Archaeological Investigations atJamestown’s Structure 24

Audrey J. HorningKaren B. Wehner

National Park Service | Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

Area 3

Area 2

Refuse Pit 5

Well 20

Structure 24

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5m

Archaeological Investigations atJamestown’s Structure 24

by

Audrey J. Horningand

Karen B. Wehner

Prepared for:Colonial National Historical Park

National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

Cooperative Agreement CA-4000-2-1017

Prepared by:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

College of William & Mary

Marley R. Brown IIIPrincipal Investigator

Williamsburg, Virginia2001

Table of Contents

Page

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iiiAcknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ viiDedication .................................................................................................................................... ixAbstract and Management Summary .............................................................................................. xi

Chapter 1. Archaeology in New Towne .......................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2. The Jamestown Archaeological Assessment .................................................................... 7Description ............................................................................................................................ 7Research Design .................................................................................................................. 10

Chapter 3. Structure 24: Historical and Archaeological Background .............................................. 11Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11Background ......................................................................................................................... 12Historical Data ..................................................................................................................... 13Artisans in Colonial Virginia .................................................................................................. 15Archaeological Implications .................................................................................................. 16Structure 24 ........................................................................................................................ 16

General Description ...................................................................................................... 16Documentation ............................................................................................................ 17Artifacts ...................................................................................................................... 17

Well 20 ............................................................................................................................... 18General Description ...................................................................................................... 18Documentation ............................................................................................................ 18Artifacts ...................................................................................................................... 21

Refuse Pit 5 ......................................................................................................................... 22General Description ...................................................................................................... 22Documentation ............................................................................................................ 22Artifacts ...................................................................................................................... 24

Comparative Analysis: Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5 ................................................................... 25Str 24 and the 1667 Turf Fort .............................................................................................. 27Archaeological Potential ....................................................................................................... 32

Chapter 4. 1998 Investigations at Structure 24 ............................................................................. 35Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 35Geophysical Prospecting 1993 and 1994 ............................................................................. 351998 Excavation .................................................................................................................. 37Area 1 ................................................................................................................................. 39

Major Finds ................................................................................................................ 42

Artifact Analysis ........................................................................................................... 43Parkzone ............................................................................................................. 43Archaeological Backfill ........................................................................................ 46Plowzone ............................................................................................................ 46

Area 2 ................................................................................................................................. 48Major Finds ................................................................................................................ 49Artifact Analysis ........................................................................................................... 52

Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 52

Chapter 5. 1999 Investigations at Structure 24 ............................................................................. 53Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 53Area 3 ................................................................................................................................. 56

Major Finds ................................................................................................................ 56North Wall .......................................................................................................... 56Hearth ................................................................................................................. 57Features Associated with Plowzone Interface ....................................................... 59

Artifact Analysis, Areas 2 and 3 ........................................................................................... 61Parkzone ..................................................................................................................... 62Archaeological Backfill ................................................................................................ 62Other Twentieth-Century Features ............................................................................... 63Plowzone .................................................................................................................... 65Plowzone Interface ...................................................................................................... 70Occupation Layer and Related Features ....................................................................... 71

Structure 24 Living Surface .................................................................................. 72Hearth ................................................................................................................. 73Brick Rubble Feature ........................................................................................... 73Postholes ............................................................................................................. 74

Soil Chemistry and Artifact Analysis ..................................................................................... 74Area 4 ................................................................................................................................. 86

Artifact Analysis ........................................................................................................... 87Parkzone ............................................................................................................. 87Plowzone ............................................................................................................ 88Grey Mottled Clay Layer ...................................................................................... 89Features Cutting Grey Layer ................................................................................. 91

Interpretation ................................................................................................................ 91Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 93

Table of Contents (cont’d)

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Table of Contents (cont’d)

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Chapter 6. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................. 95Review of Findings ............................................................................................................... 95

Site Dating .................................................................................................................... 95Soil Chemistry Analysis ................................................................................................. 96

Structure 24, Refuse Pit 5, and Well 20: Evidence of Gunsmithing .......................................... 96Structure 24 and the Martin’s Hundred Connection ............................................................. 100Life in the Jackson Household ............................................................................................. 102The Jacksons and Life as an Artisan in Early Jamestown ...................................................... 104Structure 24 and Recommendations for the Future ............................................................... 105

References Cited ........................................................................................................................ 109

AppendicesAppendix 1. Artifact Inventory ............................................................................................ 113

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List of Figures

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Figure 1. Location of Jamestown Island ........................................................................................... 1Figure 2. Location of New Towne ................................................................................................... 2Figure 3. Location of APVA property .............................................................................................. 3Figure 4. Excavations in the 1930s. ................................................................................................. 4Figure 5. Archaeological base map (Cotter 1958) ............................................................................ 5Figure 6. Chesapeake earthfast dwelling .......................................................................................... 9Figure 7. Concentrations of early manufacturing activity in New Towne .......................................... 11Figure 8. Structure 24 vicinity ........................................................................................................ 12Figure 9. Richard Stephens’s waterfront lot ................................................................................... 13Figure 10. Location of Jackson property ....................................................................................... 14Figure 11. Location of Martin’s Hundred ....................................................................................... 14Figure 12. Pottery produced by the Martin’s Hundred potter, Thomas Ward .................................. 15Figure 13. Photograph of Structure 24 .......................................................................................... 17Figure 14. Location of Well 20 ...................................................................................................... 18Figure 15. Plan and section of Well 20 .......................................................................................... 19Figure 16. Excavation of Well 20 with assistance from Girl Scouts ................................................. 20Figure 17. Well 20 excavation, December 1955, showing Jamestown coarse earthenware jug ........ 20Figure 18. Well 20 excavation, showing the western section of the well fill ...................................... 21Figure 19. Ceramic analysis, Well 20 ............................................................................................. 22Figure 20. Location of Refuse Pit 5 ............................................................................................... 23Figure 21. Plan view of Refuse Pit 5 .............................................................................................. 23Figure 22. Refuse Pit 5 excavation ................................................................................................ 24Figure 23. Ceramic analysis, Refuse Pit 5 ...................................................................................... 25Figure 24. Pipestem analysis, Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5 .................................................................. 27Figure 25. Postulated location of the turf fort, based upon 1950s and 1990s archaeological

research and historical documentation .................................................................................... 28Figure 26. Reverend John Clayton’s map showing the turf fort ....................................................... 29Figure 27. Aerial view of turf fort excavation area .......................................................................... 31Figure 28. Plan of 1993 excavation in relation to the orientation of the turf fort ................................ 32Figure 29. 1993 geophysical prospecting ....................................................................................... 36Figure 30. 1994 geophysical findings from the vicinity of the Turf Fort and Structure 24 .................. 37Figure 31. Students beginning excavation at Structure 24 ............................................................... 38Figure 32. Location of Area 1 and Area 2 ..................................................................................... 38Figure 33. Excavation in Area 2 showing foundation survival .......................................................... 39Figure 34. Forman holes at Structure 24 ........................................................................................ 40Figure 35. Pothole testing in New Towne, 1930s ........................................................................... 40Figure 36. Map of Area 1 excavation ............................................................................................ 41Figure 37. Sectioned Forman hole ................................................................................................. 42Figure 38. Aerial view, Aera 1 ....................................................................................................... 43Figure 39. Parkzone ceramic analysis, Area 1 ................................................................................ 44

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Figure 40. Parkzone glass analysis, Area 1 .................................................................................... 45Figure 41. Plowzone artifact analysis, Area 1 ................................................................................. 47Figure 42. Ceramic analysis, Area 1 plowzone ............................................................................... 48Figure 43. Pipestem analysis, plowzone Area 1 .............................................................................. 49Figure 44. Excavation map of Area 2 ............................................................................................ 50Figure 45. Context 154 covering foundation area ........................................................................... 50Figure 46. Piece-plotting context 190 at Structure 24 .................................................................... 51Figure 47. Aerial view of the 1998 excavation, showing foundation remains .................................... 52Figure 48. 1999 excavations at Structure 24 .................................................................................. 53Figure 49. 1999 excavation areas at Structure 24 .......................................................................... 55Figure 50. Section drawing of utility trench .................................................................................... 56Figure 51. Location of Area 3 ....................................................................................................... 57Figure 52. Relict bricks at Structure 24 ......................................................................................... 57Figure 53. View of the hearth ........................................................................................................ 58Figure 54. Location of the hearth ................................................................................................... 59Figure 55. Location of associated posts ......................................................................................... 60Figure 56. Postholes associated with those found in Area 2 ............................................................ 60Figure 57. Location of brick scatters ............................................................................................. 60Figure 58. Brick rubble feature ...................................................................................................... 61Figure 59. Re-excavated utility trench ............................................................................................ 63Figure 60. Context 532 pit ............................................................................................................ 64Figure 61. Plowzone artifact analysis, Areas 2 and 3 ...................................................................... 65Figure 62. WC mark on excavated tobacco pipestem .................................................................... 68Figure 63. Plowzone pipestem analysis, Area 2 and 3 .................................................................... 69Figure 64. Artifact analysis, Structure 24 occupation layers (contexts 190 and 231) and

related features compared to plowzone ................................................................................. 71Figure 65. Distribution of all ceramics ............................................................................................ 75Figure 66. Distribution of glass ...................................................................................................... 76Figure 67. Distribution of pipestems .............................................................................................. 77Figure 68. Distribution of utility earthenwares ................................................................................. 78Figure 69. Distribution of case bottle glass ..................................................................................... 79Figure 70. Distribution of fine ceramics .......................................................................................... 80Figure 71. Distribution of potassium .............................................................................................. 82Figure 72. Distribution of gunsmithing objects ................................................................................ 83Figure 73. Distribution of lead sprue objects .................................................................................. 84Figure 74. Distribution of lead shot ................................................................................................ 85Figure 75. Location of Area 4 excavation ...................................................................................... 86Figure 76. Excavating in Area 4 ..................................................................................................... 87Figure 77. Plan view of features in Area 4 ...................................................................................... 88Figure 78. Jamestown pottery cauldron leg .................................................................................... 88

List of Figures (cont’d)

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Figure 79. Areas 2, 3, and 4 plowzone artifact analysis .................................................................. 89Figure 80. Areas 2, 3, and 4 plowzone ceramic analysis ................................................................. 90Figure 81. Grey mottled clay layer with intact feature fills ............................................................... 91Figure 82. Distribution of total phosphorus .................................................................................... 92Figure 83. Plan of Structure 24 excavations and results, 1998-1999 .............................................. 93Figure 84. Distribution of magnesium ............................................................................................. 97Figure 85. Distribution of calcium .................................................................................................. 98Figure 86. Structure 24, Well 20, and Refuse Pit 5 ........................................................................ 99Figure 87. Lead sprue and shot from Structure 24 ....................................................................... 100Figure 88. Dutch candlestick base from Well 20 .......................................................................... 103Figure 89. Cribbage board fragment from Refuse Pit 5 ................................................................ 104Figure 90. Property holding along the Jamestown waterfront in the 1620s .................................... 105Figure 91. Excavation at Structure 24, 1998 ................................................................................ 106

List of Tables

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Table 1. Ceramic analysis, Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5 ...................................................................... 26Table 2. Artifact analysis, Areas 2 and 3 ........................................................................................ 62Table 3. Ceramic analysis, Plowzone, Areas 2 and 3 ...................................................................... 67

List of Figures (cont’d)

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The investigations at Structure 24 in 1998and 1999 could never have occurred with-out the contributions of many individuals and

institutions. First, we would like to thank EasternNational Parks and Recreation for funding two fieldseasons of investigations at Structure 24, as wellas funding the post-excavation analysis. We aregrateful to the National Park Service, and in par-ticularly Superintendent Alec Gould and Chief His-torian Karen Rehm of Colonial National HistoricalPark, for supporting the project. The enthusiasm,interest, and assistance of park staff, particularlyJamestown historian Diane Stallings, curator DavidRiggs, and Cultural Resource Specialist JaneSundberg was of incalculable aid.

The project at Structure 24 was the directresult of research conducted during the JamestownArchaeological Assessment, funded by the NationalPark Service and carried out via a cooperativeagreement with the Colonial Williamsburg Foun-dation, which acted in coordination with the Col-lege of William & Mary. We owe an incalculabledebt of gratitude to all the researchers who partici-pated in the Assessment, which was directed byCary Carson and Marley Brown of ColonialWilliamsburg.

Perhaps the most considerable debt of grati-tude is owed to Martha McCartney, historian forthe Jamestown Archaeological Assessment, whosedetailed researches allowed for the attribution ofStructure 24 to the occupancy of John Jacksonthe gunsmith. Martha’s willingness to share her con-siderable knowledge and thoughtful suggestions hascontinued through the final days of writing this re-port.

In the field, the actual excavation was carriedout by students from the College of William & Mary,enrolled in the summer archaeological field schoolrun by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Theirenthusiasm and good humor combined with theirhard work produced many unforgettable memo-ries in addition to the rediscovery of Structure 24.

Coordination of the fieldwork was the task of Co-lonial Williamsburg Foundation staff archaeologistAndrew Edwards, who also lent his considerablephotographic and interpretive skills to the excava-tion.

In 1998, visiting archaeologists Orloff Millerand Nick Brannon volunteered their own time toexcavate in the Jamestown heat, while ElizabethGrzymala, Michael Jarvis, Grant Gilmore, LilyRichards, Harrison Wehner, and Jason Bellingerlent their assistance at the end of the excavation, asdid graduate history interns from the College of Wil-liam & Mary.

In 1999, William & Mary American Studiesgraduate student Andrea Westcott and ColonialWilliamsburg Foundation project archaeologist LilyRichards assisted in supervising and instructing stu-dents on the site, and generally made lunch breaksamidst the heat and stinging flies something to lookforward to.

The data analysis on which this report isbased—not to mention the report itself—neverwould have been completed had it not been for thegenerosity of so many colleagues in the ColonialWilliamsburg Foundation’s Department of Ar-chaeological Research. Lab Technician SusanChristie cheerfully and painstakingly coded andcatalogued every artifact recovered in the project,even when it seemed as if they never would quitestop trickling in. Thanks to Archaeological Cura-tor Bill Pittman for key artifact identifications. Staffarchaeologist David Muraca patiently instructed theauthors in the use of Surfer three-dimensional map-ping software, facilitating the spatial plotting of ar-tifact distributions across the site. No matter howbusy they were, staff archaeologist Gregory Brownand draftsperson Heather Harvey always found timeto enhance the clarity and appearance of our databy sharing their considerable computer-basedanalysis and presentation skills. And if it were notfor the patience of project archaeologist LucieVinciguerra, there would be no AutoCAD maps

Acknowledgments

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recording Structure 24 and its associated featuresfor posterity. Finally, Andy Edwards must once againbe thanked for continuing to assist the analysis ofStructure 24 during the post-excavation phase intoo many ways to enumerate, and is humbly ac-knowledged for providing continual assistance toboth authors who were toiling many hours awayfrom Williamsburg.

Finally, thanks is extended to our currenthome institutions: the Queen’s University ofBelfast and New York University, for allowing usto complete this report on an extremely impor-tant and interesting early American domestic sitewhen we probably should have been doing otherwork…

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Dedication

This report is dedicated to the memory of Dr. John L. Cotter, director of the 1950s archaeo-logical investigations at Jamestown, who sadly passed away on February 5, 1999. Dr. Cotterwas the first to recognize the potential of Structure 24 and the associated Well 20 andRefuse Pit 5, writing in his 1958 report on the archaeology of New Towne that “Structure 24was an early 17th-century feature of considerable importance,” and lamenting that the build-ing “was never relocated and fully excavated” during his tenure at Jamestown.

We hope he would be pleased that, 40 years later, this task finally was accomplished.

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Abstract and Management Summary

Acting upon recommendations made by theColonial Williamsburg Foundation to theNational Park Service resulting from the

five-year Jamestown Archaeological Assessment,two seasons of fieldwork were carried out atJamestown’s Structure 24. Located in the easternend of the seventeenth-century townsite, Structure24 was one of the first buildings unearthed in the1930s during the first government-sponsored ar-chaeological investigations in the former Virginiacapital. Discovered by a team working under thedirection of architectural historian Henry ChandleeForman, the building was poorly recorded witheven its exact location left uncertain. Following the1950s discovery of an early seventeenth-centurywell and associated refuse pit near the presumedlocation of Structure 24, archaeologist John Cot-ter posited the inclusion of the enigmatic buildingwith these features as part of an early domesticcomplex. Historical research carried out during theJamestown Archaeological Assessment by histo-rian Martha McCartney identified the first occu-pants of the lot surrounding the presumed locationof Structure 24 as the family of a gunsmith namedJohn Jackson, a Jamestown resident in the 1610sand 1620s. The dearth of known archaeologicalsites in New Towne related to the initial settlementof the town, and the association of this probabledomestic complex with a craftsperson, led to theformulation of a research plan to locate and inves-tigate Structure 24.

Following two summer field seasons, the re-search excavations at Structure 24 yielded the out-lines of a sixteen-by-twenty-four-foot dwellingwhich can clearly be associated with the occupancyof the Jackson family. Employing a non-invasive,preservationist excavation strategy, careful analy-sis of plowzone soils and artifacts allowed for thisattribution without the further destruction of theephemeral traces of a very important earlyJamestown site. In combination with re-analysisof materials found in associated features which

were excavated in the 1950s, and recent docu-mentary research carried out through theJamestown Archaeological Assessment, a compel-ling portrait of the life of an early Jamestown arti-san and his family has emerged. Contrary toexpectation, the lifestyle enjoyed by the Jacksonfamily as revealed through the combination ofsources contrasts sharply with their non-urbancounterparts at places like Martin’s Hundred.

While Jamestown ultimately failed as a town,the example of the Jackson family indicates that inthe early years of the colony, it was quite possibleto thrive in the capital town. The range of importedgoods recovered from the site underscoresJamestown’s position in a global trade spearheadedby the English, resulting in the availability of Dutch,Spanish, German, Portuguese, and Italian items ofmaterial culture to urban residents and those withthe wherewithal to journey to Jamestown for theirshopping. The findings from Structure 24 similarlysuggest that our understanding of the lot of earlyVirginia craftspeople needs revision. It has longbeen recognized that many emigrating artisansabandoned their trades to pursue tobacco cultiva-tion, as evidenced in the numerous pieces of legis-lature proposed and passed requiring craftsmen toply their trades. Ironically, many of those whosought their fortunes in tobacco found only pov-erty and hardship, while those, like Jackson, whodid continue to pursue their respective trade flour-ished.

Additionally, the excavation provided addi-tional insight into the location and the constructionof Jamestown’s “turf fort,” built to guard againstDutch incursions in the 1660s. Excavation and re-assessment work in 1993 had pinpointed one bas-tion of this fort, and the work involved in searchingfor Structure 24 unearthed a portion of a ditch withassociated post holes associated with the disusedfort. In addition to broadening our understandingof the nature of life in the first years of Jamestown’sNew Towne, as well as our understanding of the

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lifestyle enjoyed by the few craftspeople who ac-tually settled in the town, the Structure 24 excava-tion stands as a model for future work in the townsiteand at other archaeological sites which are not un-der threat from development.

1

Jamestown Island is situated on the James River,within James City County, Virginia (Figure 1).Most famous as the location for the first per-

manent English settlement in the New World, be-gun in May of 1607 as a private venture financedby the Virginia Company of London, Jamestownalso served as the capital of the Virginia colonyuntil 1699. Legendary for its swampy environmentand accompanying bad water, Jamestown Island,in actuality a peninsula in 1607, attracted Englishsettlers principally because it once had a deep andprotected natural harbor. Presently, approximately1500 acres of the Island are owned and maintainedby the National Park Service, while the remaining22½ acres are owned and maintained by Associa-tion for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities(APVA), who received the property by private gift

in 1893. Archaeology has been carried out atJamestown for over one hundred years (Figure 2).

Jamestown archaeology holds a special placein the study of American history, and more impor-tantly in the development of the discipline of his-torical archaeology. Beyond unearthing a signifi-cant portion of the seventeenth-century settlement,the major archaeological initiatives sponsored bythe National Park Service in the 1930s and 1950saided in legitimizing, publicizing, and popularizingarchaeological investigations of the post-Europeancontact phase of North American history.

Limited antiquarian excavations had alreadybeen carried out in several parts of the island be-fore the well-known archaeological initiatives spear-headed by the National Park Service, which be-gan in 1934. In 1892, Edward and Louise Barney

Chapter 1.Summary of Archaeology in New Towne

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Jamestown

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Figure 1. Location of Jamestown Island.

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NewTowne

J a m e s R i v e r

Figure 2. Location of New Towne.

of Dayton, Ohio acquired the whole of JamestownIsland. One year later, in the first true attempt topreserve the site of the first permanent Englishsettlement, the Barneys donated a 22½ acre par-cel to the Association for the Preservation of Vir-ginia Antiquities (Figure 3). The donated propertyincluded the ruined brick church tower, which wasconstructed sometime after the completion of thefirst brick church in 1647, which survived as theonly above-ground architectural trace of the sev-enteenth-century settlement. While a seawall to pro-tect the western edge of the island from erosionwas under construction, APVA founder Mary Jef-frey Galt directed archaeological work around thechurch tower, digging “quite deep inside of the Southwall of the Church” where she “discovered the in-ner wall composed of large bricks and cobblestones” (Lindgren 1993: 113). Galt was aided inher archaeological and preservation activities in thechurchyard by John Tyler, Jr., son of Virginia his-torian and College of William & Mary presidentLyon G. Tyler, and Colonel Samuel Yonge, the en-gineer responsible for the construction of the sea-

wall along the eroding shoreline. During his work,Yonge noted the remains of a brick cellar erodinginto the river, which led him to excavate and capthe foundations of a row of houses now known—erroneously—as the Ludwell Statehouse Group.

As the APVA concentrated its efforts uponrestoring the churchyard and later reconstructingthe church in preparation for the 1907 tercente-nary celebration, the Barney family apparently hiredworkmen of their own to excavate structures in theNew Towne portion of Jamestown. The extent oftheir excavating is unclear. The Barneys, or theirworkmen, excavated the easternmost unit of thethree-unit rowhouse known as Structure 17, as thearchaeologists and architectural historians who ex-cavated the rest of the building in the 1930s notedthat one cellar had been left open to the elements.Work was also done on this structure by a bankerand history buff from Richmond, George C. Gre-gory, in 1932. Additionally, Structure 117, a pre-1650 dwelling in the western portion of NewTowne, was partially excavated by Colonel andMrs. Barney’s daughter Louise. In the midst of all

3

of the preparations for the 1907 celebration, thenation took its first step in securing the preserva-tion of Federally owned historic resources in pass-ing the 1906 Antiquities Act, which would soonprovide protection for the archaeological resourceson Jamestown Island when in 1934 all of the islandbut the APVA property was acquired for ColonialNational Monument (now Colonial National His-torical Park). Although the resources on the 22½acres privately owned by the APVA do not enjoyFederal protection, the acreage was designated aNational Historic Site in 1940.

When the first government-sponsored ar-chaeological excavations began at Jamestown in1934, the work was initially supervised by sepa-rate teams of architectural historians and archae-ologists (Figure 4). At that time, American archae-ologists were trained in excavating Native Ameri-can sites of far greater antiquity than the 330-year-old English town, and were unaccustomed to theartifacts and architecture associated with Englishsettlement. Following the model recently establishedby the nearby Williamsburg Restoration (now Co-

lonial Williamsburg), which relied upon architec-tural historians to restore as well as unearth andreconstruct the eighteenth-century town, theJamestown project specified that any uncoveredbuildings be excavated and recorded by architec-tural historians, while efforts to record the non-ar-chitectural pieces of the seventeenth-century townbe left to the archaeologists. Almost inevitably, thissituation led to rivalry and distrust, to the detrimentof the archaeology. Following the disintegration ofworking relations, a new professional, Jean C.Harrington, was hired to provide unified leader-ship. Experienced both in the nature and practiceof archaeology as well as American historical ar-chitecture and material culture, Harrington ablybegan directing the Jamestown project in 1936,by extension establishing the course of Americanhistorical archaeology for decades to follow.

Under Harrington’s direction, archaeologistsrevealed the outline of the original town throughthe discovery of fifty-two brick foundations, sev-enteen wells, a series of brick, pottery, and limekilns, and a host of landscape features including

Figure 3. Location of APVA property.

Jamestown Island

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paved walks, drains, boundary ditches, fencelines,and road traces. World War II put a halt to theexcavation effort before Harrington could begin themore substantive synthesis of the discoveries thathe had intended. Even before the artifacts unearthedbetween 1934 and 1941 had all been washed, letalone analyzed, preparations for the 1957 anniver-sary of the Jamestown landing were underway. In1954, archaeologists John Cotter, Edward Jelks,Bruce Powell, Joel Shiner, and Louis Caywoodwere recruited to spearhead the discovery of morebuildings at Jamestown. Under their direction,workmen excavated six more miles of archaeo-logical trenches across previously unexplored ar-eas of the townsite, unearthing major brick build-ings, slight frame cottages, seven more wells, ar-eas of manufacturing activity, and additional land-scape features. The team was required to workrapidly, with excavations to be wrapped up in timefor the massive landscaping planned for the 1957anniversary.

In 1958 the most significant piece of work toemerge from the anniversary initiative, John Cotter’scomprehensive report on archaeology in the town-

site, was published. Not only did Cotter report onhis own findings, but he also analyzed the discov-eries of the 1930s, often forced to base those in-terpretations upon only the scantiest of clues. Thearchaeological base map accompanying the report(Figure 5), which includes all of the features andstructures unearthed at Jamestown, is still the mostbasic tool used in understanding the townsite. Thecompilation of the map was a monumental task,particularly as many of the sites examined in the1930s, such as Structure 24, which was discov-ered before Harrington’s arrival on site, were notadequately recorded, if recorded at all. After the1957 anniversary, archaeological work atJamestown ended until the inception of theJamestown Archaeological Assessment in 1992.The work of the Assessment (described in the nextchapter ) focused upon the creation of an holisticdatabase of cultural resources present onJamestown Island and spearheaded the revisedunderstanding of the development of the seven-teenth-century capital town that allowed for theidentification of Structure 24 as a significant siteworthy of further investigation.

Figure 4. Excavations in the 1930s (CNHP).

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Figure 5. Archaeological base map (Cotter 1958).

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Description

In October of 1992, Cooperative AgreementCA4000-2-1017 was established between theNational Park Service and the Colonial

Williamsburg Foundation, acting with the Collegeof William & Mary and the College’s Virginia In-stitute for Marine Science, as a means to achieve athorough assessment of all cultural resourcespresent on the publicly-owned portion ofJamestown Island, part of Colonial National His-torical Park. Designed as an interdisciplinary ef-fort, the five-year Jamestown Assessment projectaimed to obtain, organize, and make accessible ar-chaeological, geological, historical, and biblio-graphical data necessary for adequate managementof Jamestown’s cultural resources. Relying uponthe skills of individuals trained in archaeology, his-torical research, architectural history, bibliography,material culture research, Geographic InformationSystems (GIS), marine science, geology,microstratigraphy, geophysics, palynology, dendro-chronology, archaeobotany, climatology and evenreplicative ceramic technology, an holistic evalua-tion of the cultural resources present upon the 1500-acre publicly-owned portion of Jamestown Islandhas been compiled.

From its inception, the Assessment differedfrom the earlier federally-funded archaeologicalinitiatives. There was no massive moving of earth,no push to unearth new features. When the projectbegan in 1992, the National Park Service storagecabinets were already bursting with artifacts foundat Jamestown; some of the material had never beencataloged. A primary goal of the assessment wasto capitalize on this vast legacy, spending the timein careful analysis. Well-armed with questions aboutthe human past of Jamestown Island, the Assess-ment team developed innovative means of address-ing those questions without further, unnecessarydamage to the buried archaeological resources.

Lessons were learned from the past, when the con-tagious enthusiasm for discovery overwhelmed theability to care for and analyze the discoveries them-selves.

The first step for the Assessment project wasto return to the work of previous archaeologists.Cupboards filled with artifacts were re-opened andtheir contents carefully examined. Stacks of hand-written field notes, now carefully conserved andfiled, were scrutinized for clues and new informa-tion. Photographs and maps of buildings as well asthe merest soil stain were poured over. Since 1958,the last time that Jamestown’s archaeological re-mains were comprehensively analyzed, archaeolo-gists in the Chesapeake region have greatly ad-vanced their understanding of the architecture, ar-tifacts, land use and general history of seventeenth-century settlement. Fresh eyes and a wealth of newinformation quickly provided a revision of the chro-nology and even function of many of Jamestown’sbuildings, based upon dates of manufacture forparticular ceramics or architectural styles. Suchchronological data serves as the basis upon whichto build an understanding of the daily activities andexperiences of the people who interacted with thebuilt and natural landscape of Jamestown Island,as reflected in their houses, manufactories, streets,gardens, and garbage.

Attention was also turned to the island out-side of the townsite. Most of the previous archaeo-logical efforts had been focused on the southernshores of the island, where the seventeenth-cen-tury population was concentrated. Archaeologistsfrom the College of William & Mary traversed theentire island, excavating small test pits at regularintervals in order to locate buried archaeologicalsites. As the result of this work, 58 sites represent-ing nearly continuous human occupation beginning10,500 years ago were discovered, allowing us toask questions about the changing nature of NativeAmerican activity on the island over time as well as

Chapter 2.The Jamestown Archaeological Assessment

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addressing the European use of the Island from1607 through to the present (Blanton et al. 2000).The discovery of several outlying seventeenth-cen-tury English sites will enable future investigators toexamine Jamestown in relation to its hinterland,aided by a formidable data base of excavated sev-enteenth-century sites throughout the Chesapeakeregion. In addition to chronicling the prehistoric useof the island and the development of seventeenth-century farmsteads on the outskirts of town, theAssessment also documented the changes in hu-man settlement and activity during the eighteenth,nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.

No understanding of historic settlement onJamestown Island is complete, or even possible,without the incorporation of the documentaryrecord with the material record. Archival researchinto the appearance and ownership of propertieson the Island, the basis for a renewed understand-ing of development at Jamestown, has long beenhampered by the destruction of official countyrecords during the Civil War. Lacking these countydocuments, Assessment historian MarthaMcCartney culled data from private family papers,public and private materials housed in England,surviving Company, military, and colonial records,personal narratives, and extant maps. These dis-parate sources provided sufficient clues to allowfor an almost complete reconstruction of seven-teenth-century property ownership at Jamestown.With the aid of computerized drafting, property lineswere drawn and overlaid atop maps showing ar-chaeological features, providing a reliable associa-tion of known structures with their owners.

With this new understanding of Jamestown’sarchaeology and land ownership in hand, a seriesof limited and directed excavations were under-taken throughout the townsite, often re-examiningstructures and features which had been poorly re-corded or understood in the past, and designed totest the utility of a series of experimental techniques.The knowledge gained from the study of artifactdistributions and from the historical research alsoled to the search for selected documented build-ings in previously un-excavated portions of thetown. Over six summer field seasons, sites span-

ning the chronology and area of seventeenth-cen-tury New Towne were carefully sampled, provid-ing critical new data about the development andappearance of New Towne and its buildings as wellas drawing a portrait of the landscape of the townas revealed through environmental analysis. Mostimportantly, the archaeological excavations havealso informed our understanding of the everydayexperiences of those who lived in Jamestown andthose who merely passed through the capital.

As a direct result of the Jamestown Archaeo-logical Assessment, a document outlining areas offuture research was submitted to the National ParkService in 1998, entitled Recommendations forFuture Research in Jamestown’s New Towne.In addition to recommending further research intothe post-seventeenth-century resources atJamestown, three priorities for research were iden-tified that relate to the decision to investigate Struc-ture 24. First, the report noted that our knowledgeof everyday life in Jamestown has been constrainedby the architectural emphasis of previous investi-gations, suggesting that it will be necessary in thefuture to intensively examine entire lots to get a senseof the cultural landscape of Jamestown, and themore specific yard activities associated with indi-vidual households. The initial phase of a study ofthis sort was proposed for the Structure 24 vicin-ity.

Second, the report acknowledged that oneof the glaring absences from the archaeological basemap of Jamestown are earthfast structures. Over-whelmingly the primary architectural form usedthroughout the Chesapeake (Figure 6), post-in-ground structures should be equivalently prolific atJamestown. Previous archaeological methods, par-ticularly cross-trenching, made the identification ofthe archaeological traces of these structures nearlyimpossible. Testing on lots with documentary evi-dence for structures, such as the John Jackson lot,was recommended.

Third, the need to address the commercialfunction of Jamestown more completely was iden-tified by the report. Designated sole port of entryin the 1620s and 1630s, Jamestown clearly playedan important role as an entrepot at least during the

9

first half of the seventeenth century. How success-ful was Jamestown as a port? What types of build-ings lined the waterfront and how were they used?What types of goods came into the colony, andwhat, beyond tobacco, was exported? Wherewere the goods coming from? What role didJamestown play in the developing slave trade ofthe seventeenth century? While portions of thewaterfront have been lost to erosion, there are a

number of locations where documents do pinpointmercantile activity. The Structure 24 domestic com-plex is located adjacent to the waterfront, and ap-pears to have been owned and occupied by anartisan. The Jackson property is also sandwichedbetween lots owned by merchants, commendingthe investigation of the property. Thus the 1998Recommendations report identified the Structure24 vicinity as a high priority site both for address-

Figure 6. Chesapeake earthfast dwelling (from Carson et al. 1981: 143).

10

ing questions about the waterfront, about the na-ture of very early settlement in New Towne, andalso regarding the material life and experiences ofartisans in the early capital.

Before further addressing the specifics of in-vestigations at Structure 24, the overall researchdesign for the Jamestown Archaeological Assess-ment should be reviewed as the context for theextension of activities in the townsite.

Research Design

The research design of the Jamestown Archaeo-logical Assessment as a whole professed five statedobjectives, as follows:

I. To collect together all previous archaeologi-cal, architectural, and documentary materi-als, and provide a management environmentfor analysis and recovery of these data;

II. To isolate and test through archaeologicalfieldwork a series of questions arising fromprevious work;

III. To identify, map, and assess archaeologicallysignificant activity areas in the periphery ofthe town site itself and in the more remotehinterland, both for the prehistoric and his-toric periods;

IV. To draw upon the results of the above andpresent a comprehensive interpretation of theevolution of Jamestown Island and its oc-

cupation and to identify and recommend fur-ther avenues of research; and

V. To create a source for educational materialsthat spans the academic spectrum which ad-dresses questions both local to Jamestownitself and to the wider context of the evolu-tion of Virginia and the United States as awhole.

The overall organization of the five-yearproject relied upon a four-stage work plan. Thefirst stage, designed primarily for the initial twoyears of the project, included the compilation ofknown data regarding artifacts, archival and bib-liographical material, new historical research, gath-ering of geologic and vegetational data, geophysi-cal testing, and the compilation of digital map data.The second phase of the project included the inte-gration of the data so far accumulated, and alsoincluded limited archaeological testing in the town-site, and the archaeological survey of JamestownIsland outside of the townsite. The third stage inthe work program emphasized analysis and inte-gration of the interdisciplinary study, and the fourthand final phase was concerned with the overall in-terpretation and presentation of data gatheredthroughout the project. The investigations at Struc-ture 24 which took place in 1998 and 1999 werea direct outgrowth of the final synthetic stage which,as noted above, identified key areas for future re-search.

11

Introduction

As the first decade of English colonizationin Virginia drew to a close, occupation onJamestown Island began to shift outside

of the fortified settlement. In 1618 land outside ofthe fort was opened to development, and lots werelaid out in what became known as “New Towne”by surveyor William Claiborne sometime after hisarrival in the colony in 1621. Yet little recognizablearchaeological evidence for occupation in NewTowne during the first quarter of the seventeenthcentury was unearthed during the government-sponsored excavations of the 1930s and 1950s.Three primary loci of activity in the New Townearea during the first half of the century have been

identified through the spatial analysis of importedclay tobacco pipestems (Figure 7; see Brown1994, Horning and Brown 1995, Horning 1995,Horning and Edwards 1997). However, these threezones predominantly represent manufacturing ratherthan domestic activities. The three areas includethe riverfront Structure 26 warehouse and nearbykiln Structure 27; the manufacturing “enclave” areain the northwest portion of the townsite, incorpo-rating Structures 110, 111, 112, and 117, as wellas several well and pit features; and the Structure127 kiln with associated features west of OrchardRun (see Horning and Edwards 2000 and Horning1995). With the exception of Structure 112 in theenclave area, the probable home of Virginia Gov-

Chapter 3.Structure 24: Historical and ArchaeologicalBackground

Figure 7. Concentrations of early manufacturing activity in New Towne.

N.P

.S. P

rope

rty

A.P

.V.A

. Pro

pert

y

Str. 110

Str. 115

Str. 100

Turf Fort

S-118/119

Str. 17

Str. 112 Refuse Pit 1

N

Church

Ludwell Statehouse Group

Fort

Monument

0 150 m

0 500 ft

12

ernor John Harvey, domestic sites are notoriouslyabsent from the archaeological base map.

Archaeological investigations in the 1930sand 1950s concentrated upon discovering and ex-posing the traces of brick architecture, yet archaeo-logical research throughout the Chesapeake be-ginning in the 1970s indicates instead that most earlybuildings in the colony are more likely to have beenconstructed of timber than of brick. On a plowedsite, the remains of traditional full and half-timberframe structures often leave only artifact scattersand little architectural evidence, as such buildingswere supported on ground laid sills. Earthfast con-struction, generally considered impermanent andinferior in comparison to full or half-timber con-struction (see Carson et al. 1981), by contrast doesleave an archaeological imprint in the form ofposthole stains. Earthfast timber construction clearlywas employed early in Jamestown’s occupation,as witnessed by the recent discovery of an earthfaststructure within the confines of the newly uncov-ered James Fort (W. Kelso et al. 1996). Thus evi-dence for the documented occupation ofJamestown’s New Towne should survive in thearchaeological record of the townsite, having beeneasily and understandably overlooked during thecross-trenching exercises of the 1950s, and the

“potholing” and trench excavations of the 1930s.As a case in point, the re-examination of the care-fully drawn lot maps compiled under the directionof Jean C. Harrington reveals the presence of struc-tural postholes from previously unrecognized struc-tures and fencelines (see Horning 1995). Structure24, located because it incorporated a partial brickfoundation (see below), represents the earliest his-toric architectural feature discovered by previousJamestown archaeologists.

Structure 24, Background

The Structure 24 complex (Figure 8) was recog-nized during the Assessment as the best candidatefor an early domestic site in the known archaeo-logical record from New Towne. Ironically, Struc-ture 24 is also the first brick foundation that wasunearthed in the excavations of the 1930s. Locatedby random “potholing,” the structure unfortunatelywas never recorded in plan nor adequately de-scribed in prose. Despite the lack of documenta-tion, strong archaeological and documentary evi-dence pointed to Structure 24 as the location of anearly domestic complex, in concert with the nearbyWell 20 and Refuse Pit 5, which had been exca-vated under the direction of John Cotter in the

Figure 8. Structure 24 vicinity (from Cotter 1958).

13

1950s. In addition to Cotter’s researches, com-pelling historical data unearthed by Assessment his-torian Martha McCartney suggests that Structure24 is associated with the Jamestown residency ofa gunsmith named John Jackson and his family, whohad personal ties to the Wolstenholme Townesettlement at Martin’s Hundred, further south onthe James River.

Historical Data

Structure 24 is situated on property attributable toJohn Jackson, a gunsmith who is known to haveresided at Jamestown in the 1620s (McCartney1998:193-194). While no patent for John Jackson’sproperty has been unearthed, his holdings are ref-erenced by an adjoining property owned by mer-chant Richard Stephens (Figure 9). The 3/8 acrewaterfront lot patented by Stephens in 1623 is de-scribed in the patent book as being bounded onthe east by Ralph Hamor’s 1.5 acres, and boundedon the west by John Jackson’s property (PatentBook 1:1; Nugent I: 2; McCartney 1998: 193).Research by Martha McCartney places Stephens’slot directly atop and bisected by Ditch 7, whichthen places Jackson’s property in the vicinity ofStructure 24, Well 20, and Refuse Pit 5 (Figure 10).

Ditch 7 represents a nearly three-hundred-foot long ditch running along a north-northeast tosouth-southwest course through lots 94:109,93:109, 91:107, 91:108, 92:107, 93:108, and92:108. Ditch 7 is closely paralleled by Ditch 6immediately adjacent to it on the east side. BothDitch 7 and Ditch 6 were first located in 1935 butnot analyzed until 1938 with investigations in theMay-Hartwell lot. Portions of both ditches werefurther examined in 1955 during Project 103. Re-evaluation of the two ditches during the course ofthe Jamestown Archaeological Assessment suggeststhat the boundary they mark was in existencethrough the second and third quarters of the sev-enteenth century. The western and northern extentsof Jackson’s lot are unknown, while the JamesRiver presumably provides the southern boundary.

In January 1625, the Jackson household atJamestown consisted of John Jackson and his wife(unnamed), their nine-year-old son John, and anorphan, ten-year-old Gercian Buck.

A strong link exists between the Jacksons ofJamestown and some of the residents of the Martin’sHundred settlement, located further south on theJames River (Figure 11). One of the means de-vised by the Virginia Company to lure investorswas the granting of particular plantations, in which

Figure 9. Richard Stephens’s waterfront lot.

John

Jac

kson

Lot H

Lot F

Lot G

Lot E

1.5

acre

s

R. H

amor

3/10

acr

e

J C

hew

R S

teph

ens

3/8

acre

G. M

enef

ie7/

8 ac

re

John Harvey

6.5 acres

barn

John Phipps'

StoreWm. Pierce's

1655

1 a

cre

Thom

as H

unt

Ditch 3

T. R

able

y

Hartwell

W. E

dwar

ds

J. A

lsop

Back Street

Back Street (Ditch 2)

Highway along River Bank

STRUCTURE 125

STR

UCTU

RE 12

3

14

Figure 10. Location of Jackson property.

John

Jac

kson

Lot H

Lot F

Lot G

Lot E

1.5

acre

s

R. H

amor

3/10

acr

e

J C

hew

R S

teph

ens

3/8

acre

G. M

enef

ie7/

8 ac

re

John Harvey

6.5 acres

barn

John Phipps'

StoreWm. Pierce's

1655

1 a

cre

Thom

as H

unt

Ditch 3

T. R

able

y

Hartwell

W. E

dwar

ds

J. A

lsop

Back Street

Back Street (Ditch 2)

Highway along River Bank

STRUCTURE 125

STRUC

TURE

123

Figure 11. Location of Martin’s Hundred.

ISLAND

0 Miles

N

5

Yarmouth

Williamsburg

Creek

Queen Creek

Hampton

MARTIN'SHUNDRED

Yorktown

James River

York River

JAMESTOWN

15

investors would receive 100 acres of land in thecolony for each share of stock purchased, aug-mented by 50 acres for each settler sent from En-gland. Penurious settlers could work off their trans-portation costs by turning over fifty percent of theirfarming profits for a period of seven years. TheSociety of Martin’s Hundred received their patentfor Virginia land in 1618, sending its first settlersthe following year. The main settlement constructedat Martin’s Hundred, Wolstenholme Towne, con-sisted of a fortified timber enclosure flanked by avariety of houses and other structures, discoveredand excavated in the 1970s by ColonialWilliamsburg Foundation archaeologists under thedirection of Ivor Noël Hume. Wolstenholme Towneonly enjoyed a very short life span. Seventy-eightof 140 residents were killed in the Powhatan up-rising in March 1622, with the remainder fleeing toJamestown, where they took up residence over thefollowing year. As of 1625, only 27 settlers hadreturned to (and still survived on) the 20,000-acreplantation.

Richard Frethorne, an apprentice or servantunder Martin’s Hundred leader William Harwood,wrote to his parents in England in 1623 of visitingthe Jacksons in Jamestown. Frethorne noted thatthe Jacksons, whom he viewed as surrogate par-ents, had constructed a “cabin” for Frethorne andhis fellow servants to stay in during their visits, asthe alternative would have been to huddle over-night in their vessel (Kingsbury, Virginia CompanyRecords III: 58-62). Frethorne was at Martin’sHundred at the same time as potter Thomas Ward.Ward, the “Martin’s Hundred Potter” (identifiedby Martha McCartney 1995), served as an ap-prentice under another John Jackson, this one abrickmaker, thought to have been related toJamestown’s John Jackson (Figure 12). Becauseof possible kin and friendship ties, it is likely thatFrethorne, along with the household of brickmakerJohn Jackson (including potter Thomas Ward) mayhave availed themselves of the hospitality ofJamestown’s John Jackson when the Martin’s Hun-dred survivors took refuge in the capital, thus ex-plaining Frethorne’s continued relationship with theJacksons of Jamestown.

Artisans in Colonial Virginia

In contrast to most Virginia artisans who suc-cumbed to the lure of land and tobacco, John Jack-son of Jamestown evidently chose to continue toply his craft in the newly laid out capital town. Indoing so, he was knowingly or unknowingly meet-ing the expectations and intentions of the VirginiaCompany and later the colonial government. Illus-trating the influence and lure of tobacco cultivationon craftsmen, Virginia Company instructions from1621 specifically state that the colonial officials werenot to permit artisans “to forsake ther formeroccupacons for planting Tobacco or such uselesscomodyties” (Kingsbury 1906: I: 424). Companyofficials were not only concerned with meeting sub-sistence needs within the colony, they also contin-ued their search for marketable commodities longafter tobacco had resurrected the struggling colony.George Sandys, elected to the post of Virginia trea-surer in 1621, spearheaded many of the efforts todevelop commodities during the “post-tobacco”Company period, receiving an official mandate inthe instructions provided to the first Governor andCouncil in 1621. The orders gave Sandys respon-sibility for “the execution of all our orders Chartersand instructions tending to the setting upp, Encreaseand maytainge of the said staple commodities”(Kingsbury 1906-1935: III: 468-482). Sandysactively encouraged artisans to maintain their craft,and struggled to set up a variety of manufactures

Figure 12. Pottery produced by the Martin’s Hundredpotter, Thomas Ward (CWF).

16

including an iron works, water mill, and glassworks. A Jamestown resident between 1621 andat least 1624 (and possibly throughout his tenurein the colony, lasting until 1628), Sandys would havebeen acquainted with John Jackson the gunsmith.

Archaeological Implications

The historical data on the Jackson lot at Jamestownsuggests substantial impact upon the archaeologi-cal record. First, John Jackson and his three-to-four member household lived in Jamestown, andtherefore must have constructed—at the veryleast—a dwelling on their property (1624 census).Frethorne’s account suggests the additional pres-ence of a “cabin”—possibly a post-in-ground struc-ture—on the Jackson lot. The possibility that Jack-son had a shop on his property is underscored byhis involvement, as a witness, in a 1623 court case.Apparently, “Jackson the smith was at work in theshop” when he and fellow smith George Clarkeobserved another’s misdeed. If Jackson (andClarke) operated a smithing business on Jackson’sproperty, smithing tools (in addition to a forge lo-cation), or broken gun parts in need of repair, mightbe expected to be present in the vicinity. Addition-ally, Jackson was assessed with three cattle, fourswine, and three goats in 1625 (McCartney1996b). Presuming that Jackson kept his livestockon the property, traces of the enclosure(s) shouldbe evident archaeologically.

The link between John Jackson and RichardFrethorne, as well as the possible relationship be-tween Jamestown’s John Jackson and the JohnJackson of Martin’s Hundred, is suggestive of amaterial exchange. If Jackson and Jackson werekin, then it is possible that wares produced by pot-ter Thomas Ward, apprentice to brickmaker JohnJackson, would have found their way into theJamestown household of gunsmith John Jackson.Research by Beverly Straube and Robert Huntersuggests that Thomas Ward may also have beenthe elusive Jamestown potter, who worked in thenorthwestern portion of New Towne, owing to sty-listic similarities between wares produced atJamestown and Martin’s Hundred (see Straube

1995). Taking supposition even further, if the Jack-son lot served as temporary refuge for Martin’sHundred evacuees, it is possible that additionalstructures may have been constructed on the prop-erty.

Structure 24

General Description

Structure 24 refers to a brick foundation found inLot B-98 in 1934. Apparently the first structureuncovered in the government-sponsored archaeo-logical initiative of the 1930s, the structure wasnever drawn, artifacts were only casually retained,and only one photograph was taken. The buildingwas located using the questionable method of roundshovel tests placed randomly (but evidently quiteclose together, as evidenced by the photographicrecord and quantified during the 1998 and 1999investigations). In the 1950s, John Cotter reviewedthe evidence for the structure, and associated it withtwo features excavated under his direction—Well20 and Refuse Pit 5. According to Cotter, Struc-ture 24 “was an early 17th century feature of con-siderable significance” (Cotter 1958: 62). Cotterbased his dating evidence in part upon the similari-ties between a gin bottle associated with Structure24 and one found in Well 20.

The dimensions of Structure 24, before to the1998 and 1999 excavations, were unknown, as itwas never drawn when first uncovered in the 1930s.Judging from the narrow width of the foundationas pictured in the only photograph extant from theexcavation, and from the historical mention thatJamestown’s first all-brick house was not con-structed until 1639 by Secretary Kemp (identifiedas Structure 44), the bricks were thought to befootings for a frame building. The photograph (seebelow) also indicated interruptions in the brick foun-dation, possibly for a timber-framed structure. Al-though Cotter portrays the structure as a brick rect-angle with no piercing or hearths, it is likely that, ifthe structure was a residence, there would havebeen a hearth. The one photograph of the featureshows only a portion of the foundation, however,

17

so short of re-excavation, there was no way toascertain the presence or absence of a hearth, letalone internal divisions. Equally plausible was thepossibility that the structure could represent a shop,storehouse, or other outbuilding rather than a dwell-ing.

Documentation

Apparently, the only notes extant from the excava-tion of Structure 24, which commenced on De-cember 1, 1934, were written in August 1936 byan anonymous author. The notes state simply: “Onlyexcavation here was by ‘pot-holes.’ A small foun-dation was exposed, but one photograph is onlyrecord. Even the exact location is now uncertain—since it has been backfilled.” The notes were hand-written on the Lot Map form for Lot B-98. Thecover sheet filed with this form states: “12/1/34—Started test holes. Several important fills. Very fewartifacts. Much brick dust and many bats in area.”Unfortunately, this cover sheet, filed with Lot B-89, is titled Lot B-90. There simply is not enoughdata on the form to ascertain to which lot it reallybelongs.

Only one photograph—860—exists in theJamestown archives which pertains to Structure 24(Figure 13). Dated January 15, 1935, the photo-graph was taken facing west, revealing the south-east corner of the structure and a portion of thesouthern wall. The bricks in the foundation havebeen chalked for the photograph, and appear tobe only one-and-a-half courses in width. Thebricks, however, were not cleaned off for the pho-tograph, so consequently it is very difficult to as-certain any bonding pattern from the photograph.The lack of a scale presents similar difficulties inevaluating wall width. The most important featurerevealed by the photographic evidence is a regularseries of gaps in the brick walls, suggesting an in-terrupted brick sill for timber frame construction.This construction technique also was employed inthe first phase of Structure 112, located in the north-western end of New Towne, which also appearsto date to the 1620s or 1630s. Finally, in terms ofthe potential of the site for re-evaluation, the pho-

tograph also shows the area opened just aroundand within the foundation, and with the exceptionof the “potholes,” suggests the survival of intactfeatures or stratigraphy, assuming that the 1930s“archaeological” work was not continued on thesite after the photograph was taken.

As noted, no record drawings of Structure24 are known to exist, with the exception of thesketch on the lot map which does not claim to evenbe in the right location. Therefore, the dimensionsand exact location of Structure 24 were unknownbefore the investigations in 1998 and 1999.

Artifacts

Despite John Cotter’s confidence in attributing thepreviously-mentioned case bottle to Structure 24,there is presently not a single artifact in theJamestown collections that can definitely be attrib-

Figure 13. Structure 24. Chalkline indicates founda-tion (CNHP).

18

uted to Structure 24. In fact, there are only tencatalog numbers corresponding to lot B-98 fromthe 1930s explorations. An additional sixteen cata-log records represent objects that were foundsomewhere in either B-98, B-97, or B-96. Twomore scattered artifacts were found in a nearbytest trench during the 1950s excavations. Oddly,no ceramics are listed in the catalog with a B-98provenience. Furthermore, the case bottle thatCotter attributes to Structure 24 is listed in the cata-log as having come from fifty feet south of Well 20.If that information is accurate, that would place thebottle approximately twenty feet south of Struc-ture 24—quite possibly related, but definitely notfrom the structure as recorded (speculatively) onthe base map. Exactly how the provenience rela-tive to Well 20 was derived is unclear, as Well 20was not discovered until 1955—the case bottle wasfound in December 1934.

Well 20

General Description

Well 20 was an uncased well approximately twelvefeet in diameter and of an unknown depth (Fig-ure 14). The feature was located in the 1950s aspart of Project 102 by virtue of being located di-rectly in the path of an east-west cross-trench.Located approximately thirty feet north of Struc-ture 24, the well logically was considered to berelated to the enigmatic structure. Citing similari-ties between a gin bottle found in the well with onethought to be associated with Structure 24, JohnCotter suggested that the well and the structure wererelated in his 1958 report on archaeology in thetownsite.

Seven feet of the well fill were excavated in1955 and 1956, with subsequent probing indicat-ing an overall depth of at least nine feet below the1956 surface (Figure 15). Documentation on theexcavation described the well fill as consisting “ofearth and debris of artifacts.” The well fill was alsonoted for its preservation of a number of leathergoods, including fifty-four shoe fragments.

Documentation

Information on Well 20 is recorded on a form forFeature 40 of Project 102, and is labeled as a “pit”rather than a well. Two and one-quarter pagesrecord the evident horrors involved in excavatingthis particular feature. The well was apparently sec-tioned during excavation in December 1955, andthen left open to the winter elements. Notes forFebruary 14, 1956 record that “after protractedheavy rains which flooded the well to the five footlevel, a whole Spanish earthenware bottle withhandles on opposite of neck, floated to the surfaceand was fished out by A.B. Moore.” The well ap-parently remained in its flooded, half-excavatedstate for five more months until July 1956. Not sur-prisingly, notes indicate that “During winter, spring,and summer much slumping had occurred in wellfrom the un-excavated west half into the 9-ft. pitexcavated before water ended the first attempt,”impacting the integrity of the stratigraphic record.

In clearing the surface around the top of thefeature in July 1956, it was also recognized that“much artifact material missed when the mud[which] was cleared in the first operations was re-covered, including several pieces of shoe leather.”

Figure 14. Location of Well 20 (from Cotter 1958).

19

Apparently, excavated soil was dumped around thetop of the excavation and presumably not screened.Conditions were no better on the second attempt,described resignedly as “excavation of muck in Well20.” Local Girl Scouts were pressed into service,to pick through the debris heaped up on the side ofthe excavation area in the hopes of recovering over-looked artifacts (Figure 16). Owing to more flood-ing, the second excavation was halted before thebottom of the well could be reached. Probing as-certained that the fill continued at least two feetbelow the excavation.

The nature of the excavation and subsequentprobing of Well 20 suggests that few pristine de-posits survive in the feature. Additionally, cautionshould be used when interpreting materials attrib-uted to the well fill because of the unfortunate man-

ner in which artifacts were recovered from the soilaround the surface of the well eight months after itwas first excavated.

Seven photographs were taken of Well 20.The first three were shot in November 1955, docu-menting a test pit sunk into the well fill within theeast-west test trench. Two of the shots highlight analmost intact stoneware jug and case bottle frag-ments (Figure 17). The fourth photograph wastaken in mid-December, and highlights an intactcoarseware jug, attributed by Cotter to the“Jamestown potter,” with other sherds. Two morewere taken on January 3, 1956, before the slump-ing of the western half of the feature fill, and bothare shots of the western section and its stratigra-phy (Figure 18). The last photograph, taken in July1956, focuses upon the group of Girl Scouts val-

Figure 15. Plan and section of Well 20 (drawing by A. Horning).

20

Figure 16. Excavation of Well 20 with assistance from Girl Scouts (CNHP 12557A-B).

Figure 17. Well 20 excavation, December 1955, showing Jamestown coarse earthenware jug(CNHP 12248).

21

iantly scrabbling in the back dirt for artifacts. Planand profile maps of Well 20 were completed onthe overall lot sheet for 93:107.

Artifacts

Well 20 contained a remarkable array of well-pre-served materials, including the above-mentionedleather goods. A total of 659 artifacts are cata-loged for the feature, of which 242 (36.7 percent)were ceramics (Figure 19). A number of almostcomplete vessels were recovered from the well,including a significant collection of local earthen-wares. Two nearly whole lead-glazed earthenwarepitchers were discovered in the well, perhaps hint-ing at a clumsy water drawer? These earthenwaresare catalogued as the products of the elusiveJamestown potter, also sharing characteristics com-monly attributed to the Martin’s Hundred potter.Of the entire ceramics assemblage, Jamestownwares numbered 154, accounting for an over-whelming 63.3 percent.

Other wares present include twenty-threesherds of unattributed locally-made coarse earth-enwares (9.5 percent); seventeen sherds ofRhenish grey stoneware (7.0 percent); fourteenSpanish costrel sherds (5.8 percent); thirteen frag-ments of Iberian olive jars (5.4 percent); threesherds of other unidentified Spanish wares (1.2percent); seven sherds of tin-enameled earthenwaretableware (2.9 percent); three sherds of Lambethtin-enameled earthenware (1.2 percent); twosherds of Midlands purple (0.8 percent); two sherdsof coarse earthenware tentatively attributed to theGreenspring potter (0.8 percent); the base of aDutch earthenware candlestick of the first quarterof the seventeenth century; a single sherd of a blackglazed earthenware identified as “Pennsylvaniaware” (1625-1740) and a single sherd of presum-ably intrusive Yorktown stoneware (late seventeenthcentury-early eighteenth century in date).

Of the 171 case bottle fragments from Well20 (accounting for 25.94 percent of the total arti-fact assemblage, and 98.8 percent of the glass bottleassemblage), several share characteristics with the

Figure 18. Well 20 excavation, showing the western section of the well fill (CNHP 12250).

22

case bottle J-12196 found in B-98 in 1934 fromnear Structure 24, as first noted by John Cotter.Specifically, J-38183 shared a similar base formand similar scar, while the overall size and colorwere very similar. The base of fragment J-36370had a base that was nearly identical to the bottleattributed to Structure 24. The neck and lip of frag-ment J-36369 were also similar to of J-12196.Additionally, two fragments catalogued with J-11719 had necks that closely matched the Struc-ture 24 bottle. Supporting an early seventeenth-century date for the well and associated domesticcomplex, only two fragments of globular wine bottleglass, introduced in the 1640s, were recoveredfrom Well 20.

Refuse Pit 5

General Description

Refuse Pit 5 was located in the 1950s during cross-trenching exercises as part of Project 102 (Fig-

ure 20). Approximately eight by five feet in extent,the pit was filled with artifacts dating to the firstand into the second quarter of the seventeenth cen-tury. Near the pit was apparently another, smaller,rectangular pit feature that unfortunately was notexcavated separately. The two features were cat-egorized by the excavators as the same deposit.Both pits were apparently disturbed by Trough Area1 (most likely associated with the Turf Fort of 1667)and by previous archaeological excavations. Thepit appears to be related to Structure 24 becauseof its proximity, fifteen feet east of the structure.John Cotter postulated that the pits had been in-tentionally dug to receive refuse, although it is alsopossible that they initially had a different purposeand then became convenient for refuse disposal.

Documentation

Unfortunately, the refuse pit feature was not welldocumented. The primary record for the structureconsists of handwritten notes on a draft feature form,

Well 20Ceramic Analysis

data from ANCS, n=242

Jamestown

local coarse earthenware

Spanish costrel

Iberian olive jar

other Spanish wares

tin-enameled

Lambeth tin enameled

Midlands Purple

Greensprings

DutchPennsylvania

Yorktown

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

percentage

Figure 19. Ceramic analysis, Well 20.

23

while the final feature form read only as follows:“Disturbed area encountered in E-W test trench.To be further excavated.” The draft form describesthe pit as of “no significant shape,” and does notprovide a depth. Under “remarks,” the features aredescribed as follows: “A larger, shallow pit con-tained trash including a high concentration of early17th century artifacts. A smaller pit (approx. 4x6ft.) of rectangular shape and containing similar trashand artifacts lies a foot or two north of the mainpit.” At the bottom of the sheet, John Cotter pennedthe following: “This refuse pit is a very importantearly (1st quarter) 17th century deposit, as attestedby large quantities of typical artifacts, notably whiteclay pipe fragments” (Figure 21).

Two photographs were taken of the features(Figure 22). Both photographs were shot lookingto the northeast, and show the smaller pit partiallyexcavated. The larger pit is evident in the fore-ground, and a round test has been excavated intothe fill. Whether this pit relates to the 1930s exca-vation or to a 1950s test is unclear as the test pitdoes not appear on the plan map.

The overall map for the cross-trenching ex-ercises in lot 93:108 contains a plan view of both

RP5 pits. The map also shows a series of roundshovel test holes from the 1930s, as well as TA1to the east. Unfortunately, no section drawingswere apparently made for the two pit features, sotheir respective depths are unknown, nor is thereany stratigraphic information which would shed lightupon the original function of the pits and the man-ner in which they were filled.

Figure 20. Location of Refuse Pit 5 (from Cotter1958).

Figure 21. Plan view of Refuse Pit 5 (drawing by A. Horning).

24

Figure 22. Refuse Pit 5 excavation (CNHP 12180).

Artifacts

The artifactual data from the two pits jointly calledRefuse Pit 5 (which totals 1412 objects) hints thatthe two features may not, in fact, be immediatelycontemporary. While an overwhelming sixty-twopercent of imported pipestem bores from the mainrefuse pit measured 8/64ths of an inch in diameter,dateable to the period 1620-1650, and only eigh-teen percent measured 7/64ths diameter, attribut-able to 1650-1675, the smaller pit yielded forty-eight percent 8/64ths and thirty-eight percent 7/64ths.Furthermore, the main pit also contained eightypipestems measuring 9/64ths, or eighteen percentof the total, while the smaller pit contained onlythree pipestems of that diameter. The evidence fromthe imported pipestem diameters suggest that themain pit predates the smaller pit, although both pitscontain refuse from a closely contemporary do-mestic occupation.

Ceramics account for 28.2 percent (n=398)of the entire artifact assemblage from the RefusePit 5 features (Figure 23). Of those ceramics, the

largest percentage are imported English tin-enam-eled ware, at 26.4 percent. Of the 105 sherds ofEnglish tin-enameled ware, 103 are sherds fromthree vessels: an apothecary jar, a plate, and a bowl.Next in terms of numbers are North Devon coarseearthenwares at 17.3 percent (n=69), followed byun-attributed local coarse earthenwares at 13.8percent (n=55) and Jamestown earthenware at fifty-two sherds accounting for 13.1 percent of the ce-ramic assemblage. The next most frequently en-countered ware type from Refuse Pit 5 is Rhenishsalt-glazed stoneware, with 36 sherds or 9.0 per-cent; followed by nineteen sherds of unidentifiedlead glazed coarse earthenware (most likely of lo-cal manufacture) at 4.8 percent; eighteen sherds ofNorth Devon slipware at 4.5 percent; ten sherdsof a Lambeth tin-enameled earthenware mug at 2.5percent; nine sherds of black-glazed “Pennsylva-nia” coarse earthenware at 2.3 percent; five sherdsof Yorktown stoneware at 1.3 percent; four sherdsof Native American pottery at one percent; threesherds of porcelain at 0.75 percent; two sherdseach of unidentified tin-enameled earthenware,

25

Midlands purple, Lawnes creek, Hispanic majolica,and an unidentified slipware. Rounding out the ce-ramics assemblage from Refuse Pit 5 are one sherdeach of an unidentified imported lead glazed coarseearthenware, Iberian olive jar, and North ItalianPisa ware.

Comparative Analysis: Well 20and RP 5

While artifacts from Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5 dateboth features to the first half of the seventeenthcentury, a number of differences can be noted be-tween the composition of the assemblages(Table 1). For example, Well 20 contained muchhigher percentages of case bottle glass and ceram-ics, whereas Refuse Pit 5 contained higher per-centages of pipestems, tools, and architecturalmaterial (predominately nails). Differences in thepercentage of domestic versus architectural itemsare often indicative of associated activities.

Pipestem data from Well 20 and both RefusePit 5 features indicate that all three deposits areroughly contemporaneous, evidenced by comple-mentary percentages of pipestem bore diameters(Figure 24). Although a total of 483 imported whiteclay tobacco stem and bowl fragments were re-covered from both pits delineated as Refuse Pit 5(accounting for 34.2 percent of the total artifactsassemblage from the pits), only forty-four were re-covered from Well 20 (accounting for 6.6 percentof the total artifact assemblage from Well 20). Themanner in which the well was excavated may ac-count for a certain amount of the differential per-centage. While whole ceramic vessels and glassbottles were readily found, notes suggest that themuddy conditions and lack of concerted sievingmay have impacted the recovery of small pipestemfragments. However, this is unlikely to account forthe entirety of the differential. The large number ofpipestems in the Refuse Pit 5 feature may reflect asingle depositional event, perhaps a lost or dam-

Figure 23. Ceramic analysis, Refuse Pit 5.

Refuse Pit 5Ceramic Analysis

data from ANCS, n=398

English tin-enameled

Lambeth tin-enameled

Hispanic majolica

unid. tin-enameled

N. Devon coarse earthenware

N. Devon slipware

local coarse earthenware

Jamestown

local lead glazed

Rhenish stoneware

Pennsylvania

Native American

Yorktown

porcelain

Midlands Purple

Lawnes Creek

unid. slipware

imported lead glazed

Iberian

N. Italian Pisa

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

percentage

26

Table 1.Ceramic Analysis, Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5

Well 20 Refuse Pit 5(n=242) (n=398)

Jamestown 63.3 13.1Local coarse earthenware 9.5 18.6Unidentified imported coarse earthenware 0.0 0.3English tin enameled 2.9 26.4Lambeth tin enameled 1.2 0.0Unidentified tin enameled 0.0 0.3Majolica 0.0 0.3Rhenish stoneware 7.0 9.0Spanish costrel 5.8 0.0Iberian olive jar 5.4 0.3Other Spanish wares 1.2 0.0North Italian Pisa 0.0 0.3Midlands purple 0.8 0.5Pennsylvania 0.4 2.3Yorktown 0.4 1.3Unidentified Dutch 0.4 0.0Unidentified slipware 0.0 0.5North Devon slipware 0.0 4.5North Devon coarseware 0.0 17.3Porcelain 0.0 0.8Native American 0.0 1.0Greenspring 0.8 0.0

Data from ANCS

aged shipment. This possibility may also be reflectedin a very low percentage of locally-produced claypipes found in the pits when contrasted with theWell 20 assemblage. Provenience data on the pipefinds is unfortunately not specific enough to sup-port (or refute) this interpretation.

Closer examination of the ceramics found inboth features indicates that while more were foundin Well 20 in terms of gross percentages (36.7 per-cent for Well 20 versus 28.2 percent for RefusePit 5), the overwhelming majority of Well 20 ce-ramics were from locally-produced earthenwarevessels. The ceramic assemblage from the refusepit, on the other hand, incorporated a variety ofceramic types, including earthenware storage con-tainers, tin-glazed tablewares, and stoneware tableand storage vessels. The imported ceramics foundin both Refuse Pit 5 and Well 20 reflect, in part,the cosmopolitan nature of early Jamestown, giventhe presence of wares from England, the Nether-

lands, the Rhineland, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. Theslightly later date of the refuse pit assemblages,coupled with the presence of architectural debrisand abandoned tools, may indicate that the depo-sition dates closer to the end of the occupation ofthe property, and may represent the discard of itemsfrom a cleaned out and partially dismantled dwell-ing. The earlier date of the Well 20 assemblage,and the overwhelming majority of Jamestownwares, meshes admirably with the dates for theJackson occupancy and the year in which Martin’sHundred evacuees (and presumably Thomas Wardthe potter) were living at Jamestown, as discussedfurther in Chapter 6.

Materials recovered from all three featuressupport the nearby presence of a smith. Items suchas quantities of lead shot, lead, brass, and ironscrap, gun flints and related debitage; tools associ-ated with smithing such as files, hammer, chisel, anda clamp; and items possibly brought for repair such

27

as a sword and a variety of agricultural and car-pentry tools all support the theory that Jackson thesmith lived nearby (see Chapter 6 for a more com-plete discussion of these items in relation to the find-ing from 1998 and 1999).

Inconsistencies in the excavation of Well 20and the two pits collectively called Refuse Pit 5,plus the lack of specificity in the recording of thestratigraphy of the feature fills makes further com-parative analysis and interpretation speculative atbest. However, it is clear that these features, lo-cated in close proximity to Structure 24, relate toan early domestic occupation at Jamestown,thought to be associated with the ownership andtenancy of gunsmith John Jackson and his family.When viewed in combination with the documen-tary record and with the finds from the 1998 and1999 excavations, the materials from the pit andwell take on added significance and flesh out theportrait of life in this early Jamestown domestic andartisan complex. This further analysis of materialsfrom the features excavated by John Cotter is cov-ered in the concluding chapter of this report.

Str 24 and the 1667 Turf Fort

The Structure 24 domestic complex is also situ-ated close to the locale of an earthen fort whichhad been constructed between 1665 and 1667 toprotect Jamestown from Dutch raiders during theAnglo-Dutch War (Figure 25). Excavations in the1930s, 1950s, and in 1993 pinpointed portions ofthis fort in the form of deep ditches (see G. Kelsoet al. 1998). A consideration of the archaeologicalevidence related to this feature was also necessaryin planning investigations at Structure 24 and, asdescribed in Chapter 4, the 1998 excavation atStructure 24 unearthed features related to the fort.

In order to protect British trade ships fromDutch attack, King Charles II directed VirginiaGovernor William Berkeley to build defenses toassure the safety of those vessels on June 3, 1665.County militias were to be mustered, and ships wereto gather and ride at anchor at four locales; onebeing Jamestown. At each of the four sites, menwould be pressed into building “a platform for bat-tery and lines for small shot to defend the ships,”

Figure 24. Pipestem analysis, Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5.

Pipestem Bore AnalysisWell 20 and Refuse Pit 5

Data from ANCS catalog, CNHP.

! !

!

!

!

9/64ths 8/64ths 7/64ths 6/64ths 5/64ths0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Well 20 RP 5!

28

Figure 25. Postulated location of the turf fort, based upon 1950s and 1990sarchaeological research and historical documentation.

and according to Berkeley’s orders, the work wasto begin by September of 1665. By October, thegovernor and council had decided that an actualfort was to be constructed at Jamestown, and thatpine trees could be cut from anyone’s land for usein this fort. Inhabitants of James City and SurryCounties were “to give so much work as might fillup the works with earth.” Clearly, the fort was tobe of earthen construction.

The following month the king, at the urging ofBristol merchants, ordered that the fort be con-structed at Old Point Comfort, which had beenpreviously fortified. Although Berkeley apparentlycomplied with the new order, and a fort was builtat Point Comfort, he and the Council were unhappywith the decision, viewing the point as indefensible.After the taking of two ships close to Point Com-fort in June 1666, it appears that work was eithercontinued or begun on a fort at Jamestown. In July1666, Berkeley wrote to England that they had“designed a fort at James Town in the center of thecountry,” and that fourteen great guns had beenbrought to the site.

During a severe storm in February 1667, thefort at Old Point Comfort was demolished and

apparently not rebuilt. In June, a Dutch invasioninto the Chesapeake renewed concern over de-fending the colony and all British ships. By Sep-tember, a decision had been made to build fiveseparate forts: one on the James River atJamestown, and one each on the York,Rappahannock, Potomac, and Nansemond Riv-ers. The forts, which were to sport ten foot highand ten foot thick walls, accommodating eight greatguns, were to be completed by April 1668. Ber-keley noted in November 1667 that the Jamestownfort was almost completed. All others were report-edly completed by July 1668. Fear of further at-tacks by the Dutch soon abated, however, and inSeptember 1668, ships were no longer requiredto sail under the protection of the five forts.

While it is unclear how much construction onthe Jamestown fort occurred between 1665 and1667, there is nothing to indicate that the fort re-ferred to by Berkeley in July 1666, and the fortknown to have been constructed by November1667, were built in two separate locations atJamestown. As the order had only been issued inSeptember, it is likely that the fort nearly completein November had been the one begun a year ear-

Monument

Fort

Ludwell Statehouse Group

Church

FT

N

Turf Fort

M

James River

A.P

.V.A

. Pro

pert

yN

.P.S

. Pro

pert

y

0

0 50 100

0100 0200 300 400 500

150

29

lier. Significantly, the other four forts were not whollycomplete for another eight months. Only a shorttime after Jamestown’s earthen fort was finally com-pleted, it was no longer needed, and apparentlywas abandoned. When in the 1670s colonists againfelt a need to protect themselves, a brick fort wasconstructed at the western end of the Island wherePitch and Tar Swamp drained into the James River.Both forts were still in existence, though unused, in1688 when the Reverend John Clayton penned adescription of the defenses. According to Clayton,the brick fort was “little better than a blind Wall toshoot wild Ducks or Geese.” In describing the1660s turf fort, Clayton noted:

there was indeed an old Fort of Earthin the Town, being a sort of Tetragonewith something like four Bastions atthe four corners, as I remember; butthe channel lying further off to themiddle of the River there, they let it bedemolished and built that new one.

Still extant is a rough sketch by Clayton show-ing the location and basic shape of the two forts inrelation to the town site (Figure 26). The turf fort,

listed on the map as “ye old fort,” appears lined upwith the riverbank, with the shortest side to thewater. Clayton’s sketch shows rough bastions ateach corner. Clayton’s description of the changingriver channel may explain why the turf fort was notrehabilitated in the 1670s.The next documentaryreference to the earthen fort occurred the follow-ing year, when Henry Hartwell patented a lot ap-proximately two acres in size bounded on the westby “ye Eastern Bastions of an old Ruin’d Turf fort.”The turf fort is again referenced in a patent in 1721for the property containing the eastern unit of theStructure 17 row—bounded on the east by “theold Fort.”

Extensive test pitting, cross trenching, andopen area excavations were undertaken in the pre-sumed location of the 1667 turf fort during the firstgovernment-sponsored excavation in the 1930s,at the same time as the incomplete investigation ofStructure 24. In addition to Forman’s test pittingregime, excavations in the area during 1934 and1935 were concentrated upon locating an enigmaticstructure referred to as a “Mr. Fitchett’s House.”The interest in Mr. Fitchett’s abode stemmed fromthe desire to prove that Structure 17 represented

Figure 26. Reverend John Clayton’s map showing the turf fort. Note. north at bottom.(Boyle Papers No. 39, Archives of the Royal Society of London. Facsimile on file, CWFResearch Archives.)

30

the first statehouse, which was, according to (mis-interpreted) documentary evidence, located neara Mr. Fitchett’s house. Archaeologist H.Summerfield Day noted the possible existence ofthe turf fort in the test area. According to Day:

Calculations made by the engineersindicated that a deep fill encounteredin the excavation for Fitchett’s housein Lot B-99 might possibly be a partof the ditch which surrounded the turffort referred to in the early literature.Consequently excavation was carriedfurther in this section, and extendedinto Lot B-100. The fill, however, ranout without giving any support to thetheory that it was the supposed cor-ner of the fort.

Day concluded by stating his opinion that “thefort was somewhat closer to the river and slightlyfurther west… a point which will be checked assoon as some of the open excavations have beencompleted.” Whether or not Day did test furtherto the west is unclear. If he did, the excavation wasnot recorded and no record of any feature relatingto the turf fort survived.

Another factor mitigating against the obser-vation of features relating to the turf fort during the1930s work was the situation that initially saw ar-chitectural historians also conducting fieldwork inthe area, as discussed in Chapter 1. With the em-phasis upon the discovery of substantial architec-ture, it is not surprising that evidence for the fortcould have been overlooked, or not recorded, con-sidering that the signature of an earthen fort wouldsimply be the soil stains of backfilled ditches. In-stead of excavating ten-foot trenches, as Day’s crewdid, the architectural historians relied upon roundshovel tests spaced randomly over the area. Evi-dence of these tests, recorded in 1998 and 1999at Structure 24, was also encountered in 1993.Unfortunately, the actual extent of the 1930s in-vestigations in and around the turf fort remains un-certain.

During the cross-trenching exercises of the1950s, under the direction of archaeologist JohnCotter, a series of features were recorded and in-

terpreted as possibly relating to the turf fort of1667. Cotter recorded a “problematical series oftrough areas east of structure 17 which may berelated to borrow or moat excavations for the ‘TurfFort’ of the latter half of the 17th century” (Cotter1958: 150). Four trough areas were noted byCotter, in blocks 94:108 and 93:108. The featureslabeled trough areas by Cotter are very wide andmoderately deep ditches. Trough Area 1 (TA 1) isgreater than twenty-five feet in width, with a depthof over four feet. TA 2 was recorded as twenty-three feet in width and greater than four feet in depth.No further testing was carried out at the time toshed light upon the relationships between the troughfeatures.

In 1993, a limited excavation in the vicinity ofTrough Area 2 was undertaken to ascertain the re-lationship of the Trough Area to the earthen fort.Initially, one of the goals in locating and examiningthe 1667 turf fort was the hope that portions of anearthwork might still remain which may have cappedthe A horizon, or topsoil, dating to the fort’s con-struction. Within that sealed stratum, pollen indica-tive of the micro and macro environment at the timecould also be trapped and therefore available forsampling. Examination of the turf fort area wasdesigned to coincide with the Advanced FieldSchool in Contextual Archaeology, held atJamestown August 9-20, 1993. An area measur-ing five meters north-south and twelve meters east-west with a northwest corner of 943N 1058E waslaid out, corresponding with the junction of Cotter’sexploratory trenches at the southeast corner ofblock 94:107 where the archaeologists had re-corded Trough Area 2.

The 1993 excavation, like the 1998 exami-nation of Area 1 (see below), revealed mainly evi-dence of twentieth-century activity (Figure 27;Horning and Edwards 2000; G. Kelso et al. 1998).Fifteen circular “Forman” holes were discovered,as well as intersecting Cotter trenches from the1950s investigation. Two features of relevance tothe Turf Fort were also uncovered: an east-westditch which was 230 centimeters in width and ranin an east- west direction parallel with the river,and a second, narrower ditch which was 120 cen-

31

timeters in width and turned at a ninety-degreeangle. The large ditch truncated a rubble-filled ditchfeature on the southern edge of our excavation areawhich more than likely relates to Structure 134.Each of these ditch features was truncated by the1955 exploratory trenches, allowing for an exami-nation of their respective fills and cuts in section,but obscuring the relationship between the ditchfeatures. The large ditch as viewed in the north-south trench was 60 centimeters in depth, and filledwith a brown sandy loam containing few inclusions.The trench section showed the ditch cutting de-struction debris presumably associated with Struc-ture 134, as well as a layer of yellow brown sandyloam underlying the destruction debris. This loamyhorizon was discernible in the bottom of the Cottertrench, again cut by destruction debris.

The smaller ditch was recorded in three sepa-rate contexts because of later disturbances whichhad truncated the feature. Examination of the fea-tures in plan and in section suggests that all threecontexts were portions of the same ditch featurewhich almost undoubtedly intersected with the mainditch right in the locale of the Cotter north-southtrench. Each presumed portion of this narrow ditchcontained the same fill, a medium brown, inclusion-

free sandy clay loam, reflective also of the fill of themain ditch. Wash layers were evident in each por-tion of the ditch where it was truncated. Each sec-tion of the ditch exhibited gently sloping sides inprofile, and a relatively flat bottom with a maxi-mum depth of thirty-three centimeters. This nar-row ditch appears to have enclosed an area abouttwo meters in width facing the river before it joinedthe larger ditch. Despite the truncation of the ditchfeatures by the Cotter trenches, and the small sizeof the excavation area, the two ditches can be rea-sonably attributed to the turf fort of 1667 for a num-ber of reasons (Figure 28). The ditches are ori-ented in a manner consistent with Clayton’s mapof 1688, which depicts the fort paralleling the river.The space enclosed by the smaller ditch appearsto be a bastion. According to Clayton’s descrip-tion, the turf fort sported bastions on each of itsfour corners. Assuming that the 1993 excavationdid indeed expose the remains of a bastion, then itis reasonable to expect that the larger ditch paral-leling the riverbank represents the southern wall ofthe fort.

Given the proximity of the trough areas andfeatures uncovered in 1993 to the posited locationof Structure 24, it was hoped that the investigation

Figure 27. Aerial view of turf fort excavation area (CWF).

32

into the enigmatic early seventeenth-century do-mestic complex would concomitantly reveal infor-mation about the turf fort of 1667—a hope whichwas realized during the 1998 excavation season,as discussed in Chapter 4.

Archaeological Potential

A review of the previous archaeology carried outin the vicinity of Structure 24 showed strong po-tential for the survival of intact archaeological fea-tures and remains which served as the justificationfor the excavation program of 1998 and 1999.Although, as noted above, the area was extensivelytest-pitted in the 1930s, the random shovel testswere expected to have had less of an impact uponthe archaeological resources than the other strat-egy employed during the 1930s, which involvedclearing ten-foot-wide strips of ground down intothe subsoil. An intensive examination of the entireJohn Jackson lot, far beyond assessing the asso-ciation of known features, was conceived as keyto understanding the role and daily life of artisansin Jamestown, and the nature of family life in the

town. Because known domestic sites from the earlypart of the century are few and far between, andas questions still remain regarding the actual popu-lation of the town as opposed to its projected andattempted development (see Horning 1995)—inpart owing to the difficulty of persuading artisansto settle in the town—Structure 24 and the arti-san-occupied Jackson lot takes on added signifi-cance. Additionally, further archaeological investi-gation in the vicinity of the Jackson lot was ex-pected to provide invaluable insight into the man-ner in which the waterfront functioned in earlyJamestown, addressing questions about the viabil-ity of the port, and the diversity of its use.

Specifically, examination of the lot was ex-pected to reveal evidence of earthfast structures, acategory of architecture most likely overlookedduring the previous archaeological investigationsbecause of the ephemeral nature of its archaeo-logical traces. Features that should exist on theJackson lot, as suggested by the documentaryrecord, include a main dwelling, a gunsmith shop,a cabin built for the use of Richard Frethorne, andlivestock enclosures. Materials from the area were

Figure 28. Plan of 1993 excavation in relation to the orientation of the turf fort.

(Projected)

(Projected)

Cotter excavation

1993 excavation

Ditch

Bastion

(Not to Scale)

Turf Fort as Shown on Clayton Map

Trough Area 2

N

5 M2.50

15 FT50 10

33

expected to contribute to a better understandingof the ties between Jamestown and Martin’s Hun-dred, and perhaps even provide more informationregarding Thomas Ward and the unknownJamestown potter. As discussed above, there areonly a handful of recognized first and second-quar-ter seventeenth-century sites in Jamestown’s New

1 Structure 35, another poorly-excavated and poorly-understood building (represented only by a brickhearth) may relate to a 1630s domestic occupationlinked to Governor Harvey, although excavation wouldbe necessary to test this theory.

Towne. With the exception of Structure 112, pos-sibly constructed by Governor Wyatt in the 1620sand occupied by Governor John Harvey in the1630s, there are no other domestic sites known,1

making the Structure 24 complex extremely sig-nificant, and clearly justifying the investigations of1998 and 1999.

34

35

Introduction

The 1998 archaeological exploration atStructure 24 was conceived as an evalua-tion that would be preliminary to a longer-

term research project aimed at examining the wholeof the Jackson lot. The primary goal defined forthe 1998 fieldwork at Structure 24 was to relo-cate and accurately record the structure. Becausethe building was never drawn in plan nor placed ona corresponding map for lot B-98 when it was un-covered in the 1930s, Structure 24’s position onthe 1958 archaeological base map is only approxi-mate. Once the structure was located, the aim wasthen to expose the whole of the foundation in or-der to completely record the remains, and docu-ment the extent of the 1934 excavation. Addition-ally, testing of any intact features associated withthe foundation was proposed in order to ascertaina date for the building and to determine its exactfunction. Was Structure 24 related to the Jacksonoccupancy, and if so, in what capacity did it serve?Documented features on the Jackson property in-clude a dwelling, cabin, livestock enclosures, andmost likely a gunsmith shop. While partial excava-tion of intact features initially was proposed, in ac-cord with the preservationist mandate upheld byNational Park Service archaeological policy, intactfeatures were not excavated in 1998 (and later1999), but merely were surface sampled to permitchemical soil analysis aimed at producing insightinto the differential usage of areas within the build-ing and its surrounding lot. Chronological and func-tion-related data was derived instead from overly-ing plowzone contexts, as well as a limited explo-ration of an apparently intact layer within the build-ing (see below). Finally, the proposed work atStructure 24 incorporated the possibility of expand-ing the excavation beyond the structure in the hopesof uncovering adjacent activity areas or featureson the Jackson lot.

Geophysical Prospecting 1993and 1994

Throughout the Jamestown Archaeological Assess-ment, geophysical prospecting techniques havebeen employed to survey areas of archaeologicalpotential as a means of gathering new data whileminimizing the impact upon archaeological depos-its. Geophysical prospecting was similarly carriedout in the vicinity of Structure 24 in the hopes ofpinpointing the location of the structure and ideallythe existence of additional, previously unknown,archaeological features (Figure 29). During the sum-mer of 1993, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation ar-chaeologists and College of William & Mary fieldschool students excavated an area just east of Struc-ture 17 in an effort to find the remains of fortifica-tion earthworks built in 1667. The exact locationof the earthen fort, as discussed above, would helpAssessment Historian Martha McCartney moreaccurately locate several land patents that containedreferences to the fort within their boundary descrip-tions. A shallow curved ditch was discovered andtentatively interpreted as the southwest bastion ofthe trapezoidal earthwork as discussed in the pre-vious chapter (see Horning and Edwards 2000).

In addition to the open-area excavation of afive by twelve meter area in the vicinity of the turffort, a soil resistivity survey was carried out overan adjacent area immediately to the north and eastof the 1993 excavation area, and thus across whatwould later be identified as the John Jackson lot.Attention was focused upon discerning any indica-tion of structural remains associated with Structure24, initially identified by the team of architecturalhistorians involved with the Jamestown Archaeo-logical Assessment (see Carson et al. 1981) as aninteresting if problematic building. Unfortunately, theresults of the resistivity survey were inconclusivebecause of the extremely dry ground caused bythe nearly rain-less summer. Resistivity testing works

Chapter 4.1998 Investigations at Structure 24

36

Figure 29. 1993 geophysical prospecting (CWF).

best in soil conditions that are moderately moist.Too much or too little soil moisture will, respec-tively, enhance or hamper the ability of the soil toconduct electricity to the extent where the impactof archaeological soil differentiation is overshad-owed. In addition to the resistivity survey, consult-ing geophysicist Bruce Bevan also conducted aground penetrating radar survey across the test areaon the Jackson lot and near the turf fort. Althoughground penetrating radar had proven successful inpinpointing the location of several brick produc-tion areas (see Horning and Edwards 2000), norecognizable anomalies were located in the vicinityof Structure 24 by this method when applied in1993.

The following year, again as part of the jointColonial Williamsburg-College of William & Marysummer field school, additional geophysical testingwas carried out in the same location (Figure 30).This time, a GEM GSM-19GW OverhauserMemory Magnetometer, on loan from the ValleyForge National Historical Park Division of Arche-ology and Historic Architecture, was employed.The instrument, also called a walking gradiometer,measures the total flux density of the earth’s mag-

netic field. Although the instrument is capable ofbeing operated in several modes, it was used as amagnetic gradiometer during the Turf Fort/Jack-son lot survey, measuring the vertical change in themagnetic field. The gradiometer mode minimizesthe effects of large, distant ferrous objects and pro-vides correction for the temporal drift in the earth’smagnetic field (Bevan 1994: 2). Significant changesin the field values are considered anomalies andusually result from the presence of a magnetic ob-ject or objects, most often ferrous material orburned clay. Ideally, in addition to pinpointing thedeep ditches associated with the turf fort, the mag-netometer would have been able to pinpoint bricksemployed in a foundation, such as Structure 24.

Like the resistivity survey in 1993, the 1994magnetometer survey in the area of the turf fortand the John Jackson lot was largely unsuccessfulas no anomalies that could be interpreted asearthworks or structural remains were located. Themajor anomaly pinpointed by the gradiometer ap-pears to be what consulting geophysicist BruceBevan believed to be a buried iron pipe. The piperuns in a roughly east-west direction forking atabout 960N 1065E and again at about 960N

37

1070E. These pipes probably serviced the mod-ern buildings which were located in the area be-fore the park was redesigned in the late 1950s.The remaining four anomalies likely relate only toburied ferrous objects, and thus no attempt wasmade to verify their nature through excavation.Because this geophysical work to locate Structure24, conducted in 1993 and 1994, was unsatisfac-tory, the fieldwork proposed for 1998 began withexcavation.

1998 Excavation

In conjunction with the Colonial Williamsburg-Col-lege of William and Mary joint archaeological fieldschool, a seven-week investigation of Structure 24was undertaken with funding from Eastern NationalParks and Recreation as part of a grant to Colo-nial National Historical Park. Excavation began onJune 1 in the location where John Cotter had placedStructure 24 on the 1958 base map. One-meter-square test units, spaced five meters apart, wereexcavated over this location. These units were ex-cavated stratigraphically through topsoil,“parkzone” (a layer associated with National Park

Service landscaping activities) and plowzone to thesubsoil level in order to expose the foundation andany new features, with every fourth unit screenedto obtain a representative sample of the disturbedcontexts. The excavation, located in a prominentspot in the townsite, was also designed to drawvisitor interest (Figure 31). Daily tours were led tothe excavation area, a display was maintained, andstaff and students continually interacted with thepublic in the interpretation of the site and its ar-chaeological investigation.

By the end of the season, the excavation hadfocused upon two separate but adjacent areas, onemeasuring 5 by 5 meters (designated Area 1), theother measuring 6 by 7 meters (designated Area 2;Figure 32). The 5-by-5-meter excavation area didnot uncover any evidence directly attributable toStructure 24 or the Jackson occupancy, but diduncover further evidence for the earthen fort con-structed on the property between 1665 and 1667to guard against Dutch raids. New evidence forthe turf fort consists of a northeast to southwestrunning ditch (the full extent of which was not un-covered during 1998 excavations) flanked by twolarge postholes on the west. The postholes likely

Figure 30. 1994 geophysical findings from the vicinityof the Turf Fort and Structure 24.

FT

N

Turf Fort

M

James River

0

0 10 20

20 40 60 80 100

30

Iron Pipe?

38

Figure 31. Students beginning excavation at Structure 24 (CWF).

Structure 17

Well 20Area 1

Area 2

River Bank (1935)

High Water

Low Water

Mean

John Cotter Trenches

Ditc

hes

Refuse Pit 5

N

0

0 30 Ft.

10m

Figure 32. Location of Area 1 and Area 2.

39

indicate the location of a berm, with earth thrownup around the posts.

The second excavation area—Area 2—re-vealed the scant remains of Structure 24 (Fig-ure 33). Although the one photograph taken of thestructure in the 1930s shows the brickwork incourse and in reasonably good condition, it ap-pears that the excavation area must have been leftopen to the elements for a long period of time.Evidence of siltation over the foundation and in thebase of the 1930s archaeological test pits bear outthis presumption, explaining why so little of thebrickwork shown in the photograph survives to-day. Only the bricks along the southern (river fac-ing) wall, presumed to be the front of the structure,have any integrity. Fragmentary brick, no coursingremaining, survives along the southern portion ofthe east and west walls, while the northern wall,based on the extent of 1998 excavations, appearedto lack any surviving brickwork.

The combined method of augur and shoveltesting in the 1930s severely impacted the integrityof the site. A total of 34 “potholes” (as termed bythe 1930s diggers), measuring from 30 to 60 cen-timeters in width, were encountered in Areas 1 and 2during the 1998 excavation (Figures 34 and 35).Seventeen of these “Forman holes” (as termed bythe 1990s excavators in honor of Henry ChandleeForman, the architectural historian who “pioneered”this unique method of archaeological survey) werepunched through the building, destroying brick-work, obscuring evidence of postholes, and com-promising the integrity of layers and possible fea-tures on the interior of the house. There appears tohave been no rhyme or reason to this excavationstrategy, as several of the holes are within inches ofone another, and in fact, two were so close thattheir cuts intruded upon one another and thus theircombined fill was treated as a single context (con-text 265). Despite the disruption and destructionwreaked by the use of “potholes” in the 1930s, thepartial outline of Structure 24 was revealed duringthe 1998 investigation. Additionally, an intact layeron the interior of the structure was sampled, andanalysis of finds from the layers above and con-temporary with Structure 24 support an early sev-

enteenth-century date of construction and primaryuse or occupation.

Area 1

On June 1, 1998, excavation was begun in a tenby five meter area of the Jackson lot with north-east coordinates of 955N and 1070 east, runningfive meters east to west and ten meters north tosouth (Figure 36). The northern five meters of therectangle were shovel-cleared of topsoil as one unit,recorded as context 1, and not screened. Follow-ing the en masse removal of topsoil, twenty-fiveindividual one-by-one meter units were gridded out,and excavation proceeded with each unit dugstratigraphically through the parkzone andplowzone layers to expose intact features in thesubsoil. Every fourth unit opened was screenedthrough one-quarter inch mesh in order to obtain arepresentative sample of the artifact content of thedisturbed (parkzone and plowzone) layers.

Figure 33. Excavation in Area 2 showingfoundation survival (CWF).

40

Below the parkzone layer, several featureswere found to intrude the plowzone layer, includ-ing the cut and fill of an east-west archaeologicaltrench from the 1950s (context 63), which itselfcut an earlier utility trench (Figure 43). On June22, 1998, a fifty centimeter northern extension wasexcavated in order to more fully expose the traceof this trench, dubbed a “Cotter trench” after John

Cotter, who directed the 1950s fieldwork. Thetopsoil and parkzone along this five by 0.5 meterarea were removed in 100 × 50 centimeter units.None of these contexts were screened, asparkzone had already been systematically sampledthroughout the Area 1 excavation. In order to ob-tain a “free look” at the stratigraphy truncated bythe Cotter trench, the fill was removed as context

Figure 34. Forman holes at Structure 24 (CWF).

Figure 35. Pothole testing in New Towne, 1930s (CNHP).

41

Figure 36. Map of Area 1 excavation .

Well 20

Area 1

Area 3

Area 2

Area 4

Refuse Pit 5

N

Cotter Trench

10 m0

30 Ft.0

1070E955.5N

1070E950N

63. Since the fill of similar 1950s archaeologicalfeatures had been carefully quantified in previousexcavations at the Turf Fort, and Refuse Pit 1, thefill of this particular Cotter trench was not screenedwhen it was removed because the collection bi-ases of the 1950s excavators (as exemplified bythe artifactual context of the fill of the trenches) iswell understood (see discussion in Horning andEdwards 2000).

The most prevalent features in Area 1, notsurprisingly, were the nine circular stains corre-sponding to the test pits excavated in the 1930sunder the direction of Henry Chandlee Forman.Although these “Forman” holes were sometimesrecognizable as they cut through the plowzone, thefill of these features was not distinguished from theplowzone during the excavation process in Areas1 and 2. The decision not to separate these fillswas made because of time considerations, andbecause of the considerable amount of time alreadydedicated to the careful analysis of backfill else-where in the townsite during the course of the As-

sessment (see Horning and Edwards 2000). Fur-thermore, the excavation of the fill of these Formanholes where they intruded into subsoil or other fea-tures generally produced few artifacts. Most of theholes were filled with a clean silty soil related to thepits standing open and being partially filled throughweather events (Figure 37). Of the total thirty-fourForman holes encountered in 1998, twelve weresectioned with one section (generally the southernsection) excavated (see below).

Following the removal of the parkzone de-posits in Area 1, the same strategy was employedin the excavation of the plowzone horizon in a se-lection of the units. Because the ground to the eastof Area 1 yielded the ephemeral traces of Struc-ture 24 (see below), investigations in Area 1 wereaccordingly scaled back. Only thirteen of the originaltwenty-five units in Area 1 were excavated belowthe parkzone level, with the layers correspondingto the plowzone horizon recorded as contexts 41,46, 47,66, 75, 76, 84, 85, 88, 92, and 110. Inorder to clarify a series of features partially exposed

42

in the units 954N/1074E and 953N/1074E thoughtto relate to the 1667 Turf Fort, two additional one-by-one meter units were excavated to the east, withnorthwest coordinates at 954N/1075E and 953N/1075E. Respectively, the parkzone removed fromthese units was recorded as 137 and 133, and theplowzone as 161 and 158.

Area 1: Major Finds

Most of the features unearthed in Area 1 corre-sponding to previous archaeological activities. NineForman holes, as noted above, were recorded andsix were sectioned with their fills screened throughone quarter inch mesh. A larger area of presumedbackfill was noted along the western edge of theexcavation area, in the units located at 951N/1070Eand 952N/1070 east. A twentieth-century utilitypipe trench and pipe were also uncovered in Area1, running along at a southeast to northwest angle,which was subsequently truncated by the 1950seast-west archaeological trench. Despite all of thistwentieth-century disturbance, three features un-covered on the eastern edge of the excavation areaappear to have integrity. Specifically, evidence fora straight-sided possible ditch feature was unearthedrunning across the excavation area (Figure 38). Thetwo units which were added as an eastern exten-sion (see above) further exposed the feature butdid not expose the eastern edge as hoped. The fillof this ditch-like feature, designated context 211,incorporated charcoal and exhibited an ashy greyhue. Possibly associated with this ditch feature aretwo large structural postholes situated adjacent tothe ditch along its western edge. One of theseposthole fills was cut by a Forman hole. The fill ofthe Forman hole (context 138), when excavated,yielded several seventeenth-century artifacts fromthe interface with the probable posthole fill. Thosematerials included two sherds of Midlands Purplestoneware, one sherd of Challis earthenware, onefragment of case bottle glass, two rusted nails, andone fragment of lead casting waste, strongly sug-gesting that the truncated posthole was a seven-teenth-century feature.

Without testing the fill of the ditch and adjoin-ing postholes, it is not possible to ascertain theirchronology or function. Assuming that the postholesand ditch are associated, they may represent thetraces of a property boundary marked by the ditchand an additional fenceline. Major property ditchesunearthed during the archaeological work of the1930s and 1950s in New Towne, such as Ditch 9,Ditch 1, Ditches 6 and 7, Ditch 8 and those outlin-ing Back Streete were often noted as possessingauxiliary fence-lines. Some ditches, such as Ditch8, clearly intruded upon fence-lines which markeda boundary preceding the construction of a ditch.Unfortunately, the recording of the postholes out-lining fences associated with ditches is not consis-tent, and so there is probably evidence for manymore fence lines still extant in the ground than wasnoted in either the 1930/1940s work, or that ofthe 1950s. Subsidiary post features were recordedfor Ditches 2, 4, 8, 9, 10-24, 12, 15, 17, 18, 27,28, 30, 36, 41, 44, 45, and 46, which may indi-cate fence-lines (Horning 1999). A much morecompelling explanation for the function of the ditchand postholes unearthed in Area 1 links them tothe earthen fort constructed at Jamestown duringthe Anglo-Dutch War, as evidence of a ditch andadjacent berm built up around sunken posts.

Figure 37. Sectioned Forman hole (CWF).

43

The long ditch and adjacent postholes un-earthed in the 1998 excavations at Structure 24may correspond to the eastern boundary of the TurfFort, possibly joining with the ditch unearthed in1993 in an unexcavated area south of the 1998excavation and southeast of the 1993 excavationarea. The postholes could easily have accommo-dated the pine posts discussed in the descriptionof materials required for the fort’s construction (seeChapter 3). Given the proximity of the postholesto the ditch, the posts were more likely to havesupported an earthen berm rather than any internalgun platforms or buildings. The artifacts unearthedduring the excavation of from context 138 (the fillof the Forman hole which truncated the ditch fill) atthe interface with the ditch fill, indicate a seven-teenth-century date. The presence of Challis waresupports the association of the ditch with the TurfFort. Challis earthenware was produced on thebanks of the James River not far from Jamestown,and is generally found in contexts which date be-tween 1690 and 1730 (Straube 1995: 27). Theturf fort was clearly in a state of disuse in the 1680s,as witnessed by the Reverend John Clayton (seeChapter 3). The large ditches associated with thefort would have undoubtedly attracted refuse, in-cluding broken sherds of locally made pottery.

Artifact Analysis: Area 1

Outside of a single diamond-shaped jack plate froma suit of armor, no military artifacts were recov-ered from the vicinity of the turf fort excavation of1993. Similarly, few artifacts were unearthed in Area1 in 1998 which exhibit a clear relation to the func-tion of the short-lived turf fort. This lack of corre-lated artifacts is hardly surprising, given the shortlife-span of the fort and the fact that it never per-formed its intended function, as discussed in Chap-ter 3. The five pieces of lead shot and one piece oflead sprue recovered from plowzone contexts inArea 1 in 1998, combined with thirteen fragmentsof imported flint, are far more likely to relate to theoccupancy of the gunsmith John Jackson than toany military use of the ill-fated Turf Fort of 1667.

Parkzone

The parkzone layer that was excavated at Area 1not surprisingly yielded a range of seventeenth-through twentieth-century materials, with the mostrecent items including a Victorian glass cat figurine,several iron alloy bottle caps, a 1914 US Lincolnpenny, fragments of aluminum foil, a copper alloypen stylus, and even a plastic camera flashbulb!Six of these parkzone contexts (divided by one

Figure 38. Aerial view, Area 1 (CWF).

44

meter squares) were screened (contexts 5, 7, 10,13, 15, and 22), with a total of eighty-seven arti-facts recovered from the six screened units, in con-trast to 161 recovered from the twenty-oneunscreened units. A clear differential exists betweenthe recovery rate of artifacts from the screened andunscreened units, with an average recovery rate of7.6 artifacts per unscreened unit versus a recoveryof an average of 14.5 artifacts for the screenedunits.

The origin of the materials recovered from theparkzone contexts can be presumed to be fromthe general vicinity of the 1998 excavation, in thatparkzone derives from National Park Service grad-ing activities including the backfilling of archaeo-logical trenches. Machining of backfill piles into theopen trenches from the 1950s work undoubtedlyshifted not only backfill from those trenches, butlikely also mixed topsoil and plowzone contextsfrom the immediate area around the archaeologi-cal trenches. In some areas of the townsite, soil

was shifted and parkzone created by the recon-struction of ditches and berms. However, the clos-est reconstructed ditch and berm to Area 1 of the1998 excavation lies more than 45 meters to theeast, and is unlikely to have impacted the soils atArea 1.

All but one ceramic sherd recovered from theparkzone contexts at Area 1 can be attributed tothe seventeenth century. A total of forty-nine ce-ramic sherds were unearthed, with a single frag-ment of probable eighteenth-century English por-celain. The largest category of ceramics present inthe assemblage are locally made, lead glazed coarseearthenwares (twenty-five sherds or 51.0 percentof the total ceramic assemblage, and 10.1 percentof the total Area 1 parkzone assemblage), some ofwhich conceivably could derive from the eighteenthcentury (Figure 39). However, such wares werebeing produced early in the seventeenth centuryoccupation of Jamestown, and tend to be the mostprevalent ceramics on many New Towne sites.

Figure 39. Parkzone ceramic analysis, Area 1.

Structure 24Area 1 Parkzone C eramics

n=49 sherds

Jamestown

Local coarse

N. Devon fine

N. Devon gravel

Surrey whiteware

Iberian

stoneware

tin-enameled

porcelain 18C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

percentage

45

Next in terms of frequency are English tin-enameled earthenwares, totaling six sherds or 12.2percent of the ceramics assemblage. Five sherdsof stoneware were recovered (10.2 percent), in-cluding four of Rhenish brown and a single sherdof a cobalt blue decorated stoneware. Significantly,four sherds of Jamestown-made earthenware (8.2percent) were unearthed from the parkzone con-texts, strengthening the association of the materialwith Structure 24, and hence the association ofStructure 24 to Martin’s Hundred, as discussed inthe concluding chapter. Three fragments of NorthDevon fine tempered coarse earthenware (7.5 per-cent) were recovered, along with two sherds ofplain North Devon coarse earthenware (five per-cent). A single sherd of an Iberian storage jar wasunearthed (2.5 percent), as was a single sherd of aSurrey whiteware plate (2.5 percent). Surreywhiteware is in many ways a definitive early sev-enteenth-century artifact for colonial sites, as itsproduction began in the thirteenth century and waspetering out by the end of the sixteenth century(Pearce and Vince 1988). All of the seventeenth-

century ceramics could easily relate to the occu-pation of the Jackson family in the 1610s and 1620s.

Artifacts recovered from the parkzone con-texts which may relate to smithing activities associ-ated with the Jackson occupancy include lead scrapand coal and clinker as well as two pieces of leadshot. Glass recovered from the parkzone contexts,by contrast with the ceramics and manufacturing/gun-related objects, ranges in date from the sev-enteenth through early twentieth centuries (Fig-ure 40). A total of sixty-three glass artifacts werediscovered in the excavated parkzone contexts,ranging from four pieces of case bottle glass (dat-ing pre-1650, at 6.3 percent of the assemblage);ten fragments of green bottle glass (15.9 percent),too small to definitively identify as case bottle glass;two fragments of wine bottle glass (first introducedin the 1640s, and 3.2 percent); thirty-seven frag-ments of colorless, non-leaded glass of nineteenthcentury or later date (quite possibly relating to ar-chaeological excavations in the 1930s or 1950s,and 58.7 percent of the assemblage); three frag-ments of aqua bottle glass (4.8 percent), again dat-

Figure 40. Parkzone glass analysis, Area 1.

Structure 24Area 1 Parkzone Glass

n=63

case bottle

wine bottle

unid green

colorless, non-lead

aqua bottle

window

toy linen press

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

percentage

46

ing to the nineteenth century or later; five fragmentsof window glass possibly from Structure 24 (7.9percent); and finally a glass toy (1.5 percent) and aglass linen press of probable eighteenth-centurydate (1.5 percent).

Archaeological Backfill

As noted above, the six Forman holes which wereexcavated (contexts 138, 140, 142, 144, 148, and217) yielded few artifacts. In total, only twelve ar-tifacts were recovered from all six fills (excludingthe seven objects discussed above which relate tothe ditch fill). These items include one locally pro-duced ceramic tobacco pipestem fragment, onepiece of cast lead shot, five nails, two copper tacks,one sherd of lead glazed North Devon earthen-ware, one sherd of a Dutch tin-enameled earthen-ware, painted under in blue, and a sherd from anEnglish tin-enameled dish with a blue design paintedunder the glaze.

Items recovered from the 1950s archaeologi-cal trench, designated context 63, included a totalof forty-one cultural objects, which can be pre-sumed to have been overlooked by the previousexcavators. Three ceramic sherds were found, in-cluding one fragment of North Italian polychromemarbled slipware from the Pisa region and datingto the late seventeenth century; one sherd of a lo-cally produced lead glazed coarse earthenware, andone sherd of Chinese porcelain. A single ceramictobacco smoking pipe was recovered, as was asingle piece of green bottle glass. Architecturalmaterials made up the largest category of artifactsdeposited in the fill of the Cotter trench, reflectingthe composition of the plowzone soils in the vicin-ity (see below). These materials included twenty-six nails (including one wire nail, dating the assem-blage in the trench to the post 1850 period), andtwo earthenware roofing tiles.

Prehistoric materials were also unearthed fromthe trench fill, as a reminder of the 10,000 yearspan of human activity on Jamestown Island. Thesematerials included a single unfinished side notchedquartz projectile point, two flake fragments of whitequartz as well as one piece of chert debitage which

may have originated from gunflint production. Evi-dence of gunsmithing found in the Cotter trenchinclude lead casting waste, and a fragment of rolledsheet metal. Remaining items unearthed in the ar-chaeological trench fill include a cast button and afragment of unidentifiable animal bone.

Adhering to the pattern noticed elsewhere,the artifacts which were not retained by previousexcavators and thus were encountered within thebackfill of the Cotter trench tended to be “smalland ugly”; items which were easily missed withouta screening regime and items which excited littleinterest at the time, such as nails and coarse earth-enware roofing tiles. Only three ceramic sherdswere found in the excavated backfill, and of those,only one (the porcelain) was white in color andthus potentially more noticeable to an excavator.Despite the lack of aesthetic appeal of the materi-als discarded by previous excavators, such objectsdo carry important contextual information regard-ing past human activities. In terms of the search forStructure 24, the presence of the lead casting wasteserves as an important clue to the activities whichonce took place on the site—but a clue which wasnot recognized as important at the time of its initialrecovery. Far from a critique of previous excava-tors, who were working under enormous time pres-sures with a minimum of technology and foreknowl-edge, this case serves as a caution against any pre-sumption that the artifacts previously retained fromarchaeological excavations at Jamestown accu-rately reflect the totality of material culture in use inthe seventeenth-century town.

Plowzone

The majority of artifacts recovered from theplowzone layers at Area 1 were architectural innature; however, with the exception of two frag-ments of flat ceramic roofing tile, all of these arti-facts were nails. These architectural objects ac-counted for 54.8 percent of all artifacts recoveredfrom Area 1 (Figure 41). The next largest class ofobjects unearthed in 1998 in Area 1 were ceram-ics. With a total of ninety sherds, the ceramic as-semblage accounted for 16.8 percent of the re-

47

Figure 41. Plowzone artifact analysis, Area 1.

Structure 24Area 1 Plowzone Artifact Analysis

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

ceramics

pipestems

architectural

window glass

bottle glass

shot/sprue

flint/chert

other

covered materials from plowzone contexts inArea 1. Eighteen of the sherds represent refinedearthenwares of eighteenth- or nineteenth-centurydate that clearly entered the record in Area 1through post-seventeenth-century refuse dispersaland plowing activities.

The remaining seventy-two sherds (includingthirty-two sherds of locally-made coarse earthen-ware) relate to seventeenth-century activities (Fig-ure 42). While displaced vertically, artifacts foundin plowzone layers generally have not traveled farhorizontally (King and Miller 1987) and thereforethe seventeenth-century finds from Area 2 are likelyto have been associated with seventeenth-centuryactivities at the Jackson domestic complex and inthe Turf Fort vicinity. Twenty-one sherds were deco-rated tin-enameled wares, including three examplesof English delft with a blue design painted underthe glaze; three sherds of undecorated English delft-ware; one sherd of English delftware with a poly-chrome under glaze treatment; one sherd of an uni-dentified tin enameled ware with an underglaze bluedesign; and five sherds of undecorated (or missing

their glaze) delftware. Eight sherds of Midlandspurple stoneware butterpots were recovered, notcounting the additional two mentioned previouslywhich were found in associated with context 212,the ditch fill. According to Geoff Egan (1992: 97),these stoneware vessels, produced in the BritishMidlands, represent “a particularly unprepossess-ing, functional category of pottery.” The majorityof these vessels were produced during the first halfof the seventeenth century, although they contin-ued in production until the early eighteenth century.Also recovered from the plowzone layer were twosherds of Iberian olive jar and four sherds of thelocally-produced late seventeenth-century Challisearthenware (in addition to the sherd mentionedabove from the Forman hole and ditch interface).

Five sherds of one ware type that definitelydates to the early part of the seventeenth century(potentially corresponding to the Jackson occu-pancy) were recovered in Area 1—earthenwareproduced by the as-yet-unnamed Jamestown pot-ter. As noted both above and below, similaritiesbetween this Jamestown ware and the pottery pro-

48

duced by Martin’s Hundred potter Thomas Wardmay suggest that the Jamestown potter was an ac-quaintance or apprentice of Ward, or even thatWard was the Jamestown potter, practicing in thecapital settlement after the 1622 uprising at Martin’sHundred (McCartney 1995: 139-50). This possi-bility is discussed further in the concluding chapterof this report.

In addition to the architectural materials andceramics recovered from the plowzone layers atArea 1, forty-five ceramic tobacco pipestem frag-ments were recovered. Of those, seven were lo-cally manufactured. Twenty of the imported stemspossessed measurable bore diameters. Three mea-sured 6/64ths of an inch in diameter; eight measured7/64ths; seven measured 8/64ths; one measured9/64ths; and one measured 10/64ths. The pipestemsthen indicate activity between 1620 and 1680,corresponding to the early occupation of the Jack-son and Stephens lot, but also reflecting activitythrough the third quarter of the seventeenth cen-tury, perhaps associated with the construction and

abandonment of the turf fort. By contrast, plowzonelayers in Area 2 and Area 3 located over Structure24, yielded more 8/64th-inch pipestems, corre-sponding to the domestic occupation of the lot (Fig-ure 43; see Chapter 5). Additionally, twenty-twofragments of case bottle glass and nine fragmentsof wine bottle glass were excavated accounting for5.8 percent of the overall plowzone assemblagefrom Area 1. Faceted case bottles began to be re-placed by rounded wine bottles in the 1640s, sothe larger percentage of case bottle glass presentin the plowed layers at Area 1 may reflect activityassociated with the nearby pre-1640 Jackson oc-cupancy.

Area 2

At the same time that the original five-meter squareArea 1 was being excavated, units were begun tothe east where Structure 24 would eventually beuncovered. Beginning on June 4, 1998, six one-meter-square units were opened adjacent to one

Figure 42. Ceramic analysis, Area 1 plowzone.

Structure 24Area 1 Plowzone Ceramics

n=90

post-17C

local coarse

tin-enamel

Midlands purple

Jamestown

Iberian

Challis

0

10

20

30

40

percentage

49

Figure 43. Pipestem analysis, plowzone Area 1.

Structure 24Area 1 Plowzone Pipestem Analysis

n=20

1580-1620 1620-1650 1650-1680 1680-1720 1720-17500

10

20

30

40

50

percentage

another at the coordinates predicted by the 1958base map to be the location of Structure 24 (Fig-ure 44). The northeast corner of this three-by-twometer area was at 947N/1079E, with a southeastcorner at 943N/1079E. Topsoil was removed fromthis area and all six units as context 40. Below top-soil, the parkzone and plowzone horizons wereseparated by units and excavated as individual con-texts. At the base of the parkzone (context 33) inthe one-meter-square unit situated with a north-east corner at 944N 1079E, fragmentary brick wasnoted in the southwestern corner of the unit. Noplowzone was evident in the unit, suggesting thatthe “parkzone” horizon was entirely archaeologi-cal backfill over the area of Structure 24 whichwas exposed during the 1934 excavation.

Major Finds

Excavation in Area 2 was expanded from the unitwhere brick was uncovered, as additional unitswere excavated across an approximately nine-meter-square area south of Well 20 and west ofRefuse Pit 5. By the end of the 1998 season, fiftyone-by-one meter units were excavated in Area 2,

revealing the outlines of the heavily-damaged Struc-ture 24 foundation. Ironically, excavation in the unitwith northeast coordinates of 940N 1083E and940N 1084E uncovered the trace of an east-westCotter trench that just clipped the southeasterncorner of the Structure 24 foundation. Althoughapparently not recognized at the time, the archae-ologists of the 1950s had, in fact, re-discoveredthis enigmatic building in the location predicted byJohn Cotter as represented on the 1958 archaeo-logical base map.

Following the excavation of parkzone in theunits directly atop the foundation, a layer of a fine,artifact free, uniform silty loam was uncovered. Thislayer was mapped and excavated as context 154.Although one might typically expect a uniform (Fig-ure 45), brick- and artifact-free layer such as thisto be associated with either the earliest period ofEuropean settlement on Jamestown or quite pos-sibly earlier, the layer in fact corresponds to theportion of Structure 24 that was apparently leftexposed to the elements in 1934. The clean fillcovering the foundation and also present in the fillof the Forman holes excavated in Area 1 and 2 aswell as in the Turf Fort excavations of 1993, ap-

50

Figure 45. Context 154 covering foundation area (CWF).

Figure 44. Excavation map of Area 2.

Well 20

Area 1

Area 3

Area 2

Area 4

Refuse Pit 5

N

Cotter Trench

10 m0

30 Ft.0

947N1079E

944N1077E

51

pears to be water-laid silt and sand deposited dur-ing a severe storm event. As recorded by engineerP.A. Latimer following a storm in August of 1933which washed away nine feet of the James Riverbank in New Towne; “Whenever the wind blowsfrom the northeast, or the east, for several days thewaters of the Atlantic and the Chesapeake Bay areforced up the James River, increasing tremendouslythe elevation of the tidal waters at Jamestown Is-land, and erosive action of the waves and, to someextent, scouring, due to the rapid current aroundthe northwestern end of the island, continue to carryaway more of the river bank” (Latimer 1933: 2).Context 154, the water-laid silt, clearly sealed por-tions of the barely surviving brick associated withStructure 24.

Although Forman’s team punched holes allthrough Structure 24 and its immediate vicinity, aswell as exposing an area at least four meters byfour meters in dimension, the team did not exca-vate a layer discovered beneath the storm-depos-ited and backfill layers. This layer, designated con-text 190, was present within the area defined by

the brick traces, and can be interpreted as a livingsurface. Because of the potential significance of thislayer, artifacts recovered from context 190 wereindividually recorded and piece plotted (Figure 46).The layer was carefully excavated with trowels, andthe position of each recovered artifact tagged witha unique identifying number and bagged individu-ally. An Electronic Distance Measurer, or EDM,was then used to record the exact position of therecovered artifacts in three dimensions. The aim ofthis very careful recovery effort was to ensure maxi-mum data recovery and ideally shed light upon theuse of space within Structure 24.

When the excavation was concluded in lateJuly, it appeared that the structure was rectangular,measuring sixteen by fourteen feet (Figure 47).While brick rubble was present in the layers cap-ping the feature, the volume was relatively low sug-gesting that the bricks formed part of a foundationwhich did not rise more than a few feet off theground. Traces of daub were uncovered at the site,suggested a wattle and daub frame building restingupon a brick foundation with possible interruptions.

Figure 46. Piece-plotting context 190 at Structure 24.

52

While no evidence for a hearth was uncovered onthe interior of the structure as revealed in 1998, itwas still surmised that the building represented adwelling.

Artifact Analysis

The overwhelming majority of artifacts recoveredfrom the disturbed layers overlying the buildingappear to date to the first half of the seventeenthcentury. Significantly, no wine bottle glass, whichbegins to replace case bottle glass around mid-cen-tury, was recovered from the layer (context 190)excavated within the structure. One of the morecommon artifacts recovered from the piece-plot-ted layer, aside from brick, nail fragments, tobaccosmoking pipes , and a range of domestic ceramics,was unused lead shot and lead sprue. When com-bined with the gunflints found in context 190, thesegunsmithing related artifacts account for 7.8 per-cent of the piece plotted assemblage and support-

Figure 47. Aerial view of the 1998 excavation, showing foundation remains (CWF).

ing the attribution of the site as the former home ofJohn Jackson the gunsmith.

Artifacts from the 1998 excavation of Struc-ture 24 in Area 2 are further analyzed in relation tothose recovered in 1999, and as such are discussedand interpreted in detail in Chapter 5 and 6.

Conclusions

In summary, the 1998 excavation achieved all ofthe proposed goals, with the bonus of uncoveringadditional information regarding the Turf Fort. Theattribution of Structure 24 to the Jackson occu-pancy was strongly supported by the 1998 exca-vation. Future work on the Jackson lot was thenscheduled for 1999 and designed to expand theexcavation around the structure area, towards pin-pointing the location and nature of other activityareas.

53

Introduction

With funding again provided by EasternNational via a grant to Colonial NationalHistorical Park and carried out in con-

junction with the Colonial Williamsburg Founda-tion/College of William & Mary field school, anadditional six weeks in the summer of 1999 werespent expanding and completing the research ex-cavations at Structure 24 which had been launchedat the early seventeenth-century domestic site inthe summer of 1998 (Figure 48). Investigations wereframed to more fully understand the nature andfunction of the architectural remains uncovered in1998, as well as to examine other potential activityareas on the Jackson lot. In addition to expandingaround the structure, the 1999 excavations aimedto expose the ground between the building and the1950s excavation areas around Well 20 and RefusePit 5, and also sought to pinpoint the location ofthe Jackson forge. A secondary goal of the 1999season was to further delineate the scope and im-pact of the destructive “pothole” excavations of the

1930s as an aid to further archaeological evalua-tion and research in the townsite.

Following the grid established in the 1998 fieldseason in relation to the overall Jamestown archaeo-logical grid, one-meter-square units were againexcavated through topsoil, “parkzone,” andplowzone layers to expose features associated withthe dwelling. All soils from a representative sampleof contexts were screened through quarter-inchmesh. Additionally, soil samples were retained fromall contexts below topsoil to permit post-excava-tion soil chemistry and phytolith analyses to aid defi-nition of activity areas within and around the struc-ture. All artifacts were saved and bagged accord-ing to the contexts in which they were recovered.In accordance with the protocol established underthe Assessment, intact layers and features sealedby plowzone were left unexcavated and undis-turbed except as necessary to gather soil samplesfor laboratory testing. Artifacts encountered throughsampling of such contexts were retained and re-corded according to the contexts in which they werefound.

Chapter 5.1999 Investigations at Structure 24

Figure 48. 1999 excavations at Structure 24 (CWF).

54

As was the case in Areas 1 and 2 excavatedin 1998, Foreman “potholes” were by far the mostfrequently encountered feature type in Area 3. Inkeeping with protocol established in 1998, the fillof these features was not distinguished from theplowzone during excavation of Area 3, owing bothto time considerations and the considerable amountof effort already dedicated to the analysis of back-fill elsewhere in the town site during the course ofthe Assessment (see Horning and Edwards 2000),not to mention the 1998 excavation of twelveForman holes in Areas 1 and 2. Re-excavation ofForman holes in Areas 1 and 2 consistently hadproduced fill containing few artifacts. Thus, of thetwenty Forman holes identified in Area 3 in 1999,only two were sectioned and excavated (see be-low).

The 1999 excavation effort focused upon twoseparate areas (Figure 49). The first zone, whichmeasured six by seven meters in extent, was des-ignated Area 3, and was in reality a northern ex-tension of Area 2, excavated in 1998. The secondzone (Area 4) measured four by four meters andwas located to the southeast of Structure 24, be-tween the building and New Towne’s seventeenth-century waterfront street. Area 4 was sited in thislocation in an effort to locate evidence for the forgeof John Jackson (see discussion below).

Topsoil, parkzone, and plowzone layers es-sentially were uniform across Areas 3 and 4, mir-roring the soils encountered in 1998 in Area 1 andArea 2. Aside from periods of sustained rain, top-soil was a dry, dusty and easily excavated brown(Munsell color 10YR 4/3) sandy loam layer thataveraged 5-8 centimeters in depth. Topsoil con-texts were almost entirely clean, with minimal—ifany—brick flecking, and yielding few to no arti-facts. Given the proximity of the river, it is not sur-prising that oyster shell was the dominant artifactcategory, followed by iron nails and earthenwaresherds. Topsoil sealed a parkzone layer that cov-ered Areas 3 and 4.

The parkzone and plowzone layers were bothcharacterized by a friable dark yellowish brownsandy clay loam (10YR 4/4) soil with moderatebrick and light charcoal inclusions. This similarity

reflects the origin of parkzone as predominatelyplowed soils which were re-deposited during twen-tieth-century park landscaping and grading activi-ties. No features were found to cut through theparkzone, which ranged in thickness from 10-15centimeters, but this disturbed layer of recent depo-sition did seal a number of features cutting into theplowzone in Area 3. These features, when seen inplan, helped to delineate the separation betweenthe nearly identical parkzone and plowzone layersduring particularly dry periods when subtle strati-graphic differences were difficult to discern.

Plowzone averaged 10-18 centimeters acrossAreas 1, 2, and 3, and reached depths of 25-30centimeters in Area 4. This increase may reflect anatural slope towards the river in existence prior totwentieth-century grading activities. The featureswhich were found to cut the plowzone in Area 3included twenty “potholes” of 50-60 cm diametercreated by Henry Chandlee Forman’s archaeologi-cal testing in the 1930s, and a debris pit (fill con-text 532) clearly postdating the plowzone (plow-ing at Jamestown continued until the early years ofthe twentieth century) but containing only seven-teenth-century pottery and case bottle glass frag-ments accompanied by nail fragments and scatteredbone and oyster shell. Finally, a twentieth-centuryutility trench (fill context 356) and pipe were dis-covered running southeast to northwest in Area 3,and in line with the utility trench uncovered in 1998in Area 1 (Figure 50). While not of direct relevanceto the seventeenth-century occupation of the site,examination of the east and west sections of thisexcavated utility trench provided a valuable glimpseof the intact deposits underlying plowzone north ofStructure 24 (see below) in Area 3. There were nofeatures intrusive to the plowzone layer in Area 4,indicating that the zone was not disturbed duringthe excavations of the 1930s which left much ofthe Structure 24 site area peppered with test holes.

A separate but related “plowzone interface”layer (master context 7) was identified belowplowzone in Area 3, and so named because it ap-peared to form an interface between the plowzonelayer and the sandy clay subsoil. This interface layerconsisted of a soil matrix which in appearance and

55

Figure 49. 1999 excavation areas at Structure 24.

Well 20

Area 1

Area 3

Area 2

Area 4

1999Refuse

Pit 5Excavations

N

Cotter Trench

10 m0

30 Ft.0

935N1082E

1080E952N

texture was indistinguishable from plowzone, butexhibited indistinct feature outlines. These feature“ghosts” most likely were formed by plow bladesextending through the primarily agricultural matrixand truncating features which were intrusive to thesubsoil. This would have had the effect of partiallychurning such features upward, creating the dis-tinct interface layer encountered. Because it ap-peared to possess integrity, the plowzone-subsoilinterface layer was not excavated, but was surfacetested at 1-meter intervals as necessary to collectfour-ounce soil samples of deposits sealed byplowzone at regular intervals across the site. Judg-ing from the section of the profile of the modernutility trench cut (context 357) mentioned above,the interface layer appeared to be approximatelysix centimeters thick in Area 3.

No evidence for a continuous interface layerwas noted in Area 4, perhaps partly due to greaterthickness of the plowzone layer within Area 4. Fea-tures revealed beneath plowzone in Area 4 cut asandy yellow-brown clay (10YR 4/4) mottled withgray clay (10YR 5/2) and yellow (10YR 4/6) sub-soil deposits. This gray mottled clay was desig-nated Master Context 8. In contrast to the feature“ghosts” uncovered below plowzone in Area 3,features revealed in Area 4 following the removalof plowzone were crisply defined and showed noevidence of having been disturbed by plowing. Thislayer (Master Context 8) was not excavated, butseveral apparently intact features cutting this layerwere uncovered and recorded (see below), andas in Area 3, four-ounce soil samples were col-lected from the surface of each feature to permitchemical and phytolith analysis. Artifacts dislodged

56

in the soil collection process were retained fromfeatures below plowzone in both Areas 3 and 4,and are discussed in detail below.

Area 3

Excavation began on June 1 in Area 3, extendingthe 1998 excavation area from what was presumedto be the north wall of Structure 24 towards thearea excavated by John Cotter in the 1950s aroundWell 20, with the aim of uncovering further mate-rial evidence of the Jackson family occupancy (Fig-ure 51). Forty-two one-meter-square units wereplaced in an area encompassing 6 by 7 meters,with a total of 146 contexts recorded. Despite thedisturbance wrought by a half-meter wide twenti-eth-century utility trench (context 356 [fill] and 357[cut]) running east-west across the lot, and twentyadditional Forman holes in Area 3, critical infor-mation regarding the dimensions, orientation, andfunction of Structure 24 was uncovered during the1999 season.

Major Finds

North Wall

Evidence found in 1998 had suggested that Struc-ture 24 was frontally situated on the James River,

opening onto the river road documented to havetraversed the shoreline of the townsite for much ofthe seventeenth century. The south and assumedfront wall of the building measured sixteen feet inlength, complementing the fourteen foot north-southmeasurement and indicating a small, possiblyhearth-less, rectangular building much like the onedepicted upon the 1958 base map. Extension ofthe excavation area, however, quickly revealed thatStructure 24 was in fact much larger, and likelyfaced westward rather than southward.

The fragile remains of two bricks (context568) were uncovered in unit 948N/1085E in theplowzone interface (Figure 52). The bricks ap-peared to be in course, in a parallel alignment tothe southern wall of Structure 24 as uncovered in1998 and exactly twenty-four feet to the north ofthe wall found in 1998. These bricks, along withadditional in-situ brickbat remains along the northaxis (context 571) along the north axis in 948N/1084E and west axis (context 572) of the struc-ture in 946N/1080E, and traces of a hearth (Mas-ter Context 2) (see below) originating in unit 949N/1083, indicate that Structure 24 measured sixteenby twenty-four feet. The complete dimensions ofthe building as uncovered in 1999 place the gableson the northern and southern ends of the house asopposed to the east and west sides of the structureas proposed after the 1998 field season. Most

Figure 50. Section drawing of utility trench.

1.5 Ft0

0 40 cm

307 - Topsoil

311 - Parkzone

UNEXCAVATED

359 - Plowzone

356 - 20th Century Trench

57

likely, Structure 24 faced westward rather thantowards the river, as previously interpreted. Thissupposition is based upon the rarity of gable en-trances in buildings of the period; the unlikely place-ment of Refuse Pit 5 in the front of the house; and,most importantly, artifactual and chemical evidencepinpointing distinct activities area within and aroundStructure 24 (described below). The dimensionsclearly suggest a two room, hall and parlor plan.

Hearth

The discovery of a hearth (master context 2) in thenorthwestern corner of Structure 24 clearlystrengthens the interpretation of the building as adwelling rather than any of the other structures—such as a workshop, forge, or guest lodging—documented as existing on the Jackson property,and suggests that the hall was situated on the northend of the house. The hearth feature is character-ized by a brick scatter (recorded as context 582),combined with a heavy charcoal concentration

(context 585) and intensely-burned red clay de-posits (context 576) adjacent to one another in theplowzone interface layer at the northwest cornerof the structure (Figure 53). Designated master con-text 2, the combined elements of the hearth formeda square deposit measuring roughly two by twometers, with the southernmost half apparently lo-cated inside the boundary of the structure’s northwall, and the northernmost half outside of it. Whilethe brick scatter covered the entire four-meter-

Figure 51. Location of Area 3.

N

0

0 30 Ft.

10m

Area 3

River Bank (1935)

High Water

Low Water

Mean

John Cotter Trenches

Ditc

hes

Refuse Pit 5

Structure 17

Well 20

Figure 52. Relict bricks at Structure 24 (CWF).

58

square area of the feature, the charcoal concentra-tion and burnt clay components were limited to itsnortheast quadrant. The charcoal concentration waslocated along the north wall of the structure, andthe burnt clay was located directly north of the char-coal, apparently just outside the structure’s northwall. Judging by the subsoil mottling visible withinall components of the hearth, little of the featureremained intact within the thin plowzone interfacelayer remaining above subsoil in this part of Area 3.

This hearth complex (master context 2) com-prised of brick (context 582), charcoal (context585), and heavily burnt soils (context 576) cov-ered an area that included both the inside and out-side of the structure. Aligned with and inside of thestructure’s north wall, the charcoal concentration—in which individual fragments of tin enameled ware,case bottle glass, and lead shot were noted duringsoil sampling; along with smoking pipe fragmentsand nail fragments—likely represented the fireboxitself, a locus for cooking and other food prepara-tion activities (Figure 54). The brick scatter (con-text 582) overlaid the charcoal and extended tothe outside of the structure, where the burnt clay(context 576) was located in its entirety.

Why did the hearth take this particular form?It is possible that the structure burned down as theresult of a chimney fire which breached its northwall, with the spread of hearth bricks on the exte-rior of the structure bearing witness to such a de-structive event. Alternatively, the brick spread inconjunction with additional brick scatters (contexts556 and 557, discussed below) may reflect a dif-ferent kind of destructive event: the toppling of abrick chimney stack to the north. As will be dis-cussed in greater detail below, it is conceivable thatthe burnt clay deposit (context 576) might repre-sent a separate industrial activity area outside ofthe structure itself, which shared the chimney stackused by the domestic firebox for household cook-ing. In support of this interpretation is the recoveryof concretions of limonite (iron ore) and a numberof unidentified iron fragments from the plowed soilsoverlying the hearth-related deposits and noted onthe surface of the hearth bricks themselves.

Finally, post-depositional processes may wellbe at fault in the distribution of the brick attributedto the hearth (context 582) as well as that com-prising the additional scatters (contexts 556 and557) to the north of the structure. The diffusion ofbrick fragments along the north end of the struc-ture and still further north between the structureand Well 20 may merely reflect repeated plowingof the New Towne area throughout the eighteenthand nineteenth centuries. If so, what has been in-terpreted as hearth brick (context 582) which cutssubsoil may instead have originated from the chim-ney stack itself but was plow dragged slightly north(outside of the building) and south (remaining in-side of it). Similarly, brick from Well 20 may havebeen dragged south towards the structure, con-tributing to the scatters (designated contexts 556and 557) which were visible within plowzone in-

Figure 53. View of the hearth (CWF).

59

Figure 54. Location of the hearth.

Area 3

Area 2

Hearth

N

0

0 15 Ft.

5m

terface but apparently did not actually cut subsoil.The form and orientation of other features uncov-ered in the lot (discussed below) lends support tothis theory that plow drag may well have alteredthe appearance of the hearth following its use dur-ing the Jackson occupancy.

Additional architectural details revealed by theexcavation in Area 3 include the discovery of aposthole (context 583) in 947N/1086, related to aset of postmolds (context 569 and 250/5702) un-covered in Area 2 in 1998 (Figures 55 and 56).Together, the three features appear to indicate aninternal construction in the northeastern corner ofthe structure, most likely serving as supports forsome type of storage facility such as a cupboardor open shelving. Of these three features, onlypostmold 250/570 and associated posthole 600

contained any visible artifacts, which are discussedbelow in the artifact analysis for Areas 2 and 3.

Features Associated with PlowzoneInterface

Other features detected in association withplowzone interface in Area 3 included two brickscatters (fill contexts 556 and 557) extending north-south between Structure 24 and Well 20 excavatedby the team led by archaeologist John Cotter in the1950s (Figure 57). Given that the brick scattersalign with plow scars (context 208 and 588) whichcut into the remains of Structure 24 in Areas 2 and3, it is possible that these scatters are the result ofplow drag between the remains of the brick welland Structure 24’s brick foundation. This hypoth-esis is supported by the fact that when tested, thesebrick scatters—unlike brick scatter 582 within thehearth complex—apparently did not extend belowplowzone interface into subsoil below. This hypoth-esis affords an explanation for the ephemeral na-ture of the north wall foundation of Structure 24,and also explains the visibility of the brick scatters(contexts 556 and 557) in the plowzone interfacewhile they did not actually cut into subsoil below.Plow blades churning up brick from Structure 24’snorthern foundation and Well 20 would be expectedto produce the light scatter of brick fragment (fillcontexts 556 and 557) deposited within plowzoneinterface between the house and well.

Alternatively, it is possible that brick scatters556 and 557 represent architectural debris asso-ciated with the destruction of Structure 24. Again,given that the brick scatters would have representeda secondary deposition event, the presence of brickfragments within the plowzone interface but notcutting subsoil is logical. Further supporting thispossibility is the disproportionate concentrations ofiron nails in the plowzone and plowzone interfacelayers in the vicinity of the brick scatters. No arti-facts were recovered from the excavation of brickscatter context 556, but context 557 contained asingle earthenware roofing tile fragment and an ironnail fragment.

2 The dual designation for this postmold is due to thefact that it originally was uncovered and designatedcontext 250 in 1998; in 1999 it was designated context570 when Structure 24 and its structural constituentswere re-mapped. Both context numbers are retainedhere to avoid confusion arising from the artifact in-ventories, which attribute artifacts both to context 250(in the 1998 artifact inventory) and to context 570 (inthe 1999 inventory).

60

Area 3

Area 2

0

0 15 Ft.

5m

N

Postholes

Figure 56. Postholes associated with those found inArea 2.

Brick scatters

N

0

0 15 Ft.

5m

Area 3

Area 2

Figure 57. Location of brick scatters.

Figure 55. Location of associated posts.

61

Finally, the southern edge of a brick rubblefeature in which several unidentified iron objectsand fragments were visible (fill context 598) wasuncovered at the northernmost excavation limit ofArea 3, just south of Well 20 in unit 953N/1083E(Figure 58). While an unknown portion of this fea-ture remains covered by un-excavated units to itsnorth, several observations may be made basedon its visible extent and location relative to the restof the site. Only ninety centimeters long and lo-cated within a meter of the southernmost extent ofCotter’s 1950s excavation of Well 20, it is unlikelythat much if any of the feature remains intact. De-spite the presence of a heavily burned but intactbrick in this feature noted during soil sample re-covery, which could be interpreted as evidence ofindustrial-level heating activities, it is unlikely thatfeature fill 598 itself represents a forging area, giventhe spatial limitations on its potential dimensions andits location between the house and the well. Mostlikely the rubble evident in feature fill 598 repre-sents domestic debris discarded in the vicinity ofWell 20.

Artifact Analysis, Areas 2 and 3

A total of 2,787 artifacts were uncovered duringthe 1999 excavations in Areas 3 and 4, which com-bined with the 1998 excavations in Area 1 andArea 2 totals 5,795 (Table 2). Of those artifacts,forty-five were recovered from topsoil, 1,620 fromparkzone, 3,371 from plowzone, eighty-seven fromthe interface layer below plowzone in Area 3, andforty-one from the gray clay mottled layer belowplowzone in Area 4. A total of 300 objects werecollected from an apparent living surface within thebrick foundations of Structure 24 (contexts 190and 231), and a total of 104 artifacts dislodged bysoil sampling or site cleaning was retained from fea-tures including a modern trash pit that cut plowzone(context 532), and structural features sealed by theplowzone, such as postholes (250/570, 600) andthe hearth (master context 2). Fifty-one artifactswere recovered from a twentieth-century utilitytrench (fill context 356) cutting across the lot northof Structure 24. The remaining 180 objects de-rived from previous archaeological backfill re-ex-

Figure 58. Brick rubble feature (CWF).

62

cavated from atop the building foundations (con-texts 154 and 190), from seven of Henry ChandleeForman’s round shovel test pits dug in the 1930s(contexts 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 460, and 492),and from a portion of John Cotter’s survey trench(context 213) that barely missed Structure 24’ssoutheast corner in the 1950s.

Parkzone

Not surprisingly, given that parkzone deposits wereessentially plowzone strata redeposited by twenti-eth-century National Park Service landscaping,parkzone layers yielded a similar and proportion-ately consistent variety of artifacts to that ofplowzone in Areas 2 and 3 (see below), primarilyarchitectural materials such as brick, nails, and roof-ing tiles; ceramic vessels dating mostly to the sev-enteenth century, but also some later materials fromthe eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, no doubtthe product of centuries of plowing following thedemise of New Towne; locally produced as wellas imported white clay tobacco smoking pipes; andcase bottle glass. Several modern artifacts, includ-ing wadded aluminum foil and two Coca-Colabottle fragments recovered from the parkzone, bearwitness to the recent transformation of long-plowedfields atop the former colonial capital into a twen-tieth-century venue for family recreation. Artifactsrecovered from the parkzone overlying Structure24 which may relate to smithing activities associ-

ated with the Jackson occupancy (e.g., iron tools,forged scrap metals, lead shot, etc.), are discussedin detail in Chapter 6.

For a full account of parkzone, its deposi-tion, and implications for the archaeological recordat Jamestown Island, please see the discussion ofparkzone in Chapter 4: Area 1 Artifact Analysis.

Archaeological Backfill

Despite differences in the specific recovered ce-ramic wares and glass types, the fill of previousarchaeology features on the Jackson lot that werere-excavated in 1998 and 1999 shared a remark-ably consistent low artifact-to-soil volume ratio, andwithout exception were found to contain mainlybrick, iron nails, and coarse earthenwares.

Eight of the forty-five Henry Chandlee Forman1930s archaeological “potholes” that were identi-fied and mapped in Areas 2 and 3 were re-exca-vated in 1998 and 1999. In total, forty-eight arti-facts were recovered from fill contexts 191, 193,195, 197, and 199 in Area 2, and from fill contexts460 and 492 in Area 3. The Forman hole fill desig-nated context 146 proved to be devoid of arti-facts. One-third of all the objects that were recov-ered from the other re-excavated Forman holes inAreas 2 and 3 were iron nail fragments (n=16).Eleven brick pieces and a single earthenware roof-ing tile completed the architectural component ofthe assemblage. Coarse earthenwares and importedtobacco pipestem were represented by four frag-

Table 2.Artifact Analysis, Areas 2 and 3

Deposit Type Pct of Recovered Artifacts

Topsoil 0.8Parkzone 28.0Plowzone 58.2Interface 1.5Grey clay 0.7Intact floor 5.2Features 1.820th C utility trench 0.9Backfill 3.1

n=5795

63

ments each, and several chunks of unidentifiableiron, a case bottle fragment, and several non-leadedglass sherds rounded out the group of artifacts that,due to their lack of intrinsic interest at a time whenanalytical techniques to warrant their collection hadnot yet been developed, were not retained by ex-cavators in the 1930s.

A 1950s archaeological trench uncovered inunit 940N/1083E, nearly touching Structure 24’ssoutheast corner, also was re-excavated in 1998.The artifact content of this trench fill, designatedcontext 213, was limited to sixteen items domi-nated, once again, by brick and nail fragments. Onesherd of Staffordshire sgraffito and one local coarseearthenware pipkin fragment were the only ceram-ics recovered from the trench, along with three casebottle fragments, two tobacco smoking pipe stems,and a piece of coal.

Once topsoil and parkzone was stripped fromArea 2 in 1998, it became clear that a large spreadof relatively-clean fill, covering an area approxi-mately four meters square, had been deposited overthe remains of Structure 24 following Forman’sexplorations in the 1930s. This deposit, designatedcontext 154, was re-excavated so as to exposethe building foundations for the purpose of assess-ing their condition, to determine how Structure 24was built, and, most importantly, to document thestructure through careful mapping and photogra-phy. As was the case with all previous archaeologyfill re-excavated on the Jackson lot, the artifactassemblage from the backfill overlying Structure24’s foundations was limited to the “small and ugly”that either was overlooked entirely in the absenceof a soil screening protocol, or, due to its mundanenature, deemed unworthy of retention by work-men in the 1930s.

Given the relatively large volume of fill com-prising context 154, it contained a surprisingly lowartifact count, suggesting that clean fill had eitherbeen brought from outside the immediate vicinityof the structure (perhaps the riverside?) or that, asdiscussed in Chapter 4, the fill was associated witha storm event. Of the fifty artifacts recovered fromcontext 154, nearly forty percent were brick batsor fragments that presumably derived from the

building foundations. Next in terms of frequencywere thirteen iron nail fragments, followed by fiveimported tobacco pipe fragments, four sherds ofpottery including English delftware and local coarseearthenware, three fragments of case bottle glass,two fragments of non-leaded glass, two pieces oflead shot, one clear glass bead, and a piece of coal

Other Twentieth-Century Features

The fill of a twentieth-century utility trench (con-text 356) that cut southeast-northwest across theJackson lot just north of Structure 24 contained anartifact assemblage closely resembling those recov-ered from the previous archaeology fill relating tothe 1930s “pothole” survey directed by HenryChandlee Forman as well as the 1950s trenchingefforts headed by John Cotter (Figure 59). Ironwas the material most commonly recovered in thefifty-one piece assemblage, which included eigh-teen nails and nail fragments. Artifacts potentially

Figure 59. Re-excavated utility trench (CWF).

64

associated with Jackson’s smithing craft include apiece of lead shot with attached sprue, three brickfragments exhibiting slag deposits, and six uniden-tifiable forged iron objects. Six pottery fragments—including painted-under and plain tin-glazed earth-enwares, English Fulham stoneware, andJamestown local coarse earthenwares—four im-ported white clay tobacco smoking pipestems, andtwo fragments of case bottle glass rounded out whatmay be presumed to be the seventeenth-centurycomponent of the trench assemblage. Not surpris-ingly, given the twentieth-century creation of thisfeature, two fragments of non-leaded glass alsowere found in the trench fill. The remaining arti-facts recovered from context 356 were three frag-ments of grey slate roofing tile, including one frag-ment with a pierced opening to accommodate anail, and a piece of coal.

Another feature investigated during the 1999field season at Structure 24 was a small refuse pit,originally thought to be an oval-shaped Forman holealigned with a series of eleven Forman holes cut-ting plowzone in the far north of Area 3 (Figure 60).The feature (fill context 532) measured seventy-

five centimeters east-west, and protruded from thenorthern extent of excavation Area 3, in unit 953N/1085E. Although the site stratigraphy dictates thatthe feature cut could not have been created untilafter plowing across the site had ceased in the earlytwentieth century, the feature fill yielded only dat-able seventeenth-century artifacts. Aside fromtwenty-five iron nail fragments, the sixty-eight ob-ject assemblage was dominated by local and im-ported coarse earthenwares, comprising twenty-four percent of the total. Three tin-glazed earthen-ware fragments—one undecorated, the other twopainted under the glaze but in poor condition—were also recovered, along with seven case bottlefragments, two imported tobacco smoking pipefragments, two iron knife blade fragments, threewhole oyster shells, some animal bone, several frag-ments of burned brick, and burned clay. When andwhy this feature was dug and filled with seventeenth-century artifacts is unclear; however, given the prox-imity of the pit to a number of Forman holes, it islikely the feature is somehow associated with thepoorly documented 1930s excavation. The sev-enteenth-century materials discovered in the pit fill

Figure 60. Context 532 pit (CWF). (Note: pit is vaguely defined semi-circular dark area at right.)

65

may have been discarded by excavators becauseof their fragmented condition and seemingly-unim-portant nature.

Plowzone

Analysis of the 2,626 artifacts recovered fromplowzone in Areas 2 and 3 clearly indicates thatStructure 24 was occupied early in the seventeenthcentury (Figure 61). Fifty-six percent of the dat-able artifacts recovered from disturbed layers di-rectly over the structure—and all of those encoun-tered in plowzone interface deposits and featuresbelow plowzone—predate 1650. The mean ter-minus post quem for all forty-one datableplowzone layers in Areas 2 and 3 was 1693 (ac-tual date range: 1625-1864). Compensating for thelater dates introduced by the plowing that contin-ued into the twentieth century, the median termi-nus post quem for Areas 2 and 3 was calculatedat 1650. Even more telling, the most frequentlyoccurring terminus post quem—the mode—for

plowed soils in Areas 2 and 3 proved, at 1625, tobe earlier still. Datable artifacts encountered in eightintact features and strata below plowzone in Areas2 and 3 yielded an even earlier mean terminus postquem of 1648 (actual date range: 1625-1650), amedian date of 1638, and, again, a mode of 1625,strongly suggesting a primary occupation during theperiod in which John Jackson plied his smithingtrade in New Towne.

Structure 24’s plowzone artifact assemblagefurther supports the early seventeenth-century oc-cupancy of gunsmith John Jackson. Following ar-chitectural debris in the form of 1,078 artifacts con-stituting 41.1 percent of the total assemblage, anda typical range of seventeenth-century domesticmaterials including 394 ceramic vessel fragments(17 percent), 350 clay tobacco smoking pipes(13.3 percent), and 290 fragments of case bottleglass (11 percent), 123 gun-related artifacts suchas unused lead shot, lead sprue, gunflints and theirproduction waste, and gun parts were among themost common artifacts recovered from plowed soils

Figure 61. Plowzone artifact analysis, Areas 2 and 3.

Structure 24Areas 2 and 3 Plowzone Artifact Analysis

n=2,626

architectural

ceramics

tobacco pipes

case bottle glass

gun-related

wine bottle glass

other

0

10

20

30

40

50

percentage

66

overlying Structure 24 in Areas 2 and 3, account-ing for five percent of the total assemblage.

Forty-two pieces of cast lead and lead alloygun shot ranging from several millimeters to ap-proximately one centimeter in diameter were re-covered from plowed layers in Areas 2 and 3.Nearly sixty percent of this lead shot was sphericalor ovoid rather than flattened, indicating that it wasunused. Eight specimens still bore evidence of thesprue connection left by the mold casting process,and twenty fragments of lead sprue casting wastewere discovered independent of shot. Of sixteenflint fragments worked in the manner of gunflints,three grey specimens are of likely English origin,including a finished gunflint with a rounded plat-form and finished distal edge (context 362), a fin-ished gunspall with slightly rounded heel andsmoothed edge (context 420), and an unfinishedgunflint with evident cortex on an unfinished roundedheel, with concave back and rounded base (con-text 329). Other grey flints included five flakes withworked or feathered edges (contexts 332, 359,403, and 439) one exhibiting trapezoidal form (con-text 334), and four fragments of grey flint debitage(contexts 388 and 403). Other worked flints in-cluded one grey and blonde flake (context 355) ,one caramel flake (context 332) one brown flake(context 354), one fragment of burned grey andwhite debitage (context 411), and two brown andgrey core fragments (context 354) exhibiting bulbsof percussion, platforms, and evident cortex.

Given the poor preservation of metals in thehighly acidic soils of Jamestown Island, it is notsurprising that a single forged steel musket flashpanwas the only recognizable gun part recovered fromArea 3 plowzone. Possibly related to industrialactivities of the kind that a gunsmith would haveengaged in, however, thirty-three unidentified forgediron fragments and twelve iron ore by-product slagnodules also were recovered from plowed soils inthe immediate vicinity of Structure 24, along with asmall quantity of cast lead residue and a fragmentof cast silver.

Iron nails and nail fragments, numbering 958,comprised the vast majority of the 1,078 artifactsin the plowzone’s architectural assemblage, with

the forge-hammered rosehead variety accountingfor ninety-eight percent of those nails of identifi-able manufacturing method. Not surprisingly, con-sidering the overwhelming artifact evidence for anearly seventeenth-century occupation of Structure24, only four cut nails and one wire nail was re-covered from all plowzone layers in Areas 2 and 3.Of the seventy-seven roofing tile fragments recov-ered, two thirds were of thin grey slate and onethird was of an orange or red sandy earthenwarefabric. Three were pantile fragments and six (in-cluding two pantile fragments from context 62) boreevidence of press-molded manufacture. Forty-onesherds of window glass comprised four percent ofthe architectural assemblage for plowed soils inAreas 2 and 3, providing evidence for at least someglazing in the casement windows which would haveprovided the residents of Structure 24 with lightand ventilation.

Plowed soils over Structure 24 yielded a richarray of seventeenth-century ceramic wares, witha total of 394 sherds representing well over twentyimported as well as locally produced ware types(Table 3).

Earthenwares dominate the assemblage with254 fragments comprising eighty-seven percent ofall ceramics recovered, of which 101 are coarseunglazed and fifty-four are green, brown, or clearlead-glazed utility wares, including forty sherds at-tributed to the Jamestown potter and seven of pos-sible Martin’s Hundred provenience. As noted inthe discussion of Area 1, similarities between thisJamestown ware and that produced by Martin’sHundred potter Thomas Ward may indicate thatthe Jamestown potter was an acquaintance or ap-prentice of Ward, or Ward himself, practicing inthe capital settlement after the 1622 uprising atMartin’s Hundred. The remainder of the early sev-enteenth-century utility wares are imports, includ-ing forty-three sherds of North Devon storage ves-sels, fifteen Iberian olive jar fragments, six sherdsof green glazed borderware including one handle,five lead-glazed Staffordshire fragments, four sherdsof Midlands purple stoneware, and one lead glazedSpanish Costrel bottle fragment. Thirteen fragmentsof the late seventeenth-century locally-produced

67

green and brown lead-glazed Challis earthenwarealso were recovered from Areas 2 and 3, withforms including one pulled handle, one rim sherd,and one hollowware body/foot sherd

Sixty tin-enameled tableware and storagevessel sherds—including one of possible Dutchmanufacture, eighteen “English delftware” sherdsand one Portuguese majolica fragment—constitutesixty-nine percent of the fine earthenwares recov-ered from disturbed soils in Areas 2 and 3. Recog-nizable vessel forms in the English tin-enameledearthenware, all decorated in cobalt blue under-glaze, include one Albarello sherd exhibiting adashed lozenge and continuous band design (con-text 175), one apothecary jar fragment (context354), and two rim fragments from unidentified hol-lowware table forms.

Twenty-two additional sherds of fine Euro-pean earthenwares were recovered from the soilsover Structure 24, including several fragments eachof North Italian Sgraffito and North Italian Pisadecorative tablewares. Eight slipped Wanfried frag-ments, of which five are non-mending plate sherds,

represent the only Wanfried recovered at the sitein 1998 and 1999. The presence of this Germanred-bodied sgraffito ware produced from ca. 1580to 1625 strongly supports occupation of Structure24 in the first half of the seventeenth century (NoëlHume 1991:139). No doubt owing to post-NewTowne plowing at the site, a small amount of En-glish eighteenth-century refined earthenware includ-ing nine fragments of creamware and a sherd ofWhieldon ware also found their way into the dis-turbed soils atop the remains of Structure 24.These ceramics most likely originated from thehousehold of the Ambler family, whose ornate land-scaped garden and elaborate Georgian mansionhouse stood just north of the buried remains ofStructure 24.

In addition to these fine imported earthen-wares, thirty-seven stoneware sherds were recov-ered from plowed soils overlying Structure 24. Ofthis stoneware, twenty-seven fragments or seventy-three percent of the total are of German origin, ei-ther Frechen engobe decorated (n=16), or Ger-man Westerwald (n=11) blue cobalt incised, cor-

Table 3.Ceramic Analysis, Plowzone, Areas 2 and 3

Ware Type Percentage

Jamestown 10.2Martin’s Hundred 1.8Local coarse unglazed 25.6Local coarse glazed 13.7North Devon storage 10.9Iberian olive jar 3.8Border ware 1.5Spanish costrel 0.3Challis 3.3Tin enameled 15.2North Italian sgraffito 0.8North Italian Pisa 0.5Wanfried 2.018th C refined earthenware 2.3Frechen 4.1Westerwald 2.8Fulham 0.5Chinese porcelain 1.5

n=394

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doned, or sprig-molded drinking and storage ves-sels. The remaining two stoneware fragments wereEnglish Fulham brown engobe decorated sherds.Six Chinese porcelain sherds representing at leastone wine cup and one footed bowl also were re-covered from disturbed soils directly atop Struc-ture 24, along with a single sherd of eighteenth-century English porcelain that, with its terminuspost quem of 1745, clearly post-dates the Jack-son occupancy, and likely derived from the nearbyAmbler occupation.

Clearly, the quantity and variety of ceramicsrecovered from Areas 2 and 3 highlights the likeli-hood that John Jackson was a successful crafts-man who benefited from his residence in a colonialoutpost where specialized labor was a rare com-modity. Along with these vessels from a range oflocal and European sources, two ornate Europeanmanufactured wine glass fragments (contexts 350and 352), and eight glass trade beads (contexts71, 107, 126, 130, 177, 411, and 454), includingtwo of European and probably Venetian origin, bearwitness to the economic opportunities Jacksonenjoyed as a resident of New Towne—where theCrown repeatedly tried to establish a primary stag-ing point for local as well as international trade.Two mercantile brass counting casters recoveredat Structure 24—one from plowed soils above it,the other from the interior occupation layer testedin 1998—may be material evidence of the dailybusiness transactions in New Towne whereby Jack-son might have acquired the means to purchase orbarter for such luxury items. Such casting counterswere often used in lieu of scarce specie.

If the presence of imported ceramic waresand counting casters reflects an individual artisan’sparticipation in local trade networks, humbler arti-facts also recovered from Areas 2 and 3, such aslocal coarse earthenwares attributed to Martin’sHundred potter Thomas Ward, and three white claytobacco pipe bowls (contexts 175, 411, 417) ofpossible London manufacture– hint at the social aswell as economic ties that bound settlers in the na-scent colonial society. The three pipes are incisedwith the maker’s mark “WC” which was also noted

on pipes excavated from contemporaneous Martin’sHundred contexts (Figure 62).

Maker’s marks found on the flat bases of fourother pipe bowls recovered from plowed soils inAreas 2 and 3 ranged from letters and symbols,such as a “B” followed by a diamond (context 447),and “C” either alone (177) or with vertical lines(context 179), to incised images such as the tinywheel on a fragment recovered from context 107.This wheel, positioned on the base of the small heel,suggests that it is of Dutch manufacture (Noël Hume1991:307). While discernible, the maker’s markson the flat heels of three bowls recovered fromcontexts 17, 160, and 177 respectively could notbe identified. Given that marked pipe bowl basespeaked in popularity in the first half of the seven-teenth century, the presence of such marks cor-roborates primary occupation of Structure 24 dur-ing Jackson’s tenure in New Towne. Finally, fif-teen bowl fragments from eleven contexts exhib-ited incised rouletting under the exterior rim, com-pleting the assemblage of decorative imported to-bacco pipe fragments.

While the vast majority of the 271 importedclay tobacco smoking pipe fragments recoveredfrom plowzone in Areas 2 and 3 lack any decora-tive treatment, 132 stem fragments exhibiting mea-surable stem hole diameters do provide valuableinsight into the periods during which Structure 24most likely was occupied (Figure 63). Of all mea-surable pipestems, ninety-eight percent or 129 of

Figure 62. WC mark on excavated tobacco pipebowl(CWF).

69

the stem bores were 7/64th , 8/64th, or 9/64th of aninch in diameter, yielding a date range of 1620-1650. Of this group, 110 or eighty-five percentmeasured 8/64th of an inch (n=65) or 7/64th of aninch (n=45), further narrowing the likely occupa-tion window to the second quarter of the seven-teenth century. Two imported tobacco pipe bowlswith forms corresponding to a second quarter sev-enteenth-century date range recovered in 1998from the intact living surface of Structure 24 (con-text 190) corroborate the occupation horizon sug-gested by the preponderance of imported pipestems produced ca. 1625-1650. Only three stemfragments measuring less than 7/64th of an inch wererecovered from plowzone in Areas 2 and 3; onemeasuring 5/64th of an inch in diameter (date range1720-1750), and two measuring 6/64th of an inchin diameter (date range 1680-1720). Thesepipestems, which clearly post-date the Jacksonoccupancy, were likely deposited when the formersite of Structure 24 was plowed.

Although the bore diameters of locally-pro-duced clay tobacco pipes do not yield specificdates in the manner of imported pipes, accordingto Ivor Noël Hume, their mere presence in sub-stantial numbers at a site may provide an idea ofthe date after which occupation is likely to havebegun. Given that “large numbers” of such locally-produced pipes began to appear on colonial Vir-ginia sites in the second quarter of the seventeenthcentury (Noël Hume 1991:307), the recovery offorty-three fragments of locally-produced tobaccopipe fragments from Areas 2 and 3—constitutingsixteen percent of the total tobacco smoking pipeassemblage—is consistent with the occupationperiod suggested by the imported pipe stem andbowl data.

Of the forty-three local pipe fragments recov-ered from plowzone, four (9.3 percent) of the bowlsherds were ornamented, respectively, by a squarerelief mark on the base (context 374), incised rou-letting (context 328), denticulation (context 177),

Figure 63. Plowzone pipestem analysis, Area 2 and 3 .

Structure 24Areas 2 and 3 Plowzone Pipestem Analysis

n=132

1580-1620 1620-1650 1650-1680 1680-1720 1720-17500

10

20

30

40

50

60

percentage

70

an overall design of squares and “V”-shaped ver-tical columns (context 404), and an incised grooveabove denticulated crosshatches (context 67). Asingle bowl fragment recovered from context 390bore evidence of a unique bowl shape, consistingof a squared rim placed over a bulging, cylindricalform. Perhaps most intriguing, given the continuingdebate over the ethnicity of the actual producersof local Chesapeake clay tobacco smoking pipes(Emerson 1994; Mouer 1993; Henry 1979), onebowl fragment recovered from parkzone context104 in Area 2, overlying Structure 24, bore a reliefdesign in the unambiguously European form of afleur de lis.

After tobacco smoking pipes, faceted casebottle glass was the next most frequently-recov-ered plowzone artifact, with 276 sherds account-ing for ten percent of the plowzone assemblage inAreas 2 and 3. By contrast, only fourteen greenwine bottle glass fragments were recovered fromdisturbed soils in Areas 2 and 3. Given that globu-lar wine bottles began to replace case bottles bythe 1640s, and by 1650 had very rapidly all butreplaced them, this observation has significant im-plications for site dating, and again points to a pri-mary occupation period of no later than the sec-ond quarter of the seventeenth century.

Not surprisingly, due to the acidic nature ofJamestown’s soils, only a few poorly preservedfragments of bone were recovered from Areas 2and 3. Extremely small quantities of charcoal andcoal also were present, as was a small amount ofmostly incomplete oyster shell.

If a whetstone and iron knife fragments bearwitness to the daily chores that would have occu-pied the settlers in this colonial outpost, some sin-gular artifacts derived from plowed soils over Struc-ture 24 afford a particularly vivid impression of whatdaily life inside the physical environment of theJackson home might have been like. Hinting at afitting backdrop for the household’s fine importedceramics and glassware, a brass curtain ring foundwithin the building itself (context 190) and severalcopper alloy furniture tacks recovered from con-texts 403 and 411 indicate that relative luxury inthe Jackson household was not limited to what went

on the table. Indeed, fragments of shell plaster frag-ments recovered from disturbed soils above thestructure hint of a polished finish to the interior wallsof what most likely was a predominantly wattle anddaub structure resting on a brick foundation. Onecan easily imagine such domestic comforts as awelcome counterbalance to the clatter, commotion,and debris that would have attended a smith atwork, not to mention the general bustle of the busyport which was just outside the door.

Plowzone Interface

Artifacts recovered from the plowzone include onlythose artifactual materials disturbed during the pro-cess of soil sampling, and as such can not beviewed as a comprehensive or even representativesample. This caveat notwithstanding, the artifactsrecovered from the plowzone interface layer—in-terpreted as a living surface thought to be associ-ated directly with the Jackson occupancy of Struc-ture 24—are of great value in providing insight intoeveryday life at Structure 24.

Not surprisingly, given the relationship be-tween the plowzone and plowzone interface lay-ers, the composition of their artifact assemblagesmarkedly similar. Nearly identical to plowzone ra-tios, architectural materials accounted for 41.3percent of the eighty-seven artifacts recoveredfrom plowzone interface in Area 3. Within this cat-egory, nails (n=30) and window glass (n=5) weremost abundant and were recovered at rates com-parable to those observed in plowzone contexts.Represented by nine and ten fragments respectively,imported clay tobacco smoking pipes and casebottle glass were recovered from plowzone inter-face contexts at roughly the same rate as they wereencountered in plowzone contexts. Plowzone in-terface yielded a slightly higher proportion ofsmithing related artifacts such as lead shot, leadsprue, iron ore slag, a gunflint, and five unidentifiedforged iron fragments. These materials accountedfor 5.8 percent of the total interface assemblage incontrast to accounting for five percent of theplowzone artifact assemblage.

71

Occupation Layer and RelatedFeatures

The three hundred artifacts derived from a 1998surface collection of an intact occupation layerwithin the structure (designated fill contexts 190and 231), and the much smaller sample (n=41)derived from the soil sampling of associated fea-tures such as a posthole and its associated mold(contexts 600 and 250/570, respectively) and thehearth (M2) even more strongly support the inter-pretation of Structure 24 as an early seventeenth-century domestic site with a clear manufacturingcomponent.

Despite the fact that excavation of intact de-posits uncovered at Structure 24 was limited bythe preservationist mandate of the Jamestown Ar-chaeological Assessment, the composition of theartifact assemblage collected through limited test-ing of the interior living surface and associated fea-tures was remarkably consistent with that recov-ered from the completely excavated plowzone strata

(Figure 64). The ratios of major artifact classes re-covered selectively from the occupation layer andintact features—such as architectural materials, ce-ramics, tobacco smoking pipes, bottle glass, andobjects associated with smithing—were found tobe within six percentage points of the ratios forcomparable artifact categories recovered throughcomplete excavation of the plowzone layers. Theonly exception to this rule was the substantiallyhigher recovery of thirty-three unidentified iron ar-tifacts from the occupation layer (n=29) and re-lated features (n=4), which accounted for 9.5 per-cent of the overall assemblage removed from thosedeposits. This contrasted sharply with the total offifty unidentified iron objects recovered from allplowzone contexts in Areas 2 and 3, and whichaccounted for merely 1.8 percent of the overallplowzone assemblage overlying the structure.

With 125 artifacts comprising 36.2 percentof the total assemblage, architectural materialsdominated the total artifacts recovered from theStructure 24 occupation layer and associated fea-

Figure 64. Artifact analysis, Structure 24 occupation layers (contexts 190 and 231) and related features comparedto plowzone.

Structure 24Occupation Layer and Plowzone comparison

ceramics

architectural

pipesbottle glass

smithing related

0

10

20

30

40

50

intact layer

plowzone

72

tures. As was the case with plowzone, forgedrosehead-style iron nails and forged iron nail frag-ments accounted for the majority (93.4 percent)of recovered architectural materials, followed byearthenware roofing tile fragments at 4.1 percentand window glass at 2.5 percent of all architec-tural materials recovered.

Next in terms of frequency were sixty-fiveclay tobacco smoking pipe fragments, comprising19.1 percent of the overall assemblage. Of thesefragments, 54 (83.1 percent) were imported, andincluded a single datable stem fragment measuring7/64th of an inch in diameter, thirteen measuring 8/64thof an inch diameter, and four measuring 9/64th of aninch diameter, strongly indicating deposition in thesecond quarter of the seventeenth century, between1620 and 1650. The initials “RC” were incised onthe heel of a single intact bowl recovered from theoccupation layer designated context 190. The re-maining 11 fragments (or 16.9 percent of the over-all smoking pipe assemblage) derived from locallyproduced terra cotta clay smoking pipes, and in-cluded a single bowl fragment exhibiting light rou-letting below the rim (context 190).

Thirty-nine ceramic sherds accounted for 11.3percent of the artifact assemblage from the occu-pation layer and associated features. As was trueof plowzone contexts, earthenwares dominated thisassemblage, accounting for 87.2 percent of all ar-tifacts recovered. Of these earthenwares, thirty-six percent were either tin-glazed (n=7) or NorthDevon fine grained (n=2), with the remaining sixty-four percent of the earthenwares were utility glazedand unglazed coarse earthenwares.

Thirty sherds of glass represented 9.6 per-cent of the total assemblage. Of those thirty glassfragments, twenty (60.6 percent) represented casebottle glass which accounts for nearly six percentof the overall artifact assemblage for the occupa-tion layer and features. A single piece of wine glassand nine other glass vessel fragments accountedfor the remaining 27.3 percent of the glass recov-ered from these intact deposits below plowzone.

As was noted already, unidentified iron ob-jects and fragments of forged iron constitute a sub-stantially higher proportion—9.5 percent—of the

total occupation layer and feature assemblage thanrepresented in the excavated plowzone layers inAreas 2 and 3. Of the thirty-three iron artifacts re-covered from the occupation layer and related fea-tures, twenty-nine were found on the living surfacewithin the structure (context 190), three emergedfrom the charcoal spread (context 585) associatedwith the hearth (master context 2), and one wasrecovered from context 598, the brick rubble fea-ture identified to the north of Structure 24 and justsouth of Well 20. The relatively higher proportionof forged iron artifacts from deposits directly as-sociated with the early seventeenth-century occu-pation of the site supports the attribution of Struc-ture 24 as gunsmith John Jackson’s home andworkshop, and furthermore is consistent with ourinterpretation of the hall of Structure 24 as a set-ting for both domestic and smithing activities.

Other artifacts related to gunsmithing—suchas lead shot, sprue, and worked flints—were re-covered from the occupation layer and associatedfeatures within the structure in a much greater vol-ume than was observed in the excavated plowzonedeposits. Twenty-five gunsmithing-related artifacts,comprising 7.3 percent of the artifact assemblagefrom the occupation layer and associated featureswithin Structure 24, were recovered. Lead shotaccounted for eighty percent of this total (and onits own accounted for 5.9 percent of the overallassemblage), worked flints accounted for sixteenpercent, and lead-sprue casting waste comprisedthe remaining four percent of all artifacts recov-ered from living surfaces within the structure. Theremaining 6.9 percent of all artifacts recovered fromthe occupation layer and associated features in-cluded several fragments each of coal, charcoal,shell, clay, and a piece of limonite iron ore recov-ered from the brick concentration associated withthe hearth. These materials collectively suggestmanufacturing activity in keeping with gunsmithing.

Structure 24 Living Surface (Contexts 190and 231)

Designated as two contexts due to their separatebut contiguous locations within the brick founda-

73

tions of Structure 24, contexts 190 and 231 yieldedan array of artifacts supporting the residency ofgunsmith John Jackson and his household duringthe second quarter of the seventeenth century.Nearly all of the twenty-five artifacts potentiallyrelated to gunsmithing that were recovered fromintact deposits below plowzone derived from thelayer thought to represent an intact seventeenthcentury living surface within Structure 24. Twenty-one pieces of unused and used lead shot, a frag-ment of sprue, and several worked flint flakes wererecovered from context 190. Two additional leadshot pieces were recovered from the contiguousoccupation layer designated context 231. Togetherthese gunsmithing-related objects account for 7.6percent of the total artifact assemblage recoveredfrom the intact living surfaces, supporting the inter-pretation of Structure 24 as a gunsmith’s residence.By contrast, the artifact assemblage from theplowed soils overlying the structure yielded a simi-lar but lower gunsmithing artifact proportion of fivepercent.

The majority of datable artifacts recoveredfrom contexts 190 and 231 suggest an occupationin the second quarter of the seventeenth-centuryoccupation, consistent with the evidence yieldedby datable artifacts recovered from plowed soilsoverlying the structure. In the case of contexts 190and 231, these finds include case bottle glass, andimported pipestems with bores measuring 7/64thof an inch to 9/64th of an inch in diameter. Therecovery of only a single fragment of wine bottleglass from the top of this occupation layer (andpossibly intrusive from plowzone) supports the in-terpretation of a primary occupation in the secondquarter of the seventeenth century. Artifacts of par-ticular interest recovered from the living surface(context 190) included a brass curtain ring and animported tobacco smoking pipe bowl marked withthe initials “RC,” similar to the “WC” mark foundon three bowl fragments within the plowzone over-lying the structure, and possibly representing a familyconnection between the respective manufacturerswho produced and marked the pipes. Of note isthe previous recovery of a pipestem marked “RC”from Well 20 by John Cotter’s team.

Hearth (Master Context 2)

A total of thirteen artifacts were recovered duringthe chemical sampling of the brick scatters andcharcoal concentrations associated with Structure24 hearth described above. While no datable arti-facts were recovered from either the brick scatter(designated context 582) or the charcoal concen-tration (designated context 585), the artifacts sup-port the attribution of Structure 24 to the occu-pancy of a gunsmith. Along with one sherd of NorthDevon fine grained earthenware, a local pipestemfragment, and a quartzite flake, one sizable chunkof limonite iron ore was recovered from the hearthbrick (context 582), suggestive of manufacturingactivity. In addition to a single body/footring sherdof blue under-painted tin-glazed earthenware, afragment of case bottle glass, and three iron nails,the charcoal concentration designated context 585yielded a piece of lead shot and three forged ironcorroded masses.

Brick Rubble Feature (Context 598)

A brick rubble feature (fill context 598) was par-tially uncovered along the northernmost boundaryof the Area 3 excavation, measuring approximatelyone meter in width. Exhibiting a high concentrationof brick rubble accompanied by earthenware andiron fragments visible on the surface of the fill, thesoil matrix of the deposit was yellow brown (10YR4/4) and loosely compacted, grading into the sur-rounding subsoil matrix. Although the feature wasonly surface tested during the acquisition of chemi-cal samples, all available evidence suggests that thedeposit represents only a shallow accumulation ofdomestic debris situated midway between Struc-ture 24 and Well 20 which narrowly escaped be-ing plowed away. The ten artifacts collected fromcontext 598 include a local earthenware sherd anda blue under-painted majolica tin-glazed tablewarefragment, two earthenware roofing tile fragments,two nail fragments, two over-fired or burned brickchunks, a piece of lead shot and an unidentifiediron fragment. These artifacts associate the depositwith the early seventeenth-century occupation of

74

the lot by the household of John Jackson the gun-smith.

Postholes (Contexts 250 and 600)

Chemical sampling of the postholes interpreted aspart of an interior storage unit yielded a number ofdatable artifacts, some of which may relate to theabandonment of the building. A fragment of moldblown case bottle glass recovered from context250/570 provides a terminus post quem of circa1625 for the postmold fill, as does an importedclay tobacco pipestem fragment with a bore diam-eter of 8/64th of an inch (generally dating between1620 and 1650). Two measurable pipestem frag-ments (plus ten un-datable fragments) measuring7/64th of an inch (dating 1650-1680) and 9/64thof an inch (dating 1600-1620) respectively wererecovered from the fill of the associated postholecontext 600, although this is not a statistically validsample for stem bore analysis. In addition to thepipestem fragments recovered from context 600,two sherds of lead glazed coarse earthenware, onerosehead forged nail, and two forged iron nail frag-ments were retrieved from the surface of the fea-ture during chemical sampling.

While the size of the assemblage associatedwith the interior postholes is simply not sizableenough to permit an in-depth interpretation, thematerials do suggest a date slightly later than theinitial construction of the dwelling, which occurredbefore 1623 when the Jackson family are docu-mented as residents of Jamestown (see Chapter3). Further investigation of the posthole fills wouldclarify either the date at which the interior shelvingwas added to the building, or alternatively mightpinpoint the destruction or abandonment of thebuilding, assuming that the posts were pulled out.Evidence for this scenario would be recognizablein the stratigraphy of the feature fill.

Soil Chemistry and Artifact Analysis

Soil pH, total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, andmagnesium levels were determined in four ouncesamples drawn from intact deposits (the plowzone

interface and visible features) within Areas 2 and 3(Figure 74). Soil samples from layers were takenat five points—the center and four corners of ex-cavation units—and drawn from the entire visiblesurface of features in an effort to attain representa-tive deposits from each context. The resulting soilchemistry indices delineate distinct activity areaswithin and around the structure (Cook and Heizer1965; Limbrey 1975). While soil differences com-monly are used by archaeologists to interpret siteusage in terms of distinct activity areas (Entwistleet al. 1998), exactly which activities are indicatedby chemical anomalies remains debated. Phos-phates are widely linked to organic waste, andpotassium usually is associated with burning ordeposition of wood ash (Hurry and Kavanagh1983). Magnesium, however, has been linked toboth intense burning and fertilization. Calcium hasbeen associated with burning and liming, or depo-sition of bone, shell or mortar. Perhaps most dis-couraging are controlled tests that have failed toproduce expected correlation between chemicalfingerprints and known activity areas (Custer et al.1986).

The results of the soil chemistry analysis atStructure 24 do show a clear variance betweenthe north and south ends of the structure as markedby soil pH, calcium, and magnesium. In conjunc-tion with the large east wall posthole, these soil dif-ferences most likely mark the division betweenrooms in a seventeenth-century dwelling exhibitinga two-room hall and parlor floor plan. Given theambiguity of the meanings of these chemical signa-tures, however, the soil chemistry values are bestinterpreted in combination with plowzone artifactdistributions, which have long been used by archae-ologists (e.g., Andrews 1998; King and Miller,1987; Miller, 1994; Neiman, 1986; Pogue, 1987;Riordan, 1988) to reconstruct the spatial arrange-ment and uses of Chesapeake homelots.

Golden Software’s Surfer™ program wasused to generate contour maps of the relative den-sities of different artifact types recovered fromplowed soils in Areas 2, 3, and 4 surrounding Struc-ture 24 (Figures 65-70). Recognizing that overallartifact recovery was higher in our 25 percent

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Figure 65. Distribution of all ceramics.

76

Figure 66. Distribution of glass.

77

Figure 67. Distribution of tobacco pipe fragments.

78

Figure 68. Distribution of utility earthenwares.

79

Figure 69. Distribution of case bottle glass.

80

Figure 70. Distribution of fine ceramics.

81

screened sample (such that forty-eight percent ofall plowzone artifacts collected were recoveredfrom screened contexts), the ratios of artifact typesrecovered from screened and unscreened contextswere compared to ensure that density differentialsdid not merely reflect the fact that more artifacts ofall types emerged from screened units. Despite thefact that 1,680 of the 3,439 total artifacts recov-ered from plowzone emerged from screened units(comprising only 25 percent of the total numberexcavated), there was no significant bias towardrecovery of any specific artifact types in screenedversus unscreened contexts, even in the case ofparticularly tiny objects such as lead shot and thewaste (sprue) from its production. The variancebetween the proportionate contribution of specificartifact classes to the total artifact assemblage re-covered from individual screened versusunscreened contexts was quite comparable, rang-ing from a low variance of 0.15 percent for leadsprue to a high variance of 6.1 percent for ironnails. Thus, artifact density differences recordedacross the site area can be assumed to reflect pastactivities rather than data recovery differentials.

Not surprisingly, domestic refuse overwhelm-ingly favored Areas 2 and 3 over Area 1 and Area4, as discussed below. Ninety-eight percent ofglasswares and ninety percent of all ceramics wererecovered from within and around the structure inAreas 2 and 3. Mapping specific artifact classespermitted the defensible identification of thestructure’s north bay as its hall, or primary workspace, and the south bay as a parlor. Clay tobaccosmoking pipes were concentrated near the hearth,indicating a focus for work as well as leisure activ-ity. Utility ceramics such as local coarse earthen-wares, Iberian, and lead-glazed earthenwares usedin food storage and preparation were concentratedin the north bay between the hearth and northeastcorner postholes (fill contexts 569, 570, 583). Asecondary spread between Area 4 and the struc-ture may reflect an unusually high number of sherdsderiving from only two vessels. Like utility earth-enware, case bottle glass was concentrated in thenortheast corner of the building, joined by fine ce-ramics associated with dining and beverage con-

sumption—such as tin-enameled earthenware,stoneware and porcelain. In combination, theseartifact concentrations and the discovery of the fourpostholes described above support the interpreta-tion of a storage facility (cupboard or shelves) inthe northeast corner of the hall.

The diffuse spread of fine wares outside thesouth bay of Structure 24 indicates a sheet refusemidden to the rear of the building outside the par-lor end, where finer wares may have been used.Such surface trash deposits generally were locatednear doorways or windows that served as “easyavenues of disposal,” even when a refuse pit—suchas Refuse Pit 5—was located nearby (Pogue 1988:44). With the exception of the concentration ofobjects in association with the postholes, casebottle glass reflects the same dispersed distribu-tion outside of the south bay of the dwelling as de-lineated by the finer ceramic ware types. The evi-dence of heightened soil potassium and phosphatelevels west of the structure (Figure 71) likely re-flect the dumping of wood ash, food wastes, andother hearth refuse out the nearest door.

Both the artifact distributions and differentialsoil chemistry support the interpretation of Struc-ture 24 as a domestic residence. However, ninety-two percent of all raw materials associated withgunsmithing recovered at the site—such as leadsprue, gunflints, and worked chert—were also re-covered from around the hearth and storage areainside the hall, and immediately outside of the northwall of Structure 24 (Figures 72 and 73). By con-trast, lead shot—which as a finished product lessdirectly connotes production—was distributedmore evenly across the lot and was clearly presentin the rear midden (Figure 74). These artifact dis-tributions strongly suggest that some production ac-tivity was taking place within the house. Whateverthe extent of the smithing-related activities were thattook place next to the Structure 24 hearth, no evi-dence exists to suggest that extensive forging tookplace in the structure. Therefore, in 1999, a fourtharea near Structure 24 was tested in the hopes ofpinpointing John Jackson’s forge (see below).

A total of nine gunflint specimens were re-covered from the layers excavated above the hearth

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Figure 71. Distribution of potassium.

83

Figure 72. Distribution of gunsmithing objects.

84

Figure 73. Distribution of lead sprue objects.

85

Figure 74. Distribution of lead shot.

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at Structure 24. One of these is a complete gunflintof probable English manufacture, while anotherappears to be an unfinished gunflint of English flint,possibly hinting at local manufacture. Additionally,three flakes and one core are of a greyish materialwith a white chalky cortex which is likely English inorigin. The remaining debitage (four flakes and onecore) range in color from blonde to caramel col-ored to brown and could conceivably be NorthAmerican in manufacture and use rather than Eu-ropean. Prior to the establishment of a full-timeEnglish gunflint making industry (circa 1775) basedon a blade technology, and even the developmentof a spall technology, individual early seventeenth-century gunsmiths would have been producing theirown flints, described by one scholar as “the do-it-yourself period’ (pre-1660) when even irregularflint chips would regularly employed (de Lotbinierein Hamilton 1980).

Area 4

Excavation in Area 4, a four-by-three-meter areaexcavated in one-meter-square units and begun onJune 18, 1999, was designed to locate evidenceof gunsmithing activity (Figure 75). Working on thehypothesis that industrial activity would have beenlocated away from the front entrance to the Struc-ture 24 dwelling (presumed to be on the west wall,see discussion above), but situated to maximizecommercial visibility and accessibility to waterfrontroad and river traffic, the excavation area was situ-ated six meters south of Structure 24. Although in-vestigations in Area 4 were limited in extent, theexcavation of fifteen units yielded unambiguous evi-dence of seventeenth-century activity in the areabetween Structure 24 and the river, although thisactivity does not appear to be related to smithing.

As noted above, the parkzone and plowzonelayers in Area 4 were, on average, several centi-

Figure 75. Location of Area 4 excavation.

Excavations

10 m0

0 31.5 Ft

N

Area 4

River Bank (1935)

High Water

Low Water

Mean

John Cotter Trenches

1998 - 1999 Ditc

hes

Refuse Pit 5

Structure 17

Well 20

87

meters thicker than their counterparts in Area 3(Figure 76). Additionally, these two layers exhib-ited a higher percentage of apparently re-depos-ited clay and sand mottling than parkzone andplowzone in Areas 2 and 3, indicative of the closeproximity of the James River. Features recordedbelow the comparatively deep plowzone of Area4 were distinct in appearance, and no evidence ofan interface or transition layer such as master con-text 7 for Area 3 was unearthed. A pleasant sur-prise was the lack of 1930s test holes in Area 4,which clearly contributed to the preservation ofarchaeological features at the subsoil level.

Three features cutting through the mottledsandy clay layer (master context 8) were recordedin Area 4 (Figure 77). As these features and thelayer they cut were merely tested for the purposeof obtaining soil samples using the same proceduredescribed for Areas 2 and 3 (above), it is difficultto speculate on their specific nature and use. A num-ber of observations regarding these features, how-ever, may be made based solely on their shape andinclusions as viewed in plan. The features includeda pair of parallel linear soil stains (recorded togetheras context 593), each measuring approximately 1m × 40 cm, and apparently aligned with Structure

24. A soil stain incorporating a heavy concentra-tion of brick rubble (recorded as context 508), in-cluding fragments of over-fired brick, was locatedat the northeast end of these parallel stains. Noartifacts were recovered through soil sampling test-ing of the linear stains, but a sizable blue-whitechunk of what appeared in the field to be lime—and proved to be lime mortar—was recoveredfrom amongst the brick rubble in context 508. Alarge (at least one and a half by one meter in ex-tent) charcoal concentration (context 504) waspartially revealed along the easternmost boundaryof the Area 4 excavation.

Artifact Analysis, Area 4

Parkzone

As was the case in Areas 2 and 3 overlying Struc-ture 24, parkzone in Area 4 yielded an artifact as-semblage similar in overall composition and rela-tive proportions to that of the Area 4 plowzonelayers, again tempered by the addition of artifactsof later date owing to the twentieth-century grad-ing activities which produced the parkzone strata.A single sherd of creamware (an eighteenth-cen-

Figure 76. Excavating in Area 4 (CWF).

88

Figure 77. Plan view of features in Area 4.

Area 4

Unexcavated

N0

0

2m

6 Ft.

Figure 78. Jamestown pottery cauldron leg (CWF).

tury refined earthenware) recovered from context507, one black vulcanized rubber fragment (con-text 475), and a stamped corrugated iron bottlecap from context 548 constitute the artifacts whichclearly postdate the Jackson occupancy.

Unique or notable artifacts recovered fromthe Area 4 parkzone deposits include the completeleg of an earthenware cauldron with visible fingermarks, attributed to the Jamestown potter (con-text 442; Figure 88)), one Borderware pipkin col-lar sherd from context 579, an unidentified thin cop-per alloy sheet fragment with jagged edges (con-text 522), a dressed sandstone cobble from con-text 566, and a threaded iron hasp from context579. Both the Jamestown pottery and theBorderware sherd can be readily attributed to theearly seventeenth century, and can comfortably beassociated with the Jackson occupancy. Similarly,the copper alloy sheet and the iron hasp may berelated to Jackson’s smithing activities, although theattribution and interpretation of the sandstonecobble is less certain.

Plowzone

In sharp contrast to the plowzone assemblages re-covered from Areas 2 and 3 (associated with thedomestic occupation of Structure 24), theplowzone assemblage in Area 4 was not dominatedby any one major artifact category (Figure 79).Whereas forty-one percent of artifacts recoveredfrom Areas 2 and 3 plowzone represent architec-tural materials (n=65), this was true of only 31.2percent of the Area 4 assemblage. While nails com-prise a roughly equivalent proportion of plowzoneartifacts from Area 4 (83.1 percent) and Areas 2and 3 (89 percent), a higher proportion of the totalArea 4 architectural assemblage—seven percentversus four percent for Areas 2 and 3—consistedof earthenware roofing tiles, and no window glassat all was recovered from Area 4 plowzone. Thehigher percentage of architectural materials foundin Areas 2 and 3 reflects the proximity of Structure24, further underscoring the fact that plowzone ar-tifacts do not shift horizontally from their originaldeposition.

Fifty-four ceramic sherds were unearthed inArea 4 plowzone deposits (Figure 80). At 26.9percent of the plowzone assemblage, this exceedsthe ceramics assemblage from Areas 2 and 3 interms of relative percentages, with ceramics ac-counting for seventeen percent of the plowzonelayers overlying Structure 24. The Area 4 assem-blage consisting primarily of utility earthenwares(81.5 percent) such as locally-produced coarseearthenwares and North Devon gravel-temperedhollowware. Of the nine fragments of fine waresrecovered from Area 4 plowzone, four sherds or44.4 percent each were stoneware and creamware

89

respectively, with a single tin-glazed earthenwarefragment constituting the remaining 11.1 percent.Thirty-two fragments of case bottle accounted forthe next most common artifact group in terms offrequency at 15.4 percent of the Area 4 plowzoneassemblage (versus eleven percent of the totalplowzone assemblage in Areas 2 and 3), and ac-counting for a full one-hundred percent of all glassartifacts recovered in Area 4.

Tobacco pipestem fragments unearthed in theplowzone layers of Area 4 reflect the pattern ex-hibited by pipestems found in plowzone in Areas 2and 3. A total of twenty-four fragments of pipestemswere unearthed, yielding 11.5 percent of the totalArea 4 plowzone assemblage, as opposed to thir-teen percent for Areas 2 and 3. The proportion ofthe total Area 4 plowzone assemblage comprisedof gunsmithing artifacts was slightly lower than inthe plowzone overlying Structure 24, accountingfor 4.81 percent of the total versus five percent inAreas 2 and 3 plowzone, and versus seven per-

cent for the occupation layer and associated fea-tures below plowzone in Areas 2 and 3. The lowerpercentage of gunsmithing related materials in Area4 further strengthens the argument that smithing ac-tivities took place either within or immediately ad-jacent to the dwelling.

In contrast to all other areas excavated onthe lot, no evidence of previous archaeological ex-cavation was discovered in Area 4, which no doubtcontributed to the preservation of several intactfeatures cutting the grey clay mottled layer uncov-ered below plowzone.

Grey Mottled Clay Layer

As has been discussed in Chapter 4, no plowzoneinterface layer exhibiting evidence of plow damageto partially intact features was uncovered belowplowzone in Area 4. Rather, a layer mottled withgrey clay and subsoil was discovered belowplowzone in Area 4 (Figure 81). Given that this

Figure 79. Areas 2, 3, and 4 plowzone artifact analysis.

Structure 24Areas 2, 3, and 4 Plowzone Artifact Analysis

architectural

ceramics

pipescase bottle glass

wine bottle glass

gunsmithing-related

other

0

10

20

30

40

50

Area 2-3

Area 4

90

Figure 80. Areas 2, 3, and 4 plowzone ceramic analysis.

Structure 24Areas 2, 3, and 4 Plowzone Ceramic Analysis

coarse earthenware

slipware

tin enamelled

stoneware

porcelain

refined earthenware

0

20

40

60

80

100

Area 2-3

Area 4

grey clay mottled layer was cut by a number ofclearly defined features of possible seventeenth-century date, the layer was not excavated, exceptinsofar as artifacts were dislodged during the col-lection of soil samples for chemical analysis. Assuch, and given the small size of the artifact samplerecovered, the fifty-four objects recovered fromthis intact layer below plowzone in Area 4 are per-haps best considered in reference to the completeassemblage obtained from the plowzone overlyingit in Area 4.

Artifacts recovered from the grey mottledlayer exhibited an even smaller proportion of ar-chitectural materials than did Area 4 plowzone, fur-ther underscoring the apparent differences in sev-enteenth-century usage of Area 4 versus that ofStructure 24 in Areas 2 and 3. The eleven archi-tectural items recovered from the grey mottled layertotal a mere 20.3 percent of the overall layer as-semblage (versus 31.2 percent for Area 4 plowzoneand forty-one percent for Areas 2 and 3). Num-bering seven, iron nail fragments constitute nearlytwo-thirds of this architectural assemblage; four

earthenware roofing tile fragments comprise theremaining one-third. As was true of plowzone inArea 4, no window glass was recovered from thegrey mottled clay layer.

Next in terms of frequency was vessel glass,accounting for 12.9 percent of the overall artifactassemblage. Together, two sherds each of facetedcase bottle and rounded wine bottle glass accountfor 57.1 percent of all glass recovered from thegrey mottled clay layer. The remaining three sherdsderive from non-beverage vessel types.

Ceramics account for 11.1 percent of theoverall assemblage in the grey mottled clay, com-parable to the 10.5 percent of Area 4 plowzoneartifacts comprised of ceramics. As in Area 4plowzone, earthenware dominates 85.7 percent ofthe small assemblage of seven. These include twofragments of North Devon fine grained earthen-ware, one sherd of North Devon lead-glazed earth-enware, one sherd attributable to the Jamestownpotter, and two sherds of brown lead glazed earth-enware. Completing the ceramic assemblage is a

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single Frechen engobe decorated sherd, compris-ing 14.3 percent of the assemblage.

Gunsmithing artifacts—and especially the fivepieces of lead shot among them—constituted a siz-able proportion of the small artifact assemblagerecovered from the grey mottled clay layer, the high-est, in fact, encountered on the site in 1998 and1999. Additionally, an iron cast gunlock plate wasrecovered from context 562 in Area 4, along withthree pieces of iron ore slag, and two flint frag-ments including a grey specimen potentially of En-glish origin recovered from context 495, and onebrown flake of likely local origin collected fromcontext 562. A fragment of brick from context 560exhibits evidence of slag residue, and a brick frag-ment from context 560 bears a deposit of eitheriron ore or concreted glaze.

Other notable finds from the grey mottled claylayer sealed below plowzone in Area 4 includes acache of eight mammal bones within a single greymottled clay context (562) in unit 932N/1083E.

Features Cutting Grey Mottled Clay Layer

Three features were observed cutting the greymottled clay layer below plowzone in Area 4. Ashas been discussed already, charcoal feature 504yielded twelve earthenware tile roofing fragments,and a sherd of local lead-glazed earthenware, apiece of slag, and four chunks of sand and shellmortar were recovered from the brick and mortarfeature designated context 508 The final featureobserved in Area 4 was a set of linear soil stainsthat was recorded together as context 593. Arti-facts collected from this feature along with soilchemistry samples include a single sherd of Dutchslipware, four imported tobacco pipe fragmentsincluding one with bore diameter of 7/64ths of aninch, two earthenware roofing tiles, two highly cor-roded unidentified iron artifacts, one fragment ofslag, and one caramel-colored chert debitage frag-ment.

Area 4, Interpretation

Combined with the recovered artifact assemblage,differential soil chemistry values indicate that sev-enteenth-century activities taking place in the vi-cinity of Area 4 differed from those associated withStructure 24 itself as revealed through the 1998and 1999 excavations in Areas 2 and 3. Soil chem-istry indices revealed that Area 4 possessed thehighest total soil phosphorus levels on the lot (Fig-ure 82). Heightened phosphate readings were de-rived from the northwest corner of Area 4, in theroughly 4 × 2 meter area covered by units 933N-935N/1082E-1084E. These contexts includedboth features and layers: linear soil stains desig-nated context 593 in 933N/1082E, brick rubbledesignated context 508 in 934N/1083E, andmottled sandy clay layer contexts 602 and 607, inunits 933N/1084E and 935N/1084E, respectively.

Some evidence suggests that a structure ofsome sort may have stood in or near Area 4. Thisevidence includes the presence of a feature (desig-

Figure 81. Grey mottled clay layer with intactfeature fills (CWF).

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Figure 82. Distribution of total phosphorus.

93

nated context 508, and left un-excavated) contain-ing loose brick and mortar fragments, a sizablecharcoal spread (designated context 504) whichcontained twelve earthenware roofing tile fragments,and the additional recovery of eleven earthenwareroofing tile fragments from parkzone, and eightroofing tiles (including five pantiles) from Area 4plowzone. The ceramics assemblage from Area 4,which consists chiefly of utility earthenwares, mayindicate a possible function for the posited struc-ture. Given the high proportion of utility earthen-wares, and the relative absence of finer ceramics,nails and window glass (which were abundant inand around Structure 24) combined with the height-ened soil phosphorus values from Area 4, it is pos-sible that Area 4 was used for dairying or otheranimal husbandry-related activities. Documentarysources indicate that as of 1625, the Jacksons pos-sessed three cattle, four swine, and three goats(McCartney 2000). Presuming that the Jacksonfamily kept their livestock on their property,enclosure(s) and shelters may have been employed

to safely house and maintain the animals within ur-ban Jamestown. The proximity of Area 4 to thewaterfront, however, may have played a pivotalrole in the use and function of the zone.

While it is impossible to state how, exactly,Area 4 was used during the Jackson occupancy,some artifact evidence suggests that it enjoyed alonger use-history than did Structure 24. Contrast-ing sharply with plowzone concentrations acrossthe site, the equal ratio of case bottle to wine bottleglass (which largely replaced the case bottle formby 1650) in Area 4 grey mottled soil supports thisinterpretation.

Conclusions

The results of the 1999 excavation at Structure 24not only fleshed out the dimensions and orientationof the enigmatic building exposed in 1998, the ef-fort also produced sound archaeological, artifac-tual, and chemical data delineating the use of spacein and around the structure (Figure 83). While we

Figure 83. Plan of Structure 24 excavations andresults, 1998-1999.

Area 1

Area 4

Refuse Pit 5

N

Cotter Trench

Structure 24

0

0 15 Ft.

5m

Well 20

94

had expected to find individual structures for dwell-ing and shop, data obtained in 1998 and 1999 sug-gests that Structure 24 was a locus for both do-mestic and craft activity. Structure 24 appears tobe a two room, hall and parlor wattle and daubbuilding supported upon a slight brick foundation.The hall, or northern, end of the house accommo-dated some of John Jackson’s craft work and alsohoused most domestic activities (i.e., cooking),while the south, or parlor end, was likely used fordining and sleeping. Excavations at the eighteenth-century dwelling of Williamsburg gunsmith JohnBrush revealed a like sharing of commercial anddomestic functions under a single roof (Pickett,1994), and evidence for a similar apportionmentof domestic and forging activities in the seventeenth-century century likewise has been identifiedarchaeologically.

While Jackson could not have actually forgedmetal to repair and produce guns within the house,much of his business could have been conductedfrom the hall that apparently served his household’sdomestic, commercial, and storage needs. Judgingfrom the raw and finished materials concentratednear the hearth and storage area, this included lead-melting and shot casting. Area 4, with its sharplyelevated phosphorus levels, and lack of domesticrefuse except for utility earthenwares used in dairy-ing, more likely was associated with animal hus-bandry. While coal and slag were present in higher

than normal densities in Area 4, little other evidencelinks area 4 to gunsmithing activities.

Although no clear evidence of a forge wasuncovered, it is intriguing that so much coal andslag was recovered from north of the hearth. Ad-ditionally, a composite of all artifacts potentiallyassociated with gunsmithing—including gun partsand forged metal fragments—cluster to the northand east of the structure. Despite a lack of evi-dence for postholes or fencing—which may be dueto heavy site disturbance in this area—an unroofedsmithing shed could have stood between the struc-ture and Well 20. Brown has noted that the major-ity of seventeenth-century armorer’s forges wouldhave been partially open to the air (Brown 1980:243). Such an open-air forge could easily haveshared the structure’s hearth complex. Such shareddomestic and manufacturing usage of a single chim-ney stack has been noted at a seventeenth-centuryAcadian blacksmith quarters/workshop at FortPentagoet in Maine (Faulkner 1986). Prevailingnortherly winds off the river, and close proximityto water in Well 20 support this tentative sugges-tion for a smithing site. However, given that the exactlot limits are unknown, it is possible that a forgestood elsewhere on the property, and remains tobe discovered. In the meantime, however, evidencefor some kind of manufacturing activity north ofStructure 24 is tantalizing.

95

Review of Findings, 1998 and1999

When fully uncovered in 1999, Structure24 was found to measure 16 by 24 feet,with only scant portions of its brick-

footed walls surviving. Because the site was leftexposed to the elements in the 1930s, much of thesoft brick decayed. The photograph taken in 1934shows a relatively intact foundation, while only acrumbly brick “ghost” survived to be recorded in1998 and 1999. The house faced west, with a tworoom, hall and parlor floor plan. Artifacts and soilchemistry suggest that the north bay, or hall, ac-commodated some of Jackson’s work and mosthousehold activities such as food preparation, withthe parlor used for dining and sleeping. The singlehearth which served the structure is situated in thenorthwest corner of the hall end.

Architectural materials unearthed at Structure24 suggest that the building was a wattle and daubstructure supported by a low brick foundation. Thephotograph taken in the 1930s indicates that thefoundation may have been interrupted. Althoughno evidence for earthfast posts sunk into these voidswas found in the 1998 and 1999 investigationswhich exposed the whole of the building, it is likelythat wooden supports were fitted into the inter-stices between the bricks, but not sunk below theground surface. As discussed in the previous chap-ter, evidence suggests that the home was comfort-ably finished and furnished on the interior. Frag-ments of plaster hint that at least some of the inte-rior walls were finished. Findings of window glasssuggest that at least one window boasted glasspanes, which would have been diamond shapedand fitted into lead quarrels. Brass curtain ringsfound in 1999 and in the 1950s similarly suggestthat at least one window was trimmed with cur-tains. Copper furniture tacks and a brass key pro-vide clues as to the movable furnishings.

Site Dating

All evidence from the 1998 and 1999 excavations;combined with the materials from the 1950s workat Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5, readily dates the oc-cupation of Structure 24 to the late first quarterand early second quarter of the seventeenth cen-tury, corresponding to the documented occupationof the Jackson family. The terminus post quem(TPQ) or “date after which” plowzone contextssealing the remains of Structure 24 were in use wascalculated from the known manufacture dates ofartifacts recovered from plowed soils in Areas 1,2, 3 and 4. Calculated individually for each area,datable contexts yielded a narrow spread of meandates ranging from 1692 (n=9) for Area 1 to 1702(n=9) for Area 4, and a composite mean date of1694 (n=89) for all four areas. Correcting for theeffect of continuous artifact deposition during twocenturies of post-New Towne agricultural activityat the site, median date calculations yielded a con-sistently earlier TPQ of 1650 (n=89) for plowedsoils in all four excavation areas.

Not surprisingly, lower mean dates were ob-tained from those contexts below plowzone inwhich datable artifacts were identified. Despite thelimited and selective nature of the artifact samplefrom which TPQ dates were derived for sub-plowzone deposits (which were disturbed only asneeded to recover soil samples for chemical test-ing), together with the 1650 median date for plowedsoils overlying the lot, a mean date of 1648 (n=8)and median date of 1638 (n=8) for features andstrata below plowzone located within and directlyadjacent to the remains of Structure 24 stronglysupports occupation of the lot during the first halfof the seventeenth century.

Furthermore, the near absence of artifactclasses typically present in great numbers follow-ing their known date of introduction provides a likelyterminus ante quem (TAQ) or “date before which”

Chapter 6.Conclusions and Recommendations

96

the Structure 24 lot most likely was occupied. Whilecase bottle glass was among the artifacts most com-monly encountered in plowed and sub-plowzonecontexts alike, with 331 fragments constitutingnearly ten percent of the total artifact assemblage,a mere twenty-three fragments of wine bottleglass—widely available and essentially replacingcase bottles after 1650 (Noël Hume 1969)—ac-counted for less than five percent of all bottle glassrecovered from plowed contexts at the site. Nowine bottle glass was recovered from sub-plowzone deposits at all.

The preponderance within plowed soils ofimported white ball clay tobacco pipe stem frag-ments with bore diameters ranging from 7/64th to9/64th inch (129 fragments accounting for ninety-eight percent of all datable pipestems) further pin-points a date bracket of 1620-1650 (Harrington1956), narrowing the likely window of primarydomestic occupation at Structure 24 to the secondquarter of the seventeenth century.

Soil Chemistry Analysis

Innovative techniques of testing soil chemistry wereemployed at Structure 24. Because there was nodesire to further impact the remains of the sitethrough extensive excavation, intact soil layers werecarefully sampled to see if any changes in thechemical composition of the deposited soils couldpinpoint individual activities in and around the house.Soil pH, total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, andmagnesium levels were determined in samplesdrawn from intact deposits. The resulting soil chem-istry indices point to distinct activity areas withinand around the structure (Figures 84 and 85). Moststriking is a clear variance between the north andsouth ends of the structure as marked by soil pH,calcium, and magnesium, indicating that the twobays of the house were used differently. The mosteffective way of interpreting the soil chemistry cluesfrom Structure 24 is to examine them in relation tothe distribution of different types of artifacts acrossthe site area. Utility earthenwares employed in foodstorage and preparation were concentrated in thenorth bay near the hearth, while heightened soil po-

tassium and phosphate levels on the outside rearof the north bay may reflect the dumping of woodash, food wastes, and other hearth refuse. Casebottle glass as well as fine ceramics associated withdining and beverage consumption—such as tin-enameled ware, stoneware, and porcelain—clus-tered in the northeast corner near a series of smallinterior postholes which may have supported shelv-ing or a cupboard for a small storage area. An-other spread of fine wares were uncovered out-side the south bay, or parlor end, of the house whichmay have been broken during use and simply tossedout an open window or door from the parlor.

In addition to the differences in the soil chem-istry between the hall and parlor ends of the house,the artifact distributions strongly suggest that Jack-son was using the hall as a workshop. Ninety-twopercent of all raw materials and waste by-prod-ucts associated with gunsmithing recovered fromthe 1998 and 1999 excavations—such as leadsprue, gunflints, worked chert, scrap metal frag-ments, iron ore limonite, and slag—were recov-ered from around the hearth and storage area in-side the hall, and in the spread of hearth ash andrefuse to the north of the hall. By contrast, leadshot (a finished product) was distributed moreevenly across the lot. While Jackson could not haveactually forged metal as required to repair and makeguns—and, possibly, other metal tools and domes-tic items—within his dwelling, many aspects of hiscraft could have been completed in the hall thatapparently shared domestic hearth, work, and stor-age space. Judging from raw materials concentratednear the hearth and hall storage area, this probablyincluded lead-melting and shot casting. Clay to-bacco smoking pipes not surprisingly were con-centrated near the hearth, which clearly served asthe locale for work, sustenance, and rest alike.

Structure 24, Refuse Pit 5, andWell 20: Evidence ofGunsmithing

The results of the 1998 and 1999 investigations atStructure 24, combined with the artifactual and

97

Figure 84. Distribution of magnesium.

98

Figure 85. Distribution of calcium.

99

documentary record of the 1950s excavation ofWell 20 and Refuse Pit 5, in combination providesingular insight into the lives of the Jackson familyand likely their visitors from Martin’s Hundred (Fig-ure 86). To begin with, the artifacts from the build-ing area and particularly those found in the welland the two refuse pits undeniably support the oc-cupation of a tradesman, and particularly a smith.As discussed by Alaric Faulkner, in examining aseventeenth-century armorer’s forge at FortPentagoet on Penobscot Bay in Maine, the toolsrequired by an armorer or gunsmith “were simpleand few in number,” including “an anvil and bickern,a pair of sledge hammers, a hand hammer or two,a few pairs of tongs, a chisel, a pair of punches, anassortment of files, a mandrel or scrolling fork, andperhaps a die plate and one or two sizes of taps torefit breechplugs in burned out musket barrels”(Faulkner 1976; Bouchard 1978: 18-19, 142).Tools associated with gunsmithing were recoveredfrom the house area, from the well, and from therefuse pit.

Items associated with the practice of smithingrecovered in the 1998 and 1999 excavations in-clude a portion of an iron file from context 344,four musket fragments from context 387, and onemusket fragment from context 467, as well as prob-able raw materials for repairs, including a copperalloy sheet from context 415, rolled copper alloysheet from context 554, a copper finial from con-text 312; and rolled brass and iron from context88. Items which may have been brought to thesmithy for repair such as the iron hasp found incontext 579 and the knives from contexts 355, 392,and 532 in Area 4. As noted in the previous chap-ter, considerable amounts of lead shot, sprue, andgunflints were recovered from the 1998 and 1999excavations (Figure 87). The majority of the leadshot recovered from all the excavations in the Struc-ture 24 vicinity was small in size, likely intended as“birdshot” for hunting rather than single roundsdestined for military usage.

Although far lower numbers of shot were re-covered from Well 20 and the refuse pits, this likelyis owed to the manner in which the features wereexcavated, with deposits not being screened andwith the fill of the well so inundated with water thatfloating objects were simply fished out of the muck.It would be a rare piece of lead shot that was likelyto be found floating!

Materials recovered from Well 20 by JohnCotter’s team in the 1950s include a file, and twotinker’s dams, suggesting that Jackson also engagedin minor repairs to cookware. Others materialsfound in the well include a quantity of scrap brass,presumably raw material for repairs, lead shot, andthree pieces of flint. Additionally, a crucible wasrecovered from the well, indicative of forging andsmelting activities. Objects recovered from the wellalso suggest that Jackson was engaged in moregeneral smithing work (bearing in mind as well thatJackson is described as a “smith” rather than “gun-smith” in the 1623 court case which states “Jack-son the smith was at work in the shop” when heand his partner George Clarke witnessed a theft).One object found deep in the well fill was a por-tion of a sword, possibly brought to Jackson for

Figure 86. Structure 24, Well 20, and Refuse Pit 5.

Area 3

Area 2

Refuse Pit 5

Well 20

Structure 24

N

0

0 15 Ft.

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repair but abandoned as irreparable. Tools foundin the well include an axe, a saw, and two hoes.While it would be fairly unusual for a colonist tothrow away useable tools (Gaynor 1993), perhapsthese items were too damaged to salvage for rawmaterial.

The contents of Refuse Pit 5 clearly supportthe case for Jackson working both as a specializedgunsmith, and as a general smith for Jamestownresidents and visitors. Smithing tools recovered fromthe refuse pits include a claw hammer, two files, aclamp, and a chisel. Forty-eight pieces of flint (in-cluding two nodules and a variety of flakes) wererecovered from the pits, very much suggestive ofgunflint manufacture. The deposition of the flint intothe refuse pit suggests a desire to keep the work-place clear of the dangerously sharp debitage. Leadshot was recovered from the pits, as was anothertinker’s dam, and a quantity of lead scrap. An and-iron and an iron wagon tyre may have been broughtto Jackson for repair.

The presence of gun flints in the assemblagesfrom the well, refuse pit, and house clearly indicatethat at least a portion of the guns which Jacksonrepaired (and potentially produced) employed flintin their firing mechanism. While matchlocks mayhave been more common in the early years of theseventeenth century, snaphaunces incorporating flintlocks were used by English troops in the late six-teenth century, and were increasingly imported tothe colonies by French manufacturers in the sev-enteenth century (Peterson 1956: 146; Noël Hume1969: 213-214 ).

All evidence suggests that in addition to pro-ducing gunflints, lead shot, and repairing guns, Jack-son was involved in more general smithing activi-ties. Given the dearth of practicing artisans inJamestown itself, this should not come as a sur-prise. Similarly, Faulkner found that in Maine, thearmorer at work in that settlement was involved inthe repair of architectural hardware and agricul-tural tools as well as weaponry.

A variety of carpentry tools recovered fromRefuse Pit 5 and Well 20 opens other avenues forinterpretation. These tools include a gouge, twoknives, a shear, a scribe and a gimlet from the refuse

pits, and a saw from the well. The aforementionedchisel and files could also have doubled as wood-working tools. One explanation for the presenceof these tools is that, like the agricultural tools, thesword, the tyre, and the andiron, the items mayhave been brought to Jackson for repair. Alterna-tively, Jackson and his assistant may also haveworked as carpenters. A more interesting, if ad-mittedly un-provable, theory sees the tools as evi-dence for the presence of Jackson’s kinsman JohnJackson (with his household) from Martin’s Hun-dred.

Structure 24 and the Martin’sHundred Connection

Following the 1622 destruction of WolstenholmeTowne, inhabitants of Martin’s Hundred fled toJamestown, where they were joined by settlers fromother outlying and threatened settlements. The in-flux of people and livestock to Jamestown in 1622and 1623, combined with increased numbers ofarriving settlers, severely strained food and hous-ing resources in the port town (McCartney 2000:56). The luckiest refugees were those who couldimpose upon kin for assistance. Both the docu-mentary and archaeological record suggest that theJamestown Jacksons generously supported up-rooted relatives and their servants from the de-stroyed Wolstenholme Towne.

Four indentured servants in the Martin’s Hun-dred John Jackson household had been killed dur-

Figure 87. Lead sprue and shot from Structure 24(CWF).

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ing the melee between colonists and Powhatan In-dians, and it is highly likely that the remainder ofthe household would have sought shelter and com-fort in the Jackson home at Jamestown. At sometime during the year of “recovery,” Jackson thebricklayer would have plied his trade, with the mostlogical place of work being his kinsman’s home andworkshop. The second Jackson, or perhaps hisindentured servants, may also have been involvedin associated carpentry work. Similarly, potter Tho-mas Ward would have likely produced wares atJamestown, accounting for the presence of the dis-tinctive wares found in Well 20, Refuse Pit 5, andin the 1998 and 1999 excavations.

Similarities between the wares found atMartin’s Hundred and those recovered fromJamestown and attributed to the “Jamestown pot-ter” strongly suggest the hand of Thomas Ward orone of his apprentices. In fact, one Jamestownpitcher bears an inscribed “T,” perhaps indicatingthe work of Thomas Ward. As discussed by BeverlyStraube (1995), similarities between the forms andmeans of manufacture of the two ware typesstrongly points to a single potter or, less likely, anapprentice of that potter who faithfully replicatedthe style and idiosyncrasies of the master. The onlyevidence for a kiln at both sites are tiles used askiln props, which, according to Straube, “suggestsan itinerant potter traveling to where he can sell hiswares… producing them in a simple ground-laidkiln.” By contrast, the materials found at Jamestownmay not be owing to itinerancy, but rather may haveoriginated in the single year that Thomas was atJamestown, augmented by wares later brought toJamestown to sell. Evidence from Refuse Pit 1 andStructure 111 in the northwestern portion of towndoes indicate that a potter was working atJamestown in the 1630s, at the time that the prop-erty was in the ownership of Governor John Harvey,who strongly encouraged manufacturing atJamestown. Ward may have returned to Jamestownat this time, or perhaps an apprentice whom hehad trained took advantage of Harvey’s encour-agement of crafts at Jamestown, which includednumerous incentives to artisans who practiced theirtrade.

It may have been during this year of displace-ment that the Jamestown Jackson family erected a‘cabin’ for the use of their guests. The cabin is re-ferred to by William Frethorne, who occasionallyenjoyed the hospitality of the Jacksons followingthe return to Martin’s Hundred. The scant evidencefor the hearth found at Structure 24 in 1999, withits ash and charcoal scatter, and broken pipestems,is a slight if tangible material link to the hospitalityof the Jackson family. In addition to gatheringaround the hearth with those who fled fromMartin’s Hundred, John Jackson likely shared apipe or two in front of the fire with fellow gunsmithGeorge Clarke, who died at Jamestown in 1624,as well as an adult relative named Ephraim Jack-son, who was living in the household in 1624. Infact, pipestems found at Structure 24 match thosefound at Martin’s Hundred, with stems embossedwith the initials WC discovered at both sites. Thefamily which gathered around the hearth in 1625,according to census data, included John Jacksonhimself; his wife (who is recorded but not men-tioned by name in the 1624 census); an adult malenamed Ephraim Jackson, probably a son or kins-man; the Jackson’s son John, nine years old in 1625;and an orphan, Gercian Buck, ten years old in1625. The 1625 census indicates that the Jacksonfamily owned three cows, three goats, and fourpigs, which would have provided the family and itsmany visitors with dairy products and meat for thewinter months.

The year 1624 saw the return of the refugeeJacksons to Martin’s Hundred. A census taken inFebruary of that year lists a total of twenty-fourpeople in residence at the ill-fated settlement. Inthe Jackson household were the elder Jackson, hiswife Ann, and Thomas Ward the potter. A yearlater, the household included John, Ann, a twenty-week-old child, the forty-seven-year-old ThomasWard, and a second indentured servant, thirty-fiveyear-old John Stephens. The census also noted that“a girl of Mr. Jackson’s” had died during the year.This unnamed female may have been an indenturedservant rather than a new baby. The census alsoreports that John and Ann Jackson arrived in Vir-ginia on the Warwick, which deposited colonists

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in both 1619 and 1621. Given that John Jacksonwas serving as a burgess for Martin’s Hundred inJuly 1619 (Kingsbury III:154; McCartney, pers.comm., March 15, 2001), it is likely that the entirehousehold arrived together in the colony in 1619.Although they had returned to Martin’s Hundredin 1624, then led by the despotic and greedy Wil-liam Harwood (known for his harsh treatment ofMartin’s Hundred settlers and servants which in-cluded hoarding provisions), the Jackson house-hold (and likely neighbors) still relied upon the gen-erosity of the Jamestown Jacksons.

The charity of the Jamestown Jacksons isevident in a letter written by a young Martin’s Hun-dred servant, Richard Frethorne, to his parentsback in England. Frethorne speaks of the Jacksonsas surrogate parents, noting that the Jacksons hadconstructed a “cabin” for Frethorne and his fellowservants to stay in during their visits, as the alterna-tive would have been to huddle overnight in theirvessel (Kingsbury, Virginia Company Records III:58-62). Frethorne’s letter also serves as a poignantreminder that while the colony had stabilized sincethe initial rocky years of colonization, life in Vir-ginia, particularly for indentured servants, wasfraught with hardship. The young servant be-moaned his lot at Martins Hundred, noting that “Ihave nothing at all, no, not a shirt to my backe, buttwo Ragges nor no clothes, but one poor suite, norbut one pair of shoes, but one pair of stockings,but one Capp… I am not halfe a quarter so strongas I was in England, and all is for want of victualls,for I do protest unto you, that I have eaten more inone day at home than I have allowed me here for aWeeke…” Frethorne noted that Mrs. Jackson inparticular was very kindly toward him and his fel-low servants, sending them back to Martin’s Hun-dred with food and other goods.

Evidence of the harshness of life in Martin’sHundred is revealed in a letter written by JohnJackson and Thomas Ward to Nicholas Ferrar, thetreasurer of the Society of Martin’s Hundred, com-plaining about Harwood’s reign and the lack of tools,clothing, and other provisions promised by the so-ciety. In contrast to the unenviable lot of the Martin’sHundred settlers, John Jackson managed to es-

tablish himself quickly in Virginia society, servingas a churchwarden and at varying times as an ad-ministrator for the estates of deceased neighbors,and most notably as an assembly man in 1632 and1633. John Jackson’s ability to rise in Jamestownsociety was because of, rather than in spite of, hisoccupation as a gunsmith. The lure of profit fromtobacco led most craftsmen to abandon theirtrades—despite legislation to the contrary—and totake up small holdings outside of the fledgling town.Those artisans like Jackson who opted to stay inJamestown and ply their trades evidently profitedfrom their scarcity.

Life in the Jackson Household

Evidence for the enviable standard of living enjoyedby the Jacksons is readily discernible from thematerial record. While their home was not large, itdid incorporate partial brick walls at a time whenthe overwhelming majority of Jamestown andChesapeake houses were constructed entirely ofearthfast timbers and daubed walls, perhaps witha brick chimney. Archaeological evidence from1998 and 1999, coupled with materials found inthe well and trash pits, suggests that the structurewas covered with earthenware roofing tiles. Al-though more fragments of slate (62 percent of thetile assemblage versus 38 percent for earthenwaretiles) were recovered from the plowzone contextsin Areas 2 and 3, the cost of importing slates ver-sus the local production of tile argues for the struc-ture having a clay tile roof. The manufacture of flatearthenware roofing tiles was occurring in at leasttwo locales in New Towne at the time of Jacksonoccupancy; at the nearby Structure 125 and atStructure 111 in the northwest area of the townsite(see Cotter 1958; Horning 1995; Horning andEdwards 2000). Archaeological evidence from theStructure 24 vicinity indicates that the dwelling hadat least one window boasting glass panes. Beyondthe architecture of their often crowded home, therange of ceramics found in and around the houseand discarded in the well and refuse pit can be readboth as evidence of Jamestown’s extensive tradeties with England and the Continent, as well as evi-

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dence of the goods available to a middling crafts-men who likely was overwhelmed with demand forhis services.

Ceramics found at Structure 24 in 1998 and1999, combined with those recovered from Well20 and Refuse Pit 5, include Dutch earthenware(including a candlestick base found in Well 20; Fig-ure 88), Spanish costrels and olive jars, Italian andPortuguese tablewares, Chinese porcelain, andGerman Wanfried and stoneware in addition toEnglish earthenwares and of course the coarseearthenwares produced at Jamestown and Martin’sHundred. While the presence of these materials isnot unusual, based on finds elsewhere in NewTowne (see Horning and Edwards 2000; Horning1995), they strongly contrast with wares found oncontemporary rural Chesapeake sites. For ex-ample, the examination of a rural homelot atMartin’s Hundred, dating to the second quarter ofthe seventeenth century, uncovered a ceramic as-semblage dominated by coarse earthenwares atsixty-one percent (Edwards 1998). This stands inmarked contrast to Structure 24’s ceramic assem-blage, comprised of only twenty-six percent coarseearthenwares. The remaining ceramics at theMartin’s Hundred site, twenty-two percent tin-enameled wares and seventeen percent stonewares,were represented by utilitarian storage forms, ratherthan the more elite serving or dining vessels foundat Jamestown’s Structure 24.

Low percentages of locally made coarseearthenwares at the same Martin’s Hundred site(when compared with other more artifact rich sitesat Martin’s Hundred) has been interpreted as evi-dence that the site’s occupants “had to ‘make do’with the ceramic vessels brought with them fromEngland,” unable to afford locally made products(Edwards 1998: 54). No window glass or win-dow lead was found at the Martin’s Hundred site,indicating that “oiled paper, cloth or shutters prob-ably covered the window openings… making atypical Virginia winter day seem even gloomier”(Edwards 1998: 64). By contrast, the excavationat Structure 24 unearthed not only window glass,but brass curtain rings and interior plaster. Not onlywould sunlight have flooded into Structure 24

through the glass-paned window (or windows), thelight reflected against strikingly white plastered wallswould have brightened the interior of the home justas the dull, dark clay daubed walls of the Martin’sHundred home would have absorbed and dulledany available light. While Martin’s Hundred, likeJamestown, was conveniently located on the JamesRiver, the inhabitants of the humble farmstead hadno economic access to the types of imported deco-rated wares and other luxury goods (see below)evidently enjoyed by the Jacksons of Jamestown.

Beyond the evidence of ceramics and archi-tectural materials, other noteworthy items recov-ered form Structure 24, Well 20, and Refuse Pit 5are similarly indicative of a reasonably comfortablestandard of living. Evidence for some leisure timein the house comes in the form of an ivory cribbageboard, oddly discarded in Refuse Pit 5 (Figure 89),while a brass key found in the same feature prob-ably relates to a lockable article of furniture suchas a chest. Two wrought iron hinges likely derivingfrom furniture, one a strap and the other a reversebutterfly form, emerged from disturbed soils atopStructure 24. A copper furniture tack also wasfound in the refuse pit, and similar copper alloy tackswere recovered from plowed soils directly atopStructure 24. A brass curtain ring retrieved fromthe intact layer inside the building indicates that inaddition to glazing, at least one window in the Jack-son household enjoyed a decorative flourish. Two

Figure 88. Dutch candlestick base from Well 20(CWF).

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fragments of shell plaster recovered from soils overthe building further imply that Structure 24 was awell-dressed home. The variety of shoes found inthe well are worthy of further study, to determinethe amount of wear prior to discard. Of note is thefact that at least one of the shoes belonged to achild—perhaps John Jackson the younger, or theorphaned Gercian Buck?

The Jacksons and Life of anArtisan in Early Jamestown

The Jackson family lived through a crucial periodof development at Jamestown. As discussed inChapter 3, the family resided at Jamestown as theVirginia colony was making the transition from be-ing Company-run to boasting a Royal charter com-plete with a Governor and ruling Council. As pre-viously discussed, the overwhelming reliance upontobacco in the early economy of the Chesapeakecaused no end of consternation to both Companyand colonial officials, who recognized not only theneed to diversify locally in order to provide basiccommodities for subsistence, but also to enhancethe money-making opportunities for investors andlater for the Crown. Why John Jackson opted tosettle in Jamestown, and to provide what appearsto have been a wide variety of smithing functionswithin the growing urban company rather than ac-quiring as tract of cultivable land elsewhere in thecolony will never be known. Was he influenced byneighbor George Sandys, the Treasurer of theColony and a staunch advocate of developmentand diversification? Or was Jackson savvy enoughto recognize that shifting from being an artisan toan agriculturalist was a gamble at best, leavingmany—like his Martin’s Hundred kin—bereft andnearly destitute after only three years in the colony?Whatever Jackson’s motivations were, the sensi-bility of his decision is borne out by the materialrecord from the Structure 24 vicinity coupled withthe scant documentary clues about his lifestyle andthat of his household. The evident generosity of theJackson household, at a time when selfish self-pres-ervation could be excusable, certainly suggests that

the family did not take their relative good fortunefor granted.

Jamestown, no matter how small and rough-and-tumble, was the hub of the colony in the 1620s.Several of the Jackson neighbors along theJamestown waterfront were heavily involved incommercial activities linked to the shipping trade(Figure 90). Occupants of the Jackson householdwould have been able to stand in their yard andgaze up and down the shoreline at a host of ships,newly constructed wooden storehouses, and nu-merous docks extending their tentacles out into themighty James River. From their vantage point, theJacksons would have witnessed a variety of com-modities being unloaded from the sailing ships—imported ceramics, bolts of cloth, pewter and glass-ware, shoes and other leather goods, even exoticherbs and spices. The Jacksons may also have wit-nessed the unloading of a new commodity: humanbeings. In August of 1619, when the younger JohnJackson was only three years old, a Dutch frigatesailed into the Chesapeake Bay from the WestIndies, bearing a cargo which included at leasttwenty Africans. These first African immigrants toVirginia predominantly served as indentured ser-vants alongside their English counterparts like Ri-chard Frethorne. Racial attitudes towards servi-tude were not yet fixed in the early years of thecentury, although that would soon change. Lifelongslavery for Africans would become fully entrenched

Figure 89. Cribbage board fragment from Refuse Pit 5(CWF).

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in the colony within the lifetime of John Jacksonthe Younger.

Structure 24 andRecommendations for theFuture

The 1998 and 1999 archaeological investigationsat Structure 24, coupled with the thorough re-analysis of the archaeological record generatedduring the 1930s and 1950s in the vicinity of Struc-ture 24, demonstrates the undeniable value andvalidity of the careful examination and re-analysisof seemingly-destroyed archaeological sites. Fewsites at Jamestown (or indeed anywhere) have beensubjected to so many damaging taphonomic pro-cesses as has Structure 24. Initially constructed ofrelatively impermanent materials; abandoned be-fore the mid-seventeenth century; impacted by theconstruction and subsequent abandonment of a siz-able earthen fort; subjected to at least two hun-dred years of first shallow, then deep plowing;riddled with auger holes in the name of research,then left exposed to face an intensive storm—onlyto be unceremoniously re-buried without an ap-

propriate eulogy in the form of accurate documen-tation; then severed by utility lines; trenched againby archaeologists; and graded over by landscap-ers—given this catalog of damage to the originallyscant archaeological remains of Structure 24, it isdifficult to believe that any information about thestructure’s appearance, function, association, andchronology could survive such an onslaught. Fewarchaeologists would welcome such a challenge,and in the development sector, such sites can andare easily written off as destroyed. Not only werewe faced with the challenge of extracting data on astructure which may or may not still exists some-where within a one-hundred-foot lot, we had torediscover this structure and re-contextualize itsstory without the benefit of excavating any undis-turbed deposits, in accord with the preservationistapproach of the National Park Service.

Armed with enthusiasm if not necessarily op-timism, we approached this task with a sound un-derstanding of the nature of soil deposits and ar-chaeological backfill at Jamestown garnered dur-ing the careful and directed excavations which tookplace during the course of the Jamestown Archaeo-logical Assessment (Figure 91). Having already

Figure 90. Property holding along the Jamestown waterfront in the 1620s.

John

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Lot G

Lot E

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Back Street

Back Street (Ditch 2)

Highway along River Bank

STRUCTU RE 125

STRUC

TURE

123

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Figure 91. Excavation at Structure 24, 1998 (CWF).

taken the time to research the artifacts and docu-ments surviving from Well 20 and Refuse Pit 5,thought to be associated with Structure 24, andinformed by the thorough documentary work ofMartha McCartney which identified the propertyas belonging to a gunsmith in the early seventeenthcentury, we hoped to be able to associate what-ever remained of Structure 24 (presuming we couldre-locate the ephemeral building) with the positedearly domestic and craft-related occupation.

In order to properly associate the structurewith this occupation without excavating any pris-tine contexts, we knew we would have to rely uponartifacts found in the disturbed deposits atop andaround the building. These deposits included graded“parkzone”; archaeological backfill; utility trenchfills, and plowed soils. In order to maximize thedate from these deposits and the features whichwould eventually be able to associate with Struc-ture 24, we turned to innovative techniques of soilchemical analysis. The remarkable concurrencebetween the artifact assemblage found in Well 20,associated with Structure 24, and the materialsfound in plowzone and in the sampled features, un-derscores the necessity and validity of examiningso-called disturbed deposits. The insight gainedfrom the chemical analysis of disturbed soils as wellas the samples taken from intact features allowedus to flesh out the human activities that took placeon the Jackson lot in the early seventeenth century.While the full excavation of all features within andnear Structure 24 would have undoubtedly yieldedsignificant data about the site and the people wholived out a portion of their lives on the property, itis unlikely that the materials would have differedsignificantly from those unearthed in the disturbedlayers and from the previously excavated depos-its. In the future, these intact deposits may besampled with innovative techniques and methodsnot available today. Given the continued culturalimportance of Jamestown and its archaeology, it isunlikely that ours will be the final word on the site.

In the end, through cautious and careful ex-cavation and analysis of the impacted soils at Struc-ture 24, coupled with the analysis of previously-excavated materials in concert with the documen-

tary record, we were not only able to relocateStructure 24 and associate the building with theoccupation of the household of John Jackson, wehave added a compelling and critical piece to thestory of early Jamestown—a story peopled withindividuals such as Jackson and the Clarke the suc-cessful smiths, Ward the prolific potter, Frethornethe frightened, ill-fed servant, the charitable Mrs.Jackson, and the orphaned Gercian Buck. Whilethese individuals are lesser known than their neigh-bors George Sandys or Governor Wyatt, their sto-ries—captured in part in the material record atStructure 24—will bring us much closer to an ho-listic understanding of life in the early capital townand the early Chesapeake colony. In particular, theexamination of the Jackson household should in-spire and inform continued research into the expe-rience of artisans at Jamestown and in the earlycolony.

By way of additional recommendations, themethods followed at Structure 24 in 1998 and1999 should serve as a model for future investiga-tions at Jamestown and at other protected archaeo-logical sites. Despite vocal criticisms of the meth-ods employed at Structure 24, and throughout theJamestown Archaeological Assessment (see forexample W. Kelso 1998), the National Park Ser-

107

vice is to be commended for proactively seekingand maintaining archaeological preservation, andchallenging researchers to develop the means andmethods to extract the maximum archaeological in-formation with the minimum impact—rather thanallowing the easier, if ultimately more destructive,option of full-scale excavation. Given the historyof archaeology at Jamestown, the site should serveas the raison d’être for a cautious and respectfulapproach to irreplaceable archaeological depos-its. Had such a philosophy been in place during theinitial years of archaeological exploration of the site,present-day archaeological interpretation would not

only be less of a challenge, careful excavation to-day of scrupulously maintained deposits would becertainly be more immediately rewarding and ap-pealing to a public audience. While those who pur-sue the study of the past invariably purport to doso in order to inform the present, not to considerthe lessons to be learned from the previous over-enthusiastic excavations of Jamestown not onlythreatens the future analysis of archaeological de-posits but also constitutes a denial of the funda-mental rationale for archaeology as the scientificstudy of past human activity.

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113

Appendix A.Artifact Inventory

Note: Inventory is printed from the Re:discovery Plus cataloguing program used by the National Park Service, manu-factured and sold by Re:discovery Software, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Brief explanation of terms:

Context No. Arbitrary designation for a particular deposit (layer or feature), consisting of a four-digit “site/area” designation and a five-digit context designation. The site/area designation for thisproject is “88AN.”

TPQ “Date after which” the layer or feature was deposited, based on the artifact with the latestinitial manufacture date. Deposits without a diagnostic artifact have the designation “NDA,”or no date available.

Listing The individual artifact listing includes the catalog number, followed by the number of frag-ments or pieces, followed by the description.

114

115

Context No.: 88AN-00002 TPQ: 1889

COLOJ 98533 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98534 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 98535 1 SHERD, STONEWARECOLOJ 98536 1 BOTTLE, GLASSCOLOJ 98537 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98538 1 UNIDENTIFIED, LEADCOLOJ 98539 8 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00003 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 98540 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98541 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00005 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98542 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, YELLOW

COLOJ 98543 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98544 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98545 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98546 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98547 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98548 2 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98549 2 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98550 6 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98551 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 98552 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98553 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98554 5 DEBITAGE, QUARTZCOLOJ 98555 2 DEBITAGE, QUARTZITECOLOJ 98556 1 BONE, BONE

Context No.: 88AN-00006 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98557 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00007 TPQ: 1892

COLOJ 98558 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98559 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98560 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98561 5 CAP, BOTTLE, IRON, STAMPED METALCOLOJ 98562 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 98563 3 COAL, COALCOLOJ 98564 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98565 6 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00008 TPQ: 1889

COLOJ 98566 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 98567 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98568 2 SHERD, BRICKCOLOJ 98569 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MACHINE-MADECOLOJ 98570 2 NAIL, IRON

116

Context No.: 88AN-00009 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 98571 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, STAMPED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98572 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUACOLOJ 98573 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98574 3 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00010 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 98575 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 98576 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00011 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98577 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 98578 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98579 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98580 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98581 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98582 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98583 3 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00012 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 98584 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98585 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98586 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 98587 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MULTI-PC MOLD, AQUACOLOJ 98588 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98589 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 98590 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98591 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00013 TPQ: 1821

COLOJ 98592 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98593 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98594 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 98595 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUACOLOJ 98596 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98597 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98598 1 TOY, GLASS, MOLDED, GREENCOLOJ 98599 2 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98600 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98601 2 STONE, SANDSTONECOLOJ 98602 2 UNIDENTIFIED, UNIDENTIFIED

Context No.: 88AN-00014 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98603 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98604 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98605 10 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98606 2 PIPE, DRAINAGE, EARTHENWARE, ENGOBE, BROWNCOLOJ 98607 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWN

117

Context No.: 88AN-00015 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 98608 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 98609 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98610 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98611 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98612 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, SURREY WHITEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 98613 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98614 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98615 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98616 20 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98617 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98618 112 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98619 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98620 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98621 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZITE

Context No.: 88AN-00016 TPQ: 1892

COLOJ 98622 7 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 98623 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 98624 25 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 98625 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUACOLOJ 98626 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98627 4 CAP, BOTTLE, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00017 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98628 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98629 3 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00018 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 98630 2 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98631 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98632 2 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 98633 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98634 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98635 1 SHELL, OYSTER, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00020 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 98636 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98637 4 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 98638 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98639 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 98640 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98641 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 98642 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98643 1 HORSESHOE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98644 3 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00022 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 98645 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 98646 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 98647 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, WHEEL THROWN

118

COLOJ 98648 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 98649 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98650 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98651 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98652 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, CORDONED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98653 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, ENGLISH, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 98654 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98655 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 98656 4 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98657 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98658 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 98659 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98660 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98661 1 BULLET, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98662 24 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98663 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZCOLOJ 98664 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZITE

Context No.: 88AN-00026 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98665 1 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98666 1 PRESS, LINEN, GLASS, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00027 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98667 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98668 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00028 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98669 2 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00029 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98670 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, AQUA

Context No.: 88AN-00030 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98671 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 98672 3 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98673 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98674 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98675 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00032 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98676 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98677 1 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 98678 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRONCOLOJ 98679 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 98680 3 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00033 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98681 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98682 1 NAIL, IRON

119

Context No.: 88AN-00034 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98683 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ABORIGINAL, FABRIC IMPRESS, COIL BUILTCOLOJ 98684 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98685 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00035 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 98686 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00036 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98687 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98688 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98689 1 UNIDENTIFIED, UNIDENTIFIEDCOLOJ 98690 1 BONE, BONE

Context No.: 88AN-00041 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 98691 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98692 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 98693 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARECOLOJ 98694 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 98695 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98696 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98697 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98698 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 98699 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98700 11 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98701 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98702 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98703 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 98704 1 CORE, CHERT, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00046 TPQ: 1620

COLOJ 98705 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98706 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98707 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98708 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98709 4 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98710 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 98711 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98712 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98713 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, BROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00047 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98714 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98715 1 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98716 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98717 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, ENGLISH FULHAM STONE, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98718 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

120

COLOJ 98719 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, FREE BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98720 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98721 9 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98722 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98723 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, UNIDENTIFIEDCOLOJ 98724 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98725 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98726 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 98727 2 SCALES, FISH, FISH SCALESCOLOJ 98728 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00048 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 98729 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98730 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, FREE BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98731 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98732 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 98733 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98734 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98735 1 COAL, COAL

Context No.: 88AN-00049 TPQ: 1892

COLOJ 98736 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, LIPPING TOOL

Context No.: 88AN-00054 TPQ: 1620

COLOJ 98737 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLACK

COLOJ 98738 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH ITALIAN, PISA, MARBLIZED, WHEEL THROWN,POLYCHROME

COLOJ 98739 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98740 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98741 5 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98742 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98743 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98744 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FREE BLOWNCOLOJ 98745 6 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 98746 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, FREE BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98747 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98748 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98749 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98750 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 98751 1 SLATE, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 98752 17 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98753 1 PIPE, DRAINAGE, EARTHENWARE, ENGOBE, BROWNCOLOJ 98754 1 BEAD, GLASS, WHITE

Context No.: 88AN-00055 TPQ: 1745

COLOJ 98755 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 98756 6 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98757 2 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98758 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARECOLOJ 98759 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98760 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 98761 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD

121

COLOJ 98762 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 98763 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98764 3 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98765 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98766 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98767 9 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98768 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98769 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98770 8 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98771 1 BOSS, HARNESS, COPPER ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 98772 25 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98773 5 MORTAR, MORTARCOLOJ 98774 1 PEBBLE, STONECOLOJ 98775 2 DEBITAGE, CHERT

Context No.: 88AN-00057 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 98776 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE COARSE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98777 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 98778 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98779 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BLACK

COLOJ 98780 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98781 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98782 5 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98783 2 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00059 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 98784 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98785 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98786 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, SPANISH COSTREL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98787 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98788 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98789 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,WHEEL THROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 98790 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98791 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98792 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98793 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98794 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00060 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98795 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 98796 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 98797 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98798 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL

THROWN

122

COLOJ 98799 2 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,WHEEL THROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 98800 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98801 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEAD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 98802 9 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98803 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98804 5 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98805 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98806 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE, PRESS MOLDEDCOLOJ 98807 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98808 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 98809 9 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00061 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 98810 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 98811 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98812 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98813 6 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98814 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98815 5 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98816 16 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98817 1 SHOT, LEAD, CAST

Context No.: 88AN-00062 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 98818 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98819 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98820 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, YELLOWCOLOJ 98821 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH ITALIAN, PISA, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 98822 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, WANFRIED, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98823 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

YELLOWCOLOJ 98824 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98825 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98826 4 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98827 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 98828 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98829 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98830 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98831 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98832 11 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 98833 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98834 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEADCOLOJ 98835 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 98836 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 98837 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98838 11 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98839 12 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98840 7 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98841 37 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98842 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

123

COLOJ 98843 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98844 6 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98845 3 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 98846 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98847 1 FIRE CRACKED ROCK, QUARTZITECOLOJ 98848 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZCOLOJ 98849 2 DEBITAGE, CHERT, BLACKCOLOJ 98850 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE, PRESS MOLDEDCOLOJ 98851 25 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98852 1 CHALK, CHALKCOLOJ 98853 1 UNIDENTIFIED, SANDSTONE

Context No.: 88AN-00063 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 98854 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH ITALIAN, PISA, SLIP DECORATED, WHEELTHROWN, POLYCHROME

COLOJ 98855 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98856 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98857 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98858 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98859 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98860 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 98861 23 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98862 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98863 1 BUTTON, UNIDENTIFIED, CASTCOLOJ 98864 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98865 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98866 2 DEBITAGE, QUARTZCOLOJ 98867 1 PROJECTILE POINT, QUARTZ, WORKED, WHITECOLOJ 98868 1 DEBITAGE, CHERTCOLOJ 98869 1 STONE, QUARTZITE, BROWNCOLOJ 98870 1 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98871 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, ROLLED/SHEETCOLOJ 98872 1 BONE, BONE

Context No.: 88AN-00065 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98873 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98874 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98875 2 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98876 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98877 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98878 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98879 2 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98880 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98881 2 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98882 2 DEBITAGE, CHERT

Context No.: 88AN-00066 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 98883 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98884 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98885 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL

THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 98886 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWN

124

COLOJ 98887 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, SURREY WHITEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98888 1 COSTREL, EARTHENWARE, SPANISH COSTREL, SLIP DECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 98889 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98890 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 98891 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98892 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98893 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98894 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 98895 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE IRON G, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BLACKCOLOJ 98896 2 PIPKIN, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98897 9 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98898 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98899 7 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98900 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BLACKCOLOJ 98901 3 HOLLOWWARE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 98902 4 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98903 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 98904 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ABORIGINAL, CORD MARKED, COIL BUILTCOLOJ 98905 7 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 98906 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98907 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 98908 13 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 98909 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98910 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98911 13 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98912 69 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98913 4 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98914 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98915 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98916 54 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98917 3 COAL, COALCOLOJ 98918 2 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98919 1 SLATE, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 98920 6 DEBITAGE, CHERT

Context No.: 88AN-00067 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98921 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, INCISEDCOLOJ 98922 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98923 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98924 11 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98925 1 FLAKE, QUARTZ, WORKEDCOLOJ 98926 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00069 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 98927 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98928 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

125

COLOJ 98929 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, YELLOW

COLOJ 98930 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98931 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98932 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 98933 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 98934 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98935 3 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98936 6 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 98937 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98938 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98939 3 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 98940 2 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98941 9 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 98942 8 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98943 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98944 20 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98945 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98946 2 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98947 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98948 20 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 98949 4 SLATE, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 98950 1 DEBITAGE, CHERTCOLOJ 98951 3 DEBITAGE, CHERT

Context No.: 88AN-00070 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98952 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUA

Context No.: 88AN-00071 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 98953 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 98954 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, ENGLISH, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 98955 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98956 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEADCOLOJ 98957 1 DECANTER, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 98958 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 98959 1 BEAD, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FACETTED, FREE BLOWNCOLOJ 98960 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98961 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 98962 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98963 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98964 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98965 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00073 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 98966 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98967 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 98968 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00074 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98969 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98970 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 98971 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

126

COLOJ 98972 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, WORKEDCOLOJ 98973 13 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00075 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 98974 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, POLYCHROME

COLOJ 98975 1 BOWL, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 98976 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 98977 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98978 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98979 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98980 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, INCISED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98981 2 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98982 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 98983 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 98984 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98985 7 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 98986 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, INCISED, FREE BLOWNCOLOJ 98987 4 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 98988 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 98989 3 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 98990 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98991 102 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 98992 4 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 98993 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 98994 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98995 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 98996 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, UNIDENTIFIEDCOLOJ 98997 4 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 98998 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 98999 2 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99000 2 TILE, FLOORING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99001 17 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99363 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99364 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99365 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00076 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99002 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99003 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99004 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, BURNISHED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99005 9 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99006 4 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 99007 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99008 15 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99009 4 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00080 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 99010 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 99011 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 99012 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

127

COLOJ 99013 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99014 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99015 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99016 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99017 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99018 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99019 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00082 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99020 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

Context No.: 88AN-00083 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99021 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, NORTH ITALIAN SGRAFF, SGRAFFITO, SLIPDECORATED, WHEEL THROWN, WHITE

COLOJ 99022 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99023 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99024 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99025 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 99026 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99027 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CAST

Context No.: 88AN-00084 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 99366 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WIRECOLOJ 99367 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99368 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99369 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99370 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99371 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99372 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99373 1 SPIKE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99374 1 MORTAR, MORTARCOLOJ 99375 1 BONE, BONE

Context No.: 88AN-00085 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99028 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99029 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99030 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99031 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99032 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99033 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00087 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99034 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE,WHEEL THROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99035 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99036 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE, PRESS MOLDED

Context No.: 88AN-00088 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 99376 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 99377 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99378 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99379 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWN

128

COLOJ 99380 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99381 1 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99382 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99383 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 99384 2 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 99385 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99386 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99387 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99388 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99389 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99390 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, BRASS—IRON, ROLLED/SHEETCOLOJ 99391 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 99392 3 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00090 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99037 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWN,WHITE

COLOJ 99038 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99039 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BISQUE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99040 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99041 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99042 2 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 99043 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99044 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 99045 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99046 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99047 6 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99048 6 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99049 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99050 1 FLAKE, CHERT, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 99051 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE, PRESS MOLDEDCOLOJ 99052 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 99053 22 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00091 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99054 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99055 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99056 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99057 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99058 8 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99059 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00092 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 99393 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 99394 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARECOLOJ 99395 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99396 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, UNIDENTIFIED EARTHEN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, GREEN

129

COLOJ 99397 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99398 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99399 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99400 11 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99401 2 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99402 1 BULLET, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99403 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99404 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00096 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99060 1 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99061 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99062 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 99063 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99064 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99065 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00100 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99066 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99067 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 99068 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99069 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99070 1 COUNTER, CASTING, BRASS, STAMPED METALCOLOJ 99071 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, QUARTZITE

Context No.: 88AN-00102 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99072 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00104 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 99073 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99074 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99075 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARECOLOJ 99076 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99077 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, CORDONED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99078 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99079 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 99080 6 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99081 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99082 13 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99083 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE, PRESS MOLDEDCOLOJ 99084 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, BROWNCOLOJ 99085 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZ, WHITECOLOJ 99086 22 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00107 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99087 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99088 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99089 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99090 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99091 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEEL

THROWN

130

COLOJ 99092 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 99093 11 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99094 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99095 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99096 6 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 99097 5 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 99098 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99099 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99100 1 BEAD, GLASS, DRAWNCOLOJ 99101 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99102 11 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99103 2 COAL, COALCOLOJ 99104 13 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99105 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JARCOLOJ 99106 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZ, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99107 1 CORE, CHERT, BROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00108 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99108 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99109 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99110 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00109 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99111 6 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99112 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 99113 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, SURREY WHITEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 99114 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99115 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99116 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00110 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 99117 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED, BROWNCOLOJ 99118 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99119 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00112 TPQ: 1892

COLOJ 99120 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99121 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99122 1 GLASS, WINE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLDEDCOLOJ 99123 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99124 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99125 2 CAP, BOTTLE, IRON, STAMPED METALCOLOJ 99126 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99127 1 STONE, QUARTZITE

Context No.: 88AN-00114 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99128 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99129 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE IRON G, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BLACKCOLOJ 99130 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWN

131

COLOJ 99131 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99132 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99133 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99134 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99135 2 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00116 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 99136 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99137 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99138 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99139 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 99140 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99141 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99142 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99143 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99144 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99145 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99146 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99147 9 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99148 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, WANFRIED, SLIP DECORATED

Context No.: 88AN-00118 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99149 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 99150 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99151 13 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00122 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99152 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED,GREEN

COLOJ 99153 1 WHETSTONE, STONECOLOJ 99154 6 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99155 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99156 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99157 13 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99158 1 TILE, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00124 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 99159 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99160 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99161 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, WANFRIED, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99162 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99163 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99164 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 99165 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99166 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99167 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99168 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASSCOLOJ 99169 5 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99170 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99171 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99172 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99173 1 BRICK, BRICK

132

Context No.: 88AN-00126 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 99174 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, WANFRIED, SGRAFFITO, SLIP DECORATED, WHEELTHROWN, WHITE

COLOJ 99175 4 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99176 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99177 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99178 4 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99179 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 99180 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99181 2 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99182 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99183 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, INCISED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99184 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, CORDONED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99185 17 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99186 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99187 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEADCOLOJ 99188 46 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99189 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99190 13 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99191 19 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99192 1 STAPLE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99193 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99194 1 BULLET, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99195 5 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99196 1 BULLET, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99197 1 BEAD, GLASS, WHITECOLOJ 99198 1 PROJECTILE POINT, CHERT, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 99199 1 FLAKE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99200 2 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99201 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99202 38 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00128 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99203 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE,WHEEL THROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99204 9 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99205 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99206 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZCOLOJ 99207 16 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99208 1 SHELL, OYSTER, SHELLCOLOJ 99209 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99210 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 99211 1 JAR, BELL, GLASS, FREE BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99212 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99213 6 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99214 2 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99215 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99216 5 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99217 2 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99218 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99219 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

133

COLOJ 99220 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 99221 1 COAL, COAL

Context No.: 88AN-00130 TPQ: 1670

COLOJ 99222 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99223 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99224 1 HOLLOWWARE, STONEWARE, ENGLISH FULHAM STONE, ENGOBE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99225 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99226 1 BEAD, GLASS, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99227 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99228 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99229 1 BRICK, BRICK, YELLOW

Context No.: 88AN-00135 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99230 1 POT, CHAMBER, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, CORDONED, WHEELTHROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00142 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99231 2 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00144 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99232 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99233 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

Context No.: 88AN-00150 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99234 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99235 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00152 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99236 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99237 1 SLATE, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 99238 1 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00154 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99239 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 99240 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99241 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99242 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99243 1 BEAD, GLASS, DRAWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99244 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99245 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99246 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99247 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99248 2 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99249 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 99250 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, UNIDENTIFIEDCOLOJ 99251 18 BRICK, BRICK

134

Context No.: 88AN-00156 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99252 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99253 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZ, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

Context No.: 88AN-00158 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99405 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 99406 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99407 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99408 8 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99409 1 SPIKE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99410 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00160 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 99411 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 99412 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99413 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99414 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99415 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99416 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99417 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99418 8 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTED, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 99419 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 99420 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUACOLOJ 99421 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 99422 14 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99423 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99424 5 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99425 25 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99426 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, BROWNCOLOJ 99427 1 CORE, CHERTCOLOJ 99428 34 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99429 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00161 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99254 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99255 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99256 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 99257 9 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00169 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 99258 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, SLIP DECORATED, WHEELTHROWN, WHITE

COLOJ 99259 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99260 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99261 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99262 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99263 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL

THROWN, BLUE

135

COLOJ 99264 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99265 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99266 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99267 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99268 5 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 99269 1 GLASS, WINE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FREE BLOWNCOLOJ 99270 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99271 9 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99272 8 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99273 17 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99274 8 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99275 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99276 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00171 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99277 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99278 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, WANFRIED, SGRAFFITO, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL

THROWN, WHITECOLOJ 99279 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99280 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99281 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99282 5 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00173 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99283 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99284 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99285 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99286 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99287 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99288 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99289 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99290 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00175 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99291 1 ALBARELLO, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99292 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 99293 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATEDCOLOJ 99294 2 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, WANFRIED, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWN, WHITECOLOJ 99295 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 99296 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE COARSE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99297 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 99298 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99299 1 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99300 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, INCISED, LEAD

GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99301 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWN

136

COLOJ 99302 1 CUP, WINE, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99303 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASSCOLOJ 99304 7 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 99305 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, FREE BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99306 7 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99307 7 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99308 11 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99309 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99310 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99311 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99312 12 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00177 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99313 3 COSTREL, EARTHENWARE, SPANISH COSTREL, TIN ENAMELLED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 99314 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99315 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 99316 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 99317 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99318 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 99319 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 99320 5 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99321 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, PULLEDCOLOJ 99322 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99323 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99324 2 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99325 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99326 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, UNIDENTIFIED EARTHEN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99327 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 99328 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99329 1 BOWL, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 99330 35 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTED, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 99331 6 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99332 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99333 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEADCOLOJ 99334 87 BOTTLE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99335 5 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99336 2 BEAD, GLASS, DRAWN, WHITECOLOJ 99337 16 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99338 104 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99339 11 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99340 1 BEAD, GLASS, DRAWN, BLUECOLOJ 99341 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99342 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99343 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWN

137

COLOJ 99344 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99345 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99346 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE COARSE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99347 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99348 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, DENTILATEDCOLOJ 99349 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99350 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99351 4 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99352 3 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99353 1 STOVE, IRON, CASTCOLOJ 99354 5 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99355 6 SLATE, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 99356 4 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99357 3 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 99358 1 DEBITAGE, CHERTCOLOJ 99359 1 DEBITAGE, CHERTCOLOJ 99360 55 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99361 1 STONE, QUARTZITECOLOJ 99362 1 CHALK, CHALK

Context No.: 88AN-00179 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99450 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, SURREY WHITEWARE, INCISED, LEAD GLAZE,WHEEL THROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99451 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE COARSE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99452 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED,BROWN

COLOJ 99453 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH ITALIAN, PISA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99454 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99455 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 99456 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 99457 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99458 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99459 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99460 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99461 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99462 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, GRAYCOLOJ 99463 1 STONE, QUARTZITE

Context No.: 88AN-00184 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99464 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99465 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, SURREY WHITEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99466 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99467 1 BOWL, EARTHENWARE, NORTH ITALIAN, PISA, SLIP DECORATED, WHEELTHROWN, POLYCHROME

COLOJ 99468 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99469 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99470 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWN

138

COLOJ 99471 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99472 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99473 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99474 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99475 11 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99476 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99477 6 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99478 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99479 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99480 6 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99481 1 SPIKE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99482 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99483 18 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99484 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 99485 1 STONE, STONE

Context No.: 88AN-00185 TPQ: 1821

COLOJ 99486 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99487 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99488 5 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 99489 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99490 1 SHOT, LEAD, CAST

Context No.: 88AN-00188 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99430 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, WANFRIED, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWN,POLYCHROME

COLOJ 99431 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99432 1 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,WHEEL THROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99433 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99434 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99435 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99436 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 99437 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUACOLOJ 99438 10 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99439 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99440 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99441 1 FERRULE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99442 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99443 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99444 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99445 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99446 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99447 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99448 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99449 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00190 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99491 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWN

139

COLOJ 99492 1 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99493 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99494 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99495 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99496 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99497 13 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99498 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99499 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99500 73 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99501 2 CHARCOAL, CHARCOALCOLOJ 99502 1 SEED, SEEDCOLOJ 99503 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99504 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99505 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99506 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99507 1 RING, CURTAIN, BRASSCOLOJ 99508 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 99509 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99510 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99511 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARECOLOJ 99512 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, INCISED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99513 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99514 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99515 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99516 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99517 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99518 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99519 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99520 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99521 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99522 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99523 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99524 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99525 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99526 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99527 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99528 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99529 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99530 1 DEBITAGE, CHERTCOLOJ 99531 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99532 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99533 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99534 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99535 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99536 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99537 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99538 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99539 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99540 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99541 1 CHARCOAL, CHARCOALCOLOJ 99542 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99543 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, INCISED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99544 1 NAIL, IRON

140

COLOJ 99545 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99546 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99547 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL

THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 99548 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTED, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 99549 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99550 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99551 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99552 2 UNIDENTIFIED, ORGANIC MATERIALCOLOJ 99553 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99554 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99555 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99556 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99557 1 STONE, STONECOLOJ 99558 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 99559 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99560 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99561 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99562 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99563 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99564 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 99565 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99566 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, INCISED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99567 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99568 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99569 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99570 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL

THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 99571 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99572 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99573 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99574 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99575 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99576 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRONCOLOJ 99577 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99578 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99579 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 99580 2 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99581 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZITECOLOJ 99582 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99583 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 99584 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99585 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99586 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 99587 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 99588 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99589 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99590 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 99591 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99592 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99593 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99594 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, INCISED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 99595 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99596 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99597 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99598 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99599 1 SHOT, LEAD, CAST

141

COLOJ 99600 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99601 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRONCOLOJ 99602 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99603 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99604 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99605 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99606 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99607 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRONCOLOJ 99608 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99609 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99610 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRONCOLOJ 99611 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99612 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99613 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99614 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99615 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99616 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99617 1 CHALK, CHALK, WHITECOLOJ 99618 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99619 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99620 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99621 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99622 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99623 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZ, WHITECOLOJ 99624 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99625 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99626 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99627 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99628 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99629 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99630 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 99631 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99632 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASSCOLOJ 99633 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZ, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99634 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99635 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99636 10 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99637 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99638 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99639 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASSCOLOJ 99640 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 99641 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99642 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99643 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99644 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99645 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99646 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99647 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99648 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99649 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99650 2 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99651 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99652 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99653 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99654 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99655 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99656 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99657 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREEN

142

COLOJ 99658 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99659 1 PAN, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99660 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99661 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99662 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99663 1 BONE, BONECOLOJ 99664 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99665 6 COAL, COALCOLOJ 99666 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 99667 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99668 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99669 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99670 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99671 1 JAR, STORAGE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, CORDONED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 99672 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99673 2 SLATE, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 99674 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99675 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99676 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99677 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, WORKED, BLACKCOLOJ 99678 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99679 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 99680 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99681 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99682 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99683 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99684 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99685 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99686 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99687 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99688 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LEAD GLAZE COARSEWAR, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99689 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99690 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99691 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99692 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99693 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99694 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99695 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99696 1 MORTAR, MORTARCOLOJ 99697 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99698 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99699 1 SHELL, OYSTER, SHELLCOLOJ 99700 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99701 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99702 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99703 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99704 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99705 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 99706 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99707 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99708 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99709 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99710 1 NAIL, IRON

143

COLOJ 99711 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99712 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, ROLLED/SHEETCOLOJ 99713 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99714 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99715 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99716 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99717 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99718 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99719 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99835 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99836 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, SURREY WHITEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, YELLOWCOLOJ 99837 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99838 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99839 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99840 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, SURREY WHITEWARE, REEDED, LEAD GLAZE,

WHEEL THROWN, POLYCHROMECOLOJ 99841 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 99842 1 DEBITAGE, CHERTCOLOJ 99843 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99844 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99845 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99846 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99847 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99848 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99849 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103525 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103526 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, BROWNCOLOJ 103527 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103528 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL

THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 103529 1 BOWL, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL

THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 103530 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103531 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103532 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103533 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103763 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 103764 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103765 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 103766 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103767 2 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103768 1 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103769 1 PEBBLE, QUARTZITE, BROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00191 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99720 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 99721 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99722 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99723 5 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00193 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99724 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99725 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

144

COLOJ 99726 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99727 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99728 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99729 1 UNIDENTIFIED, UNIDENTIFIED

Context No.: 88AN-00195 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 99730 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99731 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99732 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99733 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 99734 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99735 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99736 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00197 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99737 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99738 1 BEAD, GLASSCOLOJ 99739 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99740 3 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00199 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99741 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00202 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 99742 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 99743 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99744 1 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,WHEEL THROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 99745 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 99746 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 99747 6 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99748 4 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00203 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99749 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99750 2 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99751 7 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00208 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99752 1 GLASS, WINE, GLASS, COLORED, FREE BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99753 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99754 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99755 3 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00209 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 99756 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, POWDERED GROUND, WHEELTHROWN, PURPLE

COLOJ 99757 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99758 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

145

COLOJ 99759 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99760 5 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99761 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99762 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 99763 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 99764 30 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99765 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 99766 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99767 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZITE, WORKED

Context No.: 88AN-00210 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99768 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99769 1 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BLACKCOLOJ 99770 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99771 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 99772 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99773 11 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99774 3 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99775 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99776 2 DEBITAGE, CHERT, WORKED

Context No.: 88AN-00211 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 99777 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BLACK

COLOJ 99778 1 LID, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 99779 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99780 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99781 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD

Context No.: 88AN-00213 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99782 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE SGRAFF, SLIP DECORATED, WHEELTHROWN, WHITE

COLOJ 99783 1 PIPKIN, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99784 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99785 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99786 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99787 5 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 99788 1 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00217 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99789 1 DISH, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 99790 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99791 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99792 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99793 1 TACK, COPPER ALLOYCOLOJ 99794 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOY

Context No.: 88AN-00220 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99795 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00231 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99796 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99797 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREEN

146

COLOJ 99798 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99799 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99800 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99801 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99802 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99803 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99804 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99805 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99806 1 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 99807 1 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 99808 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99809 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00244 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 99810 1 PLATE, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 99811 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 99812 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99813 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99814 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99815 2 DEBITAGE, CHERT

Context No.: 88AN-00249 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 99816 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 99817 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 99818 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MERIDA-TYPE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 99819 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 99820 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE PORCELAIN, PAINTED OVER, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 99821 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99822 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99823 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 99824 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99825 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 99826 2 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 99827 3 SLATE, SLATECOLOJ 99828 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 99829 11 STONE, QUARTZCOLOJ 99830 2 STONE, QUARTZITECOLOJ 99831 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 99832 20 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00250 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 99833 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 99834 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00304 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 102479 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102480 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00309 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 102481 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 102482 6 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

147

COLOJ 102483 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102484 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102485 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102486 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102487 1 DEBITAGE, FLINT, WORKED, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00310 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 102488 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 102489 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 102490 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102491 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102492 4 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102493 2 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 102494 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102495 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102496 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102497 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00311 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 102498 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102499 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 102500 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102501 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102502 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102503 1 WHETSTONE, STONE

Context No.: 88AN-00312 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 102504 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 102505 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102506 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102507 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102508 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 102509 1 BOTTLE, PHARMACEUTICAL, GLASS, COLORED, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 102510 7 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102511 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102512 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102513 9 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102514 3 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102515 1 FINIAL, COPPER ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102516 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102517 3 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102518 1 UNIDENTIFIED, QUARTZITE, BROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00313 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 102519 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ABORIGINAL, COIL BUILTCOLOJ 102520 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 102521 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102522 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102523 2 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 102524 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102525 1 LIMONITE, LIMONITE

148

COLOJ 102526 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102527 2 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00314 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 102528 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 102529 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, UNIDENTIFIED EARTHEN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102530 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 102531 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, UNIDENTIFIED EARTHEN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 102532 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH UTILITY WARE, LEAD GLAZE, GREENCOLOJ 102533 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102534 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102535 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 102536 3 HOLLOWWARE, STONEWARE, ALBANY SLIP, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102537 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, CORDONED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102538 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102539 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102540 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 102541 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102542 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102543 4 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102544 6 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102545 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102546 2 COAL, COALCOLOJ 102547 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102548 1 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 102549 1 FLAKE, FLINTCOLOJ 102550 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00315 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 102551 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102552 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102553 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102554 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102555 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 102556 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102557 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102558 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102559 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL

THROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00316 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102560 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 102561 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102562 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102563 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102564 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102565 1 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00320 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102566 1 NAIL, IRON

149

Context No.: 88AN-00321 TPQ: 1892

COLOJ 102567 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102568 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102569 2 CAP, BOTTLE, IRON, CROWN CAPCOLOJ 102570 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102571 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102572 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102573 1 STONE, QUARTZ, WHITE

Context No.: 88AN-00324 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102574 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

Context No.: 88AN-00327 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102575 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102576 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102577 2 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00328 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 102578 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,POLYCHROME

COLOJ 102579 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102580 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102581 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102582 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102583 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 102584 7 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102585 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 102587 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102588 5 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102589 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102590 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 102591 30 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102592 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 102593 5 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 102594 6 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102595 2 BONE, BONECOLOJ 102596 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102597 12 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102598 1 CHARCOAL, CHARCOALCOLOJ 102599 2 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 102600 1 STONE, CHERT

Context No.: 88AN-00329 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 102601 1 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102602 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 102603 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 102604 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102605 2 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102606 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTED

150

COLOJ 102607 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102608 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102609 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102610 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102611 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102612 1 BONE, BONECOLOJ 102613 1 SPALL, GUN, FLINT, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 102614 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00330 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 102615 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102616 7 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 102617 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 102618 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102619 2 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102620 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102621 3 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102622 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00331 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102623 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102624 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102625 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102626 1 UNIDENTIFIED, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102627 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00332 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 102628 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 102629 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102630 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WORKED, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102631 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 102632 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEAD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 102633 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102634 4 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102635 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102636 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102637 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102638 8 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102639 1 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 102640 1 FLAKE, FLINT, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 102641 1 STONE, UNIDENTIFIED

Context No.: 88AN-00333 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102642 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 102643 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102644 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102645 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102646 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102647 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAG

Context No.: 88AN-00334 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 102719 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARECOLOJ 102720 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102721 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREEN

151

COLOJ 102722 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102723 6 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102724 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103090 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103091 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, CLAYCOLOJ 103092 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103093 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103094 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103095 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103096 6 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103097 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103098 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAG, BLACKCOLOJ 103099 1 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 103100 1 SHELL, SHELLCOLOJ 103101 9 PEBBLE, STONE, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 103534 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103535 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103536 1 LIMONITE, LIMONITECOLOJ 103537 5 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00335 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 102648 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 102649 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102650 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102651 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102652 1 UNIDENTIFIED, UNIDENTIFIED

Context No.: 88AN-00338 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102653 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102654 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102655 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102656 2 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00340 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102657 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MACHINE-MADE, GREENCOLOJ 102658 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102659 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102660 1 UNIDENTIFIED, UNIDENTIFIED

Context No.: 88AN-00341 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102586 1 COUNTER, CASTING, COPPER ALLOY, STAMPED METALCOLOJ 103668 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 121865 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 121866 3 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00342 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102661 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102662 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARE, UNDECORATEDCOLOJ 102663 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102664 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 102665 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102666 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREEN

152

COLOJ 102667 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102668 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, CORDONED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102669 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102670 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 102671 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUACOLOJ 102672 5 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102673 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102674 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102675 6 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102676 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102677 1 STAPLE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102678 3 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102679 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00343 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 102680 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102681 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102682 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, FREE BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102683 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 102684 1 BOLT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102685 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00344 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 102686 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 102687 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,YELLOW

COLOJ 102688 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102689 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102690 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102691 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, SPONGED/SPATTER, WHEEL THROWN,

PURPLECOLOJ 102692 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 102693 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102694 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102695 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, CORDONED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102696 8 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102697 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102698 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEADCOLOJ 102699 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102700 12 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102701 2 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102702 12 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102703 46 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102704 1 BOLT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102705 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102706 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102707 1 FILE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102708 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102709 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102710 5 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102711 10 COAL, COALCOLOJ 102712 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAG

153

COLOJ 102713 1 UNIDENTIFIED, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102714 1 FLAKE, CHERT, WORKEDCOLOJ 102715 1 FLAKE, QUARTZ, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102716 8 STONE, STONECOLOJ 102717 1 LIMONITE, LIMONITECOLOJ 102718 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00345 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103669 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00348 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 102725 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 102726 1 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102727 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102728 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102729 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102730 1 CORE, FLINT, WORKED, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00349 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 102731 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102732 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102733 4 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102734 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102735 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATECOLOJ 102736 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 102737 1 FLAKE, FLINT, WORKED, BROWNCOLOJ 107874 1 HINGE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00350 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102738 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 102739 1 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 102740 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, GERMAN BROWN STONEWA, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102741 1 GLASS, WINE, GLASS, DRAWNCOLOJ 102742 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102743 1 HINGE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102744 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102745 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102746 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 102747 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102748 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102749 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 102750 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00351 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 102751 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARE, UNDECORATEDCOLOJ 102752 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 102753 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102754 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102755 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102756 1 UNIDENTIFIED, SANDSTONE, OTHER COLOR

Context No.: 88AN-00352 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102757 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, WHEEL THROWN

154

COLOJ 102758 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, WHITE WARE, UNDECORATEDCOLOJ 102759 2 MUG, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102760 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102761 2 JUG, STONEWARE, GERMAN BROWN STONEWA, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102762 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102763 1 GLASS, WINE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FR BLOWN/EMPONTCOLOJ 102764 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 102765 12 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 102766 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102767 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102768 24 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102769 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, CASTCOLOJ 102770 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 102771 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102772 3 CHARCOAL, CHARCOAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102773 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102774 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102775 2 PEBBLE, CHERTCOLOJ 102776 1 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 103167 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103168 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103169 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00353 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 102777 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102778 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 102779 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102780 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102781 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00354 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 102782 1 JAR, DRUG, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 102783 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 102784 2 SHERD, STONEWARE, ENGLISH BROWN, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102785 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 102786 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102787 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 102788 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102789 3 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102790 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102791 1 FLAKE, FLINT, BROWNCOLOJ 102792 2 DEBITAGE, FLINT

Context No.: 88AN-00355 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 102793 1 BOTTLE, EARTHENWARE, COSTREL, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN, REDCOLOJ 102794 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED,

YELLOWCOLOJ 102795 3 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 102796 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102797 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102798 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWN

155

COLOJ 102799 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,POLYCHROME

COLOJ 102800 2 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 102801 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102802 11 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 102803 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 102804 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102805 24 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102806 4 KNIFE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102807 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102808 5 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102809 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102810 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102811 3 COAL, COALCOLOJ 102812 2 CHARCOAL, CHARCOALCOLOJ 102813 1 FLAKE, FLINT, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 102814 1 SHELL, SHELLCOLOJ 102815 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102816 5 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00356 TPQ: 1690

COLOJ 103102 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103103 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 103104 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103105 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, INCISED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103106 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103107 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, ENGLISH BROWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103108 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103109 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, DRAWNCOLOJ 103110 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 103111 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEADCOLOJ 103112 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 103113 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103114 2 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 103115 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103116 17 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103117 4 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103118 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103119 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 103120 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103121 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103122 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103123 3 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103124 1 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00358 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 102817 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102818 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102819 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00359 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 102820 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 102821 1 TILE, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE

156

COLOJ 102822 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102823 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102824 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102825 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102826 1 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00360 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 102827 1 DISH, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102828 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102829 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102830 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102831 2 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102832 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102833 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102834 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102835 1 CHARCOAL, CHARCOALCOLOJ 102836 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102837 1 LIMONITE, LIMONITE

Context No.: 88AN-00361 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 102838 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 102839 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 102840 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102841 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 102842 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102843 1 PLASTER, PLASTERCOLOJ 102844 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102845 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102846 1 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 102847 3 PEBBLE, STONECOLOJ 102848 1 STONE, SANDSTONE, BROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00362 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 103125 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103126 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103127 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103128 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103129 6 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103130 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103131 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103132 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103133 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103134 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, HAND TOOLED FINCOLOJ 103135 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00363 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103170 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103171 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103172 2 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103173 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

157

Context No.: 88AN-00364 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 102849 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,YELLOW

COLOJ 102850 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102851 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 102852 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, AQUACOLOJ 102853 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102854 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102855 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102856 1 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00369 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 102857 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102858 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, PULLEDCOLOJ 102859 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102860 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102861 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 102862 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 102863 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, LEAD ALLOYCOLOJ 102864 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00370 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102865 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00371 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102866 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 102867 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102868 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102869 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102870 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102871 1 STAPLE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102872 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102873 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102874 1 SHELL, SHELLCOLOJ 102875 2 PEBBLE, CHERT, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 102876 1 PIPE, DRAINAGE, EARTHENWARE, ENGOBE, BROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00372 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 102877 11 JAR, STORAGE, STONEWARE, ALBANY SLIP, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102878 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102879 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 102880 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102881 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 102882 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102883 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102884 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102885 1 FLAKE, FLINT, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 102886 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00373 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102887 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102888 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 102889 1 NAIL, IRON

158

Context No.: 88AN-00374 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103136 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103137 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103138 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 103139 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103140 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 103141 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103142 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103143 8 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103144 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103145 5 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103146 24 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103147 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103148 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103149 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103150 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103151 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103152 10 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103153 3 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 103154 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, UNIDENTIFIED

Context No.: 88AN-00375 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102890 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102891 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102892 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102893 2 COAL, COAL

Context No.: 88AN-00377 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102894 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102895 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102896 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102897 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00379 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102898 1 DISH, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON SGRAFFIT, SGRAFFITO, SLIP DECORATED,WHEEL THROWN

COLOJ 102899 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 102900 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, YORKTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102901 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102902 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, ENGLISH WHITE SALT G, SCRATCH/FILL, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 102903 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102904 5 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102905 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102906 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102907 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, UNIDENTIFIED, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00380 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102908 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102909 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

159

COLOJ 102910 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102911 1 COAL, COALCOLOJ 102912 1 PIPE, DRAINAGE, EARTHENWARE, ENGOBE, BROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00382 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115432 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 115433 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 115434 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 115476 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115477 0 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00383 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102913 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102914 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00385 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 102915 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 102916 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102917 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102918 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 102919 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102920 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102921 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102922 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 102923 14 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 102924 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102925 5 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 102926 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, MOLD BLOWN, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 102927 5 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 102928 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 102929 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102930 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102931 2 STRAP, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102932 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOYCOLOJ 102933 3 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102934 8 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102935 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102936 1 CHARCOAL, CHARCOALCOLOJ 102937 2 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 102938 2 DEBITAGE, FLINT, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00386 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 102939 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 102940 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102941 1 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102942 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102943 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102944 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARECOLOJ 102945 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102946 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102947 12 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREEN

160

COLOJ 102948 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 102949 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102950 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102951 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 102952 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102953 2 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102954 1 BONE, BONE

Context No.: 88AN-00387 TPQ: 1820

COLOJ 102955 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102956 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, WHITE WARECOLOJ 102957 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102958 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102959 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102960 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 102961 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102962 4 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102963 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00388 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103155 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, PORTUGUESE MAJOLICA, UNDECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 103156 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 103157 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103158 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103159 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103160 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103161 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103162 5 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103163 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103164 1 DEBITAGE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 103165 1 STONE, QUARTZITE, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 103166 2 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 103538 1 STONE, CHERT, RED

Context No.: 88AN-00390 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102964 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102965 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 102966 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102967 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102968 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102969 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 102970 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102971 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 102972 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102973 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 102974 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102975 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102976 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 102977 1 DEBITAGE, QUARTZ, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

161

Context No.: 88AN-00392 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 102978 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, ALBANY SLIP, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 102979 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102980 1 KNIFE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102981 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00393 TPQ: 1740

COLOJ 103674 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103770 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, UNIDENTIFIED EARTHEN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103771 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, WHIELDON WARE, LEAD GLAZE, POLYCHROMECOLOJ 103772 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAG

Context No.: 88AN-00395 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103539 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CAST

Context No.: 88AN-00396 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103673 3 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00402 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 102982 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 102983 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 102984 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102985 1 COBBLE, QUARTZITE

Context No.: 88AN-00403 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 102986 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 102987 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 102988 4 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 102989 17 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTED, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 102990 17 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 102991 8 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102992 19 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 102993 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 102994 1 TACK, COPPER ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 102995 1 MARL, MARLCOLOJ 102996 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 102997 1 CHARCOAL, CHARCOAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102998 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 102999 1 BONE, BONECOLOJ 103000 1 BIFACE, FLINT, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 103001 3 DEBITAGE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 103002 1 COBBLE, SANDSTONECOLOJ 103003 2 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00404 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103004 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103005 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103006 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103007 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103008 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, PUNCTATED

162

COLOJ 103009 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103010 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103011 8 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103012 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103013 3 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00405 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 103014 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 103015 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103016 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103017 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103018 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 103019 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103020 2 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103021 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00406 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 103022 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, GRAYCOLOJ 103023 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103024 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103025 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103026 1 BOLT, IRONCOLOJ 103027 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00411 TPQ: 1820

COLOJ 103174 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 103175 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103176 3 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, WHITE WARE, PRESS MOLDEDCOLOJ 103177 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 103178 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103179 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 103180 9 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTED, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 103181 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103182 1 BEAD, GLASS, DRAWNCOLOJ 103183 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 103184 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MULTI-PC MOLD, AQUACOLOJ 103185 46 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103186 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 103187 12 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103188 63 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103189 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 103190 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 103191 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, STEEL, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103192 1 TACK, COPPER ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103193 5 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103194 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103195 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, LEAD ALLOYCOLOJ 103196 6 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103197 11 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103198 14 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 103199 3 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103200 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, SILVER ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103201 1 FLAKE, QUARTZITE, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 103202 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREEN

163

COLOJ 103203 1 PLASTER, PLASTERCOLOJ 103204 2 BOTTLE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103205 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103206 4 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103207 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103208 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 103209 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103210 5 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103211 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103212 1 DEBITAGE, FLINT, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 103540 4 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00412 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 103028 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, PORTUGUESE MAJOLICA, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 103029 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLD

Context No.: 88AN-00415 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 103030 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103031 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103032 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103033 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, STEEL, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103034 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103035 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103036 1 ROVE, IRONCOLOJ 103037 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD ALLOYCOLOJ 103038 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOY, ROLLED/SHEETCOLOJ 103039 1 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00416 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103040 1 COSTREL, EARTHENWARE, COSTREL, SLIP DECORATED, PULLEDCOLOJ 103041 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, AQUACOLOJ 103042 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00417 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 103213 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, MAKER’S MARKCOLOJ 103214 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103215 3 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00420 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103043 2 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE,WHEEL THROWN, GREEN

COLOJ 103044 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103045 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103046 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS LEADCOLOJ 103047 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103048 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103049 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103050 4 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

164

COLOJ 103051 1 FLINT, GUN, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 103216 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103217 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103218 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, UNIDENTIFIEDCOLOJ 103219 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103220 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103221 1 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00421 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103052 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103053 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103054 1 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00425 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103055 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 103056 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103057 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103058 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,

BLUECOLOJ 103059 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103060 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 103061 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103062 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103063 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103064 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00426 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 103065 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH ITALIAN SGRAFF, SGRAFFITO, SLIPDECORATED, WHEEL THROWN, POLYCHROME

COLOJ 103066 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103067 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 103068 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103069 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 103070 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103071 3 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 103072 5 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103073 17 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103074 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103075 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103076 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103077 3 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103078 1 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00427 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 103079 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 103080 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103081 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00428 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103082 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103083 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

165

Context No.: 88AN-00429 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103084 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103085 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103086 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103087 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103088 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103089 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103222 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103223 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 103224 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103225 2 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00430 TPQ: 1830

COLOJ 103226 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, YELLOW WARE, PRESS MOLDEDCOLOJ 103227 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103228 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103229 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, ALBANY SLIP, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103230 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103231 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103232 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00431 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103233 3 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00432 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103234 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00434 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103235 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, UNIDENTIFIED STONEWA, PULLED

Context No.: 88AN-00437 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 103236 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, STAMPED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103237 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103238 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 103239 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103240 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103241 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103242 4 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103243 1 SHELL, SHELLCOLOJ 103244 1 DEBITAGE, FLINT, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00439 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 103245 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARE, SPRIG MOLDEDCOLOJ 103246 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MIDLANDS PURPLE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103247 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103248 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 103249 4 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103250 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103251 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103252 1 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAY

166

Context No.: 88AN-00440 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 103253 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MULTI-PC MOLD, AQUACOLOJ 103254 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00441 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103255 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103256 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 103257 1 BOTTLE, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, SPRIG MOLDED, ENGOBE,

WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103258 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103259 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103260 1 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 103261 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOY, CAST

Context No.: 88AN-00442 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 103262 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103263 5 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 103264 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103265 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103352 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103353 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103541 1 CAULDRON, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, PULLED

Context No.: 88AN-00443 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103266 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEELTHROWN, BLUE

COLOJ 103267 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED, BROWNCOLOJ 103268 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103269 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 103270 3 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103271 4 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 103272 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103273 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103274 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAG

Context No.: 88AN-00444 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103275 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103276 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103277 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103278 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103542 1 BRICK, BRICK, OTHER COLOR

Context No.: 88AN-00445 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103279 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103280 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103281 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 103282 5 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103283 6 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103284 19 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103285 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103286 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103287 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD ALLOYCOLOJ 103288 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, IBERIAN OLIVE JAR, WHEEL THROWN

167

COLOJ 103289 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARECOLOJ 103290 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00446 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 103291 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARECOLOJ 103292 2 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, YORKTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103293 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103294 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 103295 9 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00447 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 103296 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, MERIDA-TYPE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103297 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH UTILITY WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

GREENCOLOJ 103298 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103299 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARECOLOJ 103300 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103301 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103302 3 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 103303 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103304 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103305 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103306 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103307 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103308 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 103309 2 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103310 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWN

Context No.: 88AN-00453 TPQ: 1700

COLOJ 103311 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 103312 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE IRON G, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BLACK

COLOJ 103313 1 JUG, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, CORDONED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103314 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103315 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103316 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, HAND TOOLED FIN, GREENCOLOJ 103317 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103318 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103568 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00454 TPQ: 1700

COLOJ 103319 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE IRON G, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BLACK

COLOJ 103320 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103321 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103322 1 BEAD, GLASS, COLORED, DRAWN, BLUECOLOJ 103323 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103324 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103325 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103326 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103543 1 BRICK, BRICK

168

Context No.: 88AN-00455 TPQ: 1825

COLOJ 103327 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103328 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103329 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, LIPPING TOOLCOLOJ 103330 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103331 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103332 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103333 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103334 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 103335 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103336 1 UNIDENTIFIED, UNIDENTIFIED, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00456 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103337 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD

Context No.: 88AN-00457 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103338 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103339 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103340 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00459 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103341 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 103342 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103343 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103344 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, LEAD ALLOYCOLOJ 103345 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103346 1 BRICK, BRICK, YELLOW

Context No.: 88AN-00460 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103347 2 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00464 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103348 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103349 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103350 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103351 2 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00467 TPQ: 1889

COLOJ 103354 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 103355 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103356 1 PLATE, EARTHENWARE, PEARLWARE, PAINTED UNDER, PRESS MOLDED, BLUECOLOJ 103357 1 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103358 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103359 4 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103360 5 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103361 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, SGRAFFITO, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103362 13 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTED

169

COLOJ 103363 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103364 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, MACHINE-MADE, GREENCOLOJ 103365 3 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 103366 6 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103367 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 103368 9 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103369 22 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103370 1 GUN, STEEL, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103371 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, STEEL, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103372 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103373 3 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103374 1 TILE, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103375 3 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103376 1 TILE, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103377 2 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103378 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, STEEL, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103379 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103380 7 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103381 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00475 TPQ: 1839

COLOJ 103382 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103383 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 103384 2 BOTTLE, GLASS, COLORED, TWO PC MOLD/EMPONT, BROWN, LETTERING/NUMBCOLOJ 103385 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103386 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103387 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, RUBBER, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00485 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103388 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BROWN

COLOJ 103389 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103390 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103391 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103392 1 FLINT, GUN, QUARTZ, WORKED, OTHER COLOR

Context No.: 88AN-00489 TPQ: 1821

COLOJ 103393 2 PAN, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103394 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103395 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103396 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103397 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLD, LETTERING/NUMBCOLOJ 103398 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103399 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103400 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103401 3 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00492 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 103402 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103403 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103404 2 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00495 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103405 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103406 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103407 1 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAY

170

Context No.: 88AN-00497 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115435 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 115475 1 TILE, ROOFING, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00499 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103544 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00500 TPQ: 1850

COLOJ 103408 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COSTREL, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWN, WHITECOLOJ 103409 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103410 3 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103411 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 103412 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103413 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 103414 3 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103415 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103416 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103417 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103418 2 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103419 2 SHELL, SHELLCOLOJ 103420 1 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00501 TPQ: 1725

COLOJ 103421 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103422 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103423 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, YORKTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103424 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103425 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103426 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103427 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103428 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103429 15 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103430 1 MORTAR, MORTARCOLOJ 103431 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103432 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103433 1 BONE, BONECOLOJ 103434 1 DEBITAGE, CHERT, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 103435 1 STONE, SANDSTONE, BROWNCOLOJ 103545 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103546 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103547 6 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00504 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115436 12 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00506 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 103436 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103437 1 SPIKE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103438 1 NAIL, IRON, CUTCOLOJ 103439 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103440 1 COAL, COAL, BLACK

171

COLOJ 103441 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103442 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103548 3 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00507 TPQ: 1762

COLOJ 103443 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103444 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CREAMWARECOLOJ 103445 1 SHERD, PORCELAIN, CHINESE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN, BLUE

Context No.: 88AN-00508 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115437 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 115438 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 115478 0 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00509 TPQ: 1866

COLOJ 103446 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103447 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 103448 10 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103449 1 BULLET, LEAD ALLOY—COPPER ALLOY, CAST, LETTERING/NUMBCOLOJ 103450 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103451 1 DEBITAGE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 103452 1 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00510 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103453 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 103454 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 103455 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103456 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103457 9 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103458 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103459 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103460 1 FLAKE, QUARTZITE, WORKED, GRAYCOLOJ 103461 1 FLAKE, FLINT, GRAY

Context No.: 88AN-00512 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 103462 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103463 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103464 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103465 6 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103466 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LDCOLOJ 103467 3 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103468 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103469 6 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103470 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 103471 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103472 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD ALLOYCOLOJ 103473 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103474 1 CLAY, CLAYCOLOJ 103475 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, UNIDENTIFIED EARTHEN

172

Context No.: 88AN-00513 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 103476 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 103477 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103478 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWNCOLOJ 103479 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103480 1 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103481 1 CORE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 103549 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103550 2 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00516 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 103482 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103483 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103484 1 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00518 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 115440 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 115441 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 115442 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 115443 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115444 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, COLORED, GREENCOLOJ 115445 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOYCOLOJ 115446 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 115447 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 115448 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 115449 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115450 2 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 115479 0 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00519 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 103485 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103486 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103487 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103488 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103489 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103490 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103491 2 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 103492 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103493 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103494 1 CASTING WASTE, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103495 1 TILE, ROOFING, SLATE, GRAYCOLOJ 103496 2 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00522 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103497 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOY, ROLLED/SHEETCOLOJ 103498 3 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAG

Context No.: 88AN-00526 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103499 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 103500 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103501 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103502 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

173

COLOJ 103503 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103504 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103551 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00532 TPQ: 1680

COLOJ 103505 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 103506 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103507 7 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE,

WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103508 1 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103509 1 JUG, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, CORDONED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103510 1 JAR, STORAGE, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103511 3 PAN, MILK, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, INCISED, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103512 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

YELLOWCOLOJ 103513 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103514 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103515 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE, ROULETTEDCOLOJ 103516 7 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103517 6 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103518 19 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103519 2 KNIFE, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103520 1 BONE, BONECOLOJ 103521 3 SHELL, SHELLCOLOJ 103552 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103553 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103554 1 CLAY, CLAY

Context No.: 88AN-00534 TPQ: 1625

COLOJ 103555 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103667 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00535 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 115451 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 115452 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115453 3 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 115454 3 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 115455 4 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 115456 1 DEBITAGE, FLINT, GRAYCOLOJ 115480 0 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00536 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103556 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00537 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115457 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE IRON G, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, BLACK

COLOJ 115458 1 GLASS, WINDOW, GLASSCOLOJ 115459 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 115460 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, CLAY

174

Context No.: 88AN-00539 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115461 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 115462 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115463 7 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 115481 0 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00540 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103557 2 SPOON, LEAD ALLOY, MOLDEDCOLOJ 103558 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00542 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103559 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00545 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103560 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00547 TPQ: 1820

COLOJ 103522 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, ALBANY SLIP, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103523 1 PLATE, PORCELAIN, PORCELLANEOUSCOLOJ 103524 2 CHARCOAL, CHARCOAL

Context No.: 88AN-00548 TPQ: 1892

COLOJ 103561 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103562 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103563 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103564 1 CAP, BOTTLE, IRON, STAMPED METALCOLOJ 103565 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 103566 3 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103567 1 STONE, QUARTZ

Context No.: 88AN-00549 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 103569 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, ENGLISH DELFTWARE, SPONGED/SPATTER, WHEELTHROWN, PURPLE

COLOJ 103570 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103571 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103572 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103573 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, CHALLIS, LEAD GLAZE, PULLED, GREENCOLOJ 103574 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH BROWN, FRECH, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103575 2 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103576 2 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, PRESSEDCOLOJ 103577 4 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103578 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 103579 4 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103580 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103581 2 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00553 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103670 5 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103671 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103672 8 NAIL, IRON

175

Context No.: 88AN-00554 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103582 1 SPIKE, IRONCOLOJ 103583 5 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103584 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, COPPER ALLOY, ROLLED/SHEETCOLOJ 103585 2 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00555 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 103586 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103587 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 103588 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103589 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103590 3 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103591 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103592 6 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,

BROWNCOLOJ 103593 6 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, UNIDENTIFIED EARTHENCOLOJ 103594 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, RHENISH STONEWARE, W, SPRIG MOLDED, WHEEL

THROWNCOLOJ 103595 11 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103596 5 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103597 8 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103598 22 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103599 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 103600 5 SHOT, LEAD, CASTCOLOJ 103601 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103602 4 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103603 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, QUARTZ, WORKED

Context No.: 88AN-00557 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103604 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103605 1 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00560 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 103606 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103607 1 SHERD, STONEWARE, GERMAN BROWN STONEWA, ENGOBE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 103608 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 103609 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103610 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 103611 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 103612 3 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103613 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00562 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103614 2 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLOWN, GREENCOLOJ 103615 1 BOTTLE, WINE, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 103616 1 GLASS-FRAGMENT, GLASS, GREENCOLOJ 103617 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, CASTCOLOJ 103618 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103619 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 103620 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103621 1 COAL, COAL, BLACK

176

COLOJ 103622 1 CORE, CHERT, BROWNCOLOJ 121867 8 BONE, BONE

Context No.: 88AN-00563 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115464 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEELTHROWN, GREEN

Context No.: 88AN-00566 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103623 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103624 4 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103625 1 STONE, DRESSED, SANDSTONE, OTHER COLOR

Context No.: 88AN-00570 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103626 11 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00574 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103627 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103628 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103629 2 COAL, COAL, BLACKCOLOJ 103630 1 SHELL, SHELL

Context No.: 88AN-00577 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103631 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103632 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103633 1 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103634 1 TILE, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103635 2 COAL, COAL, BLACK

Context No.: 88AN-00579 TPQ: 1864

COLOJ 103636 1 PIPKIN, EARTHENWARE, BORDER WARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,GREEN

COLOJ 103637 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, GREENCOLOJ 103638 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, CLEAR/

UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103639 1 BOTTLE, GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, MULTI-PC MOLDCOLOJ 103640 2 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103641 1 NAIL, IRON, WIRECOLOJ 103642 1 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103643 1 HASP, IRONCOLOJ 103644 1 UNIDENTIFIED, CLAYCOLOJ 103645 1 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00580 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103646 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, WHEEL THROWNCOLOJ 103647 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103648 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, MOLD BLN/EMPONT, GREENCOLOJ 103649 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00582 TPQ: 1650

COLOJ 103650 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103651 1 UNIDENTIFIED, QUARTZITE, OTHER COLORCOLOJ 103773 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON FINE GRA, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL

THROWN, CLEAR/UNCOLOREDCOLOJ 103774 1 LIMONITE, LIMONITE

177

Context No.: 88AN-00585 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 121868 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL THROWN,BLUE

COLOJ 121869 1 BOTTLE, CASE, GLASS, DIP MOLDED, GREENCOLOJ 121870 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 121871 3 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 121872 3 NAIL, IRON

Context No.: 88AN-00593 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 115465 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, DUTCH SLIPWARE, SLIP DECORATED, WHEELTHROWN

COLOJ 115466 4 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115467 2 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRONCOLOJ 115468 1 SLAG/CLINKER, SLAGCOLOJ 115469 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115470 1 DEBITAGE, CHERTCOLOJ 115482 0 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00598 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103652 1 HOLLOWWARE, EARTHENWARE, LOCAL, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,BROWN

COLOJ 103653 2 BRICK, BRICKCOLOJ 103675 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 115471 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, PORTUGUESE MAJOLICA, PAINTED UNDER, WHEEL

THROWN, BLUECOLOJ 115472 1 SHOT, LEAD ALLOY, CASTCOLOJ 115473 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 115474 2 TILE, ROOFING, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 115483 0 BRICK, BRICK

Context No.: 88AN-00600 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103654 2 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, COARSEWARE, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103655 1 NAIL, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGEDCOLOJ 103656 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103657 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00603 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103658 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00605 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103659 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, NORTH DEVON, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN,CLEAR/UNCOLORED

COLOJ 103660 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARECOLOJ 103661 2 NAIL, IRONCOLOJ 103662 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00606 TPQ: 1630

COLOJ 103663 1 SHERD, EARTHENWARE, JAMESTOWN, LEAD GLAZE, WHEEL THROWN, BROWNCOLOJ 103664 1 UNIDENTIFIED ARTIFACT, IRON, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 88AN-00607 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103665 1 NAIL, IRON

178

Context No.: 88AN-00608 TPQ: NDA

COLOJ 103666 1 PIPE, TOBACCO, EARTHENWARE

Context No.: 88AN-00610 TPQ: 1805

COLOJ 121873 1 NAIL, IRON, CUT