A

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“PAPER BATTERY”

in Partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY , JAIPUR

SESSION: 2014-2015

SUBMITTED TO:-SUBMITTED BY:-

Mr. Mohit GuptaVivek Kumar

Ms. Uma AgarwalB-Tech (EC)

EC Department5th Semester

. JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING[ACCREDITED BY UGC,NEWDELHI]

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the seminar on

PAPER BATTERY

prepared and submitted by

VIVEK KUMAR

5th Semester Electronics and Communication Engineering

in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering underthe Jaipur National University during the year 2014-2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Apart from my efforts of me, the success of this seminar dependslargely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I takethis opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have beeninstrumental in the successful completion of this project.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Mohit Gupta & Ms.Uma Agarwal (DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION) for theirconstant inspiration and support during the problems in preparation ofproject. I am also thankful for their valuable suggestions andtechnical helps.

I am also thankful to faculty members & lab technicians who havecontributed in some manner to make my project success. Without herencouragement and guidance this seminar would not have materialized.

It may not be possible for me to acknowledgement the contribution ofall my friends, but I am thankful to all those who came forward tohelp me. I express my sincere thanks to my colleagues for theirvaluable ideas and support during my project.

VIVEK KUMAR

B-TECH 5th SEM.

ABSTRACT

The Batteries form asignificant part of many electronic devices.  Typicalelectrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy intoelectrical energy. Batteries based on the charging ability areclassified into primary and secondary cells. 

Secondary cells are widely used because of their rechargeablenature.

Presently, battery takes up a hugeamount of space and contributes to a large part of the device'sweight. There is strong recent interest in ultra thin,flexible,safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and powerneeds of  modern gadgets.

New research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventuallyprovide the best hope of implementing the flexible batterieswhich can shrink our gadgets even more. The paper batteries couldmeet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets.

A paper battery is a flexible,ultra-thin energy storage andproduction device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with aconventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.

A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery andsuper capacitor , combining two components that are separate intraditional electronics.

This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term,steady power production and bursts of  energy.Non-toxic, flexible paper  batteries have the potential to  powerthen external generation of  electronics, medical devices andhybrid vehicles, allowing for  radical  new  designs and medicaltechnologies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1: PAPER BATTERY 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Properties 2

CHAPTER 2: SYSTEM OVERVIEW 3

2.1 Construction 3

2.2 Working 5

CHAPTER 3: ADVANTAGES 6

CHAPTER 4: LIMITATIONS 7

CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS 8

CONCLUSION 10

REFERENCES 11

CHAPTER-1

PAPER BATTERY

1.1 Introduction

A paper battery is an ultra thin, flexible energy storage device,that is used as a battery and also good capacitor. These devicesare formed by combining two things such as, nano composite paperand nanotubes (nano composite paper made from cellulose andnanotubes made from carbon). Nano composite paper is a hybridenergy storage device made of cellulose, which combines thefeatures of super capacitors and batteries. It takes the highenergy storage capacity of the battery and high energy density ofthe super capacitor which producing bursts of extreme power.

A carbon nanotube material is a cylinder shaped material, made ofcarbon. These tubes have different structures differing inthickness, length, and in type of number of layers. Carbon nanotubes are characterized into different types based on theirstructure. They are single walled carbon nanotube, double walledcarbon nanotube,triple walled carbon nanotube and multi wallcarbon nanotube.

Nanotube

Paper Battery= Paper (Cellulose) + Carbon Nanotubes

This combination permits the battery to provide both long term,bursts of energy, steady power production. Paper batteries havethe potential to power the next generation of medical devices,electronics and hybrid vehicles. Paper batteries can be folded,twisted, molded, crumpled, shaped and cut for variousapplications without any loss of efficiency.

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1.2 Paper Battery Properties

Paper battery properties are mainly attributed to theproperties of its parts such as cellulose and carbonnanotubes.

Properties of Cellulose are H

igh Tensile strength, Biodegradable, Low Shear Strength,Biocompatible, Absorption Capacity  and Excellent Porosity,Non –Toxic, Easily Reusable & Recyclable.

Properties of Carbon Nanotubes are Ratio of Width: Length:1:107, High tensile Strength which is Greater than Steel,High Packing Density and Low Mass density, Very Light andVery Flexible, Electrical Conductivity is better  than

Silicon, Low resistance (~33 ohm per square inch) andthickness is typically about 0.5 to 0.7mm.

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CHAPTER-2

OVERVIEW

2.1 Construction

Actually, there are many ways to construct paper batteries.

The first and foremost method of constructing paper batteries wasproposed and initiated by Robert Linhardt, a chemist at

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. Cellulose(paper) was layered upon conductive carbon nanotubes. Though thecombination would be a sturdy material to construct batteries,however problem arose when the materials would fall apart whenflexed. A solution was found by Yi Cui, a materials scientist atStanford University, Palo Alto (California).

He and his team of researchers created an ink of carbon nanotubeby suspending them in water and an organic surfactant. This inkwas evenly spread on a piece of paper. As the inked paper washeated in the oven to drive off the water, the nanotubes bondedtightly to the paper fibers and a highly conductive sheet ofpaper were created.

Given below are three ways to create paper batteries:-

1. The first method involves fabricating zinc and manganesedioxide based cathode and anode. The batteries are printed ontopaper using standard silkscreen printing press.This paper isinfused with aligned carbon nanotubes which are used aselectrode. This paper is dipped in a solution of ionic liquidwhich acts as the electrolyte.

2. The second method is a bit complex and involves growingnanotubes on a silicon substrate. The gaps in the matrix are thenfilled with cellulose and once the matrix is dried, thecombination  of cellulose and nanotubes is peeled off. Thussheets of paper consisting of layers of carbon nanotubes arecreated. Two such sheets are combined together to form a supercapacitor with a ionic liquid like human blood, sweat or urinebeing used an electrolyte.

3. The third is a simple method and can be constructed in alaboratory. It involves spreading a specially formulated ink ofcarbon nanutubes over a rectangular sheet of paper coated with anionic solution. A thin film of lithium is then laminated on theother side of the paper. Aluminium rods are then connected tocarry current between the two electrodes.

3

Fig 1:- Construction of paper battery

4. The fourth method involves coating substrate of stainlesssteel with carbon nanotubes. The coated substrate is the dried at80 degree Celsius for five minutes, after which the material ispeeled off. A pair of films are used for each paper battery witheach film being pasted to different electrolytes like LTO andLCO. A paper is then sandwiched between the two films using glue.

Fig:-2

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2.2 Working

Internal operation of paper batteries is similar to that ofconventional batteries with each battery generating about 1.5V.

If one can recall traditional batteries work in the manner wherepositive charged particles called ions and negative chargedparticles called electrons move between positive electrodescalled anode and negative electrode called cathode. Current flowsas electrons flow from anode to the cathode through theconductor, since the electrolyte is an insulator and doesn’tprovide a free path for electrons to travel.

Fig 3:- Working Process

Similarly in some paper batteries, carbon nanotubes act ascathode, the metal is the anode and paper is the separator.

Chemical reaction between metal and electrolyte results inproduction of ions whereas chemical reaction between carbon andelectrolyte results in production of electrons. These electronsflow from the cathode to the anode through the external circuit.

5

CHAPTER-3

ADVANTAGES

Paper batteries can work even if it is folded, cut or rolledup

The Paper battery consists of mainly carbon and paper, itcould be used to power pacemakers within the body.

Used as both capacitor and battery

Ultra thin storage device

Biodegradable and Non Toxic

Bio compatible and more economical

Generates close to 1.5V of energy

Easily Recyclable and Reusable

Durable

Rechargeable

No Overheating and Leakage

Flexible and Very Light Weight

Easily Moldable Into different sizes and shapes

Customizable Output Voltage

6

CHAPTER-4

LIMITATIONS

Carbon nanotubes are very expensive. Batteries with large enough power are unlikely to be cost

effective.

Should not be inhaled as they can damage lungs

Generation of E-wastage.

7

CHAPTER-5

APPLICATIONS

With the developing technologies and reducing cost of cathodenano tubes, these batteries will find in the following fields.They are

Fig 4:- application of paper battery

Paper batteries in electronics

Paper batteries are used in many electronic devices such as  mobile

phones, laptop batteries, calculators, digital cameras andalso in wireless communication devices like mouse,Bluetooth, keyboard, speakers and headsets.

Paper batteries in medical sciences

Paper batteries are used in the medical field such as inpacemakers for the heart, artificial tissues, drug deliverysystems, cosmetics and in Bio sensors.

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Paper batteries in automobiles and aircraft

Paper batteries are used in automobiles and aircraft such as inlight weight, guided missiles, hybrid car batteries, long airflights and in satellite programs for powering electronicdevices.

This is all about paper battery working and applications. Thesebatteries have the potential adaptability to power the nextgeneration electronic appliances, medical devices and hybridvehicles. So, these batteries could solve all the problemsassociated with conventional electrical energy storage devices.Furthermore, any queries, regarding this article or anyother electrical projects, you can leave your comments,suggestions by commenting in the comment section below.

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CONCLUSION

The life of battery is an important parameter which decides the area of application of battery.

These paper batteries can further reduce the weight of the electronic gadgets.

The future may allow simply painting the nano-tube ink andactive materials onto surfaces such as walls.

High storage of energy leads to decrease charging time. Thusenergy can be saved.

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REFERENCES

www.google.com

http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paper.battery/

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