An Experimental Approach to Study the Terminal Fall Velocity of Particles in Different Types of...

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Cyber Times International Journal of Technology & Management

Vol. 6, Issue 1, October 2012 – March 2013

ISSN: 2278-7518

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Dr. Anup Girdhar

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Dr. Sushila Madan Dr. A.K. Saini

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Editorial Advisory Board Members

Name Designation, Organization/ University Country Dr. Sushila Madan Associate Professor, Delhi University India Dr. A. K. Saini Professor, GGS IP University India Mr. J. R. Ahuja Former Consultant, AICTE India Mr. Mukul Girdhar Vice President, Sedulity Solutions India Mr. Geetesh Madan Q.A. Consultant with Tesco Bank, Newcastle UK Dr. Deepak Shikarpur Chairman Board of Studies, Pune University India Dr. B. B. Ahuja Deputy Director,COE Pune India Prof. M. N. Hoda Director, Bharati Vidyapeeth's (BVICAM) India Dr. S. C. Gupta Director, NIEC, GGS IP University India Dr. S. K. Gupta Professor, IIT Delhi India Dr. K. V. Arya Associate Professor, IIITM, Gwalior India BRIG. Dr. S.S. Narula Director, Gitarattan International Bussiness School India Dr. Sarika Sharma Director, JSPM'S ENIAC Institute of CA, Pune India Dr. S.K.M. Bhagat Prof. & Head, MIT Academy of Engg., Pune India Dr. Jack Ajowi Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Sci. & Tech. Kenya Dr. Srinivas Sampalli Professor, Dalhousie University, Halifax Canada Dr. Ijaz A. Qureshi V.P. Academic Affairs, JFK Inst. of Tech. and Mgmt. Pakistan Aryya Bhattacharyya Director, CIP, Columbus State University US

Dr. M. M. Schiraldi Assistant Professor, 'Tor Vergata' University of Rome Italy

Executive Editorial Advisory Board Members

Name Designation, Organization/ University Country Ms. Kanika Trehan Editor - Cyber Times, New Delhi India Mr. Rakesh Laxman Patil Editor - Cyber Times, Pune India Adv. Tushar Kale Cyber Lawyer, Pune India Adv. Neeraj Aarora Cyber Lawyer, New Delhi India Mr. Sanjeev Sehgal HOD, SJP Polytech, Damla, Haryana India Mr. Rajinder Kumar Bajaj GM, Satake India Engg. Pvt. Ltd., (Japan) India Dr. B. M. Patil Associate Professor MIT, Pune India Dr. R. K. Sharma Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth,(BVIMR), N. Delhi India Dr. Rajesh S. Prasad Professor, DCOER, Pune University India Dr. Binod Kumar Associate Professor, MIT Academy of Engg, Pune India Dr. Vimal Mishra Head, UPTE, UP India Dr. V.N. Wadekar Prof. & Head, MIT college of Engg. CMSR, Pune India Dr. M.D. Goudar Associate Prof. & Head, Pune University India Dr. Mohd. Rizwan Alam Sr. Lecturer, Amity University Dubai

Dr. Y.P. Singh Director, KLSIET, UP India


Vol.6 Issue 1, October 2012 – March 2013

PART-I TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS

SECTION-I

Research Papers

1. Symbiotic Association Between Cyber Security and Website Testing 01 Rajiv Chopra & Dr. Sushila Madan

2. Hybrid Approach of Face Recognition 06

B. Mohd. Jabarullah, Sandeep Saxena, Dr. C N Kennedy Babu & Dr. Mansaf Alam 3. An Improved and Scalable Digital Image Encryption Method Based 13

on One-Dimensional Random Scrambling Madhu Rohini V, Balaji Venkatesh, A. Bhavana, N. Ravi Shankar & M. Seshu Kumar

4. Key Compromise Resilient Privacy Provisioning in Vertically Partitioned Data 18

S KumaraSwamy, Manjula S H, K R Venugopal, Iyengar S S & L M Patnaik 5. Security Against Keyloggers Using Pattern Based Locking Systems 30

Purnesh Tripathi 6. Two Factor Based Authentication Using Keystroke Biometrics 35

Shaveta Tatwani, Neeru Dubey, Nitya Vij, Tanvi Jain & Priyanka 7. Social Networking and Media: Current Applications and Considerations 42

Ishita Khar & Dr. Sharmishtha Bhattacharjee

8. Cloud Computing- A Breakthrough In The Obsolete Methods of Computing 48 Mr. Shahnawaz Sarwar & Miss Aiman Zubair

9. A Comprehensive Approach of Wireless Data Glove Using Gesture 53

Recognition Technique towards Development of a Supporting System for Aged And Disabled People Prof. Shantanu A. Lohi, Prof. Harish Gorewar, Prof. R. N. Jogekar & Prof. Sandeep S. Ganorkar

10. Experimental Analysis of Stabilizing B.C. Soil with Murrum and Rice 63 Husk Ash B D Ramteke & Neetu B Ramteke



11. Analytical Study of Attacks on Manets Based On Layered Architecture 66 Tushar Saxena & Nandini Deb

12. Impact of E-Learning And Knowledge Management In Indian 73 Rural Education Shallu Joshi

13. Performance Analysis of SCTP Based Remote Monitoring Systems 79 against Service Failures Piyush Yadav, Amit Sehgal & Rajeev Agrawal

14. Cloud Computing: ‘Analyses of Risk Involved in Cloud Environment’ 87 Sonali Bajaj & Dr. Sharad Saxena

15. Ann Based Fault Detection & Classification of A 400 Kv Electrical 95 Transmission Line Gaurav Gangil & Prof. Rakesh Narvey

16. Design & Analysis of Documentation Taxonomy Approach with 102 Algorithmic Fusion towards Ambiguity Free Results for English Idiolect Snehal A. Lohi & Prof. Rishi Kant Malviya

17. Computing Network Reliability where Nodes are Imperfectly Reliable 108 and Links are Perfectly Reliable Moirangthem Marjit Singh

18. Predicting the Consumption Behavior of Smart Phones Using Social Media 114 Disha Verma & Kanika Minocha

19. An Experimental Approach to Study the Terminal Fall Velocity of 121 Particles in Different Types of Fluids M. N. Umare, Prof. (Dr.) A. G. Bhole & Dr. D. P. Singh

20. Qualitative Analysis of Different Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Network 126 Tushar Saxena, Rahul Raj & Prabhat Kumar

21. An Online Fuzzy Expert System using Rule Advancement Strategy for 135 Specific Domain Abhishek Goel, Arun Solanki & Ela Kumar

22. Green Database 141 Pranav Kharbanda, Varun Chauhan & Sumit Jain

23. Re-Ranking Web Search Result for Semantic Searching 148 Rutuja Ajmire, Prof.A.V.Deorankar & Dr. P. N. Chatur

24. Implementation of Automatic Wrapper Adaptation System Using 154 Dom Tree for Web Mining A. A. Tekale, Dr. Rajesh Prasad & S. S. Nandgaonkar

25. DDA Based Approach For Object Tracking & Detection In Large Motion Videos 164 Dimple Chawla



26. Security Compliance Challenges On Clouds 172

Yury Chemerkin

27. Modern Media: A Tool For Elt In Intercultural Communication 198 Kumari Pragya

28. Mircostrip Antenna Design Analysis Using Neural-Network 206 Shyam Babu

29. Efficient Auto Code Generation from UML Diagrams Using Semantic 214 Platform and DSL Semantic Annotations Prof. Sonali R. Idate & Prof. kavita B. Supugade

30. Data Mining: Tools and Techniques 222 Swati Aggarwal & Preeti Raheja

31. Unraveling The Challenges Faced By Indian E-Governance 231 Priyanka Tayal & Dr. Alpana Kakkar

32. Intelligent and Synchronized Signal System for Urban Areas 239 Prashant Pathak

33. Various Methods Of Wireless Power Transmission Technologies for 242 Solar Power Satellites Guru Raj C, Amita Murthy & Kendaganna Swamy

34. Efficient Method for Detection & Mitigation of Inconsistencies from a 249 all UML Diagrams Based on Description Logic Rules During the Owl Generation Prof. Sonali R. Idate & Prof. Nilam I. Dalvi

35. Availability Analysis of Various Systems of Brewary Plant-A Review 255 Sunil Kadiyan, Deepanjali Nimker & Uma Gautam

36. Power Quality Analysis Using Various Techniques: A Review 263 Rajeev Kumar Chauhan & J. P. Pandey

37. A Review on Different Iii-V Multijunction Solar Cells 271 Kiran balaji P.S, Shashiraj yadav & Kendaganna swamy

38. Neural Steganography: An Aes-256 Bit PRP & Pseudo Random Hash 278 Based Neural Cryptographic Technique for Image Steganography Gaurav Indra, Chesta Agarwal, Pawandeep Kaur & Aastha Diwan

39. Demand Forecasting Of Spare Parts Store By Moving Average Method 287 and Verification By Exponential Method Sharda Pratap Shrivas, S.Gangopadhayay & Aruna Thakur

40. Data Mining: A Mode To Reform Today’s Higher Learning Institutions 292 Through Performance Indicators Meenu Chopra & Dr. Mamta Madan



SECTION-II RESEARCH ARTICLES

41. Cyber Crime: A Challenge Ahead With Special Reference to 298 Chandigarh Police Narinder Singh

42. “Killed Two Birds With One Stone: Secure Data With Cloud” 307 Smita Bajpai

43. Analysis Of Tests Laid Down By Courts To Determine Copyright Violation 319 In Computer Software Mr. Atmaram Fakirba Shelke

44. CYBER LAW: Various aspects of Cyber Legal System 326 S. Sai Sushanth

SECTION-III CASE STUDY

45. A Comparative Study of Various CPU Scheduling Simulator 335 Ms. Prerna Ajmani & Ms. Amanpreet Kaur

46. Penetration Testing/ Cyber Security Assessment - XYZ Company 340 Parveen Sadotra & Dr. Anup Girdhar

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AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO STUDY THE

TERMINAL FALL VELOCITY OF PARTICLES IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF

FLUIDS

M. N. Umare Associate Professor (Civil Engg), Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India.

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Prof. (Dr.) A. G. Bhole Former Prof. & Head (Civil Engg), Visveswaraya Regional Engineering College &

Emeritus Professor, LIT, Nagpur, India

Dr. D. P. Singh Principal, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur, India

ABSTRACT

The settling velocity of sedimentary particles is one of the most important parameters. The settling of particles can be analyzed by Newton & Stokes Law .If a single sphere is allowed to fall in a liquid media by assuming certain standard conditions, it’s velocity increases under the action of gravity, but in matter of seconds, under the action of drag, buoyant & gravity forces, the particle attains a constant velocity under definite boundary conditions. This constant Velocity is termed as “Terminal velocity’’.

This review paper will be presenting a literature review on the work done on calculation of Drag Force exerted on a particle and its Terminal Fall Velocity of different particles in different liquid media by different researchers.

Keywords: Drag, Liquid media, Reynolds Number, Terminal Velocity I. INTRODUCTION The settling velocity of sedimentary particles is one of the most important parameters. The settling of particles can be analyzed by Newton & Stokes Law. The terminal fall velocity of a particle is a downward velocity in liquid of low density at equilibrium condition. If a single particle is allowed to fall in a liquid media by assuming certain standard conditions, it’s velocity increases under the action of

gravity, but in matter of seconds the sphere attains a constant velocity under definite boundary conditions. This constant Velocity is termed as “Terminal fall velocity’’. The particle flowing through liquid is acted upon by forces such as Drag Force Buoyant Force Gravity Force. The drag, in turn depends upon many factors viz. type of particle, shape of particle, size of particle, surface texture & specific weight of the particle, density of the

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liquid, temperature & viscosity of the liquid, Reynolds’s number. This fall velocity plays important role in analysis & design of some of the problems in Civil Engineering such as Water Supply Project: For the design of settling tank, grit chamber Fall velocity is an important parameter. River Engineering: For scouring or deposition of sediment particle, the settling velocity of the particle in moving water must be known. Irrigation Engineering: Settling velocity is also calculated to know the continuous deposition of sediment in dam, weir so as to decide the life of reservoir. II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Many researches in past made an attempts to predict the fall velocity of particle. Many of them also explicitly work for developing correlation between drag on particle & Reynolds number (Re) some work also attributed to study the effect of wall container on fall velocity of particle and effect of particle size and shape. However in this regard, further study on fall velocity under different type’s liquid densities & viscosities especially for metal particle need to done by extending the available literature and work earlier researches. Starting with the concept fall velocity was given by stock in 1851 (Garde & raju) wherein he suggested an equation of drag on particle falling in a liquid having low Reynolds number (Re=0.10)

F = 3�dμv (1) Where, F = Viscous resistance d = Diameter of the particle μ = Dynamic viscosity v = Terminal fall velocity

This was a pioneering work in understanding the concept of fall velocity under some assumptions such as Reynolds number was restricted up to Re=0.10

particle was of perfect sphere falling in calm liquid with no wall effect. Obviously other researches tempted to work on this parameter to bring in more versatility in the theory. Mc Nown in 1951 (Garde & Raju) rewritten eq. 1 by introducing parameter k1 he suggested that when Re=0.10 μ stokes k1 become unity under predominant viscous force but when Reynolds number exceeds 0.10 inertial force on falling particle become significant and no longer k1 become the function of Reynolds number instead of unity his work opened a new area where fall velocity of particles can be studied for Reynolds number higher than stokes range. Rubey in 1933 (Garde & Raju) concluded that the falling particle in liquid beyond experiences impact resistance along with viscous resistance under Reynolds number beyond the stokes range and suggested modified formula for all velocity censer particle.

v = $(36μ2/�f d2)+2(�s- �f)/3 �f - 6 μ/ �f d (2)

However for particles of larger diameter the eq.2 was not suitable. In 1978 F. concha & E.R. Almendra [1] suggested on expression for drag on spherical particle by considering boundary layer thickness & pressure distribution over sphere based on the experimentation they try to obtain the relation for setting velocity of spherical particle at any value of Reynolds number. But the equation suggested by them was essentially an empirical and could not be extended to non-spherical particle. C. L. Briens [2] in 1990 put forth a correlation for direct computation of terminal velocity of spherical particle in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid. He suggested direct calculation procedure for terminal velocity of particle by dividing the

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graph obtained for CD versus Re into 13 segment thereby establishing a definite relationship between CD& Re over each segment and using the relation to compute diameter of particle and thus calculation of settling velocity. However, accurate fitting of curve and validation of computed terminal velocities was not dealt in his work. Soha at al [3] in 1992 suggested calculation of terminal velocity of spherical particle in Bingham liquid using graphical relation he cited the suggestion of Dedegil (1987) of taking inertial, viscous & yield stresses into consideration and further suggested a correlation for terminal fall velocity of sphere & Reynolds number based on graph plotted for experimental data. He put-forth the procedure of predicting terminal velocity. Yet, in his procedure, first assumption of velocity was not clarified and remains unanswered. Mariappan Hariharaputhiran et. al [4] in 1998 did experimentation and studied the terminal fall velocity in viscoplastic fluid when set of spheres released into liquid. He observed that the setting velocity of first sphere in each set, when released in Newtonian fluid, decreases with increases in time internal of each set. But the same was not exhibited in power low fluid. Moreover, he observed that when a set of four spheres released into the liquid with noted time interval the sphere reaches to asymptomatic setting velocity which then did not get affected even after addition of more sphere. The correlation, thus, obtained for drag coefficient based on his observation holds good only after using asymptomatic setting velocity for comparison of results. V. C. Kelessids & G Mpandelis [5] in 2004 studied the terminal fall velocity of solid sphere falling through Newtonians & non-Newtonians fluid and compare the results with work of other investigator. Based on comparison and its statistical analysis an equation was derived to predict terminal

velocity of solid sphere accurately by slight modification in drag coefficient. The results were favorably good but no appreciable improvement could be achieved. Many researchers, so for, concentrated on particle diameter and Reynolds number. Perhaps McNown & Malaika in 1950 made first attempt to work on particle of various regular shapes but could not come to a significant conclusion. Later Albertson in 1952 worked on different shape of particle & concluded that the fall velocity is affected appreciably by the shape of particle. He suggested shape factor for further study of influences of shape of particle on fall velocity. H. N. Yow et. al. [6] in 2004 worked on developing an explicit equation for drag coefficient for different regular shaped particles. He studied the affect of different regular shapes & Reynolds number on drag force when particle falls in liquid. He used spherecity factor for discs, rectangular parallel piped, cubes, cylinders, etc. He observed that particle drag is highly dependent on the shape of particle, also effect of shape increase with increases in Re. However, suggested an equation consists of constant measurement pertaining to particle size. Therefore, further study of ranges of spherecity is required. Nian- Sheng Cheng [7] in 2008 worked on comparing various formulae proposed for drag coefficient and setting velocity of spherical particle by various investigators and suggested an explicit equation for drag involving constants based derivation of earlier result. His work offered a good result with ranges of average errors when compared other formulae. Teng li et. Al. [8] In 2011 studied an important parameters of spherecity of non-spherical objects he worked on common non-spherical shaped particle and categorized the particle into constant uni-variate and bi-variate spherecity. It is

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evident that while studying fall velocity of non-spherical particle spherecity plays important role. However he could not proposed any such relevance and concentrated on spherecity only. E. Loth [9] in 2007 studied the drag of non-spherical solid particle of regular and irregular shape he integrated Stokes regime and Newton regime to see the effect of irregular shape on drag and established a model. He observed that aspect ratio was the best shape parameter for spherical and surface area ratio was the best shapes parameter for regular particle. However more data is required to improve the accuracy in the result. Ashish goenka et. al.[10] in 2010 investigated effect of particle shape on settling characteristics in water, paraffin oil and kerosene. He observed that rate of settling largely depends upon setting medium. However, the he used only regular shaped particle. Similarly, M. Gosus et. al. [11] in 2012 investigated the effect particle shapes on fall velocity of angular particles. He observed that shape factor suggested by Corey (1949) and Simon (1968) did not fully represent the fall behavior of angular particles. He suggested new shapes factor for the same. However, large experimentation were performed only on natural particles. Reymond Lau & Hong Kai Lanwrence Chuah [12] in 2012 worked on dynamic shape factor for particles of various shape settling in the intermediate settling regions. He experimented on cuboids and cylinder of various aspect ratios. However, more investigation needed to verify the dynamic shape factor with minimization of maximum errors. While investigating different parameters related to fall velocity of particle, many researches did not consider wall effect on settling velocity in their experiments. R.P. Chhabra [13,14] in 1995 & 2002 studied the

wall effect on five settling velocity of spherical and non-spherical particle in viscous media he observed retardation effect due to presence of boundary wall and the effect was quantified in terms of wall factor. He used some common regular shaped and non-spherical particles. However, more work is expected to be performed to accurately quantity the wall effect. R. Di Felice [15] in 1996 developed relationship for the wall effect on settling velocity of a sphere at any flow region. He compared his result with existing work and observed satisfactory results. However, more experimental support is needed for better analysis of the wall effect.

III. CONCLUSION By extending the available literature & experimental database, an attempt through new experimentation & measurement will be made to study the fall velocity of regular & irregular natural as well as metal particles in different liquid media. Settling velocity of a particle will be obtained by introducing a particle in a graduated cylinder containing liquid media. Suitably, a correlation between the Coefficient of Drag Force & Reynolds Numbers will be suggested. Results so obtained will be presented in graphical form to depict the variation of coefficient of drag & Reynolds number.

REFERENCES

[1] F Concha & E R Almendra “Settling velocities of particulate systems. 1.Settling velocities of individual spherical particles”, International journal of mineral processing, Elsevier scientific publication, July 1978, pp 349-366.,

[2] C L Briens, “Correlation for the direct calculation of the terminal velocity of spherical particles in Newtonian & Pseudo-plastic (Power-law) fluids”, International journal of powder technology, Elsevier scientific publication, Oct. 1990, pp 87-90.

[3] G Saha, N K Purohit & A K Mitra, “Spherical particle terminal settling velocity & drag in Bingham liquids”, International journal of

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mineral processing, Elsevier scientific publication, April 1992, pp 273-280.

[4] Mariappan Hariharaputhiran, R Shankar Subramaniam, Gregory A Campbell & Raj P Chhabra, “The settling of spheres in visco-plastic fluid”, Journal of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, Elsevier scientific publication, March 1998, pp 87-97.

[5] V C Kelessidis, G Mpendelis, “Measurements & prediction of terminal velocity of solid spheres falling through stagnant pseudo-plastic liquid”, International journal of mineral processing, Elsevier scientific publication, Sept. 2004, pp 117-124.

[6] H N Yow, M J Pitt & A D Salman, “Drag correlation for particles of regular shape”, International journal of advanced powder technology, Elsevier scientific publication, Oct. 2004, pp 363-372

[7] Nian-Sheng Cheng, “Comparison of formulas for drag coefficient & settling velocity of spherical particles”, International journal of powder technology, Elsevier scientific publication, August 2008, pp 395-398.

[8] Teng Li, Shuixiang Li, Jian Zhao, Peng Lu & Lingyi Meng, “Sphericities of non-spherical objects” Journal of particuology, Elsevier scientific publication, July 2011, pp 97-104.

[9] E Loth, “Drag of non-spherical solid particles of regular & irregular shape”, Journal of powder technology, science direct publication, June

2007, pp 342-353. [10]Ashish Goenka, Kamalendu Bhunia, Satish

Chandra Shukla & Gautam Kundu, “Effect of particle shape on settling characteristics”, proceedings of XI international seminar on mineral processing technology, Jamshedpur, 2010, pp 1262-1268.

[11]M Gö��, O N Ipekei & M A Kokpinar, “Effect of particle shape on fall velocity on angular particles”, journal of hydraulic engineering, ASCE publication, May 2012, pp 860-869.

[12]Reymond Lau, Hong Kai Lawrence Chuah, “Dynamic shape factor for particles of various shapes in intermediate settling regime”, journal of advanced powder technology, Elsevier scientific publication, July 2012, pp 1-5.

[13]R P Chhabra, “Wall effects on free settling velocity of non-spherical particles in viscous media in cylindrical tubes”, Journal of powder technology, Elsevier scientific publication, May 1995, pp 83-90.

[14]R P Chhabra, S Agarwal & K Chaudhary, “A note on wall efeect on the terminal fall velocity of a sphere in quiescent Newtonian media in cylindrical tubes”, Journal of powder technology, Elsevier scientific publication, May 2002, pp 53-58.

[15]R DI Felice, “A relationship for the wall effect on the settling velocity of a sphere at any flow regime”, International journal of multiphase flow, vol 22, Elsevier scientific publication, Jan 1996, pp527-532.


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centered with equation number placed at the right.

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An Experimental Approach to Study the Terminal Fall Velocity of Particles in Different Types of...

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