. ASTM, Luxemburg 14. Department of Environment, Government of Delhi 15. Wipro Foundation 16. Noida Authority 17. Jamsetji Tata Trust 18. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India 19. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India 20. Ministry of Environment and Forests/ Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 21. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP-MoEF), New Delhi 22. Department of Science and Technology (DST) 23. Dr. Kamla Chowdhry, Endowment.
CSE Funding/ Donors Sources:
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT by TERI and CSE
MEZHUVOLIE USOU ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT by TERI and CSE
INCOME Project ₹ 169,366,685.24 Environmental Information Dissemination ₹ 5,648,257.84 Other Income ₹ 38,939,300.68 Total ₹ 213,954,243.76 EXPENSES Communication Expenses ₹ 525,360.00 Environmental Promotion ₹ 684,382.00 Film Production ₹ 270,000.00 General Operating Expenses ₹ 6,407,616.13 Honorarium & Professional Charges ₹ 1,913,561.00 Paper & Printing Expenses ₹ 5,185,659.42 Personnel Expenses ₹ 79,266,170.00 Postage & Courier Charges ₹ 3,559,296.50 Programme Expenses - Others ₹ 13,218,284.05 Repairs & Maintenance ₹ 4,261,417.00 Resource Materials ₹ 313,580.21 Seminars, Conferences & Meetings ₹ 11,149,064.86 Travel Related Expenses ₹ 4,821,606.13 Website & IT Expenses ₹ 12,658,523.12 Depreciation / Fixed Assets written off ₹ 4,296,751.00 Total ₹ 148,531,271.42
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References:
1. www.teriin.org/annualreport 2. http://www.cseindia.org/node/214 3. http://www.cseindia.org/node/553 4. http://www.cseindia.org/node/555 5. http://www.cseindia.org/node/556 6. http://www.cseindia.org/node/557