Archival Salvage Archaeology: Stuart Struever’s 1958-59 Excavations at the Heineken Site in...

Illinois Archaeology Vol. 21, 200990

Kenneth B. Farnsworth, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Springfield Research Office, Illinois State Museum Collections Center, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703-3500, [email protected]

©2009 Illinois Archaeological Survey, Inc., Illinois Archaeology, vol. 21, pp. 90–125.

90

Archival Salvage Archaeology:Stuart Struever’s Excavations at the

Heineken Site in Putnam County

Kenneth B. Farnsworth

Stuart Struever’s Early and Middle Woodland-focused fieldwork studies at the Heineken and Kuhne sites in Putnam County during the 1950s represent the most extensive habitation-site excavations ever undertaken in the Big Bend area of the upper Illinois Valley. However no reports of excavation results were ever completed for either site. The Illinois Department of Transportation’s recent Route 29 highway-improvement project, which threatened to impact portions of the Heineken site, has provided an opportunity to evaluate Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken work, conduct further test excavations at the site, and survey the few other Putnam County archaeological field studies undertaken before and after Struever’s work there.

Introduction

In 1953, when he was 21 years old, Stuart Struever established a small private research foundation—Archeological Research, Inc. (ARI)—as a vehicle to receive grants and dona-tions for archaeological fieldwork in Illinois. From 1955 through 1958, he focused his ARI excavations at two Putnam County prehistoric habitation sites in the Big Bend area of the Illinois River valley. Both sites are multicomponent Woodland-period settlements with substantial evidence for Middle Woodland (Havana culture) and early Late Wood-land (Weaver culture) occupations. From 1955 to 1957, he assembled field schools each summer through ARI to dig at the Kuhne site (11PM3) on the eastern margin of the Illinois Valley between Swan Lake and Clear Creek, about 6 km east of Henry, Illinois (Figures 1 and 2). On weekends from June to September, 1958, Struever and a small ARI crew—occasionally including several volunteer helpers (Figure 3)—salvaged an eroding burial and dug a series of test squares at the Heineken site (11PM20), a bluff-base settlement at the western margin of the Valley between Senachwine Creek and

Farnsworth 91

Figure 1. Regional location of the Kuhne site (11PM3), Heineken site (11PM20), Bartkus Mound Group (11PM21), and Wheeler Mound Group (a.k.a. Senachwine Mounds: 11PM1) in the Big Bend area of the upper Illinois Valley.

Goose Lake, some 9 km to the northwest of Kuhne (Figures 1 and 4). Struever entered graduate school at Northwestern University in the fall of 1958. As a student there, he returned to the Heineken site to conduct further excavations with a Northwestern University field school— made up of Northwestern University Anthropology Professor Francis Hsu, Assistant Professor Creighton Gabel (at the time, the only archaeologist at Northwestern), and about 10 students—for three days in the late fall of 1959. The “Heineken” site name was taken from a favorite beer brand served at a popular local tavern. A second, archaeological site nearby, the “I. M. Plowed” site (11PM12), was also named in honor of this local gathering spot.

11PM21

11PM3

11PM1

11PM20


Figure 2. Aerial and ground views of Stuart Struever’s excavation block at the Kuhne site (11PM3) in the mid 1950s.

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To date, the results of the Kuhne and Heineken-site excavation projects have not been analyzed or reported beyond James Loy’s (1968) use of Kuhne site ceramic data in his interregional Middle Woodland ceramic-style study. Many of the artifacts and records from the Kuhne and Heineken excavations and sections of Struever’s unfinished Kuhne-site manuscript are curated by the Center for American Archeology (CAA) in Kampsville, Illinois. Since the Heineken site is located near Highway 29, and was likely to be impacted by planned road construction, I examined and tabulated the CAA-curated materials and data from Struever’s Heineken site excavations to help evaluate the site.

Figure 3. Volunteer excavators and screeners at the Heineken site (11PM20) in 1958. Stuart Struever is standing at the far left.


Figure 4. The Heineken site settlement area overlooking the Goose Lake marsh in Putnam County.

Overview of Excavations and Data Sets

Struever first visited the Heineken site in May or June of 1958, in response to information that Early Woodland and Hopewellian decorated pottery sherds had been found there in the cut-wall of a secondary stream. According to Struever (S. Struever, pers. comm. 2003) and an Illinois Archaeological Survey site form he completed in December of 1958, two local collectors (Herbert Schmitt and Louis Kannenberg) initially discovered

11PM20

Likely Mortuary Location

Struever 1958 HeinekenSite Excavation Area

L. Thompson Mounds

Winship Mounds

W. Creek Site

I.M. Plowed Site

Outwash Fan, Likely habitationarea overlooking Goose Lake Marsh

Amstel Site

0 250 500 750 1,000Meters

ITARP 2007 Heineken Site Excavation AreaITARP 2007 Heineken Site Excavation Area

Farnsworth 95

the Heineken site, and made the sherd collection from the stream cut that first attracted his attention to the excavation-potential of the site. Although he was preparing to enter graduate school in Anthropology at Northwestern University that fall, Struever made time in his schedule to visit the site on weekends from June to September to conduct test excavations. He was regularly assisted on his weekend digs by his wife, Alice, by Schmitt and Kannenberg, and occasionally by ARI-volunteer Raymond Perkins (who took several slides of the ongoing work).

The fieldwork photos (Figures 5 and 6) confirm Struever’s recollection that his ex-cavations were conducted immediately west of the creek cut in a small, grass-covered, bluffbase-slope field. At the time, the agricultural field between the stream cut (at the site) and Highway 29 (less than 150 yards to the east) was cultivated, but extensive surface surveys by Schmitt and Kannenberg revealed no stone tools or pottery sherds there.

Probably because the site was obscured by heavy parkland turf cover, there are no survey collections or survey files at Kampsville to indicate that any surface collections were made from the site before the excavations began. However, one small bag of gen-eral surface material, gathered by Struever and Don Clark on March 24, 1963 (well after the completion of the 1958 dig, and probably from the stream cut), is curated by the CAA. The nine sherds and single projectile point they gathered from the surface in 1963 have been added to the artifact tabulations below.

The IAS form completed in December 1958 indicates that the Heineken site area is “100 ft. by 75 ft.” with “5 ft. of refuse in places.” Since the IAS form and contemporary excavation slides indicate that the site area was grass-covered (“Grass sod”), the estimate of site size must have been made from the size (and depth) of Struever’s test-excavated area, and perhaps from the length of scatter of artifacts in the stream cut. It should be pointed out though, that Struever’s bluffbase Heineken site excavation area was placed within a very small cul-de-sac valley containing no active stream or spring. The maxi-mum possible habitation area between the stream cut at the east-facing valley mouth and the steep slopes at its western, northern, and southern margins appears to be little more than 200 feet in diameter. However, the primary occupation area for this buried stream-edge midden or dump may well be located on the outwash fan to the east of the stream course or on the bluff-base slopes to the south of the Heineken excavation area (e.g., the area of site 11PM85; see Figure 4).

From the square and level numbers recorded on the excavated artifacts that remain in the CAA collections, and a test-unit sketch map preserved in the CAA files (Figure 7), it appears that 18 or 19 test squares were excavated in three rows adjacent to and paralleling an area where human bones had been found eroding into the west bank of the stream (see Human Remains below). From the apparent scale of the sketch map, the first tier of 3-foot-wide squares was placed 3 feet from the erosion-cut excavation. This row includes Squares 1–6 and 8–10. All but two of the squares are 3 x 3 feet: Squares


Figure 5. 1958 Heineken site burial salvage excavation in progress. Alice Struever is screening at the far left, and Stuart Struever is excavating at the far right.

Figure 6. 1958 Heineken site burial salvage excavation with skeletal remains exposed.

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9–10, on each end of the row, seem to be 3 x 4 feet or 3 x 5 feet units. The second row of squares, further from the gully and immediately adjacent to the first row, included Squares 7, 11–13, and 15–18. All of these appear to be 3 x 3 feet squares. At least one 3 x 3 feet square (14) was dug three feet further from the gully adjacent to the second row of squares. From the artifact numbers, a nineteenth test square was also excavated, but it is not illustrated on the sketch map.

Interestingly, there are no excavated remains (and no excavation level designations) for Square 12 on the sketch map. This suggests the possibility that Square 12 was skipped in the square-numbering system. Perhaps in the field, the square mapped as 12 became Square 19 (for which there are artifacts and level designations).

No detailed field excavation records have been located for the test squares, although Struever recalls that excavation records were made for each excavated square and level. From the artifact numbers, depths/levels appear to be indicated by a sequential numbering system within each square. Thus, the first four levels of Square 1 would be numbered 10, 11, 12, 13—and so on. From the artifact numbers, Squares 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, and 15 appear to have had more than 10 levels each. In this case (in Square 7, for instance), numbering would continue from 79 to 710, 711, and so on. From the

Figure 7. Sketch map of Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site test square locations adjacent to the stream erosion cut.

12 16 13 7 11 15 18 17

14

2 1 3 4 5 6 89

Erosian Area

Stream

10N


artifact numbers, squares characteristically contained several “levels.” Squares 1, 2, 9, 16, and 19 had four, seven, four, five, and six levels, respectively. Thirteen additional squares included nine to 13 levels apiece. Since Struever’s IAS form indicates the refuse deposit was 5 feet thick “in places,” the number of square levels probably reflects the extraordinary depth of the midden.

Unfortunately, there are no indications of standard or specific level depths among the sparse notes found in the Kampsville files. Struever’s recollection of the dig (S. Struever, pers. comm. 2003 and 2004) is that the midden throughout the excavated area of the site was so dark that no stratigraphy was visible, and that all squares were dug in standard arbitrary 6-inch levels and screened through a half-inch-mesh screening table (see Figure 3). Also, because of the dense black midden no pit features were seen by the excavators. As the result, all of the recovered remains from the site were excavated in the standard arbitrary test-square levels.

Human Remains

During Struever’s initial visits to the Heineken site, articulated human remains were found eroding into the western stream bank and were excavated (see Figures 5 and 6). But because of the dark midden that characterized the excavated area, he could not determine with any certainty whether the burial(s) had originally been placed in an intentionally dug pit (S. Struever, pers. comm. 2003). According to a NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act)-related form completed on October 31, 1995 (“Inventory Recording Form for Commingled Remains and Isolated Bones”), the cluster of eroding bones includes the partial remains of two adults (one male, one female?) and one subadult. Burial excavation notes on file at Kampsville include the following information:

Small adult skeleton partially disturbed by erosion of the creek bank. Buried in a shallow pit sunk into the yellow clay substratum, approximately 6' 4" below the creek bank. Appears to be articulated, flexed burial (see drawing) of an individual lying on his back with left arm flexed over pelvic area, right radius and ulna over left arm on pelvis. Right humer[us] missing. Both femur[s] fully flexed and crossed against pelvic region. Sacrum and th[or]acic vertebrae in tact and articulated. Rib cage badly crushed. A few fragments of skull in region of the occiput were all that remained of head.This skeleton, being disturbed, was most probably complete at one time. No grave goods.

The drawing mentioned in these notes has not been located.

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Material-Class Collections and Studies

Known artifact classes recovered from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations are discussed, illustrated (Figures 8–19), and sorted chronologically below to help date site occupations. Since most of the artifacts used in the illustrations are labeled by square and level provenience, the provenience numbers for each figured artifact are listed separately, by figure, in Table 1. Unfortunately, many of the artifacts and field records from the excavations have become scattered, and perhaps lost, over the past 50 years. The following summary of artifacts and other material-class categories recovered by Struever from his work at the site has been drawn together from the following data sources:

(1) paper records and artifact collections (largely ceramic) curated by the Center for American Archeology, Kampsville;

(2) Illinois Archaeological Survey records curated at the Illinois State Museum Research and Collections Center (ISM/RCC), Springfield;

(3) Paul Parmalee’s faunal analysis files and records curated at the ISM/RCC, Springfield;

(4) copies of several 1959 slides of Struever’s Heineken site excavations and artifact collections in possession of the writer (Figures 5–6, 8–11, 14a, and 18b);

(5) telephone discussions between the writer and Stuart Struever in 2003 and 2004.

Flora

Since the 1958 Heineken site excavations occurred in an era preceding the collection of flotation samples, carbonized plant remains likely were not saved. From a file note Kampsville, one radiocarbon sample was collected, however. It is characterized as fol-lows:

Charcoal from Square 50 [i.e., #5], - 49" beneath ground surface, 29" south of N.W. corner, 4" E. of west wall. No artifact[s] found in direct association, though this may be the bottom of a deep pit which began somewhere about H-52 or H-53 and extended to this depth (see notes).

As indicated earlier, no square-specific excavation notes have been found in Kamps-ville, nor has the radiocarbon sample itself been located. But this C-14 note is again informative as to the depth to which square excavations were taken, and the fact that substantial pit features were encountered.

Fauna

Bone preservation at the site was apparently quite good (see Figure 8). A faunal-identification list prepared for the site tabulates 4,718 animal bones, 623 mussel shells,


a bc

d

e

f

g

hi

Figure 8. Worked bone artifacts from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations (scale unknown).

and 128 snails. This faunal tabulation is entitled “HEINEKEN SITE, Four miles [sic] north of Putnam, Putnam Co., Ill. Material recovered by Stuart Struever in the sum-mer of 1958. Mixed Early and Middle Woodland.” It is not signed by its author, but in the late 1950s and 1960s the primary source for such analyses was Paul Parmalee at the Illinois State Museum. A check of Parmalee’s files at the ISM Research and Collections Center confirms that the Heineken site faunal analysis and report are his work, and a review of ISM/RCC collection records indicates that the Heineken site faunal collec-tions themselves are still curated at the State Museum. Parmalee’s report is included as Appendix I of this overview. The tabulated animal bone from the site includes 4,351 large-mammal bones, 117 identified smaller-mammal fragments, 128 turtle bones, and 49 identified fish bones. The miscellaneous notes that have been discovered in the Kampsville files thusfar for the Heineken excavations include a mention of Special #1: a “shell midden” including “about 200 mussel shells located in Square 10 [i.e., #1], at the southwest corner, 35 to 42 inches beneath the ground surface. No other artifacts

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Table 1. Artifact-Figure Proveniences, 1958–59 Heineken Site Excavations.

Artifact Figure

Artifact Provenience

Figure 8a H–177

Figure 8b H–77

Figure 8c H–128

Figure 8d H–44

Figure 8e H–1510

Figure 8f ***

Figure 8g H–81 deer

Figure 8h H–175

Figure 8i ***

Figure 9 all: H–36

Figure 10a H–174

Figure 10b ***

Figure 10c H–135

Figure 10d H–174

Figure 10e H–44

Figure 10f H–63

Figure 10g H–104

Figure 10h H–72

Figure 10i H–13

Figure 10j H–53

Figure 10k H–182

Figure 10l H–142

Figure 10m H–33

Figure 10n H–142

Figure 10o H–32

Figure 11a H–51

Figure 11b H–126

Figure 11c ***

Figure 11d H–12

Figure 11e H–56

Figure 11f ***

Figure 11g H–157

Figure 11h ***

Figure 12 all: H–46

Figure 13a surface

Artifact Figure


Figure 13b H–55

Figure 13c H–12

Figure 13d H–134

Figure 13e H–104

Figure 13f H–35

Figure 13g H–153

Figure 13h H–58

Figure 13i H–42

Figure 13j H–184

Figure 13k H–55

Figure 13l H–36

Figure 13m H–56

Figure 14a ***

Figure 14b H–193

Figure 14c H–57

Figure 14d H–75

Figure 14e H–52

Figure 14f H–185

Figure 15a H–105

Figure 15b H–88

Figure 15c H–53

Figure 15d H–34

Figure 15e H–88

Figure 15f H–22

Figure 15g H–68

Figure 15h H–13

Figure 15i H–176

Figure 15j H–146

Figure 16a H–157

Figure 16b H–123

Figure 16c H–67

Figure 16d H–35

Figure 16e H–185

Figure 16f H–34

Figure 16g H–144

Artifact Figure


Figure 16g H–144

Figure 16h H–122

Figure 16i H–145

Figure 17a H–56

Figure 17b H–20

Figure 17c H–32

Figure 17d H–165

Figure 17e surface

Figure 17f ***

Figure 17g ***

Figure 17h ***

Figure 17i H–176

Figure 17j H–114

Figure 18a ***

Figure 18b ***

Figure 19a H–143

Figure 19b H–152

Figure 19c H–152

Figure 19d H–162

Figure 19e H–32

Figure 19f H–155

Figure 19g ***

Figure 19h ***

Figure 19i H–84

Figure 19j H–52

Figure 19k H–112

Figure 19l H–41

Figure 19m H–112

Figure 19n H–112

Figure 19o H–62

***= unknown provenience


in association.” Probably much of the identified mussel shell in Parmalee’s Appendix I report originated in and near Square 1.

A few dozen small bone fragments, probably not included in the Parmalee study, were found mixed in with the sherds in the Kampsville collections.

Lithics

Besides the small handful of material (including a single projectile point) from the 1963 general surface collection mentioned above, there are no lithic artifacts or debris in the Heineken site collections still preserved at Kampsville (except for a single 9-inch x 12-inch box of apparently unmodified igneous cobbles). In the absence of lithic-artifact tabulations, little of substance can be said about the relative kinds and quantities of stone tools recovered during the Heineken site excavations. In fact, our best informa-tion about lithic artifacts from the site comes from three of Struever’s 1959 slides (see Figures 9–11). Figure 9 illustrates four Gilcrease Grooved plummets, all found in Square 3, level 6 (and labeled “H 36”). One of only two miscellaneous notes relating to stone artifacts that have been found in the Heineken site file in Kampsville refers to these plummets as “Special #2” and characterizes them as a cache: “Four plummets, three of limestone [limonite? See Figure 9b–d] and one of hematite [Figure 9a], found together in Square 30 [i.e., Square 3], 30 to 42 inches beneath the ground surface.” Plummets of this style date to Terminal Archaic times, ca. 1200–900 B.C. (uncalibrated: see Farnsworth and Asch 1986:340). Figure 10 illustrates 15 projectile points recovered by the excavations. Eleven of these (Figure 10a–j, o) are heavily reworked late Middle Woodland (Norton and Manker) and early Late Woodland (Steuben) styles, dating to ca. A.D. 100–600. Three (Figure 10k–m) appear to be later Late Woodland arrowpoints (ca. A.D. 600–1000), although scale is a problem since the points are photographed at an angle (lowest row nearest the viewer). Figure 10n is a terminal Late Woodland/Mississippian Madison triangle arrowpoint (ca. A.D. 900–1200). Figure 11 shows a type-indeterminate Middle or Late Woodland celt fragment (a), two Late Woodland hardstone discoidals (b–c) that probably date after A.D. 600, a gorget fragment of uncertain age (d), a Late/Terminal Archaic plummet (e: ungrooved? limonite?), and three chipped-stone drills (f–h) of unknown age. The only other lithic note found in the CAA/Kampsville files is a mention of “Special #5”: a “portion of a three-quarter grooved [axe] found at 48 inches beneath ground surface in Square 70 [i.e., Square #7]. An axe of this style should date to ca. 2000–4000 B.C. (see Wiant et al. 2009). Neither the plummets nor the axe could be found in the Kampsville collections.

As an aside, the Special #2 and Special #5 notes are also informative regarding the minimum depths to which Square 3 (nine levels: at least 42 inches) and Square 7 (11 levels: at least 48 inches) were taken.

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a b c d

Figure 9. Gilcrease Grooved plummet cache from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations, Square 3, level 6 (scale unknown).

a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o

Figure 10. Projectile points from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations (scale unknown).


Ceramics

Most, if not all, of the pottery sherds collected at the Heineken site appear to be pres-ent in the Kampsville collections, and they are analyzed in a separate section below (with selected diagnostic sherds illustrated in Figures 12–19). However, an apparent exception to this general comment about ceramic-collection completeness is “Special #4.” A note in the files indicates that Special #4 was a concentration of pottery sherds, including “portions of what appear to be four pots.” But there are no sherds bagged as Special #4, and the collection includes only one restored (rim) section, comprised of 14 sherds (Figure 18a). Also, the Struever 1959 slides include photographs of two restored vessel rim sections that are not now present in the Kampsville sherd collections for the site (Figure 14a, Figure 18b).

The Heineken ceramic collection includes 1,338 sherds (counting the Figure 18a vessel section as one). The bulk of these are cordmarked grit-tempered body sherds, but 229 of them (17%) are rims or decorated body sherds. These are tabulated in some detail below, with representative illustrations of decorative types.

a b c

d e f

g h

Figure 11. Ground-stone artifacts and drills from Struever’s 1958–1959 Heineken site excavations (dotted line represents where image was cropped when it was scanned; scale unknown).

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Heineken Site Sherd Tabulation

As mentioned above, sherd lists bagged with the pottery indicate that 1,338 sherds were recovered by the 1958 excavations. Although I did not count the undecorated grit-tempered body sherds individually, most if not all of these sherds appear still to be present in the Kampsville collections. To prepare the ceramic overview for this report, decorated sherds, morphologically diagnostic body sherds, and rimsherds were sepa-rated from the general collection for more detailed analysis to determine their cultural affiliation. At this stage of preliminary site evaluation, minimum vessel counts were not determined. The rim profiles presented for the illustrated sherds are not oriented to any standard lip angle in this reporting order to maximize the number of sherds that could be illustrated in each figure.

For help sorting and dating some of the later Late Woodland sherds from Hei-neken—particularly those with decorative details characteristic of northern Illinois ceramics but outside the range of variation of prehistoric pottery I have studied from sites farther downstream—I have relied on conversations with Thomas Emerson, and information presented in Emerson and Titelbaum (2000), Esarey (2000), and Hall (n.d., 1987). Thus, for the present report, I have chosen to refer to the terminal Late Wood-land collared rims from the Heineken collection as “Starved Rock Collared (SRC),” after Hall, although I have not yet seen examples of an analogous type (“Maples Mills Collared”—Schoenbeck 1946) that he mentions in his SRC type-definition manuscript from the late 1950s or early 1960s (Hall n.d.:4).

This sorting process produced a subsample of 229 sherds (17% of the collection) for analysis. All but one of the studied sherds are grit tempered, with more or less sandy pastes. Thus, paste and temper were seldom used as sorting criteria, although the Marion series sherds were generally tempered with large chunks of mafic grit. As illustrated in Figures 12–19, final tabulation of these 229 sherds produced the following results:

Marion (Early Woodland) (6 sherds: 3%)Marion Thick 6

Black Sand (Early Woodland) (51 sherds: 22%)Black Sand Incised and Liverpool Cordmarked 48E. W. type indeterminate 3

Early Havana (Middle Woodland) (5 sherds: 2%)Morton Incised 3Fettie Chevron Hemiconical Punctated 1Sister Creeks Punctated 1

Havana Hopewell (Middle Woodland) (64 sherds: 28%)Havana Broad Trailed 5Havana Smoothed/Cordmarked Rims 13Havana Dentate Stamped 16


Havana Other Decorated (Incised/CWS/Punctated) 20Hopewell Series 5M.W. type indeterminate 5

Steuben-era (Late MW—Early LW (7 sherds: 3%)Drag Hemiconical Punctated 7

Weaver-era (Late Woodland) (57 sherds: 25%)Cordmarked rims 2Reed Punctated 4Dowel Impressed/CWS/Notched lip 50Woven strap or bag edge 1

Maples Mills-era (Late Woodland) (33 sherds: 14%)Bluff Cordmarked and sharp shouldered 5Bluff Smoothed, squared plain rims 14Smoothed folded rims 2Maples Mills Single-cord Impressed 2Starved Rock Collared rims 10

L.L.W./Mississippian (6 sherds: 3%)Grit-tempered, smoothed, rolled rims (Powell/Ramey-like: 2 incised, 3 plain) 5Shell-tempered, Ramey Incised rim 1

Figures 12–19 illustrate the major decorative sherd groupings recovered at the Heineken site. Figure 12 shows a Marion Thick rim (a) and two unusual Marion Thick body sherds (b–c) with pinched over cordmarked exterior decoration (and fabric-marked interior surfaces). Figure 13 shows a selection of 12 Black Sand Incised sherds from the site (b–m) and the contracting-stem point found on the surface in 1963 (a).

Figure 14 shows the three Morton Incised rims from the site (d–f: all probably from the same vessel), a Sister Creeks Punctated body sherd (c), and a small chevron hemiconical punctated body sherd (b), which in light of a 1959 Struever slide of a miss-ing restored vessel section from the site (a) is clearly a Fettie neck-band decoration. Figure 15 shows a selection of Havana series sherds from the excavations which have straight-dentate-stamped (b, f–l), crescent-stamped (d), ovoid-stamped (j), incised (c), cord-wrapped-stick impressed (e), and punctated (a) decorations. Figure 16 illustrates two Hopewell series vessel rims (a-b), and three incised/punctated Middle Woodland type-indeterminate sherds (c–e).

Also shown in the lower portion of Figure 16 (f–i), and probably in Figure 16b, are four gracile “drag hemiconical punctated” rims and a similar restored vessel section that are probably examples of somewhat later, Steuben-era (late Middle Woodland and early Late Woodland), Steuben Punctated ceramic decoration. Figure 17 illustrates a sample of the most commonly seen Weaver-era punctated and cord-wrapped-stick

Farnsworth 107

Figure 12. Marion thick ceramics from Struever’s 1958-59 Heineken site excavations.

Figure 13. Contracting-stemmed point and Black Sand incised ceramics from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations.

a b c

a

mlkj

i

h

g

f

ed

cb


b c

d e f

Figure 14. Fettie and Morton Series ceramics from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations (dotted line represents where image was cropped when it was scanned; (a) 1959 slide, scale unknown).

a

Farnsworth 109

Figure 15. Havana Series ceramics from Struever’s 1958-59 Heineken site excavations.

a

c d

e

f g

h i j

b


a

b

cd e

f

gh

i

Figure 16. Hopewell Series (a–b), Middle Woodland type indeterminate (c–e), and dragged hemiconical punctate (f–i: probable Steuben-era) ceramics from Struever’s 1958-59 Heineken site excavations.

Farnsworth 111

a

b c

d e

f g h

i j

Figure 17. Decorated Weaver ceramics from Struever’s 1958-59 Heineken site excavations.


a

b

Figure 18. (a) Weaver cord-wrapped-stick vessel section in C.A.A. collections; (b) probable Steuben dragged-hemiconical punctate vessel section (1959 slide, not in C.A.A. collections, scale unknown) from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations.

Farnsworth 113

a b c

d e f

g h i

j k l

m n o

Figure 19. Maples Mills (a–b), Starved Rock Collared (c–l), and Powell/Ramey-like (j–o) Late Woodland and Mississippian ceramics from Struever’s 1958–59 Heineken site excavations.

sherd decorations at Heineken. All of the rims lack interior-lip decoration except for “a” (angled dowel impressions). Figure 18a illustrates a restored Weaver rim section, found in the collections at Kampsville, with cord-wrapped-stick exterior lip decora-tion. Figure 18b (from a 1959 Struever slide) illustrates another restored Weaver rim section, now missing from the collection, which appears to be decorated with a drag-hemiconical-punctate exterior lip decoration.


Finally, Figure 19 illustrates two sherds, from a Maples Mills Late Woodland vessel (a–b), that are probably both from the same vessel. Both rims have a pair of horizontal cord impressions applied just below the interior lip. Figure 19 also shows a tightly similar cluster of Starved Rock Collared rims (c–l) representing several different ves-sels, at least one of which (c) was castellated. Two of the rims have interior-lip slash marks (d–e), three have interior-lip stick impressions (c, f–g), and one (i) has differently applied interior lip notching.

The only shell-tempered sherd in the Heineken site collections at Kampsville is a Ramey Incised rim (Figure 19j). Six additional incised (Figure 19k–l) and smoothed (Figure 19m–o) grit-tempered rims from the site seem to mimic the Powell/Ramey vessel form.

Heineken Site Overview

From Struever’s early slide lectures and casual discussions during the 1960s, I had come to associate the Heineken site and its burial feature with the end of Early Woodland times (Black Sand era) and the beginning of Middle Woodland times (Morton-Fettie era), ca. 300–100 B.C., although a substantial Havana-culture Middle Woodland com-ponent (ca. 100 B.C.–A.D. 300) and a Weaver-culture Late Woodland component (ca. A.D. 300–600) must have been recognized at the site by the excavators.

But from the surviving site-excavation records and artifact photos, and my recent pottery-sherd tabulations, the site is much more complex—with extensive, deep (perhaps stratified?) midden deposits dating back to at least Late Archaic and Terminal Archaic times (e.g., the grooved axe and the plummet cache), and containing at least two Early Woodland components (Marion Thick ceramics [ca. 800–600 B.C.] and Black Sand ceramics [ca. 600–200 B.C.]), an Early Havana (Morton phase) component [ca. 200–100 B.C.], the Havana-Hopewell Middle Woodland component, the early Late Woodland (Weaver-era) component, and a later Late Woodland ceramic component dating to Maples Mills-era times [ca. A.D. 900-1100]. Finally, a shell-tempered Ramey Incised vessel rim fragment and several rims from one or more similarly shaped grit-tempered vessels suggest that the site’s most recent occupation was at least partly contemporary with Mississippian developments in the American Bottom.

Since the identified Heineken-site occupations span 2,000 years, beginning at about 1000 B.C., and 45 percent of the tabulated sherds date to post-Middle Woodland times, the Heinekin site was obviously more than just a Black Sand culture and early Havana culture habitation.

It should also be pointed out that prehistoric habitation Heineken site area (see Figure 4) could be extensive, perhaps containing numerous partly overlapping habitation areas. In light of the depth and richness of the midden in the excavated area, the lack of evidence for surface artifacts in cultivated areas surrounding the bluffbase excavation block is perplexing, and suggests the possibility that habitation components could have become buried beneath bluffbase colluvium. Since the excavated site area was in heavy

Farnsworth 115

grass in the late 1950s, the lateral extent of the individual occupation components in the excavated area remains essentially unknown. But the small size of the lower-slope area of the sheltered, streamside bluffbase notch in which Struever conducted his excavations severely limits the possible extent of the site in that area. Still, the density of habitation material he encountered in his test squares, the number of cultural components repre-sented there, the dramatic 4-to-5-foot thickness of the excavated deposits, and the fact that at least 12 bluff-top burial mounds are known to overlook the Heineken outwash fan (the Winship and Thompson mound groups: 11PM8 and 10, see Figure 4) indicate that the associated occupation area may be substantial. This impression is reinforced by the fact that an additional likely mound-location area directly overlooks the Heineken site. Also, two additional nearby occupation scatters have been identified just to the south of the adjacent Heineken and Amsdel sites (the W. Creek and I.M. Plowed sites: 11PM11 and 12, see Figure 4). From their IAS forms, these two sites seem to have been identified only from private collections, including numerous projectile points and a few grooved axes, and their cultural affiliations remain largely unknown.

The overall impression gained from the available data is that the larger Heineken site outwash fan overlooking Goose Lake Marsh and Senachwine Lake attracted sub-stantial prehistoric settlement at intervals spanning at least 2000 years.

Recent ITARP Fieldwork at the Heineken and Amsdel Sites

During 2002–03, the Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program (ITARP), based at the University of Illinois, carried out an Illinois Route 29 archaeological survey (Fishel et al. 2004), relocating the Heineken site and documenting the nearby Amsdel site (11PM85), a large Woodland-era prehistoric scatter on the bluff-base slopes to the south of Heineken (see Figure 4). Only an uncultivated residence/yard area separates these two sites. In 2007, more intensive surveys were conducted at Amsdel and four test units were excavated there (Fishel et al. 2008a), producing a substantial amount of cultural material and locating a large basin-shaped pit feature. The feature is likely Middle Woodland in age, from a diagnostic sherd in its fill. Other surface and excavated artifacts from the site include one Middle Archaic and one Late Archaic projectile point, four type-indeterminate points and fragments, and 63 smoothed and cordmarked grit-tempered pottery sherds. A single (probably Middle Woodland) rim sherd has “thin, unidentified, vertical tool marks” on its exterior lip. “The thicker sherds are likely Middle Woodland in age, while the thinner ones may be Late Woodland” (Fishel et al. 2008a:5).

In 2007, ITARP crews also carried out test excavations at the Heineken site and verified the presence of intact midden deposits, pit features, and human remains (Fishel et al. 2008b). But excavations were seriously limited by the fact that much of the site is now covered by a residential farm yard. Also, a pond and marsh area was constructed in the northern site area during the 1980s (perhaps impacting more than half of the site), and a barn is now located on the southeastern portion of the site.


Hand excavations and geo-coring were used to investigate the remaining undis-turbed site areas in 2007. Five hand units were excavated and one cultural feature was located:

… the minimum measurements of Feature 1 are 87 x 68 x 9 cm. The feature’s fill consists of a single zone of black silty clay loam. A sparse amount of artifacts, primar-ily consisting of fire-cracked rock and bone, as well as one sherd, were recovered from Feature 1; a large metate and mano were located immediately adjacent to the feature. Based upon the sherd’s overall thickness, it is likely Early or Middle Woodland age. The flotation samples yielded five grit-tempered sherds, two of which exhibit incised lines over a cordmarked surface and are identified as Black Sand Incised. These two ceramics are therefore affiliated with the Early Woodland Black Sand occupation. The faunal assemblage from Feature 1 consists of white-tailed deer, muskrat, woodchuck, unidentified bird, bullhead, and unidentified fish. The botanical assemblage consists of a large quantity of thick-shelled hickory nutshell, as well as smaller amounts of hazelnut and black walnut nutshell; no carbonized seeds were recovered from Feature 1. Radiocarbon sample ISGS-6160 was submitted from this feature and returned a date of 1820+70 RCYBP (13C = -25.5, p = .05) (cal A.D. 90 [220] 320) (corrected utilizing the Stuiver and Reimer [1993] calibration program, version 4.3). Based on this radiocarbon date, Feature 1 is likely Middle Woodland age, with the Black Sand ceramics intrusive into the feature. [Fishel et al. 2008b:4–5]

Also, the stratigraphy documented in the archaeological test-units appeared to be substantially intact:

While a sparse number of temporally sensitive artifacts were recovered [including 14 projectile points, 236 grit-tempered pottery sherds, and one limestone/grog-tempered pottery sherd], these artifacts appear for the most part to fall within their correct stratigraphic position within the hand units. In HU 1, for example, the late Late Woodland Starved Rock Collared ceramics and arrows occur above the Middle Woodland material, while in HU 4 the Weaver material occurs above the Middle Woodland material. The Early Woodland Black Sand materials also occur near the base of the hand units. Artifacts outside their normal chronological placement at Heineken include a Godar point base occurring in the same level as Middle Woodland material in HU 4, a Terminal Archaic point base recovered from the second level of HU 5, above the Middle Woodland material, and an arrow point found from near the base of HU 2, below the Middle Woodland and Weaver ma-terials. This could indicate bioturbation or possibly the presence of poorly defined intrusive features within the midden. [Fishel et al. 2008b:4]

The recent ITARP investigations at the Heineken site did not confirm a midden deposit as deep as that indicated by Struever’s excavations there 50 years ago: “… which could simply mean that the deeper parts of the site have since been destroyed. However, is it possible that some of Struever’s test units cut through ‘sterile’ alluvial or colluvial

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deposits, thereby increasing the number of actual levels, giving the impression that the cultural deposits had greater depth than they actually did? If the Terminal Archaic component is the oldest at the site, this material is nowhere near 5 ft deep. … [The fact that] artifacts were not typically found [by Struever] below 4 ft in the midden raises the possibility that the 5 ft overall thickness may relate to pits that were unrecognized in the field” (David Nolan, pers. comm. 2007).

Prehistoric components recognized by Fishel at the Heineken site from the 2007 ITARP work (Fishel et al. 2008b:10–14) include a few artifacts that may date to a post-Titterington-phase Late Archaic “Hemphill complex” component, ca. 3350–2650 B.C. (cf. Farnsworth 1993; the grooved axe recovered by Struever may date to such a Hemphill occupation); a Terminal Archaic horizon, ca. 1350–800 B.C.; a Black Sand Early Woodland component, ca. 350–200 B.C.; a Havana tradition Middle Woodland component, ca. 150 B.C. – A.D. 200; an early Late Woodland Weaver component, ca. A.D. 250–600; a late Late Woodland Tampico component, ca. A.D. 750–1000; and a late Late Woodland Des Plaines complex component, ca. A.D. 800–1100.

Struever’s 1958–59 excavations at Heineken and ITARP’s excavations there 50 years later recovered diagnostic artifacts and cultural-affiliation evidence for many of the same prehistoric occupations at this complex prehistoric site locale. But there were some differences as well: “components noted by Struever and not documented by ITARP include the Early Woodland Marion, the Middle Woodland Morton, and Mississippian. The ITARP investigations also documented a Late Archaic Hemphill horizon occupation not noted by Struever” (Fishel 2008b:10).

Heineken Site in Regional Archaeological Research Context

Putnam County is bounded on the north and west by the distinctive “Big Bend” of the Illinois River valley, and southern part of the county straddles both sides of the Illinois valley below the Big Bend. Here, the east-west-flowing upper stream turns sharply southward to follow a 20 km south-southeast course to the lower Illinois Valley in Pike County, below which it flows directly south for the final 100 km above its conflu-ence with the Mississippi River at Grafton. Although the Utica and Starved Rock area some 35 km to the northeast was a focus for substantial early archaeological research (e.g., Baker et al. 1941; Brown 1961; Brown et al. 1967; Emerson 1999; Griffin 1945), surprisingly few archaeological sites are known in Putnam County itself, and nearly all of these are known only from sparse surface collections. Prior to Duane Esarey’s 1989 Illinois River shoreline-survey project for Dickson Mounds Museum, only 32 Putnam County archaeological sites were recorded in the Illinois Archaeological Survey (IAS) files for the entire county. Esarey’s shoreline surveys added 12 more sites to the list. From 1989 to 2002, when ITARP conducted its Highway 29 right-of-way surveys, only five more sites were added to the IAS site list for Putnam County. The ITARP surveys nearly doubled the countywide total (from 49 to 95 sites), but few of these produced


time-diagnostic artifacts and almost none of them has been subjected to more than a single surface survey.

Thus, in the 50 years following Stuart Struever’s Early and Middle Woodland-focused excavation studies at the only two known sites of this era in the county (Kuhne and Heineken), just three additional Putnam County sites have produced diagnostic Early or Middle Woodland ceramics. Two of these were documented by ITARP im-mediately north and south of the Heineken site, and are likely related to the Heineken occupation (11PM61 and 11PM85: see Figure 4). As discussed above, only the Amsdel site (PM85) has been tested. The third site (Bartkus mounds: 11PM21) is known only from a surface-survey sketch map and from private-collector salvage information in the IAS files. The six mounds of the Bartkus group are located atop the bluffs at the juncture of Allforks Creek and the Illinois Valley ca. 15 km northeast of Heineken (see Figure 1). In 1963, local collector, Frank Compasso, carried out a salvage excavation in Mound #3 when the north half of the mound was bulldozed by the landowner, exposing at least four burials. Diagnostic grave artifacts are not specifically mentioned, but Mr. Compasso collected 42 Middle and Late Woodland potsherds, six undescribed projectile points, four mussel shells, a bone awl, and a flake knife from the disturbed mound area.

The only other notable professional archaeological incursion into Putnam County took place 75 years ago. In 1933, Fay-Cooper Cole and Thorne Deuel of the University of Chicago sent an all-female excavation crew (Harriet Smith and assistants Dorothy Miller, Jean Stellman, and Betty Nelson) to Putnam County to excavate one of the mounds in the Wheeler (a.k.a. Senachwine) group just 2 km south of the Heineken site (see Figure 1). This mound group is not well documented, and the University of Chicago records do not provide an overall site map to specifically indicate which mound they dug. But a 1932 newspaper clipping in the Wheeler family scrapbook, which discusses a visit to the site by J. G. Prasuhm of Chicago’s Field Museum, indicates there were approximately 25 mounds in the group, five of which had been opened by landowner George Wheeler. The mounds were aligned along the crest of a high, curving floodplain terrace crest and were often referred to as a connected “serpent” mound (see illustrated Peoria Journal-Transcript article, December 18, 1932). The site was described by Harriet Smith in her 1933 field logbook, as follows:

The mounds of the Wheeler series extend about 1500 feet at the present time, having a right angle turn to follow the crest of the northern termination of the west-facing bluff and dwindling away to the east into the pastures and woodlots approaching Lake Senachwine. The mounds at the southern end of the group have been under cultivation on the Strosneider farm for so long as to be almost obliter-ated, although there seems to be some slight evidence for the “serpent-mound-with-coiled-tail” character claimed for it from hearsay. However, we had no evidence in Pmo1 that the underlying mound structure had a profile different from that of the normal bluff as shown in the test trenches. The individual members of the group vary in size and shape. Pmo1, selected as a typical and unpitted representative, was

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oval and of average size—4 ft. high and about 55 ft. by 25 ft.— with the longitudinal axis somewhat crescentic to follow the underlying structure [Smith et al. 1933].

The results of the University of Chicago mound dig have not been reported in print, but the excavation field logs, documents, and photos (e.g., Figure 20) are curated at the Illinois State Museum Research and Collection Center in Springfield. Two groups of burials were located in the mound: an upper (intrusive?) group including a flexed

Figure 20. University of Chicago excavations at one of the mounds in the Wheeler (Senachwine) Group in 1933: (upper) Harriet Smith (L) and Dorothy Miller (R) with landowner Leslie Wheeler using a horse-drawn scraper to remove mound overburden; (lower)1933 Wheeler Mound visitors George Wheeler (L), June Work (kneeling), and Katherine Miller (standing beside daughter Dorothy), view excavation progress with UC crew members (L to R) Betty Nelson, Harriet Smith, and Dorothy Miller.


burial and probably four bundle burials; and a lower group at the base of the mound or in a subfloor pit including at least three side-by-side extended burials (Smith et al. 1933). No artifacts were found directly associated with the burials but three heavily used projectile points were recovered from the mound fill: a Middle Archaic Matanzas point; an Early Woodland stemmed Kramer or Belknap point; and a blunted, hafted Middle Woodland scraper (Manker/Norton-like). Thus, it is possible that the lower burials are a Middle Woodland group.

The paucity of substantial modern archaeological work in the Big Bend area is per-haps underscored by the fact that the first modern radiocarbon date for any prehistoric occupation in Putnam County is the Middle Woodland date ITARP recently obtained from the Heineken site. Struever did run three dates from his Kuhne site excavations in the 1950s, but the samples were run by the University of Michigan labs (M-578 to M-580) in the early days of C-14 dating, and they are of very little chronological use [A.D. 289 + 200; 251 B.C. + 250; A.D. 169 + 300]. Regionally, the nearest comparable C-14 dates for any excavated Middle Woodland occupation in the Big Bend region are two dates obtained 10 years ago from pit feature contexts at the Dunecrest site in the Green River Lowland area of Bureau County 45 km NNW of Heineken (Walz 1998).

In light of this near absence of dated sites and substantial excavation projects in the Putnam County area, Struever’s 1950s excavation of the Kuhne site Middle Woodland and Weaver-era habitation midden would be an important data set to summarize and evaluate for comparison locally with the Heineken-site work and regionally with previ-ous Middle Woodland studies upstream in the Utica area (e.g., Baker et al. 1941; Griffin 1945) and downstream in the Havana-to-Peoria Central Illinois Valley area (e.g., Baker et al. 1941; Cantwell 1980; Cole and Deuel 1937; Farnsworth 2004; Henriksen 1957; McGregor 1952; Meinkoth 1995).

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Appendix 1

Heineken SiteMaterial Recovered by Stuart Struever in the

Summer of 1958, Four Miles North of Putnam,Putnam County, Ill.

Mixed Early and Middle Woodland

Paul W. Parmalee

Species No. of Elements

Mammals:Whitetail Deer, Odocoileus virginanus 595Muskrat, Ondatra zibethica 37Raccoon, Procyon lotor 30Beaver, Caston canadensis 10Mink, Mustela vison 9Striped Skunk, Mephitis mephitis 7Canis, probably Dog, Canis familiaris 7Elk, Cervus canadensis 6Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger 4Gray Fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus 3Woodchuck, Marmota monax 2Cottontail, Sylvalagus floridanus 2Gray Wolf, Canis lupus (probably) 1Chipmunk, Tamias striatus 1Coyote, Canis latrans 1River Otter, Lutra Canadensis 1Bobcat, Lynx rufus 1Red Fox, Vulpes fulva 1

Birds:Ring-necked Duck,Aythya collaris and/or A. affinis 20Duck spp. 16Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo 14Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos 8Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo jamacensis 5Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola 7Prairie Chicken, Tympanuchus cupido 4Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors and/or Green-winged Teal, A. carolinensis 4Pintail, Anas acuta 2Pied-billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps 2American Coot, Fulica Americana 2


Blue or Snow Goose, Chen sp. 1Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus 1

Turtles:Box Turtle, Terrapene sp. 20[Aquatic turtle], Pseudemys, Chrysemys, and/or Graptemys spp. 16Turtle sp. 10Soft-shelled Turtle, Trionyx sp. 2Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina 1

Fishes:Bowfin, Amia clava 24Bullhead, Ictalurus sp. 20Bass, Micropterus cf salmoides 6Northern Pike, Esox lucius 3Suckers and/or Buffalofish, Catostomidae 3Fresh-water Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens 2Gar, Lepisosteus sp. 1

Unidentified Bone Fragments:Unidentified large-mammal bone, probably deer 3,750Unidentified bird bone, probably turkey and waterfowl 42Unidentified fish bone 14

Fresh-Water Mussels:Actinonaias carinata 198Elliptio crassidens 136Amblema peruviana 54Elliptio dilatitus 50Plethobasus cyphyus 36Lampsilis ventricosa 28Obovaria olivaria 24Ligumis recta 23Quadrula metanevra 21Pleurobema cordatum 20Cyclonaias tuburculata 9Proptera alata 5Fusconaia undata 5Quadrula pustulosa 3Lampsilis siliquoidea 3Lasmugona costata 2Fusconaia ebenus 2Lasmagona complanata 1Plagiola lineolata 1Tritogonia verrucosa 1Anodonta sp. 1

Farnsworth 123

Snails:Anguispira kochi 62Anguispira alternata 22Mesodon clasus 21Triodopsis multilineata 11Mesodon thyroidus 10Triodopsis albolabris 1Pleurocera acuta 1

Acknowledgments

This overview summary of Struever’s Heineken site excavations was originally prepared in 2003, at the urging of ITARP Director, Thomas Emerson, and Western Illinois Sur-vey Coordinator, Dave Nolan, as an historical background study for ITARP’s ongoing Highway 29 IDOT archaeological survey project. I am grateful to Stuart Struever, who provided me with a historical perspective on his 1950s work in Putnam County and offered helpful advice for reassembling and interpreting archival pieces of the puzzle. An earlier draft of this report benefited greatly from detailed review comments by Dave Nolan, Rich Fishel, Rochelle Lurie, and an anonymous reviewer.

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