AN OVERVIEW ON PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY—A CASE STUDY

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AN OVERVIEW ON PLANNINGAND MANAGEMENT OF RURALWATER SUPPLY—A CASE STUDYH. Ramesh a & A. Mahesha M.ISH ba Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK,Surathkal, 575025b Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK,Surathkal, 575025Published online: 07 Jun 2012.

To cite this article: H. Ramesh & A. Mahesha M.ISH (2006): AN OVERVIEW ONPLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY—A CASE STUDY, ISH Journal ofHydraulic Engineering, 12:1, 61-72

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THE INDIAN SOCIETY FOR HYDRAULICS JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

AN OVERVIEW ON PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY -A CASE STUDY

by

H. Ramesh 1and A. Mahesha2, M.ISH

ABSTRACT

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Water is an essential requirement of the community and a fragile component of earth. The supply of safe water in adequate quantity and quality is one of the primary responsibilities of any civil body. The "Jal Ninnal Project" is aimed at improving the quality of rural water supply and sanitation through integrated approach for sustainable development, which is being implemented in eleven districts of North Karnak.ata. Selection/identification of new sources and assessment of sustainable yield plays a dominant role in designing the project to meet necessary demand. Step drawdown test and electrical resistivity test (Schlumberger test) are conducted to assess the sustainable yield and to know the aquifer parameters, which indirectly helps in the selection of new sources and groundwater recharge. In this study, planning and management of rural drinking water supply scheme is reviewed and discussed by assessing sustainable yield using existing and proposed sources through community participation.

KEY WORDS : Community participation, Electrical resistivity, Planning and management, Rural water supply, Sustainable yield, Sustainable development, Step drawdown test.

INTRODUCTION

The rural water supply and sanitation service remains a gigantic task to be accomplished by the policy makers and planners. It has now been realized that the grass root level participation and community based approaches are essential elements for ensuring effective implementation of facilities in rural areas. In this context, the World Bank assisted project on Karnataka integrated rural water supply and environmental sanitation had set an encouraging trend of reforms in the state. In

I. Research Scholar, Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK, Surathkal- 575025.

2. Asst. Professor, Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK, Surathkal - 575025.

Note : Written discussion of this paper will be open until 30th June 2006.

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continuation of integrated process, government of Kamataka is implementing the World Bank's second project on Kamataka rural water supply and sanitation- JAL NIRMAL (2002) in eleven districts of the north Kamataka. The project covers 9571 habitations in 209 grama panchayats, which are facing problems of drinking water and sanitation facilities. This paper covers the work done in one of the above districts with detailed analysis. The focus in this work is on the study conducted at Haveri district, Kamataka, which is 300km away from Bangalore and 80km from Hubli. The geographical location of district lies between 74°50' to 75°50' Nand 15°15' to 14° 15' E (Fig. 1). Twenty nine grama panchayats are selected in the first stage on demand basis shown in Fig. l. They are Abalur, Anaji, Billalli, Chalageri, Devaragudda, Hire Anaji, Itagi, Kanavi Siddigeri, Kodiyala, Kummur, Makari, Medleri, Shiragumbi, Akki Alur, Andalgi, Devagiri, Gejjihalli, Guttal, Hattimattur, Huvinashigli, lchangi, Kabbur, Karajgi, Maranabeed, Negalur, Tadas, Shishuvinal, Upansi and Kadaramandalgi. The first priority was given to the gram panchayats having deficient in water supply (less than 40 lpcd) and poor sanitation. These gram panchayats collect and pay the community and gram panchayat's contribution of 10% and 5 %of the capital cost for the project as per World Bank stipulation. This is mainly to involve the stake holders in the project for the successful implementation.

75"~ 75"15'U"E 75"

75'~ 75"15'U"E 75"30V'E

20

75"45'U"E

± !.Ag

o "' CJ-

75'45'U"E

FIG. 1 PROJECT AREA (HAVERI DISTRICT)


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PROJECT COMPONENTS

The JAL NIRMAL project had the following components:

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a) Rural water supply schemes along with groundwater recharge measures for the protection of water supply sources.

b) Rural sanitation

1. Paving of internal roads and streets in the village.

ii. Construction of efficient sullage and storm water drainage.

111. Provision of community compost yards and removal of manure pits from the dwelling areas of the village.

iv. Provision of smokeless Chula/ biogas for all households.

v. Construction of house hold/ group/community/ institutional latrines.

c) Sanitation and hygiene promotion (SHP)

d) Capacity building and training

e) Statewide sector development.

The project organization is shown in Fig. 2.

Ministry for Rural Development & Panchayat Raj

Kamataka Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (KRWSSA)

Village Water Supply Committee (VWSC)

FIG. 2 PROJECT ORGANIZATION

PROJECT POLICY PARAMETERS

There are following important parameters identified as project policy parameters.

I. Decentralization forward: Gram Panchayats (GPs) are considered as focal point for implementation.


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2. Grama panchayats are primarily responsible for planning, procurement, construction, operation and maintenance and management of rural water supply and sanitation facilities in conjunction with technical support of zilla panchayats engineering sub divisions (ZPED). It shall be responsible for providing integrated (community development, engineering and management) support to grama panchayats.

3. The Karnataka rural water supply and sanitation agency (KRWSSA) shall be responsible for project planning and monitoring at the state level. Zilla panchayats are responsible for project management at the district level

4. Involvement of public and non government organization for project planning and management at GP level.

5. The payments for all activities at GP level would be made by Grama Panchayats.

6. The GPs to be strengthened and supported by support agencies (SA).

7. Community based selection of schemes I technology and service level (litres per capita per day -lpcd) which they demand and are willing to finance for capital cost sharing.

8. Capital cost sharing: Users -I 0%, GPs- 5% and project 85 %for water supply and groundwater recharge. Users-5%, GPs -I 0% and 85% project for all sanitation facilities. Project assistance ofRs. 2000 per house for below poverty line (BPL) and Rs. 1200 per house for above poverty line (APL) for construction of latrine facility.

9. Operation and Maintenance : 0 & M of water supply scheme to be completely borne by Village Water Supply Committee (VWSC). The president of Gram Panchayat is the president for VWSC.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

I. Increased rural communities to get improved and sustainable drinking water and sanitation services.

2. Institutionalizing decentralization of rural water supply and sanitation services to grama panchayats and user groups.

The above objectives are achieved through

t. Adopting a demand responsive approach and use of participatory approach.

1 t. Phased implementation for changing role of the government from provider to facilitator

iii. Establishing financial viability and sustainability of rural water supply and sanitation services

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iv. Integrated water resources management.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER SUPPLY

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The following design criteria are followed for better management of the project (Jal Nirmal, 2002).

/. Per capita supply: The design per capita supply shall be minimum of 55 lpcd. Water demand was calculated for the projected population for the design period of 20 years (i.e. from year 2001 to 2021 ). One public tap I stand-post is proposed for every 150 persons on demand by the community.

2. Source of supply: The sources for water supply are groundwater and surface water. The groundwater sources could be open wells, bore wells, and sometimes springs. Surface sources include rivers, canals, storage reservoirs, tanks and ponds. The rural water supply schemes with bore wells and open wells are economically viable and easy to operate and maintain compared to surface schemes.

3. - Water quality: The drinking water supplied to the community shall satisfy the criteria contained in Central Public Health Engineering and Environmental Organisation (CPHEEO)

4. Storage: Each village shall be provided with a water tank for storage of water and the minimum capacity shall be at least half a day requirement. The elevated tank should give a minimum residual pressure of 6 meters.

5. Treatment: Groundwater which is usually free from odour and color problems and hence can be supplied after plain disinfection by chlorinating. If it has odour and color problems, aeration followed by disinfection may be required. Surface water may require conventional treatment consisting of sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. If the initial turbidity is more than 50 NTU, the slow sand filtration has to be proceeded by plain sedimentation to reduce the turbidity to acceptable limit.

6. Distribution system: The distribution system shall be either dead end or loop system. Water supply is made twice a day at the rate of 3 hours each time with a peak factor of 4. Alternatively, due to non availability of power in the day time, the distribution hours may be restricted to 4 hours, which is equal to a peak factor of 6. i.e. Theoretically, larger peak factor for smaller size and smaller peak factor for larger size community.

7. Pumps: Submersible pumps shall be provided for all bore wells and electronic control program Unit (EMCPU) are to be provided at all pumping stations.

8. Groundwater recharge measures: Due to continuous and over extraction of

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water from ground, there will be possibility of drying up of sources in the lean months. Hence artificial recharge measures like check dams, infiltration tanks, nala bunds can be proposed depending upon the geological conditions of the area. Possibilities on rainwater harvesting and roof water harvesting can be explored.

The project is divided into three phases i.e.

I. Planning phase 2. Implementation phase 3. Post implementation phase

This paper presents the planning phase activities in details.

i. Detailed Survey

A detailed survey was carried out using Total Station. A map was prepared with all features like roads, drains, buildings, water sources (both existing and proposed) with pipelines. This map is used as the base map for detailed engineering design.

ii. Population Forecast and Water Demand Estimation

Year

Population

Water demand

1991

1,72,959

6918.36* I 03 litres/day @ 40 lpcd (average)

2021

2,98,883

16436.565* I ()-1 litres/day @55lpcd

The design of rural water supply and sanitation schemes are based on actual existing population with realistic projection for the project period. Forecast of population was done in methods viz. arithmetic progression, geometric progression, incremental increase and the national average. The decade growth rate must be limited to 20% (National average growth), when the projected population growth is more than 20 % per decade. However, in some exceptional circumstances, the growth rate beyond 20% may be considered.

iii. Water Quality

Water from bore wells is tested for drinking standards given by CPHEEO. Fourteen parameters are analyzed viz. colour, turbidity, conductivity, pH, residual free chlorine, alkalinity. chloride, sulphate, fluoride, TDS, nitrate, total hardness, iron and MPN Count (WHO, 1971 ). It is observed that some of the parameters exceeded the permissible limit and the results are shown in Table I. Only chlorination unit is provided for each bore well supply. Groundwater supply was replaced by surface water supply in the areas where the concentration of fluoride, TDS and nitrate exceeds the permissible limit. Surface water supply was proposed from Tungabhadra river


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under multi village scheme by considering both affected and non-affected villages. For ground water sources with quality problem, identification of alternate I distant sources and in extreme cases, treatment at community I household level (e.g. Activated Alumina I Nalgonda Technique or any other proven, field tested method for fluoride removal) were planned.

TABLE-I PERCENTAGE WISE AFFECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

Total No. Fluoride (F) Total Dissolved Nitrate (N03

) Iron(Fe) Habitations (Max. limit Solids (TDS) (max limit (Max. limit

l.Smg/1) (Max. 2000mgll) lOOm gil) lmg/1)

630 Affected % Affected % Affected % Affected %

57 9.05 109 17.30 182 28.29 170 26.98

Assessment of Yield

An accurate assessment .of yield of the source is essential to decide which source can be dependable. Such an assessment was not available for the production wells in the area. Therefore it was planned to assess the yield the yield of these wells. The yield of bore wells were assessed in the lowest seasonal water level conditions (March to June), when the summer is at its peak and rainfall has not yet set in. Pumping tests (step drawdown) were conducted in all working bore wells in the project area. The primary information like quality and existing draft of bore wells were collected by the stakeholders. Based on these information water sample was analyzed for drinking standards as per CPHEEO ( 1999). The bore well which is having good water quality is considered for pumping test to assess the yield. The test was conducted for about 180 bore wells for maximum of 8 hours at a time. The drawdown and discharge are measured from which safe yield is calculated. The assessed yield is multiplied by a coefficient to arrive at the safe yield from the source to account for the seasonal variations. Any bore well with yield less than 4000 lph is not considered for design. The step drawdown curve for a bore well located in Kadaramandalgi village and GP in the project area is plotted in Fig. 3. A step drawdown test is normally carried out on a well designed as a production well to determine the specific capacity versus yield relationship. One of the components of drawdown in a production well is well loss due to the turbulent flow of water through the well face and inside the casing. The analytical well loss model assumes well loss proportional to the square of the production well discharge. It may be represented by the following equation (Jacob, 1946)

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where s= drawdown in meter

C=well loss coefficient (Sec2/m5)

Q= discharge (m3/sec)

The total drawdown in the is the sum of well loss and formation loss,

where s= total drawdown in meter

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B=formation loss coefficient due to laminar flow in the formation (sec/m2)

BQ=formation loss, CQ2= well loss

CQ2+BQ-s =0

Therefore, Safe yield Q = { -B ± sqrt (B 2 + 4*C*s)} I 2 C (3)

Equation (3} represents the safe yield of the bore well. The computation of the well loss and formation loss is clearly explained by Karanth ( 1987). A plot of specific drawdown (s/Q) versus discharge (Q) gives a straight line shown in Fig. 4. The slope gives the well loss coefficient C and the intercept on specific drawdown axis gives the formation loss coefficient, B. One of the results of the test conducted in Kadaramandalgi village is given in Table 2 and shown in Fig. 2 by circle.

Discharge Q (m3/sec)

Step I 0.0008

Step II 0.0014

Step III 0.0018

Step IV 0.0020

TABLE-2 FORMATION AND WELL LOSSES FOR A WELL

IN THE STUDY AREA

Obs. Specific Fonnation loss Well loss Fonnation loss Well loss Draw down Drawdown Coefficient B Coeff. C BQ CQl

s(m) (m/m3/sec) (s/m2) (s2/mj) (m} (m)

10.41 13012 9000 4800000 7.2 3.072

22.6 16142 9000 4800000 12.6 9.408

31.75 17638 9000 4800000 16.20 15.552

40.3 20150 9000 4800000 18.00 19.20

Total draw

down (m)

10.27

22.00

31.75

37.2

Same procedure is adopted for the remaining 180 bore wells in the area and the relevant parameters are evaluated.


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Tirre (rrin)

FIG. 3 STEP DRAWDOWN CURVE

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From Table 2, it is observed that as the discharge increases, formation loss and well loss also increase which leads increase in drawdown. The total drawdown is calculated by summing up the formation loss and well loss. From the experimental results, the aquifer is identified as confined and capable of yielding 4252 lph in this particular well. The yield varies from 2520 lph to 23,760 I ph in the project area.

0 G)

~

f c ;: 0 -c

~ -o 0 ;: "() G) 0. Ill

250001 20000

15000

10000

·i 0 0.0005 0.001

8=9000 C=4800000

0.0015 0.002 discharge (rrG/sec)

0.0025

FIG. 4 SPECIFIC DRAWDOWN VIS DISCHARGE CURVE

Scientific Selection of Sources

Scientific selection of water sources is important for satisfying the demand since the groundwater table is depleting very fast within a year and over the years. In the project area, common rock formations are gneiss and granite with no fractures. However, near the surface, these rocks are fractured and may have of Jot of crevices through which water will seep through. The deeper the fracture better will be the

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yield. Electrical resistivity method (Sree Devi, et al., 2001) was used to identify the new sources in the region. A drop in resistance shows the presence of water within the water bearing stratum. In the present study, Schlumberger test is conducted at one of the project sites (Kadaramandalgi village) and results are shown in Table 3. Apparent resistivity (fi) versus depth (AB/2) is plotted on log-log paper (Figs. 5 & 6).

TABLE-3 INTERPRETATION OF GEO-ELECTRICAL

SECTIONS OF VES

YES No. HI (m) pI (Q -m) H2 (m) p 2 ( n -m) H3 (m) p 3 ( n -m)

I 2.0 30 20 45 22 00

2 3.0 20 15 50 18 00

3 3.0 40 30 60 33 00

AB/'I.(m) AB12im)

FIG. 5 VERTICAL ELECTRICAL

SOUNDINGS-I, II, Ill FIG. 6 VERTICAL ELECTRICAL

SOUNDING-IV

From the results it is evident that the strata is highly weathered and fractured between the depth 20m to 60m. Due to the fractured rock, more water flows through the aquifer and hence apparent resistivity decreases. It was found to be less than 85 0-m. Therefore the groundwater potential is more in the case YES-IV compared to YES-I, II, III. YES-IV was proposed to be drilled up to 140 meters and expected yield is about 7,570lph. In general, the lithology and groundwater potential of local area was identified by Shlumberger test in the project area.

Participatory Rural Appraisal ( PRA)

As science and technology develops, new tools are available for project planning. One of such tools is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). PRA is an action research tool that involves community members in identifying, defining and working to solve


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local problems (concerns). Most PRA stress on local knowledge. empowerment, and sustainability in addressing natural resources, agricultural. social, health, water supply, sanitation and other issues (Chambers 1994a, b) although many methods came out over past several years (Cornwall et al. 2001 ).

Operation and Maintenance

Operation and Maintenance will be done by Village Water Supply Committee (VWSC). Proper training will be given to the members of the committee both in terms of financial management and technical management. Separate skilled persons will be engaged for the treatment plant and with specific technical training.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper attempts to present the planning and management of rural water supply in planning phase of the project. The following conclusions were drawn from the above study.

1. The study showed that the decentralization of water supply and sanitation is effectively implemented on demand response by the grama panchayaths.

11. The project is based on participatory approach and there was positive response from community. The PRA results showed that. the design and implementation of water supply project was done effectively. This is an important tool to achieve the quality of work for sustainable development.

111. In the first phase twenty nine gram panchayats are selected for implementation. It is observed from water quality testing that, out of 630 habitations, 57 affected by fluoride, I 09 affected by TDS, 182 affected by nitrate and 170 affected by iron concentrations. For ground water sources with quality problem, identification of alternate I distant sources (surface water supply) and in extreme cases, treatment at community I household level (e.g. Activated Alumina I Nalgonda Technique or any other proven, field tested method for fluoride removal) were planned.

IV. The existing bore wells with good water quality standards given by CPHEEO ( 1999) norms and yielding more than 3,000lph are selected for the design of water supply. Proposed bore wells site are identified by scientific method (Schlumberger test) which indicted a good groundwater potential with expected yield of more than 30001ph.

v. Some of the bore wells are not capable of yielding 3,000 lph which are considered as failed bore wells by pumping test. The step drawdown pumping test indicated the bore wells with a yield of more than 30001ph which are selected for sustainable water supply.


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v1. There would be a sustainable yield of good quality water due to the recharge structures in the post implementation phase (Operation and Maintenance) which could be achieved through continuous monitoring these wells.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge the concerned authorities of KRWSSA and DHV Consultants Private Ltd. for providing necessary data and assistance in carrying out the analysis

REFERENCES

Chambers, R. ( 1994a). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)-Challenges, Potentials, and Paradigm. World Development. July.

Chambers, R. (1994b). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)-Analysis of Experience. World Development. BP 1253. September.

Cornwall, A. S., Musyoki and Pratt, G. (2001). In Search of a New Impetus : Practitioners' Reflections on PRA and Participation in Kenya. Institute of Development Studies : Pathways to Participation.

Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) ( 1999). Manual on Water Supply and Treatment. III Edition, Govt. of India, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi. 18.

Jacob, C. E. ( 1946). Drawdown Test to Determine Effective Radius of Artesian Well. Proc. ASCE, Vol. 79, No.5, pp. 1047-1070.

Jal Nirmal Project (2002). Technical Manual. Published by KRWSSA Bangalore, pp. 1-288.

Karanth, K. R. ( 1987). Groundwater Assessment Development and Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

Sree De vi, Srinivasulu, P. D. and Kesava, R. K. (200 I). Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones and Electrical Resistivity Studies for Groundwater Exploration. Environmental Geology, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1252-1264.

World Health Organization ( 1971 ). International Standards for Drinking Water. 3'd Edition Geneva.


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AN OVERVIEW ON PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY—A CASE STUDY

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