MaterialisingContagion:AnArchaeologyofSydney’s

NorthHeadQuarantineStation

PetaLonghurst

AthesissubmittedinfulfilmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy

FacultyofArtsandSocialSciencesTheUniversityofSydney

2017

Thisistocertifythattothebestofmyknowledge,thecontentofthisthesisismyownwork.Thisthesishasnotbeensubmittedforanydegreeorotherpurposes.

Icertifythattheintellectualcontentofthisthesisistheproductofmyownworkandthatalltheassistancereceivedinpreparingthisthesisandsourceshavebeenacknowledged.

PetaLonghurst,21/5/2017

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Abstract

NorthHeadQuarantineStationwasestablishedinthe1830sasameanstoprotectthepopulationofSydney,Australia,fromthethreatofcommunicablediseasessuchasplague,smallpox,choleraandtyphus.ThepracticeofmaritimequarantineinSydneythroughoutthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiescoincidedwithradicalchangesinthewaythatdiseasetransmissionwasunderstood,asearlierideassuchasnoxious‘miasmas’boundtolocalitiesweresupplantedbymoderngermtheory.TheQuarantineStationborewitnesstothesetransitions,andassuchisanidealcasestudythroughwhichtoexplorethearchaeologicalsignatureofevolvingunderstandingsof–andresponsesto–disease.Withinthearchaeologicalliterature,diseaseisprimarilyaccessedandconfiguredthroughhumanremains.Thepresentresearchbuildsonthisscholarshipbyconsideringthewaysinwhichobjectsandplaces,aswellaspeople,havebeenmateriallytransformedviatheirhistoricalassociationswithinfection.Thisprojectexamineshowdiseasehasbeenmaterialisedatquarantinesites,andremainsinterpretablethroughthearchaeologicalassemblage.DrawingonrelationalconceptsincludingDeLanda’s(2006)assemblagetheory,myresearchadoptsamultiscalarapproach,beginningwithanexaminationofthelandscapeofNorthHeadandthewaysinwhichdiseasehasbeenlocatedandcontrolledwithinit.Thediscussionthenmovestothelevelofthecollection,drawingoutthetaphonomicprocessesthathavebroughtobjectsintoandoutofassociationwiththeinstitution.Finally,individualobjectsareinterrogatedinordertoevaluatethedirectrelationshipsbetweenobjectanddisease–asobjectsthatrevealorerasedisease,orobjectsthatarethemselvesdiseased.Thesescalesarethendrawntogethertoconsiderwhatconstitutesanarchaeologyofquarantine,andtheroleofdiseasewithinthisinstitutionalassemblage.

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Acknowledgements

Firstandforemost,IthankmysupervisorsAnnieClarkeandPeterHobbinsfortheirsupportandguidancethroughoutthisprocess.ItwasAnniethatinitiallypromptedmetoconsideraPhDonthearchaeologyofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,andherencouragementandhumourthroughouthavebeeninvaluable.Peterprovidedexpertiseandperspectivesfrombeyondarchaeology,andIamappreciativeofhisattentiontodetail,andforalwayschallengingmetopushmyargumentsfurther.Together,theyhavemadeanexcellentsupervisoryteam,forwhichIamextremelygrateful.

Additionally,IextendmythankstoallothersinvolvedwiththeQuarantineProject,withwhichmyresearchisassociated.Inparticular,IamgratefultoAlisonBashfordwho,asmyinitialassociatesupervisor,providedimportantguidanceintheearlystagesofthisresearch.IalsothankUrsulaFrederickwho,alongwithAnnie,ledtheprojectthatfirstintroducedmetotheQuarantineStationasanundergraduate.TheQuarantineProjectalsoemployedmeasaresearchassistant,enablingmetospendsignificantperiodsworkingandstayingonsiteatNorthHead,facilitatingformativediscussionswithotherarchaeologistsandhistoriansinvolvedwiththeProject,andallowingmetothinkthroughthematerialisationofquarantineinsitu.

Assistancewithinformationabout,andaccessto,theQuarantineStationanditscollectionscamefromarangeofpeoplewhohavelivedandworkedattheStationacrossitsvariousincarnations.IanLaveringgraciouslyspokewithmeabouthismemoriesoflivingatNorthHeadinthe1960sand70swhilehisfatherworkedattheStation.DenisGojakprovidedmewithaccesstoanumberofunpublishedreports,andpatientlyansweredmyquestionsabouttheadministrationofthesitewhileitwasundertheauspicesoftheNationalParksandWildlifeService.IhavealsoreceivedsupportfromQStationstaff,inparticularformercuratorRebeccaAnderson,whoprovidedaccesstotheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection.Collectively,allprovidedmewithinsightintothewaysinwhichtheinstitutionhasbeenmanagedandhowtheheritagecollectioninparticulardeveloped,forwhichIexpressmygratitude.

IalsogratefullyreceivedassistancewithmypreliminarycomparativeresearchintoanumberofotherquarantinesiteswithinAustraliaandinternationally.MartinGibbsprovidedareportheco-authoredonCampQuaranup,theformerAlbanyquarantinestation–andmoreimportantly,itwashisteachingduringmyundergraduatedegreethatpropelledmeintohistoricalarchaeologyinthefirstplace.JohnGrinpukelkindlyguidedmearoundtheformerPointNepeanQuarantineStationanditscollections,aswellasprovidingcopiesofanumberofreports.KathyDunscombe,presidentoftheFriendsofBrunyIslandQuarantineStation,providedmewithacopyoftheconservationmanagementplanforthatsite.StuartSmithshowedmearoundandansweredquestionsabouttheDentonIsolationHospital,andaccesstotheformerquarantineandimmigrationstationsatAngelIslandwasfacilitatedbystafffromCaliforniaStaffParks.

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ThroughoutthetenureofmyPhDIreceivedfinancialsupportfromtheAustralianGovernmentintheformofanAustralianPostgraduateAward.Furtherfundingforsitevisits,archivalresearch,andconferencesinAustraliaandinternationallywasprovidedbytheUniversityofSydney’sCarlyleGreenwellResearchFund,PostgraduateResearchSupportScheme,andDoctoralResearchTravelGrantScheme.

IamextremelygratefultomysupervisorsandcolleaguesatSydneyLivingMuseumsfortheirendlesssupportandencouragement,andforallowingmethetimeandflexibilitytocompletemyresearch.ThanksalsotomyfellowMastersandPhDstudentsintheDepartmentofArchaeology,particularlythepostgraduateshowcasecommittee(KristenMann,AlixThoemingandHarrietDonnelly)aswellasthewritinggroup(alsoincludingHarrietDonnelly,MichaelLeadbetter,NatalieBlake,AlbaMazza,RosemaryWhitecross,KirrillyWhite,RachaelLane,andothers),foryourfriendshipandsolidarity.

Finally,Ithankmyfriends,myparentsRobynandDavidLonghurst,mysisterShannonLonghurst,andmypartnerSujeevVijeyakumaar.Yourpatience,support,andfaithinmethroughoutthisprocesshavebeenmostgratefullyreceived.AdditionalthanksmustgotoRobynandSujeevfortheirassistancewithproofreadingthefinaldocument–although,asever,anylingeringmistakesareentirelymyown.

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TableofContents

Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................................i

Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................................ii

TableofContents..................................................................................................................................................iv

ListofFigures........................................................................................................................................................vii

ListofTables.........................................................................................................................................................xvi

Chapter1: Introduction.................................................................................................................................1

1.1 ‘TheAgeofUniversalContagion’.................................................................................................3

1.2 NorthHeadQuarantineStation:ACaseStudy......................................................................4

1.3 TheQuarantineAssemblage..........................................................................................................6

1.4 PlanoftheDissertation....................................................................................................................8

Chapter2: QuarantineinContext...........................................................................................................10

2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................10

2.2 DefiningQuarantine.......................................................................................................................10

2.3 TheoriesofDiseaseTransmission...........................................................................................12

2.4 TheHistoricalOriginsofQuarantine......................................................................................14

2.5 QuarantineinColonialAustralia..............................................................................................16

2.6 QuarantineandtheMakingofaNation................................................................................19

2.7 LegaciesofQuarantine..................................................................................................................22

2.8 InterpretingQuarantine:People,Procedures,andPolitics.........................................24

2.9 InterpretingQuarantine:PlaceandGeography................................................................28

2.10 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................30

Chapter3: ApproachinganArchaeologyofQuarantine..............................................................31

3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................31

3.2 TheArchaeologyofInstitutions................................................................................................32

3.3 ArchaeologiesofQuarantine......................................................................................................34

3.4 PublicHealthInstitutions............................................................................................................38

3.5 DefensiveInstitutions....................................................................................................................40

3.6 TransitoryInstitutions..................................................................................................................42

3.7 InclusiveInstitutions......................................................................................................................43

3.8 ConfiningDiseases,NotPeople.................................................................................................45

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3.9 AnArchaeologyoftheQuarantineInstitution...................................................................46

3.10 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................51

Chapter4: QuarantinedLandscapes.....................................................................................................52

4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................52

4.2 ApproachingtheQuarantineLandscape..............................................................................53

4.3 Vignette1–SmallpoxandtyphusontheAmeliaThompson,1838.........................55

4.4 Vignette2–Sydneysmallpoxepidemic,1881..................................................................66

4.5 Vignette3–Pneumonicinfluenzapandemic,1919........................................................79

4.6 TheAccretedQuarantineLandscape......................................................................................98

Chapter5: QuarantinedCollections....................................................................................................103

5.1 UnpackingtheCollection............................................................................................................103

5.2 ApproachingtheCollection.......................................................................................................106

5.3 AssemblingtheCollection..........................................................................................................107

5.3.1 ArrivalsandDepartures....................................................................................................108

5.3.2 DestructionandPreservation.........................................................................................115

5.3.3 DiscardandRetrieval..........................................................................................................118

5.3.4 CollectionandFragmentation........................................................................................119

5.3.5 Biographies,Itineraries,andTaphonomies.............................................................120

5.4 CharacterisingtheCollection...................................................................................................121

5.4.1 CategorisingtheCollection..............................................................................................122

5.4.2 ClassifyingtheCollection..................................................................................................123

5.5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................130

Chapter6: QuarantinedObjects............................................................................................................132

6.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................132

6.2 ApproachingtheObject...............................................................................................................132

6.3 Objectslocatedisease..................................................................................................................133

6.4 Objectsrevealdisease..................................................................................................................138

6.5 Objectserasedisease...................................................................................................................142

6.6 Objectscarrydisease....................................................................................................................150

6.7 Discussion..........................................................................................................................................158

6.8 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................160

Chapter7: QuarantinedAssemblages................................................................................................162

7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................162

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7.2 TheAssemblageasAnalyticTool...........................................................................................162

7.3 TheMaterialImplicationsandManifestationsofDisease.........................................164

7.4 AssemblageAetiology..................................................................................................................167

7.5 RelationsofContagion.................................................................................................................169

7.6 TheInstitutionasAssemblage.................................................................................................173

7.7 TheAssemblageAcrossTimeandSpace............................................................................175

7.8 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................180

Chapter8: Conclusions..............................................................................................................................182

8.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................182

8.2 BeyondtheInstitution:FutureArchaeologiesofQuarantine..................................182

8.3 BeyondQuarantine:FutureArchaeologiesofContagion...........................................185

8.4 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................186

References...........................................................................................................................................................189

Appendix1:HierarchicalObjectClassification..................................................................................221

Appendix2:CategorisationofobjectsfromtheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection..........................................................................................................................................225

Appendix3:CategorisationofobjectsfromtheNationalMuseumofAustralia’sNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection.........................................................................................................337

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ListofFigures

Figure1.1ViewoftheSydneyHeads,withNorthHeadQuarantineStationatleftandSouthHeadtotheright,byGeorgeF.Halsted,circa1880(Source:MitchellLibrary,StateLibraryofNSWV1/Har/12)...............................................................................................................................................1

Figure1.2LocationofNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:PetaLonghurst).................................................................................................................................................2

Figure1.3MapofAustraliaindicatingthelocationofquarantinestationsandthemajortraderoutesthatlinkedthemtointernationalportsinthewakeofWorldWarI.Thelinkbetweennationalidentityandbiomedicalsecurityispatent(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,frontispiece)..............................................................................................................................................5

Figure2.1MapofKirribillifromthe1840sindicatingthe“spotwherethreeoftheSurry’sCrewareinterred”(Source:[Robert]CampbellsEstate[MilsonsPointandKirribilli,Sydney],NationalLibraryofAustralia,MAPF903).................................................................................................17

Figure2.2RailwaypassengersstrandedattheborderbetweenSouthAustraliaandNewSouthWalesasaresultofquarantinerestrictionsduringthe1919influenzapandemic(Source:“InQuarantineontheBorder”1919)...............................................................................................21

Figure2.3CartoonsatirisingthetensionbetweenStateandFederalquarantineregulationsandinterestsduringthe1918-1919influenzapandemic(Source:“TheQuarantineQuarrel”1919)....................................21

Figure2.4QuarantinesignageandbinfordepositingprohibiteditemsatCairnsAirport(Source:LouiSeselja,2005Quarantinesigns,InternationalTerminal,CairnsAirport,Queensland,14June2005,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-131291158)............................................................23

Figure4.1PlanofNorthHeadQuarantineStationduringthequarantineoftheAmeliaThompsonin1838(Source:PetaLonghurst)...........................................55

Figure4.2DetailofT.H.Nutt’ssketchofNorthHead(undated,likelycirca1838),indicatingtheboundaryofquarantineandtheswampbeyond(Source:SANSWAOMap4955)..................................................................56

Figure4.3DetailofS.Perry’ssketchofthequarantineground,includingtheguardhouse(topright)and‘signalnobby’(bottom

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left),dated19May1838withpossiblelaterannotations(Source:SANSWAOMap4956)...................................................................................................57

Figure4.4Extantstoneboundarymarker(Source:PetaLonghurst).......................................58

Figure4.5ViewtowardsSydneyHarbourfromthesickground(Source:PetaLonghurst)....................................................................................................................................59

Figure4.6Detailfroman1877illustration,depictingtheexteriorandinteriorofthehospitalbuilding(Source:“TheRecentCasesofSmallpox-theQuarantineStationandBuildings”1877)................................................60

Figure4.7Staffcottage(buildingS9),thefronttworoomsofwhichpossiblydatetoc.1838(Source:PetaLonghurst).............................................................61

Figure4.8Viewofthefirstburialgroundfrom1847(Source:GeorgeFrenchAngas,1847,Thequarantineburialground,SpringCove,SydneyHarbour,NewSouthWales,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-135644135)...........................................................................................................................62

Figure4.9Viewofthefirstburialgroundcirca1840s(Source:Quarantineburialground,NewSouthWales,ca.1840s,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-137247614)...............................................................................63

Figure4.10Viewofthefirstburialgroundpublishedcirca1874,basedonan1837watercolourbySamuelProut.NotethepathtotherightleadingtowardStoreBeach(Source:ArthurWillmore,1874,Quarantineburialground,PortJackson,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-138429124)................................................................................................64

Figure4.11Damagedheadstonelocatedinthevicinityofthefirstburialground(Source:PetaLonghurst)................................................................................................64

Figure4.12PlanofNorthHeadQuarantineStationduringtheSydneysmallpoxepidemicof1881(Source:PetaLonghurst)......................................................66

Figure4.13DetailfromplanofNorthHeadin1882(Source:LegislativeAssemblyNewSouthWales1884,II:990)..............................................................................68

Figure4.14PlanoftheQuarantineStation‘shewingthepositionofoldandnewbuildings’in1876(Source:Streetetal.1882)..................................................69

Figure4.15DetailofaplanoftheQuarantineStationin1884(Source:AustralasianSanitaryConference1884).................................................................................71

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Figure4.16Detailofillustrationshowingthehospitalgroundin1877(Source:“TheRecentCasesofSmallpox-theQuarantineStationandBuildings”1877).........................................................................................................71

Figure4.17ThehospitalshipFaraway.Thehulk’sorderlyappearanceinthisillustrationbeliesthedescriptionsofpoortreatmentonboardastoldtotheRoyalCommission(Source:“TheSmallpoxHospitalShip,Faraway”1884).....................................................................................................72

Figure4.18TheHarmonyquarantinehulk,alongwithabuoyforthemooringofquarantinedvessels.Installedin1853,theHarmonywasreplacedbytheFarawayin1876.(Source:GeorgePenkivilSlade,1870,Harmony,quarantinehulk,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-138992144)......................................................................................................73

Figure4.19Detailofillustrationshowingthe‘quartersforhealthypeople’in1877.In1881thesecondburialgroundwaslaidoutuphillfromthesebuildings,behindthehindmostbuilding,whichisbelievedtobethekitchen(Source:“TheRecentCasesofSmallpox-theQuarantineStationandBuildings”1877)................................................74

Figure4.20TentsdownhillfromthebarracksinusebysoldiersfromtheNewSouthWalesContingent,whowerequarantinedatNorthHeadfortyphoidfeverin1885upontheirreturnfromSudan(Source:StateLibraryofNSWPXE1456)................................................................75

Figure4.21Remnantpostandrailfromafenceinthevicinityofthehospitalground(Source:PetaLonghurst)..............................................................................76

Figure4.22Theextantsuperintendent’squarters(Source:PetaLonghurst)..............................................................................................................................................77

Figure4.23Firstclassaccommodationenclosedbywoodenpalingfencesin1903.Alsonotethesingleextantstoneboundarymarkerintheforeground(Source:“UnknownSydney:-TheQuarantineStation”1903)..............................................................................................................78

Figure4.24PlanofNorthHeadQuarantineStationduringthepneumonicinfluenzapandemic,1919(Source:PetaLonghurst)...............................79

Figure4.25Majorstructurespresentinthewharfprecinctby1919.Thedisinfectionblockincludestheautoclavesandinhalation/formalinchamber(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,128).......................................................................................................................81

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Figure4.26Assessment,processinganddisinfectionproceduresinplaceatNorthHeadQuarantineStationby1919(Source:redrawnfromPeterFreemanPtyLtd2000,117)...............................................................81

Figure4.27Insidethethirdclassbathhouse(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,140).......................................................................................82

Figure4.28Disinfectedsideoftheautoclavesforclothing,luggage,andothergoods(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,132)............................................................................................................................................................82

Figure4.29Locomotiveforhaulingluggageandstores(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,154)...............................................................83

Figure4.30Men’ssmokingroomcirca1919(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,145).......................................................................................84

Figure4.31Ladies’sittingroomcirca1919(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,144).......................................................................................85

Figure4.32Firstclassaccommodationenclosedbyfences,withtenniscourtinthebottomright,circa1940s(Source:PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.1,section3)..............................................................................................................85

Figure4.33Detaineesplaybadmintoninthefirstclassprecinctcirca1920s(Source:PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.1,section4)...........................................85

Figure4.34DetailofaplanofNorthHeadfrom1898,showingthe‘neutralzone’betweenfirstandsecondclassaccommodation(Source:PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.3)..............................................................................86

Figure4.35Tentsinusewithinthefirstclassenclosure(Source:NAA:C535,5A).................................................................................................................................................87

Figure4.36Tentsinusewithinthefirstclassenclosure(Source:NAA:C535,5H).................................................................................................................................................87

Figure4.37Thirdclassbarracks,withkitchenanddiningroomtotheright,circa1919.TheroofoftheAsiaticaccommodationisvisibletothefarright(Source:NAAAA1969/147,B1[5])............................................88

Figure4.38InterioroftheAsiaticaccommodationblock(Source:“QuarantineIsLikeThis”1951)...................................................................................................89

Figure4.39OpenkitchenandsheltershedadjacenttotheAsiaticaccommodation(Source:PetaLonghurst).............................................................................89

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Figure4.40Coveredwalkwaysconnectingtheisolationwardsandkitchen(Source:PetaLonghurst)................................................................................................90

Figure4.41Gateinfencebetweenisolationandhospitalprecincts.Itsfunctionalsignificanceceasedin1984,yetthisfenceremainsatangiblereferenttotheprecedingstructureerectedin1912(Source:PetaLonghurst).................................................................................................................91

Figure4.42Remainsofstaffcottageadjacenttopathbetweenisolationandhospitalprecincts(Source:PetaLonghurst)................................................................91

Figure4.43Replicaofthe1883hospitalward.Theoriginalwasdestroyedbyfirein2002andsubsequentlyreplacedwiththisbuilding,whichfollowsthespecificationsoftheoriginalasfaraspossible(Source:PetaLonghurst)..............................................................................................92

Figure4.44Fencebisectingthestaffchangeblock,separatingtheadministrativebuildingontheleftfromthehospitaltotheright(N.B.thisisthehospital,andnotisolation,despitethemisleadinglabel)(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,124)...............................................................................................................................................92

Figure4.45The1919woodenpalingandbarbedwirefencehasbeenreplacedbyachainlinkfence,whichmaintainsthedelineationbetweenstaffandpatientspaceswithinthehospitalprecinct(Source:PetaLonghurst).................................................................................................................93

Figure4.46Planoftheadministrativesectionofthehospitalprecinct.Thedividingfencebisectedthechangeblocktotheright(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,126)............................................93

Figure4.47Exteriorofthemortuaryandlaboratory(Source:PetaLonghurst)..............................................................................................................................................95

Figure4.48Interiorofthemortuary(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,168).......................................................................................................................95

Figure4.49Interiorofthelaboratory(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,168)..............................................................................................................96

Figure4.50Thethirdburialground,lookingtowardsSouthHeadandthePacificOcean(Source:PetaLonghurst)...........................................................................96

Figure4.51Diagramofarrangementsforafully-equippedquarantinestation(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,116)............................................................................................................................................................97

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Figure4.52ThecontemporarylandscapeofNorthHead(Source:“SIXMaps”2017)...........................................................................................................................................98

Figure4.53Viewdownthefunicularstairwaytothewharfprecinct.Thehospitalcanbeseenattopleft(Source:PetaLonghurst)....................................100

Figure4.54Remainingheadstoneinthesecondburialground(Source:PetaLonghurst)..................................................................................................................................101

Figure4.55Woodengravemarkerinthesecondburialground(Source:PetaLonghurst)..................................................................................................................................101

Figure5.1MeninspectingluggageatTorrensIslandQuarantineStation,circa1924–1945.ThesuitcasebeingcarriedatrightisalmostidenticaltothoseheldinthecollectionatNorthHead(Source:NAA:D3185,56).............................................................................................................103

Figure5.2InteriorofoneofthesuitcasesintheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst)...............................104

Figure5.3InventoryoftwochestscontainingtheeffectsofStephenJones,1879(SANSW:NRS905,79/5716)............................................................................109

Figure5.4IncineratorinthehospitalprecinctofNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:PetaLonghurst).....................................................................116

Figure5.5ItemsondisplayattheQuarantineStationcirca1975.Someoftheseobjectshavebeenaccessionedintotheformalcollection,whileothersarenowheldbytheNationalMuseumofAustralia(Source:courtesyofJeanDuncanFoley)..........................................................117

Figure5.6Exampleofdamagetothecollectioncausedbyrats(Source:SydneyArtefactsConservation2007,34).............................................................................118

Figure6.1TheheadstoneofPeterMcNeil(died1838)ondisplayintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationVisitorCentre(Source:PetaLonghurst)............................................................................................................................................133

Figure6.2TheheadstoneofAlfredSpeed(died1841),intheNorthHeadQuarantineStationVisitorCentre(Source:PetaLonghurst)............................................................................................................................................135

Figure6.3Modeloftheforearmofasmallpoxpatient(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2007.109.1-2”2016,109).....................................................................................................138

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Figure6.4Modelofthefaceofababyafflictedwithchickenpox(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2007.109.1-2”2016,110).....................................................................................................138

Figure6.5FaceofanunidentifiedsmallpoxpatientatNorthHeadQuarantineStation,circa1900–1910(Source:NationalMuseumofAustralia“PhotographofFaceofSmallpoxPatient”2017).....................................139

Figure6.6SputummugintheQuarantineStationcollection(Source:PetaLonghurst)..................................................................................................................................140

Figure6.7MailfumigatorondisplayatNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:PetaLonghurst)...............................................................................................................142

Figure6.8MailfumigationparaphernaliaatTorrensIslandQuarantineStation,1924(Source:NationalArchivesofAustralia:D3185,22).............................................................................................................................................................144

Figure6.9MailfumigatorintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationpostoffice,withscorchmarksvisibleonthefloor(Source:PetaLonghurst)............................................................................................................................................145

Figure6.10BottleofChamberlain'sCoughRemedy,andadvertisementfrom1916(Source:PetaLonghurst[left]and“Chamberlain’sCoughRemedyCuresCoughsColdsandInfluenza”1916[right])............................146

Figure6.11Thebathingblock,withthethirdclassbathhousetotheleftandsaloonclasstotheright(Source:PetaLonghurst)..........................................147

Figure6.12Insidethesaloonclassbathhouse,withchangingandshowercubicleseitherside(Source:PetaLonghurst)....................................................147

Figure6.13AutoclavesinstalledinthewharfareaofNorthHeadQuarantineStation.Notethedisplayofunprovenancedpropsuitcaseshere,incontrastwiththoseformallyaccessionedwithinthecollection(Source:PetaLonghurst)..................................................................148

Figure6.14Fraser'sPatentDisinfectingApparatus(Source:Mooney2015,138).............................................................................................................................................149

Figure6.15Wedgwooddinnerplate(Source:PetaLonghurst)................................................150

Figure6.16TheWedgwoodBanquetserviceasdepictedinan1880tradecatalogue(Source:Silber&Fleming1880,8).........................................................151

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Figure6.17PhotographpublishedintheAustralianWomen'sWeekly,showingWedgwood‘banquet’platesinstorageattheStation(Source:“QuarantineIsLikeThis”1951)..............................................................................152

Figure6.18SilverelectroplatedcoffeepotwithbroadarrowandQuarantineStationmark,manufacturedbyElkington&Coin1887andusedinFirstClass(Source:PetaLonghurst)..................................................153

Figure6.19LaburnumPetaldinnerplateproducedbyW.H.Grindley&Co.circa1954(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2007.348.1-44”2016)...................................................................154

Figure6.20EnameldinnerplatemanufacturedbyMettersinSydneyafter1902(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2008.151.1-28”2016,151).........................................................154

Figure6.21PostcardstampedtoindicatethatitwasdisinfectedbysteamatNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:StateLibraryofNSWPXE873/4)..........................................................................................................................157

Figure6.22LuggagetrolleyfromtheMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst)...............................................................................................................157

Figure7.1Aselectionofnurses'anddoctors'smocksandjacketsheldintheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst)...............................................................................................................165

Figure7.2Darby-styleironhandcuffsfromtheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection,datedcirca1880(Source:PetaLonghurst)..................................................................................................................................171

Figure7.3Remnantsofthefunicularrailwaysystem,includingextantsectionsoftrackleadingintotheautoclavesandbathingblock,pluspathsandstairwaysthatmaintainthethoroughfaresoncecreatedfortherailway(Source:PetaLonghurst).............................................................173

Figure7.4QuoitssetfromtheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst).....................................................................176

Figure7.5Clockattachedtotheexteriorofthetelephoneofficeinthefirstclassprecinct(Source:PetaLonghurst).......................................................................178

Figure7.6MonumenterectedbythesurvivingpassengersoftheimmigrantshipConstitution,whichwasquarantinedatNorthHeadin1855.Thisobeliskitselfbecameaprominentlandscapemarker–itisvisibleintheupperrightquadrantofan1877

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illustrationofthesite,reproducedhereasFigure4.19(Source:PetaLonghurst)..................................................................................................................................178

Figure8.1AselectionofglassandceramicfragmentstypicalofsurfaceassemblagesatNorthHead(Source:PetaLonghurst)....................................................183

Figure8.2QuarantinereserveinSydneyfromwhichpatientsweretransportedtoNorthHead.Notetheplagueproclamationaffixedtothefenceatleft(Source:“QuarantineReserveandWharfinSydneyDomain”1900)...............................................................................................184

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ListofTables

Table5.1TranscriptionoftheinventoryoftwochestscontainingtheeffectsofStephenJones,1879....................................................................................................110

Table5.2TotalquantitiesofarticlessuppliedfromStoreDepartmenttotheQuarantineStation,from16Juneto16September,1881(Streetetal.1882,106)..................................................................................................................111

Table5.3Articlesofclothing,bedlinen,etc.,suppliedtotheQuarantineStationbyLucyOsburn,LadySuperintendentoftheSydneyHospital,between18Juneand6September,1881(Streetetal.1882,107).............................................................................................................................................113

Table5.4QuantitiesoffoodandalcoholdeliveredtotheQuarantineStationduringtheperiod15Juneto31October1881(Streetetal.1882,118).......................................................................................................................................114

Table5.5QuantityofNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollectionobjectsbycategory...........................................................................................................................................123

Table5.6QuantityofstructuresintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection...............................................................................................................................................124

Table5.7QuantityoffurnishingsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection...............................................................................................................................................125

Table5.8QuantityofpersonalartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection...............................................................................................................................125

Table5.9QuantityoftoolsandequipmentformaterialsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection..........................................................................................126

Table5.10QuantityoftoolsandequipmentforscienceandtechnologyintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection...............................................................127

Table5.11QuantityoftoolsandequipmentforcommunicationintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection............................................................................128

Table5.12QuantityofdistributionandtransportationartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection............................................................................129

Table5.13QuantityofcommunicationartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection......................................................................................................129

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Table5.14QuantityofrecreationalartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection......................................................................................................130

Table5.15QuantityofunclassifiableartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection......................................................................................................130

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Chapter1: Introduction

Figure1.1ViewoftheSydneyHeads,withNorthHeadQuarantineStationatleftandSouthHeadtotheright,byGeorgeF.Halsted,circa1880(Source:MitchellLibrary,StateLibraryofNSWV1/Har/12).

ImmigrantsjourneyingtowardsthecolonialportcityofSydneyinthenineteenthcenturywatchedinanticipationforthetwinheadlandsthatactedasagatewaytothesettlement(Figure1.1).Whilstalighthousestoodasbeaconandsentryonthesouthernpromontory,aprominentflagpolemarkedtheinnerextentofNorthHead(Foxhall2012,188).OncetheirshipspassedfromthePacificOceanintothenaturalharbourofPortJackson,arrivalswereascanttwelvekilometresfromthecentreofSydney(Figure1.2),butformanytheirjourneywasfarfromover.Ifanyquarantinablediseaseswerefoundonboard,thevesselandallofitscomplement–sickandhealthyalike–wouldtakeanenforceddetourtoNorthHeadQuarantineStation.Diseasessubjecttomaritimequarantineincludedthoseunderstoodtobeinfectious(communicatedbyproximity)orcontagious(transmittedviacontact),particularlysmallpox,bubonicplague,cholera,yellowfever,typhusfever,andinfluenza.Asthisthesiswillargue,thesemodesofdiffusionshapedmaterialandspatialmanifestationsatthequarantineinstitution.

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Figure1.2LocationofNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:PetaLonghurst).

NorthHeadwasutilisedasaquarantinegroundbeginningin1828,withthefirstsanctionedon-shorequarantineoccurringin1835.Uponenteringtheharbour,theimposingcliffsoftheheadlandgavewaytosandybeaches,providing“ashelteredlandingareaandalarge,openspaceforairinggoods,clothing,andbedding”(Foxhall2012,190).Asthenineteenthcenturyprogressed,thisopenspacewouldbetransformedintoahighlystructuredcomplexofbuildingsdesignedtoinspect,categoriseandcleansebothgoodsandpeoplebeforedistributingthemthroughouttheinstitution.Formanyofthedetainees,thesitemadeanappealingfirstimpression,“amostbeautifulplacetolookat”(CharlesMooredescribingNorthHeadin1855,quotedinFoxhall2012,209).However,thisvistacouldbequicklytemperedbytrepidationorindignationovertheperceivedslurontheircharacterbytheirincarceration“inthismiserablespotcalledquarantine”(ThomasEastdescribingNorthHeadin1883,quotedinMaglen2006,321).

Beforebeingputashore,mailandotherdispatcheswereretrievedfromtheshipusingapairofwoodentongs,whichactedasasafeguardtoprotectagainstthepotential

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contaminantsharbouredwithin(Foxhall2012,208).Upondisembarkation,onepassengerin1879reportedthat“allourthingswerethrowntogetherofaheapandhadtobesortedoutonthewetsandsandthenwehadtowalkamileandahalfupasteeprockyhilltocarryallyourbagsandbedsyourself”(fromthediaryofElizabethAllbon,reprintedinHassam1995,203).UponarrivalatNorthHead,theluggagethathadcarriedtheirhopesforanewlifeinthecolonybecameaburden,andapotentialsourceofcontagion.

Beyondthebeach,passengerswereconfrontedbyalandscapedividedbetweenthesickandthehealthy,andwhichastheyearsprogressedwasprogressivelytransectedbyfencesintoincreasinglycomplexsubdivisions.Atfirst,theouterperimeteroftheinstitutionwasdelineatedbythirteenwhitewashedstonecairns(Foxhall2012,191),aphysicalreminderoftheirimposedsequestrationfromthesettlementthatlaybeyond.Forresidentsofthecolony,thesightofthequarantineflagflyingatopamastontheheadlandservedasawarningofthethreatthatlurkedwithintheinstitution,itsyellowhueevokingboththejaundicedpalloroftheafflictedandthesulphurousfumesthatwereusedtodisinfectandpurifythem.ThesematerialmarkerssuggestsomeofthemyriadwaysinwhichinfectionandcontagionmanifestedatNorthHead,throughobjectsthatvariouslysignified,conveyed,orrepelleddisease.

1.1 ‘TheAgeofUniversalContagion’

“Theageofglobalisation”,argueHardtandNegri(2000,136),“istheageofuniversalcontagion”.Globalisationdefinesthemodernworld.Whilethecirculationofgoods,people,andideasisnotanewphenomenon,thenotableaccelerationofthisprocessfromthefifteenthcenturyonwardshascreatednewformsofexchangeacrossanincreasinglyinterconnectedplanet(HorningandSchweickart2016,34).Theresultantexchangesandcontactsareexpressedviatheinterrelatedforcesofcolonialism,ofcapitalism,andofmigration.Butinmakingpeopleandgoodsmobile,theseforcesalsomobiliseddisease,enabling“theworldwidespreadofvirusesandbacteriathathadpreviouslyoccupiedrelativelylocalgeographies”(Bewell2003,4).Asearlymodern–andthenmodern–shipstraversedtheworld’soceansingreaternumbersandatanincreasingpace,diseaseshijackedtheseexistingcirculationsoftradeandtravel(Lavau2014,299).Whileglobalisationfacilitatedthemassmovementofpeopleandcommodities,progresscamewithasignificanttrade-off–therenderingofthosecirculationsas“potentiallydeadly”(Jackson2012,59).

AsHorningandSchweickart(2016,44)contend,thesebiomedicalexchangesarenotsimplyacorrelateofculturalandcommercialintercourse,butrather“mustalsobeunderstoodascentraltotheprocessesandconsequencesofglobalisation”.Theseprocesses,asexpressedthroughmaterialculture,havelongbeenofinteresttohistoricalarchaeologists,spurredbyOrser’s(1996,183)exhortationtodiglocally,buttothinkglobally.Archaeologicalinvestigationsofglobalisationareconcernedwiththematerialeffectsofthelinkagescreatedbycommerce,colonialism,andbothforcedand

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voluntaryimmigration.RecentnotablepublicationsincludeaspecialissueofHistoricalArchaeologycentredaroundthethemesof‘globalisation,immigration,andtransformation’(Brooks2013),andaneditedvolumewhichconsidersthearchaeologyofglobalisationfromalongtemporalperspective(Hodos2017).Archaeologistsnowacknowledgetheimpactofglobalisationuponboththearchaeologicalrecord,andthedisciplinaryperspectivesandpracticesthatinterpretit(Lozny2011;Brooks2013,2).Wherediseasehasbeenrecognisedasanarchaeologicalconsequenceoftheseprocesses,ithaslargelybeeninthecontextofeffectsonindigenouspopulationssubjecttocolonisingforces(forexampleMires1994;HutchinsonandMitchem2001;Ramenofsky,Wilbur,andStone2003;Warrick2003;Gosden2004;Becker2013).

Whathasreceivedlessattentionfromwithinthedisciplinearethewaysinwhichthespreadofcontagiousandinfectiousdiseasewasmanagedandmitigated.Thiscomplexitywasnotonlyaconsequenceofinitialcontactbetweenculturalgroups,butratheranongoingfacetoftradeandmigration.Apersistenttensionwhichcametoaheadinthenineteenthcenturywastheneedtofacilitatetradeand‘productive’immigration,whilecurtailingtheaccompanyingimportationofdiseaseandinfirmity(Hays1998,132;Maglen2002,416).Animperativeemergedforborderstoactas“semipermeablemembranes…openforsomekindsofcommunicationbutclosedforothers”(Huber2006,453).Thisthesisexploresonesuchmembrane–theinstitutionofquarantine–whichactedasbothconduitandfilter,variouslypermittingordisruptingtheflowsofglobalisation.

1.2 NorthHeadQuarantineStation:ACaseStudy

EmergingfromthesocialanddemographicenormityoftheBlackDeathinthemid-fourteenthcentury,thepracticeofquarantinewasintendedasameansofrupturingthebondsofcontagionthatwereincreasinglyfacilitatedbyescalatingcommerceandculturalintercourse.Insodoing,quarantineinstitutionswereconcernednotonlywithdisease,butalsobecameentangledwithinpoliticalandeconomicdebates.Emergentissuesencompassedcollectivesafetyversuspersonalliberty,therelationshipbetweencolonyandempire,thefacilitationoftrade,theregulationofimmigrationandtheracialpoliticsinherenttherein,alongsidethecreationandenforcementofnationalborders.

Whilequarantinehasbeenpracticedaroundtheworldinitsmodernformsinceatleastthefifteenthcentury(StevensCrawshaw2013),itsAustralianmanifestationsareparticularlycompelling.SpanningthetransitionfromcoloniestoafederatedCommonwealthin1901,Australianpracticearoseatatimewhentheefficacy,utility,andethicsofquarantinewerebeingvigorouslydebated.WhilewemightexpectthefledglingAustraliancoloniestohavereplicatedthediseasecontrolpoliciesofBritain,quarantineinsteadtookholdinAustraliaasitwasbeingdismantledintheImperialcentre(Maglen2005;Maglen2014).ThepracticeofquarantineinAustraliahasbeendescribedas“thequintessentialinstanceofnationalmedico-legalbordercontrol”

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(Bashford2006,8),itsbiomedicalboundariesmappingtidilyontothecontinent’sraggededge.

Figure1.3MapofAustraliaindicatingthelocationofquarantinestationsandthemajortraderoutesthatlinkedthemtointernationalportsinthewakeofWorldWarI.Thelinkbetweennationalidentityandbiomedicalsecurityispatent(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,frontispiece).

Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,theAustralianmainlandwouldcometobeencircledbyagroupofmaritimequarantinestations,dottedalongthecoastlineinassociationwiththemajorports(Figure1.3).While,asLawrenceandDavis(2011,69)argue,“Australiahasalwaysbeenamaritimecountry,reliantontheseaforsurvival,”thesestationswerearecognitionthatthetransportationofgoodsandpeoplewasalsoapotentialthreat.Thefirstoftheseinstitutionstobeestablished,andlasttoclose,wasNorthHeadQuarantineStation,whichsitsatthegatewaytoSydneyHarbour,locatedtointerceptvesselspassingthroughtheheadsbeforetheyreachedthesettlement.AsystemofquarantinewasfirstestablishedinthecolonyofNewSouthWalesin1802(PeterFreemanPtyLtd2000,51),althoughitsearliestincarnationswere“informalandadhoc”(Foxhall2012,189).NorthHeadwasfirstusedasaquarantinegroundin1828todetaintheguardsandconvictsoftheBussorahMerchant(Foley1995,18).Bythistime,Sydneyhadbecome“animportantnodeinglobalandimperialmaritimenetworks

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oftradeandcommunication”(Foxhall2012,188–189).InadditiontoshipscarryingBritishimmigrants,vesselswerearrivingwithcargofromlocalessuchasIndia,theUnitedStates,andtheCapeofGoodHope.Theseincreasinglyinternationalnetworksofexchangecarriedwiththemcontagions,leadingthecolonialgovernmenttopassthefirstQuarantineActin1832.Gazettedthatsameyear,NorthHeadwasdeclaredanofficialquarantinegroundon19July1837.

Thisthesistakestheinstitutionthatdevelopedfromthatproclamationasitscasestudytoexplorethearchaeologyofquarantine.EstablishedasalineofdefencetoprotectthecolonyofNewSouthWalesfromcontagiousdisease,thefirstquarantinebuildingsandstructureswereinplaceby1838.Extensivechangesandadditionsweremadethroughoutitsoperation,inconcertwithtransformationsintheinstitution’sadministration,andemergentsocialandmedicalunderstandingsofthenatureofcontagiousdisease.NorthHeadQuarantineStationclosedin1984,bringingtoanendthenetworkofmaritimequarantinestationsthathadborderedAustralia.ThesiteinitiallybecameaNationalPark,andiscurrentlyoperatedas‘QStation’,aheritageandtourismdestination.

TheprimaryobjectivesofthisresearcharetodocumentanddefinethearchaeologicalassemblageofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,toevaluatetheroleofcontagiousdiseasewithintheassemblage,andtoassesshowitcanbeaccessedarchaeologically.Howdidthe‘potentiallydeadly’natureoftheobjectsthatpassedthroughtheStationaffectthewaysinwhichtheywereunderstood,engagedwith,anddisposedof?Howdidthehealthandsocialidentitiesofthepeopledetainedinquarantineinteractandcoalesce?Whatarethematerialimplicationsandmanifestationsofcontagiousdisease?

Mobilityremainsapersistentthemethroughoutthisdissertation,asIquestionhowdiseasemovesinto,through,andoutofthequarantinesite.Subsequentchapterswillchartthewaysinwhichsuchmovementhasbeenmadetangible,howdiseasecanbeidentifiedwithinquarantineobjects,structures,andlandscapes,andtheextenttowhichitspresencepersistsorhasbeenerased.

Thisstudyalsopursuesanumberofbroaderobjectives.Althoughthearchaeologyofinstitutionshasbeenestablishedasasignificantbodyofscholarshipwithinhistoricalarchaeology,quarantineinstitutionsinparticularremainrelativelyunexamined.Thisresearchseeksnotmerelytoaddressthisgapintheliterature–indifferentiatingquarantinefromotherrelatedinstitutionalforms–buttocontributemorebroadlytoourarchaeologicalunderstandingof‘theinstitution’.

1.3 TheQuarantineAssemblage

TheapproachadoptedheretothearchaeologyofNorthHeadQuarantineStationcouldbetermed‘epidemiological’,inthesensethatitlocatesdiseaseandtracesitsmaterialtrajectoriesandmobilitieswithinthequarantineinstitution,muchasmedicalepidemiologytracestheincidenceanddistributionofdiseasethroughoutpopulations

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andplaces.Themaladieswithwhichthisresearchisconcernedarenotmerelybiologicalentities,butalsodiscursiveones.Withinarchaeology,diseaseisoftenengagedviathelensofhumanskeletalremains.Certainly,thisosteologicalapproachcancontributetoknowledgeaboutdiet,infection,medicalknowledgeandburialpractices.However,diseaseclassificationsvaryculturallyandhistorically(Caplan1993,240;DuchanandKovarsky2009,2).Discordoverdiseasecausationandpropagationwasparticularlyrelevantthroughoutthenineteenthcentury,whensocialandmedicalunderstandingsofillnessanditstransmissionwereinflux.

AsHays(1998,1)stresses,weareabletodifferentiatebetween“theindividualphysicalrealityofsicknessanddeath,thesocialresponsetosuchphysicalillness,andthechangingwaysinwhich…societieshaveconstructedthemeaningofdisease”.Theaccountofdiseasepursuedthroughoutthisresearchremains“sensitivetotheimportanceof‘perceptions’–thewaysinwhichdiseasehasbeeninterpretedor‘constructed’inthepast”(Slack1992,3).Theensuingresearchisthusabletointerpretresponsestoepidemicswithintheircultural,historicalandmaterialcontexts:ideasandrepresentationsofdiseasearejustasimportantasitsphysicalandsocialmanifestationsinshapingtheenvironmentandpracticesofquarantine.

Orser(1996,183)hascalledonhistoricalarchaeologiststoadoptaglobalperspectivethat“unambiguouslyunderstandsthesignificanceofpastnetworksofinteraction”.InexaminingNorthHeadQuarantineStation,thisresearchattendstoboththeinternalandexternalinteractionsoftheinstitution,manyofwhicharisefromtheinternationalflowofdiseaseandthepotentialforcontagion.

Thefollowingchaptersaredeeplyinformedbyrelationaltheories,inparticularassemblagetheoryasinitiallydescribedbyDeleuzeandGuattari(2013,firstpublished1980),andsubsequentlyinterpretedbyDeLanda(2006),Bennett(2005;2010),andothers.Anassemblageisunderstoodasa“wholewhosepropertiesemergefromtheinteractionsbetweenparts”(DeLanda2006,5),allowingassemblagestospeaktothepossibilitiesthatarisefromtheinteractionsthatdefinethem(Pezzarossi2014,355).Deleuze,inconversationwithParnet,hasreferredtotherelationsdescribedbyassemblagetheoryas“contagions”and“epidemics”(DeleuzeandParnet2006,69).Inapplyingthisframeworktothestudyofthequarantineinstitution,Deleuze’smetaphorisshownalsotomanifestverytangibleconnotations.Diseaseandcontagioncreaterelationsbetweenobjects,people,andplaces,andaremadematerialwithinthequarantinelandscape.

ThistheoreticalframeworkisinterrogatedlargelyviaarchaeologicalanalysisofthelandscapeofNorthHead,inconcertwiththethousandsofobjectsheldintheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection.Thesesourceswereselectedinresponsetotheobjectivesofthisresearch,aswellasthechallengesandlimitationsofthesiteasoutlinedinitsarchaeologicalmanagementplan(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW2000).Timeandspacearetheprimarytechnologiesquarantinerelied

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upontocurtailthespreadofdisease,andthisstudyaccordinglyadoptsamultiscalarandmultitemporalapproach.Quarantinewasahighlytemporaryandtransitoryexperiencefordetainees.Myresearchacknowledgestheirexperienceswhilealsoconsideringthewaysinwhichtheinstitutionitselfhaspersistedandevolvedthroughtime.Concurrently,whileIconsiderquarantineatthescaleoftheindividualdiseasedobjectorbody,Ialsopositionitwithinaglobalnetworkofsitesofinstitutionalconfinement.Contagionactsasathreadwhichsuturestheseinterlockingscalesandtemporalities,drawingthemtogetherintoadynamic,contingent,andyetdistinctivequarantineassemblage.

1.4 PlanoftheDissertation

Thisdissertationprogressesthroughaprocessofdisassemblingandreassemblingthequarantineinstitution.Ibeginbyestablishingaframeworkforanalysis,thenmovingsequentiallyinwardsinscale,beforeexpandingoutwardsagaintointerprettheoverallassemblage.Chapter2(QuarantineinContext)examinesthesegregationofputativelyinfectedindividualsandgoodswithinhistoricalandglobalcontext.Thechaptercommencesbyconceptualisingquarantineasbothpracticeandplace,consideringitsuseinrelationtoevolvingtheoriesofdiseasetransmission.AhistoricalbackgroundforNorthHeadQuarantineStationplacesitwithinthecontextofaworldwideandhighlypoliticisednetworkofquarantinesites,connectedbytheinternationalflowsofpeople,ships,cargo,anddisease.Thischapterdrawsparticularlyonhistorical,geographicalandmaterialaccountsofquarantineinordertohighlightthepotentialcontributionofanarchaeologicalapproach.

Thefollowingchapter(ApproachinganArchaeologyofQuarantine)arguesthatNorthHeadshouldbeplacednotonlywithinthecontextofquarantineandpublichealth,butcanalsobepositionedwithinbroaderprocessesofinstitutionalisationandconfinement.Inappraisingthearchaeologicalliterature,Iexamineexistingarchaeologiesofquarantine,andofinstitutionsmorebroadly,asameansofbothidentifyinggapswithintheexistingscholarship,andexploringwhatdefinesanddifferentiatesquarantineasadistinctinstitutionalformworthyofattention.Influencedbyrelationaltheoriesandinparticularassemblagetheory,Ioutlinemyownarchaeologicalapproachtothequarantineinstitutionanditscomplexarchaeologicalmanifestations.

ThediscussioninChapter4shiftstoanexaminationofthematerialremnantsofquarantineasitwasenactedatNorthHead.QuarantinedLandscapeselaboratesthetopographyofquarantineandthewaysinwhichitwasspatiallyorderedanddividedovertimeasanexpressionofparticularbeliefsabout–andlogicsof–infectiousdisease.Iexaminediachronicallythewaysinwhichthepresenceofdiseasewasmanagedandunderstood,andthetrajectoriesofdiseaseinto,through,andoutofthelandscape.Critically,Icontend,evenwherestructureshavebeendemolished,disease–andhumanresponsestoit–haveenduredandbecomeembeddedwithinthisheritagesite.

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Chapter5(QuarantinedCollections)examinesthetaphonomicprocessesthatbroughtobjectsintoandoutofassociationwithNorthHead,bothduringandsubsequenttoitsperiodofoperationasaquarantineinstitution.IpresentabiographyoftheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection,articulatedthroughthemesofmobility,trajectory,assemblage,andfragmentation.Inthesecondhalfofthechapter,afunctionalanalysisofthecollectionisundertakenwhichfurtherelucidatesitstaphonomy,highlightingthequarantineprocesseswhichhaveshapedthecollection’scomposition.Idemonstratethepolyvalentnatureofmanyquarantineartefacts,andtheextenttowhichindividualidentitiesareobscuredinfavouroftheinstitutional.

Movingfromanexaminationofthecollectiontothelevelofindividualartefacts,chapter6(QuarantinedObjects)highlightsaselectionofparticularlysignificantorinstructiveobjects.Iarguethattheseitemsshouldbeinterpretedinrelationbothtotheirphysicalpresenceinquarantineandtheirconceptualassociationswithdisease.Theresultantreadingsubvertsandcomplicatesthetypicalfunctionalunderstandingsoftheseartefacts,imbuingthemwithnewmeaningandsignificance.Throughtheseitems,Iidentifyanumberoftransformativehistoricalrelationsthatoperatebetweenobjectsanddiseases,andtheirarchaeologicalramifications.

Chapter7(QuarantinedAssemblages)reassemblesthecollection.Drawingontheassemblagenotonlyasanarchaeologicalunitofanalysis,butalsoadiscursivetoolandtheoreticalframework,Ireconsidertheresultsofthepreviousthreechaptersthroughacollectivelens.Thischapterexploresthewaysinwhichassemblagethinkingcanhelpustounderstandandarticulatethearchaeologyofquarantine,demonstratingthatdiseaseisavitalandtangiblepresencewithintheassemblageofNorthHeadQuarantineStation.Isuggestthatthephysical,culturalandontologicalcharacteristicsofdiseaseasapolyvalenthistoricalentitymayprovideamodelforwiderarchaeologiesofinstitutions.

Finally,thedissertationclosesbyassessingthecontributionsmadebythisstudyandthepotentialavenuesforfurtherresearchthatitopensup,bothforthestudyofquarantineinparticular,andalsointermsofthebroaderapplicabilityofideasaboutdiseaseandrelationality.WhiletheformalisedinstitutionsofmaritimequarantinerepresentedbyNorthHeadhaveclosed,thepracticeofquarantinehasnotceasedbutratherhasbeenrelocatedandrearticulated,suggesting“aneedtothinkabouttheprovenanceoftheseconnections[and]theireffectsinthepast”(Bashford2006,2).Thematerialmanifestationsofdiseaseilluminatedthroughoutthisresearchsuggestbothimplicationsforthearchaeologicalstudyofinstitutions,andongoingresonanceswiththemanagementofcontagiousdiseaseandthemaintenanceofbordersintothetwenty-firstcentury.

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Chapter2: QuarantineinContext

2.1 Introduction

Quarantineisapracticewithalengthyandoftencontroversialhistory.Theobjectiveofthischapteristoplacequarantinewithinahistoricalandscholarlycontext.Whilethepreviouschapterbrieflydefinedquarantine,thischapterbeginsbymoredeeplyinterrogatingthisdefinition,resultinginabroaderconceptualisationofquarantineasbothpracticeandplace.Thischaracterisationisconsideredinrelationtothetheoriesofdiseasetransmissionthathavevariouslybeenusedtobothunderscoreandunderminetheuseofquarantinetocontroldisease.

WhilethehistoryofNorthHeadQuarantineStationinparticularwasintroducedinthepreviouschapter,hereitisplacedwithinabroadercontextwhichlinkschangesinquarantinepracticeinSydneytolocalandglobalpoliticaldevelopments(seeFoley1995foracomprehensivehistoryoftheStation).Indoingso,thereasonswhyquarantinetookholdanditsenduringsignificancewithintheAustraliancontextareconsidered.Finally,thehistoricalandgeographicalliteratureonquarantineisappraised,inordertoidentifythekeythemesthathaveemergedfromexistingresearchandtohighlightthepotentialcontributionofanarchaeologicalapproach.

2.2 DefiningQuarantine

Beforeproceeding,itispertinenttoclarifywhatisactuallymeantbythetermquarantine,bothinastrictlydefinitionalsensebutalsotoplothistoricalchangesinitsusage.Inparticular,Iaskhowquarantinehashistoricallybeendifferentiatedfromrelatedpractices,exploringbroaderimplicationsoftheconceptwhichwillbecomesignificantthroughouttheensuingdiscussion.Gensini,YacoubandConti(2004,257–258)havearguedthatquarantineisapoliticalperformance“radicallyembeddedinlocalandglobalhealthpracticesandculture.”However,thestrongemotionalresponsesthatitattractsoftencomeinspiteof–orperhapsbecauseof–alackofunderstandingofthehistory,implementation,andindeedthedefinitionofquarantine.

Quarantinehashistoricallybeendefinedas“thedetentionandforcedsegregationofpersonssuspectedtobecarryingacontagiousdisease”(Barberaetal.2001,2712).TheworditselfrevealsboththeVenetianoriginsandtemporalnatureofquarantine,derivingfromtheItalian‘quaranta’,meaningforty–thenumberofdaysthatwereinitiallydeemednecessaryforthethreatofdiseasetopass(Lupton1995,19).Thepracticeofquarantineemergedoutofacontagionistunderstandingofdiseaseasabletospreadbetweengoodsandbodies,therebynecessitatingtheseparationofthosebodiesasamethodofprevention.Preciselywhichdiseaseswereconsideredtobecontagious,andhencesubjecttoquarantine,varied.InthecaseofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,themainquarantinablediseasesweresmallpox,bubonicplague,cholera,yellowfever,typhus,andpneumonicinfluenza,howevertherewerealsoprovisionsforpeopleexposedtomyriadotherdiseasestobeplacedintoquarantine.

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Somescholarshavearguedthatthereisalackofclarityaroundthedefinitionofquarantinewithinamoderncontext(Barberaetal.2001,2712).Onewaythatquarantinehasregularlybeendefinedisinoppositiontotheconceptof‘isolation’.

TheauthoritativeUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(“QuarantineandIsolation”2017)statethat“isolationseparatessickpeoplewithacontagiousdiseasefrompeoplewhoarenotsick”,whereas“quarantineseparatesandrestrictsthemovementofpeoplewhowereexposedtoacontagiousdiseasetoseeiftheybecomesick”.Thisdefinitionallowsforisolationtooperateeitherasadiscretepractice,orasasemioticandspatialsubsetofquarantineinwhichthereisafurtherdifferentiationbetweentheactuallyandpotentiallyillwithinthequarantineground.Similarly,Gensini,Yacoub,andConti(2004)arguethatthetwopracticesare“essentiallythesameprocedures”,exceptthatisolationappliesonlytopeoplewhoareknowntobecarryingdisease,andquarantinetopeoplewhoareonlysuspectedofit.Thesedefinitionsemphasisethepopulationsthataresubjecttotherespectivepractices,andinparticularhighlighttheapparenthealthofthemajorityofpeoplewhoarequarantined.

Barberaetal.(2001,2712)bothechoandexpandonthesecharacterisations.Theydefineisolationas“theseparationandconfinementofindividualsknownorsuspected…tobeinfectedwithacontagiousdiseasetopreventthemfromtransmittingdiseasetoothers.”Bycontrast,theyusequarantine:

Torefertocompulsoryphysicalseparation,includingrestrictionofmovement,ofpopulationsorgroupsofhealthypeoplewhohavebeenpotentiallyexposedtocontagiousdisease,ortosegregatethesepersonswithinspecificgeographicalareas.

Thisaccordswiththedefinitionsabove,butalsounderscoresthespatialandgeographicelementsthatarecrucialtoquarantinepractice.

Barnes(2014,79)offersasomewhatdifferentusage,arguingthat“quarantine–theattempttopreventdiseasefromenteringacountryorotherjurisdictionfromtheoutside–differsfromisolation,whichaimstopreventfurtherspreadafteradiseasehasalreadyenteredit.”Ratherthanbeingconcernedwiththehealthofthosewithinquarantine,thisdelineationcentresaroundthepresenceofdiseaseinthebroaderpopulation,andconceivesofquarantineasadefensivemeasurewhichactstopreventtheincursionofdiseaseacrossborders.Itshouldbenotedthatonthebasisofthisdefinition,theoccasionalconfinementofSydneyresidentsatNorthHeadwouldqualifyasanactofisolationratherthanquarantine.Thesecontrastingdefinitionsofquarantineandisolationhighlighttheimportanceofthequarantinepopulation,itsspatialandgeographicelements,anditsdefensivenature,whichwillberevisitedinthefollowingchapterasdefiningcharacteristicsofthequarantineinstitution.

Iftheword‘quarantine’emphasisestheimportanceoftimeintheactofquarantine,thedefinitionsofitcallattentiontoitsuseofspace.Takentogether,itbecomesclearthat

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timeandspacetogetherarethefundamentaltechnologiesbywhichquarantineoperates.Bashford(2004,131)concursthatquarantinehas“alwaysturnedonquestionsofbothspaceandtime”,butarguesthatthebalancebetweenthesefactorshasshifted.Whereasthenamingofquarantinesuggestsanoriginalpreoccupationwiththelengthofsegregation,theplaceofthatsegregationhascometotakeonagreaterimportance,basedon“theprominenceofspatialityinproblematizingdisease”inthelatemodernperiod.ThisclaimissupportedbyArmstrong(1993,395),whopositsthat“underasystemofquarantine,illnesssomehowresidedinplaces,asitwasplacesthathadtobekeptseparate”.Withinthisconception,people,ortobemoreprecise,bodies,“wereseenasthevectorsbetweenplacesofinfectionandplacesofpurity”(Lupton1995,19).

Onepointwhichdoesnotseemtobefullyarticulatedintheexistingliteratureisthedualityofthemeaningofquarantine.Quarantineisbothverbandnoun,anactofdoingandastateofbeing.Tobemoreexplicit,quarantinerefersbothtothepracticeandprocessingofconfiningpotentiallydiseasedpeople,andtheplaceinwhichthatconfinementisundertaken.Wecandifferentiatebetweentwomajorkindsofquarantineplaces–thosethataresituatedinadefinedspace(beitthehomeoralargerarea)withinthecommunity,andthosethatwerelocatedatageographicdistance,ofteninaninstitutiondesignedforthepurpose.InfocusingonNorthHeadQuarantineStation,thepresentresearchisprimarilyconcernedwiththelatter,butarangeof‘places’ofquarantine,andtheconnectionsbetweenthem,areconsidered.Iarguethattofullycomprehendquarantine,boththesedualmeaningsofplaceandpracticemustbeconsidered,includingtheextenttowhichtheyconstituteandconstrainoneanother.

2.3 TheoriesofDiseaseTransmission

Understandingquarantineinitshistoricalcontextalsorequiresunderstandingwhatquarantinewasdesignedasaresponseto.Whilesegregatingtheillmightappeartobeanintuitiveresponsetoepidemicdisease,thepracticeimpliescertainqualitiesabouthowdiseasebothinitiallyarisesandistransmittedthroughoutapopulation.

Threemajorconceptscanbeidentified:thedirecttransmissionofdiseasefrompersontoperson(contagion),thetransmissionofdiseaseviaindirectormediatedcontact,includinganimalorinanimate‘vectors’(infectionor‘germ’theory),andsuccumbingtodiseasevianoxiousenvironmentalfactors,particularlytheair(anticontagionismormiasma).Thehistoryofunderstandingsofdiseaseisnotastraightforwardprogression.Rather,versionsofthesethreeconceptshavereoccurred,overlapped,andbeenreinterpretedformillennia(seeHannaway1993;Pelling2002).Iacknowledgecritiquesthatmedicalhistoriographyobscuresthiscomplexhistorybysuggestingcleardelineationsbetweencontagionist,anticontagionist,andgermtheories(Pelling2002;BashfordandHooker2002,3).Nevertheless,myaimhereisnottoprovideacomprehensiveaccount,butrathertobroadlydistinguishbetweenkeytheoriesinvoked

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tobothjustifyandchallengethepracticeofquarantine,particularlyinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.

Thepracticeofquarantinecanbelargelyunderstoodasaresponsetocontagionisttheoriesofdisease.Whilecontagionisoftenusedinamuchbroadersense,hereitrefersspecificallytotheideathatdiseasewascommunicateddirectlyfrompersontoperson(orobjecttoobject)(Last2007,89).Quarantinewasthereforeameansto“breakchainsoftransmission,interruptingthecirculationofcarriers”(Baldwin1999,4).Contagionwaspredicatedoncontact(BashfordandHooker2002,4),soquarantinewasdesignedtopreventsuchcontactbetweenhealthyandpotentiallydiseasedpeople;ifdiseasewasinsteadtransmittedinsomeotherway,theusefulnessofquarantinewouldbecalledintodoubt.

Themedicaldiscoursethroughoutmuchofthenineteenthcentury,whenquarantineatNorthHeadwasestablished,waslargelycharacterisedbydebatebetweencontagionistandanticontagionistideas.Oneofthemajorconceptsanimatingthelatterschemawasmiasma,thetheorythatdiseasewascausedby‘bad’airresultingfromdecomposingorganicmatter(Last2007,286).Thepresenceofmiasmawascommonlyrevealedbysmell,derivingfromsuch“fetid”sitesasgraveyards,refusedumps,andstagnantwater(Hannaway1993,306).Anticontagioniststhereforearguedthatdiseasecouldbedisseminatedfromadistance,orthroughachangeinlocalclimaticconditions,thuscallingintoquestiontheefficacyofboundedquarantinesites.Avoidanceofdiseasewasinsteadamatterofcontrollingthepersonalenvironment,bymethodssuchas“thesitingofhousingonhighergroundwithventilationdesignedtotakeadvantageofwinds”(Hannaway1993,304).

Despitetherhetoricofcontagionismversusanticontagionism,thesewerenotnecessarilydiametricallyopposedpositions.Itwasentirelypossibletoholdthatsomediseasesarosefromcontagion,andothersfrommiasma,oreventhatasingulardiseasecouldarisefromaconfluenceoffactorsortransformfromonemanifestationtoanotherwithinaninfectedpatient(Foxhall2011).Thiscanalsobeseenwithinquarantinepractice;whileanticontagionismwasfrequentlyframedasoppositionaltoquarantine,aswillbeseeninChapter4,quarantineinstitutionscouldpromotehealthbytakingmiasmaandotherenvironmentalfactorsintoaccountintheirlocationanddesign,whilstsimultaneouslymaintainingacontagionistviewofquarantinablediseases.Inpart,thenineteenth-centuryinsistenceonahealthylocalityreinforcedtheimportanceoftheindividualpatient’s‘constitution’inavoiding,manifesting,recoveringfromorsuccumbingtodisease,whateveritsorigin.

Theseconceptswerechallengedfurtherbytheriseofgermtheoryasanalternativeexplanationfordiseasetransmission.Thetheorythatdiseasecouldbespreadbyimperceptiblelivingcreaturesfirstemergedinantiquity(Last2007,174).However,itwasnotuntilthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturythatthetheorywasclarified,solidified,andwidelyaccepted,duetotheworkofbacteriologistssuchasLouisPasteur

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andRobertKoch.Germtheoryaccountedforthetransmissionofdiseasebybothdirectandindirectphysicalcontact.Bacteriology“createdanewsourceofscientificauthorityformedicine”(Pelling1993,330;seealsoLatour1988;Worboys2000),helpingtoreaffirmboththeuseofquarantine,andtheroleofbacteriologistsindetermininghowquarantineshouldbepracticed(Whooley2013,185).

Theseconcepts–ofcontagion,ofmiasma,andofgerms–whilefarmorecomplexthancanbefullyelucidatedhere,werethegoverningunderstandingsofdiseasethroughoutthenineteenthcenturywhenquarantinefacilitieswereestablishedintheAustraliancolonies.However,inintroducingthesetheoriesandtheirintersectionswithquarantine,itshouldnotbeinferredthatquarantinepracticeswerealwaysalignedwiththemedicalknowledgethatsupposedlyunderscoredthem,northepractitionersentrustedwithsupervisingandtreatingthosedetained.Rather,aswillbeseenintheaccountthatfollows,thesearethekeymedicalconceptsthatwereusedtojustifyorunderminequarantineasahighlypoliticisedprocessofdiseasecontrol.

2.4 TheHistoricalOriginsofQuarantine

Manyofthepracticesthatarenowassociatedwithquarantinehaveancientprecursors.TheOldTestamentdescribesanumberofmeasuresrecognisableasattemptsatdiseasecontrol(Sehdev2002,1071–1072;Gensini,Yacoub,andConti2004,258;Conti2008,455).Theseincludethesegregationofpeopleinfectedwithdisease,andtheburningoftheirclothing.Peoplewithleprosyinparticularwererequiredtoliveawayfromothers,andconsidered‘unclean’foraslongasthediseaseremained.Theuseoftime,aswellasspace,topreventthetransmissionofdiseasealsohashistoricalantecedents.AroundthefifthcenturyBC,theHippocraticSchoolusedthedurationofillnessasawayofdescribinganddefininganumberofillnesses(Gensini,Yacoub,andConti2004,258).Plagues(referringatthetimetoarangeofepidemicsresultinginhighmortality)wereconsideredtomanifestwithin40days,andthisthereforebecametheperiodofisolationrequiredforplaguetodissipate.Thesegregationofsickpeople,andthetemporalnatureofthatsegregation,arethereforelongstandingmethodsofrestrictingthespreadofdisease.

ThecoalescenceoftheseideasintowhatisrecognisedasthemodernpracticeofquarantineiscommonlytracedtofifteenthcenturyVenice,althoughStevensCrawshaw(2013,162)arguesthatthisissomewhatimprecisegiventherelativedearthofhistoricalattentionpaidtotheoriginsofquarantine,incomparisontoitssubsequentmanifestations.Nevertheless,whatisclearisthatthroughoutthefourteenthcentury,Europewassubjecttosuccessivewavesofepidemics,increasinginbothseverityandfrequency.Plague,orthe‘blackdeath’,wasparticularlydevastating,accountingforthedeathsofathirdofthepopulationofwesternEuropeintheperiodbetween1348and1350alone(Slack1989,461).Arangeofmeasureswasintroducedinresponse,manycentredaroundthecleanlinessofair,aswellasthemovementofpeople(StevensCrawshaw2013,162).In1377,anofficialdecreeinRagusa(nowDubrovnik,Croatia)

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establishedthe‘trentina’,aperiodofisolationlasting30daysforshipsarrivingfromportsthatwereactually,orsuspectedtobe,infected(Conti2008,456).IfRagusacodifiedthepracticeofquarantine,itwasVenicethatestablisheditsplace,constructingthefirstpermanentquarantinestationorlazaretto,thelazarettovecchio,in1423(StevensCrawshaw2016,262).Theperiodofsegregationhadbythatstagebeenextendedto40days,thuscreatingtheconceptof‘quarantine’.Intheensuingdecades,thecitiesofMarseilles,Pisa,andGenoawouldalsoadoptsimilarregulations(Sehdev2002,1072).

Fromitsinitialdevelopmentinfourteenth-andfifteenth-centuryEurope,thepracticeofquarantinecontinuedtospreadthroughouttheglobe.InadditiontoitspracticewithintheMediterranean(Chase-Levenson2016),historicalscholarshipofquarantinehassurveyedsiteslocatedacrossBritain(Hardy1993;Maglen2002;K.L.S.Newman2012),NorthAmerica(Forster1995;Mayne2008;Shah2016;Hoskins2016a),theMiddleEast(Mishra2016),Asia(M.Harrison1992;Kim2013;Peckham2016;Pols2016;Sivaramakrishnan2016;Burns2016),thePacificIslands(Maglen2006;Brookes2016;McLane2016;Sykes2016),andAustralia(PearnandCarter1995;Foley1995;Bashford1999;Rée2010;Seubert2010;Foxhall2011;Clarke,Frederick,andHobbins2016).Thisisnottosuggestthatquarantinewaspracticedconcurrentlyinalloftheseplaces,orinthesameway.Inparticular,therewasvarianceinthediseasesthatwereconsideredtobe‘quarantinable’,thesettinginwhichquarantineoccurred,andtheperiodofsegregation.Bashford(2016,1)hasarguedthatthis“globalarchipelago”ofquarantinesitescanbedividednotonlygeographicallybutalsoconceptuallyintoOldandNewWorldpracticesofquarantine,intheMediterraneanandtheAtlanticandPacificrespectively.Bashfordcontendsthatoneofthemajordifferencesliesinanemphasisongoodsandcargointheoldworld,andhumanmigrationinthenew.Nevertheless,“quarantinesitessustainedarchitectures,aspirations,ritualsandpracticesthatremainedrecognisableovercenturies”(Bashford2016,10).

Despitethepersistenceofthepracticeofquarantine,anditsglobalspread,itwasnotwithoutcontroversy.Debateoverthesuitabilityofquarantinecametoaheadinthenineteenthcentury,whencriticismsmadeonmedical,economic,andcivillibertygroundsconverged.Apersistentcritiqueofquarantinefrommerchantswasthatitdetrimentallyinterferedwithtrade,bybothdelayingthedistributionofimportedgoods(whichcouldpotentiallydecayifperishable),anddetainingtheshipsthatconveyedthem(Hays1998,132;Maglen2002,416).Thiscritiquewascoupledwithobjectionstothecompulsorydetentionofpeoplewhohadcommittednocrime,andwhichcouldresultintheconfinementofhealthypeopleinclosequarterswithpeopleinfectedwithcontagiousdisease(Maglen2002,415–416).Formany,quarantineasaresult“representedunreasonablelimitationsofthefreedomoftheindividual”(Hays1998,137),anobjectionthatcontinuestobelevelledagainstquarantinepracticesintothepresentday(Hodgeetal.2016).

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Theseobjectionscouldberesistedforaslongasquarantinewasseentosuccessfullymaintainpublichealth.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,however,thismitigatingfactorwassignificantlydilutedbyincreasingconcernsoverquarantine’sefficacy,fuelledby“theapparentinabilityofquarantinetopreventtheimportationofdisease”(Maglen2002,413),anddoubtsoverthemedicalunderstandingsofdiseasetransmissionwhichunderlayit.ThistensionisperhapsmostclearlyexpressedwithintheUnitedKingdom,whichalsoprovidescontexttoquarantineinNewSouthWalesasaBritishcolony.Bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,Britishproponentsofanticontagionismhadarticulatedsignificantoppositiontoquarantine’scontagionistconceptualbase.Thisledtotheintroductionin1872oftheso-called‘EnglishSystem’,initiallyconcurrentwith,andlaterreplacingquarantine.Itsproceduresplacedfewerrestrictionsontradebydisinfectingonlyshipsknowntobecarryingdisease,isolatingonlyinfectedpeople,andallowingotherpassengersandcrewtodisembark(foramoredetailedaccountseeMaglen2002;Maglen2014).Nevertheless,theseobjectionstocontagionwerebynomeansuniversal,asevidencedbydebatesthataroseataseriesofInternationalSanitaryConferencesthattookplacebetween1851and1938,asanattempttocollectivelysolidifyandstandardisequarantineprocedures(Howard-Jones1975;Huber2006).

2.5 QuarantineinColonialAustralia

ItiswithinthiscontextthatthepracticeofquarantinetookholdincolonialAustralia.AsystemofquarantinewasfirstinstitutedinNewSouthWalesin1802(PeterFreemanPtyLtd2000,51),14yearsaftertheestablishmentofthecolony,althoughitwasoriginallysomewhatadhoc,andmedicalinspectionswerenotamatterofroutine(Cummins2003,161).Initially,detainedpassengerswereheldoffshore,regardlessofwhethertheyweresickorhealthy,aswasthecasein1804whenallvesselsarrivingfromNewYorkStatewerequarantinedfortwoweeksinresponsetoanAmericanoutbreakofyellowfever(Foley1995,17).Thischangedin1814withthearrivaloftheconvicttransportSurryonthe28thofJuly,whichaccordingtotheGovernorwascarrying“amalignantFeverofaveryinfectiousNature,ofwhichtheMaster,firstMate,andfortyotherMenhavediedduringtheVoyage”(“ClassifiedAdvertising”1814).Thefeverwastyphus,andallsurvivorswereimmediatelyplacedunderstrictquarantineatacampinKirribilli(Figure2.1).

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Figure2.1MapofKirribillifromthe1840sindicatingthe“spotwherethreeoftheSurry’sCrewareinterred”(Source:[Robert]CampbellsEstate[MilsonsPointandKirribilli,Sydney],NationalLibraryofAustralia,MAPF903).

ThefirstuseofNorthHeadasaquarantinegroundoccurredin1828,whentheguardsandconvictsoftheBussorahMerchantweredetainedthere.Oneofthoseconvicts,WilliamMaybury,describedthegroundasbeing“onanHighlandcalledSpringCoveabout8milesfromSydneyTown…Wehaveabout20tentserectedclosetothesea”(quotedinFoxhall2012,189).AsSydney’spopulationgrewitbecameincreasinglyclearthatoutbreaksofdiseasessuchastyphus,smallpoxandmeaslescorrelatedwiththearrivalofships,leadingtoafurtherembeddingandformalisationofthequarantineprocess.ThefirstQuarantineActwaspassedin1832,and“waspracticallyaverbatimcopyoftheEnglishActof1825suitablymodifiedtocolonialconditions”(Cummins2003,161).Nevertheless,itshouldnotbeseenasasimpletransplantationofBritishproceduresintocolonialNewSouthWales;asFoxhall(2012,190)pointsout,thecolonywasembracingquarantinejustasBritainwasbeginningtorejecttheveryconcept.On21February1833,thisembracewassolidifiedwhenGovernorBourkeproclaimedNorthHeadtobethecolony’sfirstformalquarantineground.

Theinadequaciesofearlyprocedureswerehighlightedbythe1837quarantinesoftheLadyMacnaghtenandtheJohnBarry.Passengersontheseshipsweresubjectedtoovercrowdedtentsintheheightofsummer,aswellasproblemswiththesupplyoffood

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andstores(PeterFreemanPtyLtd2000,52–53;McIntyreandRushen2007).Inresponse,thequarantinegroundwasenlarged,andfundswereallocatedfortheerectionoftheStation’sfirstpermanentbuildings,withworkcommencinginOctober1837andcompletedinearly1838(Foley1985,38).TheseandsubsequentbuildingworksarediscussedinmoredetailinChapter4.

UseofNorthHeadQuarantineStationwasdirectlylinkedtoboththerateofimmigrationtothecolony,andconditionsaboardthevesselsthattransportedsaidimmigrants.IntheperiodfromtheconstructionoftheStationuntil1841,fourteenshipsweresubjecttoquarantine,approximatelytenpercentofthetotalnumberthatarrivedduringthesameperiod(Foxhall2011,625).However,therateofquarantinehadalreadyslowedduetoimprovementsinhealthontheships,andtheStationwasnotusedatallbetween1844and1849(Foley1995,49–50).Itwasaroundthistimethatadditionalquarantinefacilitiesbegantobeestablishedaroundthecontinent,althoughthesewererunbytheirrespectivecoloniesandthusoperatedindependently.ThefirstofthesewasbuiltinMelbourne’sPortPhillipin1840.Asimmigrationlevelsrose,quarantinestationswerealsoestablishedinNobbysIsland,PortNewcastlein1850,MoretonBay,Queenslandin1852,Albany,WesternAustraliain1874,andTorrensIsland,SouthAustraliain1880(Foley1995,50–51).

Theentanglementbetweenquarantineandimmigrationwashighlightedin1855,whentheGovernment’sExecutiveCouncilstatedthat“theQuarantineGroundcannotbeconsideredwhollyanImmigrationEstablishment–neitherisitexclusivelyamedicalestablishment”(quotedinFoley1995,54).Thisintersectionbetweenhealthandimmigrationfunctions,andtheimplicationsarisingtherefrom,isanimportantthemewithinquarantinescholarship,aswillbediscussedfurtherattheendofthischapter.

Asubstantialdiversionfromthisentanglement,andakeymomentinthehistoryofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,wasthesmallpoxepidemicof1881–82.Thisquarantineepisodeissignificantfortworeasons.Firstly,thequarantinewastriggeredbyanoutbreakofsmallpoxnotonaship,butwithinSydneyitself,andasaresultitwasSydneyresidents,ratherthanimmigrants,whoweredetainedatNorthHead.Secondly,thequarantinewassubjecttopublicoutcry,leadingtotheestablishmenton13September1881ofaRoyalCommissionintothemanagementoftheStation(Streetetal.1882).ThereportstemmingfromthisCommissionexaminedobjectionstotheremovalofresidentstoNorthHead,theprovisionofsupplies,andthebehaviourofmedicalstaff.Thedetailedinsightthisextensiveinquiryprovidesintoapivotalquarantineepisodewillbereferredtothroughoutthisdissertation.

Themajoroutcomeofthecommissionwastheestablishmentin1882ofaBoardofHealth,whichforthefirsttimebroughtallofSydney’spublichealthservices,includingquarantine,underthepurviewofasingleadministrativebody(Cummins2003,65).TheestablishmentoftheBoardheraldedaperiodofreformatNorthHead(Foley1995,78–84),andalsousheredinanincreasedcooperationbetweenAustralia’svariouscolonial

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governments.ThefirstAustralasianSanitaryConferencewasheldinSydneyinSeptember1884andwasintendedto“considerandframeasystemofquarantineconducteduponfederalprinciples”(Foley1995,85).Delegatestotheconferenceadoptedadefinitionofquarantinethathighlightedtheongoingtensionbetweenhealthandtrade,describingitas:

suchmeasurestakeninregardtovesselscomingtothevariousAustralasianportsaswilleffectuallyprotecttheAustralasianColoniesfromtheinvasionofcontagiousorinfectiousdisease,consistentwiththeleastpossiblerestrictiontocommerce(AustralasianSanitaryConference1884,52).

Theconferencealsosuccessfullyinstitutedacommonseriesofminimumstandardsforquarantineprocedures,howeveraproposaltoimplementaunifiedFederalQuarantineActofAustralasiawasnotapproved.

Subsequentquarantineconferencesmadefurtherrecommendationsforuniformquarantinepolicies,inpartbecauseofanawarenessthatbubonicplaguespreadingacrosstheglobewaslikelytosoonreachAustralia.Theseattemptswerenotsufficient,however,andplagueofficiallybrokeoutinSydneyon19January1900(Foley1995,88).NorthHeadwasonceagainusedtoquarantineSydneyresidents,thistimeagainsttheadviceoftheBoardofHealth.By9August,264peopleinfectedwithplagueandafurther1832contactshadbeenconfinedattheStation.Ofthese,56diedandafurther48peopleweretransferredfromSydneytobeburiedattheQuarantineStation(Foley1995,89).Nevertheless,DrJ.H.L.Cumpston,whowouldbecomethefirstDirector-GeneraloftheCommonwealthDepartmentofHealth,arguedthattheplagueepidemicof1900revolutionisedpublichealthinAustralia,bringingwithittheknowledgethatinfectioncouldbespreadviainsects,inadditiontodirectperson-to-personcontact(Cumpston1978,40–41).

2.6 QuarantineandtheMakingofaNation

ThefirstofJanuary1901broughttheunificationoftheformercoloniesintothenewlyfederatednationofAustralia,andwithit,substantialchangestoboththeadministrationandpoliticalsignificanceofquarantine.TheimportanceofquarantinetothenationishighlightedbyitsinclusionwithintheConstitution(CommonwealthofAustraliaConstitutionAct1900,s51(ix),s69);indeed,itwastheonlysignificantpublichealthpowergrantedtotheCommonwealthatthetimeoffederation.However,inrealityitwouldtakeadecadeforquarantinetobefullytransferredfromthestatestothefederalgovernment,inpartbecausewhiletheConstitutiongavethepowertotransferDepartmentsofQuarantinetotheCommonwealth,NewSouthWaleshadnosuchDepartment(Foley1995,96).Instead,theadministrationofquarantineinNewSouthWaleswasmanagedbyarangeofinterlockingbodiesincludingtheDepartmentofPublicHealth,Customs,andtheWaterPolice.Thestatewasalsoreluctanttolose

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controloverNorthHeadQuarantineStation.Thiswasnotthelasttimethattensionswouldarisebetweenstateandnationalpublichealthinterests.

Afteranumberofcompromises,thefederalisationofquarantinewasfinallyachievedwiththepassingoftheQuarantineActin1908,whichledtothecreationoftheFederalQuarantineServicethefollowingyear(Bashford2004,121).NorthHead,alongwith11othersites,wasformallyappointedaFederalQuarantineStation“fortheperformanceofquarantinebyvessels,personsandgoods”on5July1909,andafteradelayasfinancialcompensationwasresolved,theStationwasfinallytransferredtotheFederalQuarantineServicein1911(Foley1995,98–99).ThetransfertriggeredaperiodofmajorbuildingworkstobringNorthHeadinlinewithmodernunderstandingsofinfectiousdisease,basedonrecommendationsmadebythenewFederalDirectorofQuarantine,DrW.P.Norris(Foley1995,101–103),andincludedaprovisionthatNorthHeadwouldreverttostatecontrolshouldquarantinefunctionsceaseatthesite.

Inmid-1918AustralianquarantineofficialsbecameawareofanemergentinfluenzaepidemicinEurope,andbegantotakeprecautionstopreventthediseasefrombreachingAustralia’sborders(McCrackenandCurson2003,110).Foratime,quarantineheldthediseaseatbay,butbyearlyJanuary1919thefirstcasehadbeenrecordedinMelbourne,andNewSouthWaleswasproclaimedaquarantineareaonthe27thofthatmonth,afterfurthercaseswerediscoveredinSydney(Foley1995,110).Australia’simpositionofmaritimequarantinemayhavehelpedin“givingtimeanothertwomonthsorsotodulltheedgeofthedisease’svirulency”incomparisontoitsimpactelsewherearoundtheworld,butoncethequarantinewasbreacheditwouldbecomearguably“thegreatesthealthandsocialdisasterinSydney’shistory”(Crosby2003,234).Throughout1919almost40percentofSydney’spopulationwouldcontractinfluenza,killingmorethan4000people(CursonandMcCracken2006,104).Asaresult,NorthHeadQuarantineStationwasfarfromsufficient,andarangeoftemporarysites,includingtheSydneyCricketGround,wereestablishedfortheirquarantineandcare.

Despitethefederalisationofquarantine,asinfluenzaspreadthroughoutthecountryitledtodisputesbetweenthestates,andbetweenstatesandtheCommonwealth(CursonandMcCracken2006,106).Whereaspreviousquarantineswereconcernedpredominantlywithpreventingdiseasefromenteringthecountry,theinfluenzapandemiccreatedaconcernnotwiththenationalborder,butwiththepolicingoftheinternalbordersthatdelineatedthestates(Figure2.2).WhatwasintendedtobeacoordinatedeffortbetweenstateandCommonwealthgovernmentsultimatelybrokedown,eachstateinsteadestablishingitsownpoliciesandprocedures(Figure2.3).Theofficialnationaldeathtollforthe1919pandemicwasjustunder12000,howeverCursonandMcCracken(2006,104)puttheactualnumberatleast3000or4000higher.

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Figure2.2RailwaypassengersstrandedattheborderbetweenSouthAustraliaandNewSouthWalesasaresultofquarantinerestrictionsduringthe1919influenzapandemic(Source:“InQuarantineontheBorder”1919).

Figure2.3CartoonsatirisingthetensionbetweenStateandFederalquarantineregulationsandinterestsduringthe1918-1919influenzapandemic(Source:“TheQuarantineQuarrel”1919).

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Theyear1919alsobroughtanothereventthatwoulddrasticallyimpactquarantinepractice–RossandKeithSmith’ssuccessfulfirstflightfromEnglandtoAustralia(Foley1995,125).Whereaspreviouslytheword‘vessel’inquarantinelegislationreferredspecificallytoshipsandotherseagoingcraft,theirlandingtriggeredaredefinitionwithintheQuarantineActtoalsoincludevesselsthatarrivedbyair.Asimmigrantsandtouristsincreasinglyarrivedbyairratherthanbyseafromthemid-twentiethcentury,theneedforamaritimequarantinestationdecreased.Duringtheperiodfrom1921until1973,only55quarantinestookplaceatNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Foley1995,123).

Astheneedforquarantinedeclined,NorthHeadQuarantineStationwasutilisedastemporaryaccommodationonanumberofoccasions(Foley1995,128).AfteracyclonedevastatedDarwinonChristmasDay,1974,evacueeswereofferedshelteratSydney’sQuarantineStation.InApril1975NorthHeadhousedchildrenwhohadbeenairliftedfromthepoliticalcollapseofSouthVietnam,anditwasusedagainin1977toaccommodateVietnameserefugees.TheStationwasalsoemployedfrom1959–76todetainatleast2391illegalimmigrantspriortodeportation(Clarke,Frederick,andHobbins2017).In1977,anewapproachtoquarantineinAustraliawasannounced,leadingtotheestablishmentoftheFairfieldInfectiousDiseasesHospitalinMelbournein1982.ThisledtotheprogressiveclosureofAustralia’sexistingquarantinefacilities,withNorthHeadQuarantineStationthelasttoclosein1984.

2.7 LegaciesofQuarantine

AftertheclosureoftheQuarantineStation,NorthHeadwasreturnedtotheNewSouthWalesGovernment,andthesite,includingitsextantbuildingsandstructures,becamepartoftheSydneyHarbourNationalPark(Foley1995,129).In2006,thesitewasleasedtotheMawlandGroup,whonowoperatethefacilityas‘QStation’,aconferencecentre,boutiquehotel,andheritagedestinationwhichconveysthehistoryofthesitethrougharangeoftours,interpretivepanels,andasmallmuseum(MawlandConstructionPtyLtd2005;C.P.Kelleher2014,13–16).

TheclosureofNorthHeadandothermaritimequarantinestationshasnot,however,relegatedquarantineentirelytotherealmofheritage.Indeed,quarantinehasanenduringpresencewithintheAustralianpsyche(Longhurst2016,589)–somuchsothatin2008theRoyalAustralianMintandAustraliaPostrespectivelyissuedcollectiblecoinsandstampstocommemoratethecentenaryoftheQuarantineAct(“CentenaryofAustralianQuarantine”2008;“100YearsofQuarantine”2008).

ThepracticeofquarantineinAustraliahasnotceased,buttherehasbeenasignificantshiftinbothitslocationandemphasis.Ratherthanbeingconductedonthecoast,quarantineismostvisiblypracticedatinternationalairports,reflectingtheshiftfrommaritimetoairtravel.Upondisembarking,travellersaremetbysignagethatwarnsthemto“declareorbeware,”asking“whatareyoubringingintoAustralia?”anddeclaringthat“quarantinematters!”(Longhurst2016,589).UndertheBiosecurityAct

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2015,whichreplacedtheQuarantineAct1908,prohibiteditemssuchasfreshfruitmustbedisposedofindesignatedquarantinebinspriortoreachingcustoms(Figure2.4).Similarrestrictionsremaininplaceattheinternalbordersbetweenstatesandterritoriesthatwerethesourceofsuchtensionduringepisodessuchasthe1919influenzapandemic.Othergoodsincludingplantmaterial,animalproducts,andsomefoodsmustbedeclaredonanincomingpassengercardandmadeavailableforinspection(DepartmentofAgricultureandWaterResources2016a).

Figure2.4QuarantinesignageandbinfordepositingprohibiteditemsatCairnsAirport(Source:LouiSeselja,2005Quarantinesigns,InternationalTerminal,CairnsAirport,Queensland,14June2005,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-131291158).

ThesemorevisibleprocessesarefocusedonpreventingtheintroductionofpestsintoAustralia,buttherearealsomeasureswhichcentrearoundpeopleascarriersofdisease.Thesameincomingpassengercardalsoobligestravellerstoindicatewhethertheyhavetuberculosis,asrequiredbytheMigrationAct1958(HouseofRepresentativesStandingCommitteeonHealthandAgeing2013,25).Theoperatorsofinternationalaircraftarealsorequiredtoreportanyillnessesonboardtoabiosecurityofficer,andprovisionsaremadeforspecificdiseasesastheyoccur–forexamplein2015,whenadditionalmeasureswereputinplaceatinternationalairportsinresponsetothezikavirus,includingrequiringpassengerstocompleteanadditionalformindicatingiftheyhadspenttimeinanyofalistofaffectedcountries(DepartmentofAgricultureandWaterResources2016b).Australiaisnotuniqueinthisregard;inrecentdecades,diseasessuchasSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)andavianinfluenzahaveseenareturntoquarantinepracticesaroundtheworld(Gensini,Yacoub,andConti2004,260–261;Conti2008,460–461;Tognotti2013,258).TheprocessesofhumanquarantinearestillverymuchundertakenwithinAustralia,buttheyhavebeenreformulatedinsuchawaythatwhatwashistoricallyahighlyvisibleanddisruptivemassprocesshasnowbeenindividualisedandgoeslargelyunnoticedbymostpassengers.

ThelastingeffectsofAustralia’squarantinestations,andtheirintersectionswithimmigrationadministration,canarguablyalsobediscernedinthecountry’scontemporaryimmigrationpolicies.BashfordandStrange(2002,511)havearguedthat

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whilethedetentioncentresinwhichAustraliadetainsrefugeesandasylumseekersresembleprisons,theyaremorecloselyrelatedtoquarantineintheir“detentionofgroups,mostoftennon-citizens,whowereincarceratedongroundsotherthanhavingcommittedcriminaloffences”.Thereareofcoursesignificantdifferencesbetweentheinstitutionalforms.Quarantinewasaprocessoftemporaryexclusionthatultimatelyledtoadmittance,whereastheexclusionofasylumseekersisindefinite,thegovernmentclaimingattimeofwritingthatnooneintheiroffshoredetentioncentreswillbesettledinAustralia,regardlessoftheoutcomeoftheirapplicationforrefugeestatus(Longhurst2016,599).Nevertheless,BashfordandStrange(2002)forcefullydemonstratethatthiscontemporaryformofdetentionispartofahistoricalgenealogyofinternmentinAustraliathattiesittoearlycolonialpracticesofquarantine.

2.8 InterpretingQuarantine:People,Procedures,andPolitics

Thedefinitionsandhistoricalaccountofquarantinepresentedabovearerelativelystraightforward,andpositionquarantineprimarilyasapublichealthresponse.However,theyalsoalludetothemultiplicityofimpetusesandconsequencesthatmakequarantineacomplexandmultifacetedpractice.Markel(1997,2)hasidentifiedfourimpulsesthathaveshapedhowandwhyquarantineisimplemented:

(1)thesocialresponseofavoidingtheill,orthoseperceivedtobe,particularlyifthediseaseisthoughttobeeasilytransmittedfrompersontoperson(i.e.,contagious);(2)negotiationsoverhowtheepidemicdiseaseinquestionisunderstoodbybothexpertsandthecommunityatlarge,especiallyintermsofcause,prevention,andamelioration;(3)thecomplexpolitical,economic,andsocialbattlesthatguideorobstructacommunity’squarantineefforts;and(4)theextenttowhichethnicityandperceptionsaboutasocialgroupassociatedwithacontagiousdiseaseframethesocialresponsesofquarantine.

Theseimpulsesareseenthroughoutmuchoftheexistingscholarshiponquarantine,centraltowhichareinterlockingquestionsabouttherationalesforimplementingquarantine,thewaysinwhichitbothemergesfromandperpetuatesformsofsocialinequality,andthewaysinwhichitintercedesintherelationshipsbetweenindependentcountries,betweencoloniesandimperialpowers,andbetweenstatesandcitizens.

Thepromotionandmaintenanceofthehealthofthepublicisthemostobviousrationaleforthepracticeofquarantine,anditcouldreasonablybeexpectedthattheadoption,alteration,orabandonmentofquarantineprocedureswouldbedirectlylinkedtochangingunderstandingsofthetransmissionofdisease.However,asindicatedbythenineteenth-centurymoveinBritainfromquarantinetothe‘Englishsystem’,thecorrelationbetweenmedicalknowledgeofdiseaseandresponsestoitisnotnecessarilydirect.Rather,historicalaccountsofquarantinehavedemonstratedthatmedical

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knowledgeisjustoneofasuiteoffactorsthathavebeenweighedagainsteachothertodeterminethepublicresponsetoepidemics.

Forexample,inadidacticaccountofquarantine,Conti(2008)demonstratesthatquarantinepolicieshavehistoricallybeendrivennotonlybyhealthconcernsbutalsobyeconomicfactors,andthatquarantineprocedureshavelackedhomogeneitybothwithinandbetweennationsasaresult.Theinitialestablishmentofquarantineinthefourteenthcenturywasintendedtoprotecttrade,butitlaterbecameseenasanimpositionuponit.Foxhall(2011)hasdemonstratedhow,intheearlyyearsofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,surgeonsconstructeddiseaseaetiologiesinanumberofways,allowingthemtoallocateblameandtovariouslysupportorcriticisequarantine,basedonbothpersonalbeliefandpoliticalexpediency.Thisisindicativeofacomplexandmultifacetedunderstandingofdiseasecausationanddevelopmentwhichwasnotnecessarilydirectlytranslatedtoquarantineprocedures.Bashford(2016,9)hasarguedthat“itwasonlywhereandwhenquarantinebecameaninstrumentofsomeotherperceivedpublicgood…thatthecommercialeffectsweretrumped,andquarantine,onthewhole,wasembraced”.Healthandmedicalknowledgewereusedtoeitherjustifyorunderminequarantine,buttheywerenotnecessarilythedecidingfactorinitsimplementation.

Justificationsofquarantineonthebasisofpublichealthalsoobscureotherpossibleobjections.Bytracingthepracticeofquarantinethroughepidemicsofplague,cholera,andinfluenza,Tognotti(2013)hasarguedthatthecontinuousthreadthatlinksthesepracticesistheviolationofpersonallibertyforthesakeofpublichealth.Althoughintheoryquarantineappliestoanyoneexposedtodisease,inpracticeithashadadisproportionateimpactonpeoplefromlowsocioeconomicbackgroundsandresultedinstigmatisationofanddiscriminationagainstethnicminoritiesandothermarginalisedgroups(Tognotti2013,258).InastudyofquarantineinseventeenthcenturyEngland,Newman(2012)hassimilarlyidentifiedagapbetweengovernmentassertionsofquarantineasanegalitarianpublichealthmeasure,andpopularrhetoricofquarantineaspersonalpunishment.

Ininterpretingquarantineitisimperativetorecognisethatitwasnottheonlypossibleresponsetoepidemicdisease,andthattheprioritisationofpublichealthoverindividualhealthandlibertywasnotamorallyneutraldecision,butratheronethatwasheavilyvalue-laden.

Wemightthusquestionwhich‘public’theactofquarantinevaluesoverwhich‘individuals’.Althoughquarantinecanalsoexistwithinastate,itisprimarilysituatedattheborderofnationsandregulatesthemovementofpeopleanddiseaseacrossthatdivide.Ifpublichealthprioritisesthehealthofthecitizenry,thenquarantineprovidesawaytounderstandhowcitizenship–andthenationitself–wasdefined.InthecaseofSydney,theformalstationatNorthHeadwasestablishedduringaperiodinthecolonywhensocialandpoliticalideasofmorality,statusandclassrelations–includingtheir

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associationswithillness–werebeingdebated.Foxhall(2012,194)arguesthat“byexplicitlyidentifyingcertaingroupsofpeoplewithparticularkindsofmedicalandmoralfailings,quarantinesloweddowntheemigrants’transitiontoimmigrants,andmadeithighlyvisible”.Typhus,forexample,wasframedbyexistingcolonistsasamarkerofmigrants’poverty,andhencetheirineligibilityasmembersofthecolony(Foxhall2011).Similarly,thesmallpoxepidemicof1881wasblamedfirstonChineseimmigrants,andthenonpoorresidentsofthecity(Lupton1995,30).AsLupton(1995,19)hascontended,“thecontagionistmodelreliedupontheidentificationofstigmatisedgroupsasthedangerousOther,thesiteofcontagion.”Inthisway,quarantinepracticebothderivedfromandperpetuatedanintertwiningoftheconceptsofhealth,citizenship,race,class,andmorality.

SimilarpatternshavebeenobservedintheUnitedStates,wherediseasewasusedasajustificationforbothtemporaryandpermanentexclusion.Markel’s(1997)studyofJewishimmigrationtoNewYorkin1892foundthatquarantinehasbeenusedasamethodofmedicallyrationalisingtheexclusionandstigmatisationofclassesandethnicgroups.Byassociatingthesesocialgroupswithdisease,immigrantswereframedasadangertotheexistingcitizenry,therebyjustifyingtheirexclusion.Kraut(1994)arguesthatduringthenineteenthcentury,Americanssoughttomanageandcontrolthebiological‘quality’ofimmigrants.Theoutcomesofthiscouldvary,however.WhereasexclusionwasadrivingforceintheexaminationoftheprimarilyAsianimmigrantsatAngelIslandinSanFranciscoHarbour,Fairchild(2003)contendsthatthemedicalinspectionofpredominantlyEuropeanimmigrantsatNewYork’sEllisIslandwaslargelytheconverse,anactofinclusion.Fairchildarguesthatmedicalexaminationsactedasatechnologyofindustrialisation,classifyingandassessingimmigrantsasworkingbodiescapableofundertakinglabour.

Byexploringthelinkbetweenquarantineandconceptsofnationhoodandcitizenship,thesestudiescomplicatetherelationshipbetweenpublichealthmeasuresandmedicalunderstandingsofdisease.Theyprovidealternativerationalesofquarantinewherebytheexclusionofimmigrantsaccordingtotheirclassandethnicitycouldbemedicallyjustified,andindeednecessitated,forthehealthofthecitizenry.Bashford(2016,9)positsthatthisconflationofquarantineandimmigrationregulationisparticularlyafeatureoftheNewWorld,where“quarantinewasakeymechanismthroughwhichtheauthorityandterritorialityofmodernnation-stateswasassertedandbecamemeaningful”.Although,asIwillargueinthenextchapter,animportantcharacteristicofquarantineisthatanyonecouldbesubjecttoit,itisequallytruethattherehasbeenalargeamountofsocialinequityintheactualexperienceofquarantine.Thesestudiesdemonstratetheneedtoconsidertheexperiencesandperspectivesnotonlyofthoseprotectedbyquarantine,butalsothoseexcludedbyit.

Ifquarantinewasawayofshapingtherelationshipbetweencitizensandstates,italsoservesasamechanismthroughwhichtoexplicatetherelationshipbetweenautonomousnations,andbetweencolonyandempire.WhiletheAustraliancolonies

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initiallyderivedtheirquarantineproceduresfromBritishlaw,overthenineteenthcenturytheydivergedsignificantly,withAustraliaexpandingitsquarantinepracticeatthesametimeasBritainwasabandoningitinfavourofthe‘EnglishSystem’(Hobbins2017).TheseinconsistenciesbetweencolonialandimperialquarantinepracticesarenotuniquetoAustralia.WithaparticularfocusontheIndiancontext,Harrison(1992)hasinterrogatedtheideathatcolonialmedicalpolicycanbeunderstoodasamanifestationoftheprioritiesofthecolonisers–inthiscase,theBritishEmpire.Harrisonarguesforamorenuancedunderstandingofthisrelationship,demonstratingthatthepoliticalagendaofIndia,asseenthroughitsquarantinepractice,wasoftendivergentfrom,andantagonisticto,thatoftheBritishgovernment.

Consideringquarantineincolonialregimesmorebroadly,Harrisoncontendsthat,whereasthenewertropicalcoloniesofBritishWestAfricawerecloselyalignedwithBritain,oldersettlercoloniessuchasIndiaandtheAustraliancoloniesexhibitedsignificantdivergencesbetweencolonialandimperialinterests.Therewerealsosignificantpointsofdifferencebetweentheseoldercolonies;whereastherestrictionoftradeanddisruptionofpilgrimagesmadequarantineundesirableinIndia,forwhitesettlercoloniessuchasNewSouthWalesandelsewhereinAustralia,quarantineprovidedameansofregulatingnon-whiteimmigration.

AstudyofJapanese-imposedmaritimequarantineintheKoreancityofBusan(Kim2013)similarlyconsiderscompetingcolonialandimperialinterests.JapanimplementedmaritimequarantineinBusanfromthe1870s,evenasthecountrywaspreventedfromperformingquarantineinitsownportsasaresultofobjectionsfromBritainandotherWesternnations.KimarguesthatthepracticeofquarantineinBusan,andlaterinotherJapaneseports,wasaimednotonlyatthepreventingthespreadofdisease,butalsoatfurtheringJapan’squestformodernisation.Throughananalysisofrevisionstomaritimequarantinepractice,KimdemonstratesthatpublichealthmeasureswereacrucialcomponentofthedevelopmentoftheJapaneseempire.ThespreadofJapanesesanitarymeasuresthroughouttheirAsianterritorieswasthereforealsoastrengtheningofthebordersoftheJapaneseempire.ThisimperialfunctionofquarantineiscitedasanexplanationforJapan’scommitmenttoquarantineintothetwentiethcentury,muchlikeinAustralia,atthesametimeasothercountriesweremovingtowardsmoreliberalsanitarymeasures.AsKim(2013:248)states,theagentsthatquarantineprotectedJapanfromwereboth“pathologicalandpolitical”.

Quarantinealsoprovidesthemeanstoexplicatetherelationshipbetweenindependentstates.ThroughasocialandhistoricalanalysisofquarantineregulationsinDarwinandSanFrancisco,Mayne(2008)hasarguedthatbothportshadanambivalentrelationshipwithAsia.Theprosperityofbothsettlementswasdependantonthefreemovementofbothgoodsandpeoplethroughtheirports,butthismovementalsogaverisetoracialtensions.Mayne(2008,257)framestheportcitiesas“bothgatewaysandsentinels”,simultaneouslyexpectedtofacilitatetradewithAsiawhilealsoprotectingthecities’

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inhabitantsfromtheperceivedthreatofAsianimmigration,asexpressedthroughthethreatofcontagiousdisease.

Collectively,thesestudieshaveshownthatquarantine,whilerootedinandrationalisedbyconceptsofpublichealth,hashistoricallybeenahighlypoliticisedactthatisboundupwithnotionsofcitizenship,immigration,andinternationalrelations.AsNewman(2012,810)hasasserted,“quarantineanditseffectswerenotclassless,anditsimplementationwasnotalwaysstrictlyinthenameofpublichealth.”

2.9 InterpretingQuarantine:PlaceandGeography

Inadditiontostudiesofthesocialreasonsfor,andconsequencesof,quarantine,thereisalsoasubsetofscholarshipthatisconcernednotonlywiththepracticeofquarantine,butalsoitsplace.AsmallnumberofarchitecturalstudiesexaminethemorphologyofquarantinebuildingsthroughoutEurope(Bonastra2008;Bonastra2010),andinparticular,thequarantinehospitallocatedonRatonneauIsland,offthecoastofMarseilles(Bergdoll1987).Thelatterisdescribedasabuildingwhere“eachstageofthedisease[is]carefullyobservedandisolated,theentirecomplexsealedfromtheoutside,uninfected,world,yetpermeabletothecurativeforcesofwind,sunandseawater”(Bergdoll1987,5).ConstructionofthisFrenchinstitutionwascompletedin1828,thesameyearthatquarantinewasfirstenactedatNorthHeadinSydney.Whatisperhapsmoststrikingincomparisonishowdifferentlythetwininstitutionsarematerialised,despitetheircorrespondingaims,thehospitalonRatonneauahighlycompactedandregulatedexpressionofquarantineincontrastwiththestructuredbutsprawlingAustralianinstitution.

Publichealthandquarantinecanbeseenasaninherentlyspatialformofgovernance,whichBashford(2004:2)arguesaimedtocontrolthemovementofbothpeopleanddiseaseasadirectresultoftheirpriormovement,andtheunknownpeopleandplacesitmayhavebroughtthemintocontactwith.BrownandMoon(2012)havearguedthattheintersectionofhistoricideasaboutquarantineanddiseasecontainmentandthegeographicalmappingofthespreadofdiseasehasledtotheemergenceofanewinterestinthejuncturebetweenhealth,globalisationandsecuritywithinthedisciplineofgeography.Thesegeographicalapproachestakeanexpansiveviewofspace,encompassingtheglobalnetworkofquarantineanddiseasetransmission,ratherthanthespatiallayoutofindividualquarantinesites.

Galbraith’s(2000)historicaloverviewofthedevelopmentofquarantinepracticeatportswithintheUnitedKingdomdemonstratesthewayinwhichthehistoryofquarantineisinterwovenwiththehistoryoftransportandglobalmovement.Galbraithlinksthemovefromquarantinetothe‘EnglishSystem’totheincreasingefficiencyofshippingandrailtransport.Asdelaysbecameincreasinglylesstolerable,asystemwasdevelopedthatinvolvedonlylimiteddetentionofships,passengersandcargo,insteadrelyingonmorelocalisedsanitarymeasures.Similarly,Galbraithlinkstheintroductionofepidemiologicalsurveillanceinthe1960sand1970stotheincreaseinairtravel

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followingtheSecondWorldWar,aswellasthebreachofBritain’snaturaldefencesbytheconstructionoftheChannelTunnel.Quarantineisintrinsicallylinkedwiththeglobalmovementofgoods,peopleandobjects.Byconnectingthehistoriesofquarantineandtransportationinthisway,Galbraithhighlightstheimportanceofconsideringhowthismovementwasundertaken.

Bashford(1998)hasconsideredthewaysinwhichthepracticeofquarantineenabledtheimaginingofAustraliaasanintegratednationduringthetwentiethcentury,acrucialstageofdeterminingtheAustraliancitizenry.BashfordarguesthatquarantineexplicitlypositionedAustralia’sspatialandtemporallocationinrelationtoothernations,suchthatthenationalmaritimequarantinelineactedas,andsymbolised,theborderofthenationitself.Quarantinedenotedspaces,andbyextensionpeople,as‘clean’or‘dirty’.Furthermore,quarantinerepresentedtheplaceatwhichpublichealthandimmigrationregulationintersected,suchthatconceptsof‘clean’,‘dirty’,‘purity’and‘hygiene’wereinherentlyracialisedasaresult.Bashford(1998:388)arguesthat“quarantineenabledaparticulargeographicimaginingofAustralia”inwhichthe‘whiteness’ofitscitizenrywasdirectlylinkedtopublichealth.

InherstudyoftherelationshipbetweenAustralianandBritishapproachestoquarantine,Maglen(2005)arguesthattheirdifferentstancesontheissuecanbeseennotonlyintheirpoliciesbutintheirgeographies.Australia’sdivergencefromBritishquarantinepolicyduringthenineteenthcenturyisattributedtotheremotenessofitscolonies,whichlentthemanaturalprophylaxis.Ratherthanremovingtheneedforamoresystematicquarantineprocess,thisisolationactuallystrengthenedit,asbreachesofAustralia’sdefencesbydiseasewererenderedallthemoredangerous.Maglen’sstudyisaresponsetoBaldwin’s(1999)assertionthattheprimarydeterminantofastate’sstanceonquarantinewasnotmedicaltheoryorideologybutrathergeography.DrawingonBaldwin’sgeographicalanalysisofportprophylaxisacrossEurope,MaglenshowsthatgeographyanddistanceplayedadualroleinAustralianquarantinepractice–simultaneouslyplacingAustralialargelyoutofreachofcontagionwhilealsoprovidingitwiththeidealcircumstancesforenactingquarantine.Indoingso,Maglendemonstratesthesignificanceoftopographyandgeographicallocationindeterminingastate’smanagementoftheimportationofdisease.

Throughaculturalgeographicalapproachtothe1892choleraepidemicandtheTorontolandscape,Jackson(2012)demonstratestheimpactthatcanbecreatedbythemerethreatofdisease.AlthoughtheepidemicneverreachedCanada,Jackson(2012:43)arguesthat“thegeographyofanepidemicisnotlimitedtothepresenceofdisease”.Aspeopleandgoodsenteringthecitycametobeconceivedofaspotentiallydeadly,theimaginedfutureepidemicwasbroughtintothepresent,shapingthepoliciesandpracticesofTorontointheprocess.Inthissense,thespectreofdiseasecanshapeplacesandlandscapesjustastheactualpresenceofcontagioncan.

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AsBergdoll(1987,4)hasargued,“plagueandepidemichavesincetheMiddleAgesbeenspurstoradicalspatialreordering.”Thepracticeofquarantineisdefinedbytheregulationofspace,andthemovementofpeopleanddiseasethroughoutit.

2.10 Conclusion

ThischapterhaspositionedNorthHeadQuarantineStationwithinahistoricalandglobalcontext,showinghowitwasnotaninstitutionthatoperatedinisolationbutratheranodeinapoliticisedworldwidenetworkofquarantinesitesthatwereconnectedbytheflowofdisease,asrepresentedbythevectorsofpeople,ships,andcargo.Indoingso,quarantineisrevealedtobedefinedbyaseriesofdualities,dichotomies,andtensions.Theconcepthasadualmeaningasbothpracticeandplace,andreliesonthecollectiveregulationoftimeandspace.Asapublichealthmeasure,italsorepresentsadichotomybetweenthehealth,rightsandlibertyoftheindividualversusthecollective.Thehistoryofquarantineisahistorynotjustofdiseaseandmedicalknowledge,butratherofthetensionsbetweenhealth,trade,andimmigration,andwhichisaffordedprecedenceinanygivenhistoricalandgeographicalsetting.Thefollowingchapterbuildsonthisunderstandingofquarantinebycontextualisingitwithinthebroaderpracticeofinstitutionalisation,andoutlininganarchaeologicalapproachtotheplaceandpracticeofquarantine.

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Chapter3: ApproachinganArchaeologyofQuarantine

3.1 Introduction

InadditiontoplacingNorthHeadQuarantineStationwithinthecontextofpublichealth,medicine,andthehistoryofquarantineandisolation,theStationcanalsobeunderstoodaslinkedtobroaderprocessesofinstitutionalisationandconfinement.Foucault(1965)hasclaimedthattheseventeenthcenturysawtheseparationandincarcerationofpeopledeemedbysocietytobeproblematic;themad,beggars,criminals,prostitutes,thesick,andtheelderly.Thiswasfollowedinthenineteenthcenturybyaproliferationandspecialisationofinstitutionalforms(Foucault1979;Markus1993;DeCunzo2006,176).Although,asdiscussedinthepreviouschapter,thepracticeofquarantinepredateswhatFoucault(1965)termsthe“greatconfinement”,itshouldneverthelessbeunderstoodaspartofaspectrumofpracticesofincarcerationandinstitutionalisation.ThisisparticularlypertinentforNorthHeadinlightofthecarceralheritagewhichdominatesandlinkspost-colonisationsiteswithintheAustraliancontext(CasellaandFredericksen2001;CasellaandFredericksen2004).AsNelsenhasputit,“confinement…ispartofAustralia’straditionalpsyche”(1999,3).Thisnationalandinternationalnetworkofinstitutionsofconfinement,andscholarlyaccountsofthesame,bothformspartofthehistoricalcontextforNorthHeadQuarantineStation,andinformstheperspectivesandanalysisadoptedinthepresentresearch.

Thepurposeofthischapteristoconcurrentlypositionquarantinewithinthisbroaderactofinstitutionalisationwhiledifferentiatingitfromotherinstitutionalforms,andtodrawonthisdiscussionasawayofarticulatingtheapproachtothearchaeologyofthequarantineinstitutionadoptedinthisthesis.Thechapterbeginsbyreviewingtheexistingliteratureonthearchaeologyofinstitutions,includingitshistoricaldevelopment,majorthemes,andtheoreticalandmethodologicalperspectives.Thefocusthennarrowstoappraisepreviousarchaeologicalstudiesofquarantinesites,andtoconsidertheextenttowhichtheyfitwithinthisframeworkofinstitutionalarchaeology.

Drawingonthisassessmentoftheliterature,aswellasdiscussionsofquarantinepracticeinthepreviouschapter,anumberofcharacteristicsareidentifiedwhichIarguearefundamentaltothequarantineinstitution,atleastasitwasrealisedinAustralia.Thesecharacteristicsareshowntobothdrawcomparisonswithothertypesofinstitutions,anddifferentiateanddelineatethepracticeofquarantine.Takenseparately,thesecharacteristicsarenotnecessarilyuniquetoquarantine.Iargue,however,thatcollectivelytheyestablishquarantineasacomplexanddistinctinstitutionaltype,withdiscerniblematerialmanifestations.

Thequarantinestationisshowntobeequallyapartofbroaderprocessesofconfinementandincarceration,andadiscreteformwithitsowntheoreticalandmethodologicalrequirements.Thechapterconcludesbyoutlininganapproachtothe

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archaeologyofthequarantineinstitutionthatisinformedbytheexistingliteratureandbythecharacterisationsofquarantineinboththisandthepreviouschapter,andwhichdrawsonanumberoftheoreticalframeworksconcernedwiththerelationsbetweenpeople,places,andthings.Thismultiscalarapproachplacesdiseaseatthecentreofitsanalysis,inordertoelucidatethewaysinwhichdisease,thefearofit,andsocialattemptstomanageandcontrolit,havebeenmadetangibleandmaterialatquarantinesites.

3.2 TheArchaeologyofInstitutions

ThearchaeologicalinvestigationofinstitutionshasitsoriginsintheexcavationofSpanishmissionsinCaliforniaandtheSouthwestoftheUnitedStatesintheearly-andmid-twentiethcentury(Baugher2009,5–6;seeCordell1989;CostelloandHornbeck1989;Hester1989).Theseearlyexcavationswereprimarilyconcernedwithlocatingbuildingsandotherstructuresandconfirmingthehistoricalrecordsofthefacilities,howevertheyneverthelesshadtheeffectofdemonstratingthepotentialofarchaeologicalstudiesofinstitutionalsites.WithinanAustraliancontext,theemergenceofhistoricalarchaeologyinthe1960shasbeenattributedinparttoaconcernwithconservingthecountry’sconvictandcolonialpast(MurrayandAllen1986,86–87;CasellaandFredericksen2001,3–4).Accordingly,amajorproportionofhistoricalarchaeologicalstudiesinAustraliahavefocusedonconvictinstitutions(CasellaandFredericksen2001;Gojak2001;Gibbs2012),althoughotherinstitutionalformssuchasmissionshavealsoreceivedattention.InvestigationsofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,whichwasneverutilisedbyconvicts,contributetothelatterbodyofresearch.

Gibb(2009,2)hasarguedthat“most[historical]archaeologythroughouttheAnglophonicworldcouldbedescribedasthearchaeologyofinstitutions,”highlightingtheimportanceofthissub-field.Boththebreadthofresearch,andthewaysinwhicharchaeologistshavecategorisedandunderstoodinstitutions,aredemonstratedthroughanumberofkeysynthetictexts,editedvolumes,andspecialjournalissues(CasellaandFredericksen2001;Spencer-WoodandBaugher2001;Spencer-Wood2001a;DeCunzo2006;Casella2007;BeisawandGibb2009;Winter2015;McAtackneyandPalmer2016).Whilemanyhavebeenconcernedprimarilywithinstitutionsofconfinement,includingprisons,asylums,andworkhouses(Spencer-WoodandBaugher2001;Spencer-Wood2001a;Casella2007),othersdifferentiatebetween‘hard’and‘soft’(McAtackneyandPalmer2016)or‘open’and‘closed’(Winter2015)institutions,andincorporateschoolsandevensocialinstitutionssuchasthefamilyintotheiranalysis(DeCunzo2006;BeisawandGibb2009).

Oneconceptwhichhasprovedinfluentialincharacterisingandclassifyinginstitutionsisthatofthe‘total’institution,adesignationpopularisedbysociologistErvingGoffman.Atotalinstitutionis“aplaceofresidenceandworkwherealargenumberoflike-situatedindividualscutofffromthewidersocietyforanappreciableperiodoftimetogether

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leadanenclosedformallyadministeredroundoflife”(Goffman1961,11).Goffman(1961,15)dividestheseinstitutionsintofivedifferenttypes:

1. “Institutionsestablishedtocareforpeoplefelttobebothincapableandharmless”2. “Placesestablishedtocareforpeoplefelttobeincapableoflookingafterthemselvesand

athreattothecommunity,albeitanunintendedone”3. Institutions“organisedtoprotectthecommunityagainstwhatarefelttobeintentional

dangerstoit,withthewelfareofthepeoplethussequesterednottheimmediateissue”4. “Institutionspurportedlyestablishedtobetterpursuesomeworkliketasksand

justifyingthemselvesonlyonthoseinstrumentalgrounds”5. “Establishmentsdesignedasretreatsfromtheworldevenwhileoftenalsoservingas

trainingstationsforthereligious.”

Insomecases,archaeologicalstudiesofinstitutionshavesupportedGoffman’sframeworkofthetotalinstitution(forexampleSpencer-WoodandBaugher2001),howeverotherexampleschallengetheextenttowhichthetotalinstitutionactuallyexistedinpractice,forinstancethedebateoverAboriginalmissionsandreservesinQueensland,Australia(seeSutton2003).AnotherinstitutionaltypologyfromCasellaandFredericksen(2004,114–115)categorisesnon-penalpost-convictplacesofinternmentinAustralia:

1. Placesfortheisolationofpeoplewithcontagiousdiseases2. Placesfortheconfinementofthementallyimpaired3. Placesfortheprotectionandrehabilitationoftheeconomicallyandsociallydeprived4. Placeswhereimmigrantpeoplewereconfinedduringtheirprocessingforadmittanceto

society,orrejectionandreturntoplaceoforigin5. PlacesfortheconfinementofAboriginalAustralians

Aswillbeexploredlaterinthischapter,whilenotalwaysabletofullyencapsulateallinstitutions,thesekindsoftypologiesareausefulwayofidentifyingsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweeninstitutionalforms,andelucidatingthecharacteristicswhichdefineaparticulartypeofinstitution.

Perhapsthemostenduringthemewithinarchaeologicalstudiesofinstitutionsispoweranditsmanymanifestations.Earlierincarnationstendedtofocusontheimpositionofpowerandsocialcontrolfromtheinstitutionitself,howeveraperhapsmorebalancedperspectivecomesintheformofstudiesofdominationandresistance(Casella2001;Lydon2009;Griffin2010;A.Myers2013;MytumandCarr2013;Surface-Evans2016),whichacknowledgetheagencyofinstitutionalisedpeopletorespondtoandunderminetheimpositionsofpowerandcontroluponthem.Powerdynamicshavealsobeenexploredfromgenderandfeministperspectives(Spencer-Wood2001b;Spencer-Wood2009a;Spencer-Wood2016).DeCunzo(2006,182)hasargued,however,thatwhilepowerisanunavoidableconceptinthediscussionofinstitutions,itisnotsufficientasanexplanatorydevice.

Increasingly,therehasbeenashiftfromarchitecturalstudiestoagreaterengagementwiththeexperienceoftheconfinedthroughexperientialandphenomenological

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approaches.Forexample,Fennelly(2014)hasdrawnonexamplesoflunaticasylumsfromEnglandandIrelandtoexplorethecreation,andsignificance,ofasensoryenvironment.DeCunzo(2006,182–184)arguesthatstudiesofinstitutionsmustbeginwithindividualsandtheirmultisensoryexperiencesoftheworld.TheseapproachescanalsopotentiallyaddressatendencynotedbyMcAtackney&Palmer(2016,473)forarchaeologiststoconflateinstitutionswiththeirbuiltforms.Ashighlightedinthepreviouschapter,quarantineisasmuchapracticeorprocessasitisaplace,andaccountsofquarantinemustacknowledgeandaddressthisduality.

Somescholarshavecriticisedthetendencyforinstitutionalarchaeologytogroupdiversetypesofinstitutions,arguingthat“homogenisationofinstitutionalbuildingsisnolongeruseful”andthat“generalisationsaboutthesebuildings…oftenunderminethecomplexitiesoftheinstitutionalforms”(FennellyandNewman2017,1–2;seealsoCrookandMurray2006,105–107).Thereis,therefore,aneedtoconstructinstitution-specificframeworksandsiteformationmodels(Beisaw2009).Todoso,itisnecessaryfirsttoidentifywhatcharacteristicsdefineaparticularinstitutionanddifferentiateitfromotherforms.Thenextsectionofthischapterthereforebeginsthisprocessbyexaminingexistingarchaeologicalstudiesofquarantinesitesandhowtheymightbesituatedwithinthearchaeologyofinstitutions.

3.3 ArchaeologiesofQuarantine

ThemostsignificantscholarlycontributiontothearchaeologyofquarantinecomesfromtherecentlycompletedQuarantineProject,amultidisciplinarystudyofNorthHeadQuarantineStationledbyAnneClarkeandAlisonBashford,aswellasUrsulaFrederickandPeterHobbins,andwithwhichthepresentresearchisassociated.Theprojecttookasitssubjectofinquirytheapproximately1600inscriptionscarvedintothesite’ssandstoneandothersurfaces,expandingonanearlierinventoryandpreliminaryanalysisofaportionoftheinscriptionsundertakenonbehalfoftheNSWNationalParksandWildlifeServiceinthe1980s(Thorpe1983a;Thorpe1983b).InadditiontotheinscriptionsdirectlyassociatedwithquarantineatNorthHead,theirresearchhasalsoencompassedongoingpracticesofmark-makingatthesite(ClarkeandFrederick2016),anddrawncomparisonswithmark-makingpracticesatAngelIslandinSanFrancisco(Bashfordetal.2016).Viewingtheinscriptionsasbothhistoricaldocumentandarchaeologicalassemblage,theresultantscholarshipisapowerfulevocationoftheaffectofthesite,andsynthesisestheNorthHeadinscriptionsintoabroaderunderstandingofthequarantinelandscape.

Theinscriptionsareunderstoodasobjectsbothof,andwith,biography(ClarkeandFrederick2012).Theyactasatestamenttothewaysinwhichquarantinedpeoplechosetorepresentthemselves.Itisinterestingtonote,then,thatveryfewinscriptionsmentiondisease.Insteadtheinscriptionsactasmementos(Clarke,Frederick,andWilliams2010),markingpresencewithintheliminalspaceofquarantine,aswellascommemoratingthosewhodidnotsurvivetheirconfinement.Aseventhesurvivorsof

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quarantinehaveperished,theQuarantineStationasawholehasbecomeamemorialtoallthosewhowereconfinedthere,withthenamesintheinscriptionsactingas“metonymsforthebodiesthatpassedthroughhere”(FrederickandClarke2012,72).

Theinscriptionsarealsounderstoodfromanumberoftemporalperspectives,consideringtheirrolenotonlyinthe‘presentofthepast’butalsointhehereandnow.FrederickandClarke(2012,56)addressnotonlythe‘being’oftheinscriptions,butalsotheir‘becoming’,thatis,thereasonsforandprocessesoftheircreation.The“reiterativecharacter”(ClarkeandFrederick2016,533;seealsoFrederickandClarke2012)ofmark-makingisexamined,showinghowsubsequentinscriptionsrespondtothosethatprecededthem,spatiallyandiconographicallyaswellasdirectlythroughtheircontent.ThismultiplicityoftemporalperspectivesisacomponentofClarkeandFrederick’sworkwhichhasbeencarriedthroughtothecurrentresearch.

TheQuarantineProjecthasalsoresultedinapairofstudenttheseswhichexaminefurtheraspectsofmark-makingatthesite.Andrews(2011)hasanalysedchangesinfontstyleatbothNorthHeadandRookwoodCemetery,linkingthemtochangingsocialvalues,aesthetictastesandtechnologicaldevelopment.Similarly,Janson(2015)comparedmemorialisationandiconographyattheQuarantineStation’sThirdCemeterywiththenearbyManlyCemetery,framingthesepracticesofcommemorationaroundtheliminalityofthequarantineexperience,aconceptwhichiscrucialtounderstandingquarantinesites.Collectively,thesestudiesofmark-makingsignificantlydevelopourunderstandingofthewaysinwhichquarantinewasexperiencedandmemorialised.Thereis,however,stillscopeforagreaterconsiderationoftheinstitutionitself,asthematerialenvironmentwithinwhichtheinscriptionsaresituated.

Beyondthesestudiesofmark-making,themajorityofstudiesofNorthHeadQuarantineStationcomeintheformofarchaeologicalandheritageassessments,conservationmanagementplans,andotherformsof‘greyliterature’,manyofwhichareoutlinedinanannotatedbibliographyproducedbyDenisGojak(PeterFreemanPtyLtd2000:AppendixD;seealsoThorpe1984;Hedditch,Israel,andSoo1998;MawlandConstructionPtyLtd2005;ThompsonBerrillLandscapeDesign2006).SimilarreportshavebeenidentifiedforotherquarantinestationsaroundAustralia,includingBrunyIsland(Freemanetal.2000),Lytton(AustralArchaeology1994),PointNepean(LovellChen2008;McGillivray2011;ParksVictoria2012),TorrensIsland(Dusting1996;HabitablePlaces2014),WoodmanPoint(Nayton2008),andCampQuaranup/AlbanyQuarantineStation(Palassisetal.1996).Whilethesereportsarenecessarilydescriptiveand,asistheirnature,largelylackinginmorescholarlyanalysis,theyneverthelessprovideanimportantsourceofhistoricalandcontextualinformationaboutNorthHead.Inparticular,theDetailedAreaConservationManagementPlan(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001)providesacomprehensivedocumentationofthephysicalevolutionofthesite,includingbothextantanddemolishedstructures,whichhasformedanimportantsourceofevidenceforthechapterthatfollowsthisone.Anotherimportantdocumentisthearchaeologicalmanagementplan(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW

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2000),whichprescribesagroupofoverarchingresearchquestionsfortheQuarantineStationwhichthepresentprojectseekstoaddress.Theseincludethesocialstructure,segregation,anddifferentiationofthoseinquarantine;healthandchangingunderstandingsofhowdiseaseisspread;migration,socialisation,andthecontrolofmovement;andthematerialcultureofpeopleinquarantine(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW2000,9).Theplanalsoidentifiesanumberofchallengesforarchaeologicalinvestigationatthesitewhichhavebeentakenintoconsiderationinthisstudy’smethodologicalapproach,asoutlinedlaterinthischapter.

AcomparativestudyofPointNepeanandTorrensIslandQuarantineStationsbyLindaHoney(2006)demonstratesthepotentialforutilisingthesegreyliteraturereportsasthebasisforanalyticalresearch.Honeydrawsonexistingbuildinginventoriesandsiteplanstoexaminethesites,arguingthatanarchaeologicalapproachtoquarantineisvaluablebecausethestationsreflectmedicalandsocialphilosophiesofthetimetheywerebuilt(Honey2006,93).However,thestudydoesnotengagewiththepossibilitythatthearchitecturemaynotalignwithcontemporaneousideologiesinthewayHoneypurports,ashasbeenshowntobethecaseatotherinstitutions(forexampleMalcolm2009;Longhurst2015).Instead,thedominantthemeoftheresearchissurveillance,undertakingspatialanalysistoexaminetherelationshipbetweenthesites’administrativeprecinctsandotherstructures.Thespatial,ratherthanmaterial,componentsofquarantineareverymuchthefocus,withHoneyfindingthatadministrativebuildingswerelocatedtofacilitateaviewoftherestofthestation,andinparticularthebathingblocks,positioningthestudywithinthebroaderbodyofliteratureconcernedwiththearchaeologicalmanifestationsofpowerwithininstitutions.

TheformerquarantinestationatPeelIsland,locatedoffthecoastofQueensland,Australia,isanotherexamplewherearchaeologicalworkundertakenprimarilyforassessmentandmanagementpurposeshasledtothepublicationofmorescholarlyresearch(Prangnell1999;Prangnell2002;YoungberryandPrangnell2013).ResearchatPeelIslandhasbeenconcernedpredominantlywithalazaretforsufferersofHansen’sDisease(leprosy)thatoccupiedtheislandduringthetwentiethcentury,buthasalsoidentifiedevidencewhichmayrelatetotheuseoftheislandasaquarantinestationfrom1873to1906,includingremnantwoodenfenceposts,asmallartefactscatter,andotherevidenceofgarbageorsanitarydisposal.However,Prangnell(2002,31)arguesthatparticularlywithregardtotheartefactscatter,theevidenceisnotconclusiveandmayalsorelatetoAboriginalusageofthesiteortolaterinstitutionswhichalsooccupiedtheisland,ratherthantothequarantineperiod.WhilethisuncertaintylimitstheextenttowhichmeaningfulconclusionsaboutquarantinecanbedrawnfromthearchaeologyofPeelIsland,itdoeshighlightarecurringthemewhenlookingatquarantineplaces,thatis,theoverlappingofinstitutionalusesandformswithinquarantinesites(aphenomenonalsoseenatNorthHead;seeBashfordetal.2016;ClarkeandFrederick2016).Thefollowingsectioninthischapterwillexplorethe

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delineationsbetweeninstitutionalformsandtheutilityofconsideringquarantineasadistincttype,albeitwithinthebroadercontextofinstitutionalisation.

MinimalarchaeologicalworkonquarantinehasbeenidentifiedfromoutsideAustralia.Jordan-Greene(2011)considersquarantineaspartofthearchaeologyofwhatisdescribedasthe‘maritimelandscape’ofOldNavyCoveandDeadman’sIsland,locatednearPensacola,Florida.Withintheframeworkofthestudy,amaritimelandscapeisonecomposedofbothterrestrialandunderwatercomponents,bothofwhichmustbeconsideredinordertounderstandthelandscape’sculture(Jordan-Greene2011,147).InthissensethequarantinestationandotherplacesthatmakeupOldNavyCoveandDeadman’sIslandarenotdiscretesitesbutratherplacesconnectedtooneanotherinspace,therebypositioningthemwithinarelationalcontext.Thearchaeologicalevidencelikelyassociatedwiththequarantinestationconsistedofhumanskeletalremainsanduptosixwoodencoffinfragments,althoughthisassociationisnotdefinitivelyconfirmedbecauseofuncertaintyaboutthestation’spreciselocation(Jordan-Greene2011,156).Whatisparticularlypertinentaboutthisstudyisnotanycontributiontoourunderstandingofthepracticeorexperienceofquarantine,butratherthatitpromptsustoconsiderquarantinesitesasapartofthismaritimelandscape,whichneedtobeunderstoodnotonlyinrelationtothesettlementtheyhavebeenestablishedtoprotect,butalsointermsoftheirconnectionsacrosstheseaswithotherquarantinestationsandports,connectionscreatedbythemovementofships,people,goods,andindeeddisease.

ThemostsubstantialarchaeologicalresearchintothepracticeofquarantinecomesfromoutsideoftheAustralianquarantinesystem,attheIsladeCabrasinPuertoRico(Schiappacasse2011).Thestudyisframedasanarchaeologyofisolation,andattemptstoplacetheIsladeCabraswithinaglobalcontext.ThisisdonethroughcomparisonswithAustralianandCanadianquarantinestations,andbyconsideringtheimplicationsofSpanishcolonialisminPuertoRico.Interestingly,whereasthequarantineproceduresestablishedintheAustraliancoloniesrepresentedamarkeddivergencefromthoseinBritain,SchiappacassefoundthattheSpanishquarantinesystemhadbeenlargelytransplantedtoPuertoRico,withminoradaptationstoaccountforthesite’stropicalconditions(Schiappacasse2011,340).

AmajoraimofSchiappacasse’sstudywastoestablisharesearchframeworkforunderstandingquarantinesitesarchaeologically.Schiappacasse(2011,361)arguedthatthisneededtotakeintoaccountthequarantinesystem’shistoricalandgeographicalcontexts,thetypesofactivitiesundertakenandevidenceproducedatthesite,andtheknownusesofthesiteincludingtheimpactofsubsequentoccupationsandthepossibilityofearlierones–thelatterpointingonceagaintothereuseandoverlappingofinstitutionswhichappearstobearecurringpracticeatsitesofquarantine.Afieldmethodologywasdevelopedtoencompassthesefactors,whichcombinedarchaeologicalexcavationwitharchival,cartographicandphotographicresources.Theproposedresearchframeworkisthereforemethodologicalratherthantheoreticalor

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interpretive,andonlydirectlyapplicabletositeswhereexcavationwillbeundertaken.Schiappacasse’sframework,whileuseful,cannotthereforebewholesaleappliedtothelargelyintactNorthHeadQuarantineStation;amoreinterpretiveapproachtothearchaeologyofquarantineisrequired.

Whilearangeofarchaeologicalstudiesofquarantinesiteshasbeenundertaken,manyarenotfocusedontheactualinstitutionofquarantine,whereasothersutiliseframeworksthatarenotfullyapplicabletoNorthHeadQuarantineStation.Thefollowingsectionsidentifyanumberoffundamentalcharacteristicsofthequarantineinstitution,asawaytoexplorehowitisdifferentiatedfromotherinstitutionaltypes,aswellastohighlightfeatureswhichneedtobeaccountedforwithinanarchaeologicalapproachtoquarantine.

3.4 PublicHealthInstitutions

Quarantinestationsare,mostobviously,institutionscreatedforthepromotionofhealth,makingtheirmostapparentinstitutionalanalogue,therefore,thehospital.Archaeologicalinvestigationsofhospitalshavebeenundertakenfromarangeofgeographical,temporal,andtheoreticalperspectives.ExcavationsofnineteenthcenturyEnglishhospitalshavecontributedtoourknowledgeofmaterialculture(Jeffriesetal.2015)andthepracticeofdissectionandanatomicalstudy(Morris,Fowler,andPowers2011;Walker,Powers,andFowler2014).StudiesinEuropehavelargelyfocusedonmedievalandearlymodernsites,oftenwithafocusonexcavatedskeletalremainsandsheddinglightonburialpractices,disease,diet,andmedicalknowledgeandtraining(LeeandMagilton1989;PriceandBarber1998;AtkinsandPopescu2010;P.Robertsetal.2012;Roffey2012).ExcavationsinNorthAmericahaveincludedhospitalsestablishedforparticularpopulations,includingthemilitary,companyemployees,andchurchcongregations(Carley1981;Mann,Owsley,andSchackel1991;Cabak,Groover,andWagers1995;Bush2000;Maniery2002).InNewZealand,excavationsofalatenineteenthcenturycottagehospitalexploretheco-existenceofmedicalanddomesticfunctions(Garland2012;I.SmithandGarland2012),ascenariowhichisalsoofrelevanceinthestudyofquarantine.WithinanAustraliancontext,anumberofhospitalshavebeenexcavatedaspartofconsultingandmitigationwork(forexample,inNewSouthWalesseeHigginbotham1990;Higginbotham1997a;Higginbotham1997b;SydneyDPWS2001;GoddenMackayLogan2002;GoddenMackayLogan2010;GoddenMackayLogan2013;Archaeological&HeritageManagementSolutions2004;Casey&Lowe2005;Casey&Lowe2006).MorescholarlycontributionsexaminetheconvictexperienceofmedicaltreatmentwithincolonialAustralia(Starr1997;Starr2001;Donlonetal.2008).

Thesestudiesprovideawide-rangingarchaeologicalperspectiveonhospitals,encompassingthebuiltenvironment,theprovisionofmedicalcare,theexperienceoftheinstitution,andarangeofosteologicalanalyses.Whilethesecanprovideimportantinsightsforthestudyofquarantine,therearesignificantdifferencesbetweenthe

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institutionaltypeswhichpreventawholesalecomparison.Inparticular,whilehospitalsareprincipallyconcernedwiththehealthofthosewithinthem,theprimaryobjectiveofquarantinewastopreservethehealthofthepopulaceoutsideoftheinstitution,andtopreventthespreadofdiseasebeyonditsboundaries.Thisisnottosaythatthehealthofpeopleconfinedwithinquarantinewasnotaconcern,orthattheywerenotprovidedwithtreatment.Indeed,NorthHeadQuarantineStation,andotherslikeit,providedhospitalfacilitiesinsalubriouslocales.However,thathospitalwasonlyonecomponentofalargerinstitution.NorthHeadwasaboveallaninstitutionofpublichealth,andassuch,itwasthehealthofthewiderpopulacethatwasofparamountconcern.

Publichealthhasbeenanalysedarchaeologicallyinanumberofwaysthattranscendtheconfinesofthehospital.Addyman(1989)hasexamineddatafromarangeofexcavationstoexplorestandardsofhealthandpublichealthprovisionsinmedievalYork.Morerecently,Crane(2000)andStottman(2000)haveinvestigatedsanitationpracticesandpublichealthpolicythrough,respectively,excavatedyarddepositsinWashingtonD.C.andpriviesinLouisville,Kentucky.Takingasomewhatdifferentapproach,Mytum(1989)hasdrawnoncemeteriesandfunerarymonumentstoestablishtheextenttowhichcontemporaryperceptionsof,andattitudestowards,publichealthcanbeunderstoodthroughanexaminationofmortuarypractices.Whilethesestudiescontributetoourknowledgeofchangingunderstandingsofsanitationandpublichealth,theyareconcernedwiththeprovisionofamenitiesforthegeneralpopulace,includingtheirstateofhealthandexperiencesofthesemeasures.Inthissense,theyprovidetheinverseperspectivetothatenabledbyanarchaeologicalinvestigationofthequarantineinstitution.Ininvestigatingthismoremonumentalcomponentofthepublichealthinfrastructure,thequarantinestation,wehavethepotentialtorevealtheothersideofthecoin–theexperiencesofthoseindividualswhowereexcludedandconfinedforthepublic’sbenefit,andwhoselibertywas(temporarily)sacrificedinserviceofwhatwasdeterminedtobethegreatergood.

Inlightofthisparticularcharacteristicofquarantine,asaninstitutionofpublichealth,perhapsthemostdirectlycomparableinstitutionalformistheleprosarium(alsoreferredtoasalepercolonyorlazaret).WithinCasella&Frederickson’s(2004,115)typologyofplacesofconfinement,theseinstitutionsaregroupedwithinthecategoryof“placesfortheisolationofpeoplewithcontagiousdisease”.ArchaeologicalstudiesoftheseinstitutionshaveincludedmedievalexamplesfromEngland(Roffey2012),butalsoarangeofsitesthatarebroadlycontemporaneouswithNorthHeadQuarantineStation.Indeed,surveyandexcavationsatPeelIslandinAustralia(Prangnell1999;Prangnell2002;YoungberryandPrangnell2013),QuailIslandinNewZealand(TrotterandMcCulloch2003),andHasselIslandintheVirginIslands(Barton2012),allprovideexamplesofsiteswhereleprosariaoverlappedwithbroaderquarantinefunctions.Flexner’s(2010;2011a;2011b;2012)studyoftheleprosariumonMolokai,HawaiirevealsasitemorereflectiveofaHawaiianvillagethanthetotalinstitutionmodel.However,thisalsohighlightsapointofdivergencebetweenleprosariaandquarantinestations;whilebothisolatedpeoplewhosediseaseledthemtobeperceivedasathreat

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towidersociety,theformerwasalong-termconfinementreflectiveofthechronicnatureofthedisease,incontrastwiththeacutesegregationthattypifiedquarantine,aswillbediscussedfurtherinthischapter.

Withthesecharacteristicsinmind,quarantinestationscanbeseentofallsomewhereinbetweenGoffman’s(1961,15)secondandthirdinstitutionaltypes,notfullyconformingtoeitherdescription.Thethreatthatquarantinedpeopleposedtothebroaderpopulationwasanunintendedone,andcarewasprovidedtothem,buttheirwelfarewasneverthelessnot,asGoffmanputsit,“theimmediateissue”.Quarantinestationsareinstitutionsdesignedforthepreventionofdisease,butindesigningaresearchmethodologyforthemitisimportanttorecognisethatitwasthehealthofthepopulace,nottheindividual,thatwasparamounttotheirinstitutionalaims.

3.5 DefensiveInstitutions

Confusionandconflationbetweendifferentinstitutionalformsisnotalwaysaresultofsimilarinstitutionalobjectivesandpopulations,butcanalsoresultfromboththespatialanddiachronicoverlappingofinstitutions,aphenomenonthatiscommonatquarantinestationswherepublichealth,militaryandimmigrationfunctionsoftenoverlapandintertwine.Discussionsofquarantineoftencharacteriseitusingmilitarisedterminology,aswhenJ.H.LCumpston(1909),asanofficerinthenewly-establishedFederalQuarantineService,describeditas“theprotectionofourfrontiersfrominvasionbydisease”.Aparticularlystrikingexamplecomesfromanewspaperarticledescribingtheresponseofthe“devotedarmy”thatwastheDepartmentofPublicHealthtovesselsarrivinginSydneycarryingdisease:

TheBoardofHealthmakesprisonersofallpersonsinthatvessel,anduntiltheyarethoroughlypurgedoftheirimpuritiesconfinesthemtothatbeautifulspotattheNorthHeadknownastheQuarantineStation.Thussimple,butthoroughlyeffective,isourdefenceagainstinvasionsbyenemieswhoselethalweapons,thoughinvisible,aremoredestructivethanthelatestpatternofmachineguns.TheenemieswithintheStatearenumerousandcomplicated,andrequireincessantwatchfulnessonthepartofourdefenders(“TheDepartmentofPublicHealth”1900).

Suchrhetoricconnectsquarantinewiththepublichealthobjectivesidentifiedabove,whichpositionsitasadefensiveactagainstinvasivedisease.Thischoiceoflanguageisnotmerelymetaphor,however,butalsodrawsattentiontothearchaeologicalsimilaritiesbetweenquarantinestationsandcertainformsofmilitaryinstitution.NorthHead,PointNepean,andAngelIslandareallexamplesofsiteswherequarantinestationsandfortshavecoexistedbothspatiallyandtemporally(seeBashfordetal.2016foracomparisonofthehistoricandcommemorativelandscapesofNorthHeadandAngelIsland).PartsofNorthHeadQuarantineStationwerealsousedforservicemenreturningfromWorldWarOne,andthesiteactedprimarilyasamilitaryestablishmentduringtheSecondWorldWar(Foley1995,109,124–125).Thiscollisionofinstitutional

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typesisnotaccidental,butratherreflectscommonalitiesinthecriteriaforselectingtheirlocations,atsiteswhereexternalthreats,betheypeopleordisease,canbeinterceptedattheouterboundariesofthestate.

Inadditiontothisoverlapwithmilitaryinstitutions,Bashford(1998)hasdemonstratedthatquarantinealsoactedasapointofconvergencebetweenpublichealthandimmigrationregulations.ThisisreflectedinCasella&Frederickson’s(2004,115)typology,wherequarantinestationsarementionednotonlyasinstitutionsfordisease,byalsoas“placeswhereimmigrantpeoplewereconfinedduringtheirprocessingforadmittancetosociety,orrejectionandreturntoplaceoforigin”.AustralianquarantinestationssuchasNorthHeadweretechnicallyhealthinstitutions,butbyvirtueoftheirlocationattheentrypointtomajorsettlementsalsobecamedefactoimmigrationprocessingstations.NorthHeadalsotookonmoreofficialimmigrationfunctionsfrom1959until1984,whenitbrieflyaccommodatedbothVietnameserefugeesenteringAustralia,andillegalimmigrantsbeingdeportedfromit(Bashfordetal.2016,24;Clarke,Frederick,andHobbins2017).AtAngelIsland,separateinstitutionswereconstructedforquarantineandimmigration,buttherewerestilltemporalandspatialoverlapsbetweenthetwo.

Ifquarantinestationswereoftenhealthinstitutionswithimmigrationfunctions,theinversecanbeseeninmanymodern-dayairportsandbordercrossings,wherecustomsandimmigrationproceduresoftenincludesomeformofhealthtestingorreportingasacomponentoftheassessmentprocessforallowingentry.Whiletheimmigrantexperiencehasbeenthesubjectofarchaeologicalinvestigationfromarangeofperspectives(forexampleStaniforth1991;González-Tennant2011;DeLeón2012;D.A.Kelleher2015;D.Byrne2016),studiesofthispartoftheprocessarelargelylimitedtogreyliteraturereports(Pousson1986;ArchitecturalResourcesGroup2002),withtheexceptionofMungur-Medhi’s(2016)recentstudyofanineteenthcenturyimmigrationdepotinMauritius.

Withtheoverlappingandcominglingofthesehealth,military,andimmigrationfunctions,thequarantinestationsiteisrevealedasanimportantinstrumentintheestablishmentandprotectionofthe(colonialandlaternational)border(seeBashford2004fordiscussionoftherelationshipbetweenquarantine,immigration,andtheborder).Theseinstitutionscollectivelyprovideddefenceagainstarangeofoutsiders–betheyinvaders,immigrants,orinfectiousdiseases.However,asBashford(2006,7)hasargued,“policingnationalterritorywasrarelyaboutcompleteexclusion”butrather“monitoringentryandselectivelyincluding”.InthecaseofquarantineatNorthHead,aswillbediscussedinthenextsection,theexclusionofpeoplewasalwaystemporary.TheQuarantineStationwasadefensiveinstitution,butitprovidedaparticularkindofdefenceoftheborder–itwasdisease,ratherthanpeople,thatitwastaskedtoreject.

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3.6 TransitoryInstitutions

Thistemporaryexclusionofpeopleleadsintothenextcharacteristicwhichbothdefinesanddelineatesthequarantineinstitution–itsinherentlytransitorynature.Indeed,theimpermanentnatureofitsconfinementisencodedwithintheinstitution’sname,‘quarantine’derivingfromtheItalian‘quaranta’,meaningforty,thetraditionalnumberofdaysduringwhichshipsandtheirpassengersweredetained(Sehdev2002).Theexactlengthofdetentionhasnotremainedconstant.Forexample,atNorthHeadQuarantineStationduringtheperiod1837to1881,quarantinesrangedfromjust1dayforthePrinceGeorgein1867,throughto100daysfortheHeroin1872(Foley1995,155,157).Regardless,whathasnotchangedisthefactthattheformofconfinementofferedbyquarantineisneitherpermanentnorlong-term.Theoneexception,ofcourse,beingthosepeoplewhosuccumbedtotheirdiseaseandforwhomquarantinebecametheirpermanentrestingplaceasaresult.

Asalludedtopreviously,thistemporarycharacteristicofquarantinedetentionisoneofthemajorfactorsdifferentiatingquarantinefromrelatedpublichealthinstitutionssuchasleprosaria.Leprosywasconsideredtobeachronicdisease,andleprosariawerethereforeintendedtoprovideongoingcareand/orisolation.Thisisinstarkcontrasttotheacuteconfinementexperiencedbythoseinquarantine,lastingonlyaslongaswasrequiredforadisease,oritsthreat,topass.

Quarantineisbynomeanstheonlyformofinstitutionalconfinementthatwasnotpermanent–oratleast,notintendedtobe.InstitutionsforimpoverishedwomenincludingtheRossFemaleFactory,AdelaideDestituteAsylum,andthePhiladelphiaMagdalenAsylumsoughttoreformtheirinmatesandpreparethemforemploymentindomesticserviceupontheirdischarge.However,“allthreeinstitutionsrequiredinmatestostayatleast6months”(Spencer-WoodandBaugher2001,13).Theinsaneasylumsofthenineteenthcenturywereintendedtobecurative,andhencetemporary,emergingastheydidfromanewperiodof“therapeuticoptimism”(Skultans1975,56).However,whenthepromisedcurefailedtoeventuate,incarcerationinasylumsbecameincreasinglylengthy,andinstitutionalovercrowdingescalatedasaresult.Carceralinstitutionsofferedshort-termconfinement,butaspartofaspectrumratherthanthesoleoutcome.Eveninthecontextofinstitutionswheretemporarydetentionwascommon,theperiodofconfinementinquarantinewasremarkablyshort.Inthedecadesbetween1837and1881,arrivalswerequarantinedatNorthHeadforanaverageofjust18.2days(excludingvesselswherethelengthofquarantineisunknown;basedondatafromFoley1995,155–158).

Thetemporarynatureofconfinementatquarantinestationsmaynotbeunique,howeverIarguethattheirtransitorycharacterisfundamentaltotheminawaythatisnottypicalofotherinstitutionalforms.Forpeopledetainedinquarantine,therewasnopossibilityofrelapse,orrecidivism,orreturn(exceptintheeventthattheyundertookanothervoyage).Unlikeinstitutionssuchasinsaneasylums,wheretheintended

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impermanenceofisolationoftenextendedtobeinterminable,astayinquarantinewasalwaysshort-term.Mostwereallowedtoleavequarantine,whileothersdiedthere,butforall,theirinternmentwasshort-lived.ThisephemeralpresencecanbelinkedtotheliminalitywithwhichbothJanson(2015),andClarke,FrederickandWilliams(2010)imbuetheirdiscussionsofNorthHead.Quarantineisnotpermanent,butratheratransitionalspace,a“stateofsuspension”(Clarke,Frederick,andWilliams2010,82)or“interruption”(Janson2015,24)inwhichjourneystoSydneyhavenotyetended,butmerelybeenputonpause.Asaplacethatisnotadestinationbutratherispassedthrough,quarantineisdefinedbymobilities,andthemovementofships,goods,people,anddisease.ItiswithinthiscontextthatIarguethatthetransitorynatureofquarantine’sconfinementis–puttingasidetheobvious,morbidexception–aninherentandessentialfacetofthisinstitutionalform.

3.7 InclusiveInstitutions

Finally,Iarguethatthequarantineinstitutionisdistinguishedbythepopulationthatitconfines,andinparticularbythebroadandinclusivenatureofthatpopulation.Thisliesincontrasttothemajorityofinstitutionalforms,whichweredesignedtoconfineaparticularsegmentofthepopulation.

Indifferentiatingbetweeninstitutionaltypes,onedifficultythatcanariseisanoverlapbetweenthecategoriesofpeoplethatwerehousedindifferentinstitutions(Markus1993;Spencer-WoodandBaugher2001;Tarlow2007,148).Take,forexample,thethreeinstitutionsincludedinathemedissueoftheInternationalJournalofHistoricalArchaeologyfocusedoninstitutionsofreform.TheissueincludesaccountsofaMagdalenasylum(DeCunzo2001),adestituteasylum(Piddock2001),andaconvictprison(Casella2001).Whiletherearemanydifferencesbetweentheseinstitutions,theyareunitedbyasharedmotivationrootedinanideologyofreform,andflowingfromthatideology,asharedtargetpopulation,allconfiningpoorandworking-classwomen.Spencer-WoodandBaugher(2001,9)havearguedthatformanywomen,“theseinstitutionsrepresentedpossibleoutcomesoftheirlimitedlifestylechoices”.

Thesearefarfromtheonlyinstitutionsdesignedtospecificallyconfine,orspecificallyexclude,aparticularpopulation.Followingonfromtheexamplesabove,forexample,thesixteenthcenturyonwardssawthedevelopmentofadiverserangeofestablishmentsintendedtosupportorconfinethepoor(Huey2001;Spencer-Wood2001a,116).Archaeologicalstudieshaverevealedthediverseexperiencesofthepoorwithintheseinstitutions,withaparticularfocusontheinterrelatedformsoftheworkhouse(McCartney1987;GLucas1999;Spencer-Wood2009b;C.Newman2013;C.Newman2014;FennellyandNewman2017,7–10),wherelabour(whetherproductiveorpunitive)wastypicallyrequired,andthealmshouse(EliaandWesolowsky1991;BaugherandLenik1993;Spencer-Wood2001a;Huey2001;Baugher2001;Pena2001;Divers2004;Geber2015),whichweregenerallyfocusedonprovidingreliefratherthanpunishment.Therewasalsoaclasselementtohospitalsduringthesameperiod(Huey

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2001).Thesewerenottypicallydesirableplacestoreceivecare,butratheralastresortforthosewhocouldnotaffordtobetreatedinthehome;Spencer-Wood(Spencer-Wood2001a,117)hasdescribedtheseinstitutionsas“warehousesforthedying”.

Classisanoverarchingthemewhenexaminingthepopulationsofmanyoftheseinstitutions,butalsointersectswithothersocialidentities.Whereastheinstitutionsidentifiedabovewerelargelydefinedbyclass,othersfurtherspecialisedanddelineatedtheirpopulationsaccordingtofactorssuchasgender.Archaeologicalanalysesofinstitutionsintendedspecificallyfortheconfinementandreformofwomenandgirlsincludegirls’reformatories(Kay2013;Kay2015;deLeiuen2015),Magdalenasylumsfor‘fallenwomen’(DeCunzo1995;DeCunzo2001;Kay2015),destitutewomen’sasylums(Davies2011;Davies2013;Davies2015),andfemalefactories,aformofprisonorworkhouseforfemaleconvictsfoundincolonialAustralia(Casella1997;Casella1999;Casella2001).Otherinstitutionsaredefinedbytheraceorethnicityofthetargetedpopulation.Theseincludeinternmentcamps(A.MyersandMoshenska2011;MytumandCarr2012;Camp2016)andmissions(Sutton2003;Lydon2009;BirminghamandWilson2010;DalleyandMemmott2010;Ireland2010;Griffin2010;Flexner2016).

Eveninstitutionsforthemaintenanceandpromotionofhealthcanbeseentocatertoparticular,definedpopulations.Hospitals,whichwemightexpecttooffertheirservicestoall,wereinsteadalsodirectedprimarilyatthelowerechelonsofsociety,orevenmorespecificallyattheparticularsubsetofthepoorwhowereconsidered‘deserving’(Spencer-Wood2001a,117)–therebydelineatingthepopulationonthebasisofbothclassandmorality.Butbeyondthis,theseinstitutionsalsodefinedtheirpopulationsonthebasisofhealth,inawaythatdoesnotreadilyextendtoquarantinestations.Thisisanotherfactorwhichdifferentiatesquarantinefromapparentlysimilarinstitutionssuchasleprosaria.Withinthetermsdefinedinthepreviouschapter,leprosariacanbeunderstoodasaformofisolationratherthanquarantine.Thatis,theyconfinepeoplethathaveactuallybeendiagnosedwithachronic,contagiousdisease(inthiscase,Hansen’sDiseaseorleprosy).Thesamecanbesaidforinstitutionsofmentalhealth,whichhavealsobeenstudiedarchaeologically(Fennelly2014;Longhurst2015;C.Newman2015).Sequestrationintheseinstitutionswasmadeonthebasisofindividualhealth,anddiseasewasadefiningcharacteristicofthepopulation.ComparethiswithobservationsofNorthHeadpublishedin1913,whichclaimedthat:

Duringmostoftheyearonlyafew,perhapsnothalfadozen,ofthosevisiblemaysufferfromillness.Asaruletheyaremerelydetainedpersons,andare,comparativelyspeaking,enjoyingthemselves.Smallpoxhasbeenthemostfrequentcauseforthequarantiningofaship.Onesuchpatientmayentailthesegregationof200or300ormorepassengers.(“QuarantineStation”1913)

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Theapparenthealthofmanyofthosedetainedinquarantineisasignificantdefiningfeatureoftheinstitution.Hospitals,leprosaria,andthelikewerenotonlyinstitutionsforthepromotionofhealth,butinstitutionsforthesick,inawaythatcannotbeextendedtoquarantine.

Manyinstitutionalformsareinpartdefinedbythekindsofsocialgroupsthattheytargetandconfine.Bycontrast,theconfinementpresentedbyquarantinewasundiscriminating.Nominally,itwasnotrestrictedtoanyonesectorofsociety,andneitherwasanyparticularsocialgroupexempt.Peopleofallclasses,genders,andethnicitiescouldfindthemselvesdetainedbyquarantine.Thisisnottosaythatquarantinewasappliedtothesegroupsequally.Aswillbeexploredinthefollowingchapters,theexperiencesofdifferentsocialgroupsinquarantinecouldvarydrastically.Whatdidnotvary,however,wasthefactoftheirconfinement.Forexample,Asianimmigrantshadparticularlydifficultandtraumaticexperienceswithinquarantine.ButevenwealthyBritishimmigrantsweredetainediftheyhadbeenexposedtodisease(muchtothechagrinoftheBritishgovernment).Aperson’sclass,gender,orethnicitycouldaffecthowtheyweretreated,perceived,andevendiagnosedwithinquarantine,butthosefactorsdidnotdeterminewhethertheyweresubjecttoitspractices.Quarantinewasgovernedfirstandforemostbyexposuretodisease.

3.8 ConfiningDiseases,NotPeople

Thesecharacteristicsofthequarantineinstitutionsimultaneouslyinvitecomparisonswithother,morethoroughlyinvestigatedinstitutionalforms,andhighlightthedivergencesbetweenthem.Thefourcharacteristicsoutlinedabovecanperhapsbebroughttogetheraroundthiscentralpoint–thatquarantinehadasitscentralconcernnottheconfinementofpeople,buttheconfinementofdisease.Asaninstitutionofpublichealth,quarantinestationsareprimarilyoccupiedwiththehealthofthepopulacebeyondtheirwalls,ratherthanwiththehealthofthoseindividualsthatwereconfinedwithinthem.Inactingasalineofdefenceforthesettlementtheywereestablishedtoprotect,quarantinestationswerepositionednottocombatpeoplebutthediseasestheyrepresented.

Thetransitorynatureofquarantineisparticularlynotablehere,anditisimportanttorecognisethat,atleastatAustralianquarantinestations,notonlywerepeoplenotconfinedtoquarantineonapermanentbasis,butquarantinestationswerealsonotaplacewherepeoplewereexcludedorturnedaway;aftercompletingtheirassignedperiodofquarantine,theywerepermittedtoproceedwiththeirjourney.Thisisbecauseinestablishingtheseinstitutionsitwasthedisease,notthepeople,whichthegovernmentsoughttoexclude.Oncethethreatofdiseasehadsubsided,therewasnoneedtoprolongtheirconfinement.

Thebroadandnon-discriminatingnatureofthequarantinepopulationreinforcesthispoint.Detainees’socialidentities–theirclass,gender,orethnicity–werenotofrelevancetothefactoftheirconfinement(thoughtheydidaffecttheirexperience,and

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sometimestheduration,ofthatconfinement),preciselybecausewhatwasofrelevancewastheirconnectiontodisease.Moreover,thisinclusivitydoesnotextendonlytopeople.Theshipsthatcarriedthem,andtheluggageandcargothataccompaniedthem,wasalsosubjecttoquarantineprocedures,furtheremphasisingthatexposuretoquarantinablediseasewasthedeterminingfactor.

CasellaandFredericksen(2004,108)havearguedthattheinstitutionsthatproliferatedinthenineteenthcenturywere“alldesignedtoefficientlyharnessworkers’labourandreshapeinhabitantsintoproductivecitizens”.Bashford(1998)andmyself(2016)havearguedthatquarantineactedinparttoshapeandproducecitizens,particularlyasquarantineandimmigrationlawsbecameintertwinedinthenewAustraliannationofthetwentiethcentury.Abovethisobjective,however,quarantinewasconcernedwithreformingthe(socialandindividual)body,moresothanitwasconcernedwithlabourormoralreform(whilerecognising,ofcourse,thatmoralityandhealtharenecessarilyentangled).DeCunzo(2006,182)hasspokenofthemissionofinstitutions“tocreateandmaintainthesocialbodythroughactiononindividualbodies”.Forquarantine,whatwasofparticularsignificancewasthediseasethatpotentiallylaywithinthoseindividualbodiesandpreventingthemfrompenetratingintothebroadersocialbody.

Wemightdistinguishherebetweentheoutcomesandintentionsoftheinstitution.Theoutcomeofquarantinewastheconfinementofpeople,buttheprimaryobjectivewasnottoconfinepeople,butrathertoconfinethediseasesforwhichtheywereaproxy.Thisisnottosuggestthatstudiesofquarantineshoulddisregardtheexperiencesofthepeopledetainedthere,butrathertosuggestthatdiseaseisapossibleroutetoexaminingandarticulatingthoseexperiences.DeCunzo(2006,182)hasarguedthat,ratherthanfocusontheaspectofsocialcontrol,“reconnectinginstitutionswithcorporealbodiesmightbeafruitfuldirection”.Icontendthattheseoutcomes,intentions,andexperiencescanbeexploredandtraversedviaanarchaeologyofquarantinethatcentresaroundmanifestationsof,andresponsesto,disease.

3.9 AnArchaeologyoftheQuarantineInstitution

ThearchaeologicalresponsetoNorthHeadQuarantineStationoutlinedbelowisintendedtoalignwiththeresearchaimsandquestionsasstatedinChapter1,butalsotoaccountforthecharacteristicsofquarantineidentifiedabove.Itrespondstoandbuildsuponexistingarchaeologicalstudiesofquarantine,andofinstitutionsmorebroadly.Furthermore,ittakesintoconsiderationthetypesandaccessibilityofarchaeologicalresourcesatNorthHead,aswellasthechallengesandlimitationsofthesiteasdiscussedinthesite’sarchaeologicalmanagementplan(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW2000).

Therationales,objectives,anddesignofthequarantineinstitutionhavethefearandcontrolofdiseaseattheircentre.Iargue,therefore,thatdiseasemustalsobecentraltothewaysinwhichweanalyseandinterprettheinstitution.Inparticular,Iproposeanarchaeologicalapproachthattracesthepresenceandmovementofthepathogenitself,

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aswellastheindividualandinstitutionalresponsestoit.Thisisnottodiscountmanyoftheotherthemesthathavebeencentraltoarchaeologicalstudiesofinstitutions.Class,gender,andethnicityareallprominentinthearrangementandoperationofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,aswellasthethemesofpower,surveillance,domination,andresistancethatarisetherefrom.Asthechaptersthatfollowwilldemonstrate,however,theseallinsomewayemergefrom,andcanbeunderstoodthrough,aframeworkofdisease.

Inconstructingadisease-centredarchaeologicalapproach,anumberofquestionsarise.Mobilityisapersistentthemeinthisdissertation,andIquestionhowdiseasemovesinto,through,andoutofthequarantinesite,andthewaysinwhichthatmovementhasbeenfacilitatedorcurtailed.Furthermore,Iexplorehowdiseasehasbeenmaterialisedandmadetangible,howitspresencecanbeidentifiedwithinquarantine’sobjects,structures,andlandscapes,andtheextenttowhichitspresencepersistsoriserased.

Existingarchaeologicalandpalaeopathologicalinvestigationsofdiseasehavelargelycentredaroundtheidentificationanddiagnosisofdiseasewithinhumanremains(forexampleL’Abbe,Henderson,andLoots2003;Buzonetal.2005;WalkerandHenderson2010;C.A.RobertsandManchester2013;Becker2013;DeWitte2014),ortheexaminationofsourcessuchaspriviesandrefusedepositsthatcanshedlightonmoregeneralhealthconditionswithinasociety(Howson1993;Reinhard1994;Crane2000;Maniery2002;Fisheretal.2007).Othersmightbemoreappropriatelydeemedarchaeologiesofhealthcare.Theseincludehospitalsitessuchasthoseidentifiedearlierinthischapter,butalsostudiesofmedicinalandpharmaceuticalobjects(BonaseraandRaymer2001;Knehans2005;Graham2005;Carnevale,McGuire,andKelly2016),andsurgicalequipmentandtechniques(Mann,Owsley,andSchackel1991;Pigott1995).

Thedisease-centredapproachproposedherediffersfromthesepublicationsinanumberofways.Studiesofhealthcarearehighlyrelevanttoquarantine,howevertheyemphasisetheobjectsusedtotreatandmanagedisease,ratherthanthematerialmanifestationsofdiseaseitself.Inthecaseofstudiesofhumanremains,theyareoftenconcernedwithapplyingmoderndiagnosticstopopulationswhereinsomecasesthediseasesdiscussedwouldhavehadnoculturalcurrency.Thisdiscordraisesanimportantpoint:whatismeantby‘disease’withinthepresentcontext?Inthisinstance,theprimaryconcernistheextenttowhichpeople,objects,andplaceswouldhavebeenperceivedtobediseasedwithintheirhistoricalsetting,regardlessofmodernmedicalunderstandings.

Whatisproposedhere,inasense,isarchaeologyasepidemiology.Epidemiologyisconcernedwiththecauses,prevalence,distribution,andeffectsofdiseasewithinapopulation.Asanarchaeologicalapproach,thismeanstracingthetrajectoriesandmobilitiesofdisease,demonstratinghowdiseasecontributestotheconstructionofplacesandlandscapes,andshapesandmediatestherelationsbetweenpeople,objects,

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andspaces.Thisresearchseekstolocatedisease–notonlywithinthebody,butthroughoutthearchaeologicalassemblageofquarantine.

Thisepidemiologicalapproachdrawson,andisreminiscentof,asuiteoftheoreticalapproachesreferredasthestudyof‘relationality’,whichareunitedin“theirfocusonthewayinwhichthingsarenotjustimportantinandofthemselves;rather,whatmattersistherelationswhichthingsexistwithin”(Crellin2017,113).Theseapproachesdrawonarangeofmetaphorsincludingnetworks(LatourandWoolgar1986;Law1992;LawandHassard1999;Latour2005),meshworks(Ingold2008;Ingold2009;Ingold2011;Ingold2013),entanglements(Hodder2011;Hodder2012;Hodder2014;HodderandMol2015),andassemblages(DeLanda2006;Bennett2010;DeleuzeandGuattari2013).Whilesomescholarshaveplacedthesetheoriesinopposition,othersconsiderthemtobebroadlycompatibleortoworkintandem(Müller2015;MüllerandSchurr2016),eachmetaphorhavingitsownimplicationsandanalyticalutilitywhilecentringaroundtheconceptsofrelationalityandheterogeneity.Casella(2016,128)arguesfor“thevalueofarelationalapproachforunderstandingthemultiscalarflowsofpeople,resources,knowledge,andcommodities”inanincreasinglyglobalworld.Quarantinesitescanbeunderstoodasaparticularkindofconduitfortheseflows.Theepidemiologicalapproachproposedhereissituatedwithin,anddrawson,theseframeworksofrelationality,buthasaspecificconcernwiththekindsofrelationsthatarisefrom,andareconstitutedby,disease.

Theapproachadoptedherederivesparticularlyfromassemblagetheory,whichwasinitiallydescribedbyDeleuzeandGuattari(2013,firstpublished1980),notablyrearticulatedbyDeLanda(2006)andBennett(2010),andhasbeenimplementedandreinterpretedbyawiderangeofscholars,bothwithinarchaeologyandmorebroadly.Somescholarsargueformoreexplicitlydefiningwhichassemblagetheoryisbeinginvoked,whetherDeleuzian,DeLandian,orBennettian(HamilakisandJones2017,80).Others,however,suggestthatthefluidityandflexibilityofassemblagetheoryisitsstrength(GavinLucas2017,187),actingasa“malleableconcept”(A.M.Jones2017,88)whichcanbeexpressedindiversewaystorespondtodifferentempiricalquestions.Nevertheless,aconsistenttenetistheheterogeneousnatureoftheassemblage.Theassemblageisdescribedasanadhocgroupingofdiversecomponentsorentities(Bennett2010,23–24;Crellin2017,113).Theseentitiesmightinclude“humansandnon-humans;animals,vegetables,andminerals;nature,culture,andtechnology”(Bennett2005,445).Incontrastwiththeconventionalarchaeologicalunderstanding,therefore,thischaracterisationallowsfornon-materialentities–suchasdisease,forexample–tobeunderstoodasactivecomponentsoftheassemblage.Ratherthanastrictlyandhomogeneouslymaterialgroupingofobjects,theassemblagebecomesanarrangementwhere“variousthings,partsofthings,energy,concepts,etc.,mighttemporarilycoalesce”(Conneller2017,183)

Theseentitiesarecharacterised“notonlybytheirpropertiesbutalsobytheircapacities”(DeLanda2006,7),orinotherwords,notonlybytheactualfunctionsofthe

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entity,butalsobytheirlatent(orvirtual,InDeLanda’sterminology)abilities,whichtheybecomecapableofthroughtheirinteractionswithotherentities.DeLandaarguesthatthecharacteristicsofanassemblage,itseffectsanddevelopmentthroughtimearenotinevitable,becausetheydonotfollowdirectlyfromthefunctionsorpropertiesofitsentities.Rather,theassemblageis“aproductoftheirparticularhistoriesandtheirrelationshipswithotherpartsoftheassemblage”(R.Harrison2011,156).Inthisway,assemblagetheoryempowersustoconsidernotonlytheknownoutcomeoftheassemblage,butalsotherangeofitsbecoming–thepossibilitiesandpotentialitiesthatmaynevercometopass,butthatneverthelessarisefromandliedormantwithintheinteractionsandrelationsofitsentities(Pezzarossi2014,354–355).Here,wemightlinktheemergenceandephemeralityoftheassemblagetothetemporalandtransitorynatureofthepracticeofquarantine.Indeed,Deleuze,inconversationwithParnet,hasreferredtotherelationsdescribedbyassemblagetheoryas“contagions”and“epidemics”(DeleuzeandParnet2006,69),pointingtothefluidandephemeralnatureoftheassemblage(MüllerandSchurr2016,219).WhileDeleuze’sintentionwasmetaphoric,thiscommentissuggestiveofonewayinwhichassemblagetheorymightallowustounderstandtheroleofdisease–asformingrelationsbetweenthecomponentsoftheassemblage.

Theserelationsbetweenentitiestaketheformofrelationsofexteriority.Thismeans,firstly,thatthecomponentsorentitiesofanassemblageexistindependentlyoftheirinteractionswithintheassemblage;they“maybedetachedfromitandpluggedintoadifferentassemblageinwhichitsinteractionsaredifferent”(DeLanda2006,10).Furthermore,theexteriorityofrelationsimpliesthattheassemblagecanneverbeexplainedstrictlyonthebasisofthefunctionsorpropertiesofitsentities(DeLanda2006,10–11).Rather,thepropertiesoftheassemblageasawholeemergefromthecapacitiesofitsentities,andtheirinteractionswitheachother.ItisforthisreasonthatDeLandasummarisestheassemblageas“awholewhosepropertiesemergefromtheinteractionbetweenparts”(DeLanda2006,5).Thecomponentsoftheassemblagecanbeunderstoodindependently,butthewholethatiscreatedbytheircontextwithintheassemblageisgreaterthanthesumofitsparts.Theassemblageismorethanjustagroupingofentities,itisaninteractionbetweenthoseentities,andalsowithotherproximalassemblages.Thuswemightarguethatitistheseinteractionsandrelations,ratherthantheentitiesthemselves,thatconstitutetheassemblage.

Assemblageholdsparticularcurrencywithinarchaeologyfor“theprimacythatthiswordholdsinourcollectivedisciplinaryimagination”(HamilakisandJones2017,80).Iarguethatthisterminologicaloverlapisnottrivial,butratherprovidesanopportunitytoreframeandreimaginethearchaeologicalassemblage,froma“selectedcollectionofinertmatter”(J.Jones2017,144)intoacollectiveofbothmaterialandnon-materialentities“inentangledyetopen-endedandfluidrelationships”(J.Jones2017,143).Assemblagetheoryencompassesthearchaeologicalassemblage,butalsoexpandsit,allowingforagreaterrangeofentitiesandamorecomplexinterrogationoftherelationsbetweenthem.AsConneller(2017,183)hasargued,assemblagetheory

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“makesexplicitthevalueofourcurrentpractice,butalsoextend[s]archaeology’sownconceptininterestingandproductiveways”.

Casellaturnstorelationalapproachesasawaytoconfrontthemultiscalarityofthearchaeologyofglobalisation(2013),andinparticularofinstitutionalconfinement(2016).Theapproachadoptedhereunderstandsboththeplaceandthepracticeofquarantineasexistingatarangeofinterlockingandoverlappingscales.Theserangefromtheglobalnetworkofinstitutionalsitesexploredinthisandthepreviouschapter,throughthenationalandlocallandscapesofquarantinetotheleveloftheQuarantineStationitself.WithintheStation,thesemultiplescalescontinuetoproceedthroughthedifferentiatedlandscapesthatwereaccessedandexperiencedbydifferentpopulations,thecollectionofobjectsthatcirculatedinandthroughtheinstitution,andfinallythescaleoftheindividualbodywithinwhichdiseasewaslocated.Byexaminingquarantineatthesedifferentscalesoverthechaptersthatfollow,itispossibletobreakapartandunpacktheinstitution,beforereconstructingthequarantineassemblagewithinthefinalchapter.Theflowofdiseaseactsasthethreadthatmovesbetweenthesemultiplescalesandweavesthemtogether.

Inaddition,thisapproachalsoseekstounderstandquarantineinamultitemporalway.Timeisoneofthemajortechnologiesofquarantine,actingasakeyweaponinthedefenceagainstdisease(toadoptthedefensivemetaphorssooftenused),andthetemporaryandtransitorynatureofquarantine’sconfinementposesanumberofmethodologicalandinterpretivechallenges.ThisresearchengageswiththeQuarantineStationatanumberofpointsinitshistoricaloperation,butalsoconsidershowandwhythesemultipletemporalitiespersistandintercedeinthepresent.Indoingso,Idrawontwofurtherarchaeologicalapproacheswhicharealsolinkedtotheconceptofrelationality.ThefirstisHarrison’s(2011)articulationofthesurfaceassemblage.WithreferencetoDeLanda’sassemblagetheory,Harrisonconceivesofthearchaeologicalassemblageasapalimpsest,composedofartefactsfromamixoftimeperiodswhichbecomeconstitutedasanassemblagebywayofthearchaeologist’s“contemporaryclassificatorygaze”(R.Harrison2011,155).Thesecondistheconceptofobjectbiography(Kopytoff1988;GosdenandMarshall1999;Hill2012a),anapproachwhichexploresthesociallivesofthings,bothintheiroriginalcontextsandaftertheyhavebeenexcavatedorcollected.

TheseapproachesfacilitateanexaminationofnotonlyhowtheQuarantineStationoperatedandwasunderstoodinthepast,butalsotheprocessesthathaveshapeditscompositionintothepresent.Theyrequireinterrogationofthewaysinwhichactsofcurationandinterpretationhaveshapedthemeaningoftheassemblage,andtheextenttowhichdiseasecanbeseentopersistwithinthelandscapeofquarantine,evenaftertheoriginalstructureshavebeenerased.

Methodologically,NorthHeadQuarantineStationpresentsarangeofpracticalchallengesforarchaeologicalresearch.Excavationwasprecludedfromthisstudyfor

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bothpracticalandlogisticalreasons.ThemajorityofthestructuresthatwereinplaceattheStationbytheearlytwentiethcenturyarestillextant,andarchaeologicaldepositselsewhereatthesitearelikelytobedisturbed(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW2000).Thisisnotanuncommonoccurrenceatinstitutionalsites,manyofwhichhavebeenrepurposedratherthandemolishedaftertheirclosure.Incompensation,archaeologistshaveturnedtoalternativemethodologies“includingbutnotlimitedtoethnography,documentaryresearch,digitalimaging,closeartefactstudy,andarchitecturalanalysis”(FennellyandNewman2017,3).Additionally,institutionalstudieshavealsodemonstratedtheproductiveeffectsofutilisingexistingculturalresourcemanagementreports,suchasthosehighlightedearlierforNorthHeadQuarantineStation,asthebasisformorein-depthandanalyticalresearch(Spencer-WoodandBaugher2001,153).Accordingly,thepresentstudytakesasitsprimarydatathelandscapeandbuiltstructuresoftheStation,aswellasasubstantialcollectionofobjectsassociatedwiththeinstitution(“SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollectiononeHive”2016).Thesematerialsourcesaresupplementedwithhistoricalphotographs,plans,andotherdocuments,aswellascorroboratedinformationdrawnfromexistingreports.Specificmethodologieshavebeenimplementedtoalignwiththescaleandsubjectofeachchapter,andwillbeoutlinedinmoredetailastheybecomerelevant.

ThearchaeologicalmanagementplanforthesitestatesthattheQuarantineStationisa“complexsite”witha“substantialarchaeologicalresource”,butthatthroughthe“processofcontinuedoccupationanduse,someoftheactivitieshavedestroyedoralteredearlierevidence,andsomeevidencewaspreservedormanagedinwaysthatdidnotprovideoptimumconditionsforsurvival”(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW2000,8).Farfromdetractingfromthearchaeologicalpotentialofthesitehowever,thefollowingchapterswilldemonstratethattheseactivities,suchastheburningofrubbishandthedemolitionofearlierstructures,havecreatedabsencesthatconstituteasignificantcomponentoftheconstructionofmeaningatthesite.Theseabsencesanderasuresnotonlyreflectprocessesofquarantineandthechangingprioritiesoftheinstitution,butalsospeaktothewaysinwhichdiseasehasbeenmaterialised,andtheextenttowhichitpersistsintothepresentassemblageofquarantine.

3.10 Conclusion

Thischapterhasoutlinedthetheoreticalandmethodologicalunderpinningsofthepresentresearch,andshownhowtheyrespondtoandbuilduponthehistoricalunderstandingsofquarantinepresentedinthepreviouschapter,andexistingarchaeologicalstudiesbothofsitesofquarantineandofinstitutionsmorebroadly.Indoingso,NorthHeadQuarantineStationhasalsobeensituatedandcontextualisedwithinaglobalpracticeandnetworkofsitesofinstitutionalconfinement.Thefollowingchapterwillbegintoimplementtheepidemiologicalapproachproposedhere,beginningwiththelargestscaleandunitofanalysistobeundertaken–thequarantinelandscape.

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Chapter4: QuarantinedLandscapes

4.1 Introduction

Quarantine,ashasbeenarguedinpreviouschapters,isaninherentlyspatialact.Asaformofpublichealth,focusedaboveallonthewellbeingofthepopulationratherthanthewellbeingoftheindividual,quarantineisnecessarilyconcernedwith“bodiesinspace”(Bashford2004,45)–thatis,itisconcernednotwiththelocationofdiseasewithintheindividualbody,butratherwithitslocationthroughoutthepopulace,asrepresentedbythedistributionof,andrelationshipbetween,bothdiseasedandhealthybodies.ThisunderstandingofquarantineisreinforcedbythereportoftheAustralasianSanitaryConferenceof1884,inwhichquarantinewasdescribedasprovidingprotectionfromthethreatofcontagiousdiseasebywayofa“barrieroftime-distance”.

Quarantinewasnot,however,onlyabarrier–itwasnotsimplyaline,butaspace.AsBashford(2004,48)remindsus,thequarantineground“wasnotinternallyundifferentiated.Itwas,rather,amulti-partitionedspace,asitewithinternalseparations,classification,andspatial/bodilyordering.”AtNorthHead,spacewasusedasatooltoseparatethepotentiallydiseasedfromtheresidentsofSydneythatlayoutsidetheStation,butitwasalsousedinsidetheStationinwaysthathaveresultedinacomplexandmultilayeredcontemporarylandscape.

ThisinternaldifferentiationofNorthHeadQuarantineStationistheimpetusforthischapter,whichconsidershowthepresenceofdiseasewithinthequarantinespacewasmanagedandunderstood,andhowthemovementofdiseaseinto,through,andoutofthelandscapewasvariouslyfacilitatedorcurtailed.Itakeadiachronicperspective,examiningtheterrainthroughatriptychofvignettesofkeyquarantineepisodes.ThequarantineoftheAmeliaThompsonin1838,theSydneysmallpoxepidemicof1881,andthe1918–1919globalpneumonicinfluenzapandemiceachcaptureNorthHeadatapivotalmomentintime(andspace)throughwhichthedevelopmentofthequarantineenvironmentistracedandinterrogated.Thesevignettesencompassthephysicalstructuresthatwerepresentandthearrangementofspace,butalsosomeofthewaysinwhichthelandscapewasunderstood,represented,andimagined.

Intermsofscope,whilethefocusofthischapteristheboundedspaceoftheQuarantineStation,itmustalsoberecognisedthatthelandscapeofquarantineextendsbeyondthelandscapeoftheinstitution.Quarantineisaresponsetodiseasetravellingacrossoceansandborders.Whilethequarantineitselfisrestrictedinspaceandtime,theseeventsareneversolelylocal.Thevignettesthereforealsoactasameanstoconsiderthewaysinwhichthelandscapeofquarantineexpandsandcontractsatdifferenthistoricalmoments,creatingconnectionsthattranscendthespatialconfinesoftheactofquarantine.

Myconcernisasmuchwiththecontemporarylandscapeasthehistorical,andwiththewaysinwhichdiseasehasenduredandbecomeembeddedwithinthetopography,even

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asthestructuresthataccompaniedithavebeendemolished.Thelandscapeofquarantine,andthearrangementofspacewithinit,werevitaltechnologiesinthebattleforthecontrolanderasureofdisease.However,Iargueinthischapterthattheseveryattemptstoremovediseasefromthequarantinelandscapehaveinsteadhadtheeffectofmaterialisingdisease,creatingacontemporarylandscapeacrosswhichboththepresenceandfearofdiseasearephysicallyinscribed.

4.2 ApproachingtheQuarantineLandscape

TheobjectiveofthischapterisnottoprovideanexhaustiveaccountofthedevelopmentofthebuiltenvironmentofNorthHeadQuarantineStation(foradetailedsequentialanalysisoftheconstructionandevolutionoftheStation,seePaulDaviesPtyLtd2001).Rather,byfocusingonanumberofvignettes,Iamabletoprovideamoredetailedanalysisofhowspacewasusedandconstructedatparticularmomentsintime,toidentifythematerialsignaturesthathavecharacterisedpastlandscapesofquarantine,andtoconsidertheextenttowhichtheseendureintothepresent.

Theselectionofthethreevignetteswasmadeonthebasisofanumberoffactors.Fromatemporalperspective,theyarespreadthroughouttheperiodoftheStation’soperation,enablinganalysistocapturekeyphasesinthedevelopmentofthesite,withthefirstvignettespotlightingtheinitialphaseofconstructionandthesecondasubsequentexpansion.WhilethefinalvignettetakesplacesomesixdecadesbeforetheStation’sofficialclosure,itcapturestheStationatitsmaterialpeak,withlittleconstruction(andindeed,relativelyfewquarantines)occurringafterthatdate.Inadditiontofacilitatinganalysisofthedevelopinglandscape,thetimingofthevignettesalsoallowsforaconsiderationoftherolethatchangingunderstandingsofthenatureofdiseasetransmissionmayhaveplayedinthatdevelopment,andthechangingadministrationoftheStation,fromcolonial,tostate,tofederalinstitution.Whilethistemporalrangewasthekeydrivingfactorintheselectionofthevignettes,theyalsoprovidediversityinthenatureofthequarantineitself,withtheStationrespondingtodifferentdiseasesenteringfromdifferentsources,andultimatelyleadingtothequarantiningofdifferentpopulations,betheyimmigrants,Sydneyresidentsorreturningsoldiers.

Eachvignetteconsistsofacomplexdescriptionofthehistoricallandscapefeaturesofaparticularquarantineepisode,takingintoconsiderationboththefactorsthatcharacterisedthelandscapeatthetime,andthetracesthatpersistwithinthecontemporarylandscape.Throughananalysisoffeaturessuchasbuildings,fences,pathsandotherstructures,Iconsiderhowdifferentpopulationswerelocated,andhowthepresenceofdiseasewithinthelandscapewasunderstoodasaresult.Althoughlandscapearchaeologiesareextremelydiverse,theyareunitedbythefactthat“theyemployarangeof(mainlynon-intrusive)methods,operateatmultiplescalesofanalysisandseektomovebeyondafocusuponapparentlyboundedentitieslikemonumentsor‘sites’.”(D.HicksandMcAtackney2007,14).Followinginthistradition,thevignettes

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wereassembledthroughacombinationofarchaeologicalsitesurvey,supportedbyexistingarchaeologicalandarchitecturaldocumentationofthesite,andarangeofprimaryhistoricaldocumentationincludingmapsandplans,sketches,paintingandphotographs,andtestimonyfromsourcesincludingnewspapersandRoyalCommissions.Anintegrativeapproachsuchasthismakesitpossibletoworkbetweenthearchaeologicalandhistoricalevidence,allowingeachtoinformtheinterpretationoftheother.Giventhedocumentednatureofthesite,surveywaspurposiveratherthansampling(Banning2002,133–154),actingasawayofground-truthingprimaryandsecondaryrecords,identifyingpreviouslyunrecordedfeatures,andassessingtheextenttowhichthefeaturesofhistoricallandscapeshavepersistedintothepresent.Photographicrecordsweretaken,andplanswereconstructedwhichdrawonallofthesesourcesofevidencetodepictsnapshotsofthequarantinelandscape.

IndrawingonprimarydocumentssuchasillustrationsandplansIamconcernedasmuchwithwhattheysayabouthowthelandscape,andthepresenceofdiseasewithinit,washistoricallyunderstood,aswiththeirabilitytoaccuratelyrecordthelocationofstructureswithinthesite.AsSmith(2007,81)hasdemonstrated,mapsare“simultaneouslydocument,artefact,andmetaphor…visuallyrepresentingthesocialrelationsofpowerandthecontestingofdifferentunderstandingsoflandscapes.”Mapsandothersourceslikethemareaccordinglyutilisednotasastrictlyobjectiverecord,butratherwithattentiontowhatisleftoutofthem,whatisemphasised,andwhattheysuggestabouthowthelandscapewasunderstoodandinteractedwithasaresult.

Ininterpretingthevignettes,IdrawonHarrison’s(2011,154)articulationofarchaeologicalsurfacesurvey“asanallegoryforacreativeengagementwiththepresentandthespacesinwhichthepastinterveneswithinit.”Althoughthevignettesdescribemultiplepastlandscapesofquarantine,thechapterasawholeconsidersthewaysinwhichthesepastlandscapesaremadepresentwithinthecontemporarylandscapeofNorthHead.Thefollowingvignettesarethereforeconcernedwithwhatwaspresentwithinthelandscapeduringaparticularhistoricalmoment,howthosestructuresandfeatureswereperceivedbythepeoplethatinhabitedthem,andtheextenttowhichhistoriclandscapeshavepersistedintothepresent.

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4.3 Vignette1–SmallpoxandtyphusontheAmeliaThompson,1838

Figure4.1PlanofNorthHeadQuarantineStationduringthequarantineoftheAmeliaThompsonin1838(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Passengersinthe36-daylongquarantineoftheAmeliaThompsonin1838experiencedNorthHeadQuarantineStationinitsearliestpermanentform,followingaperiodofconstructionthathadcommencedinOctober1837(Figure4.1).ThevesselhaddepartedPlymouthonthe28thofMarch1838,carrying264immigrantsand27crew(“Immigrants’Barracks”1838).Smallpoxwasdetectedonboardpriortodeparture(“LegislativeCouncil”1838),andthiswascompoundedbyanoutbreakoftyphusduringthevoyage,leadingtothedeathsof39passengersbeforereachingthecolony(“Quarantine”1838).TheColonialAssistantSurgeonJamesStuartattributedtheseillnesses,ontheAmeliaThompsonandothercontemporaneousvoyages,to“theover-crowdingoftheships,andwantofdueventilationandcleanliness,whichmustdisposetheconstitutiontoinflammatorydisease”(quotedinFoxhall2011,629–630;foranaccountofasubsequentvoyageontheAmeliaThompson,seeJ.J.Smith1839).ThesurvivingpassengersoftheAmeliaThompsonwereplacedinquarantineasaresult;afurthersix,allchildren,woulddieduringtheir36-daydetentioninquarantine.

ThelocationoftheformalQuarantineStationatNorthHeadhadanumberofpracticaljustifications.TheAmeliaThompson,andothersubsequentvessels,wererequiredtotraversethegatewayformedbyNorthandSouthHeadastheypassedfromthePacificOcean,allowingthemtobedetainedwhilestillatasufficientdistancefromthemain

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settlement.SydneyCovealsoprovidedthefirstsafeanchoragepointforshipsinsidetheSydneyHeads,andtherewasanamplesupplyoffreshwater.Beyondthis,however,contemporaryplansoftheStationanditssurroundsdemonstratehowthelandscapewasunderstoodanddemarcatedwithinaframeworkofdisease.AsketchbycolonialsurveyorT.H.NuttmarksthesiteoftheStationas‘healthyground’,whereasthelandsurroundingitisrepeatedlyemblazonedwiththeword‘swamp’(Figure4.2).Viewersofthesketchwouldunderstandthelatterasasourceofdisease-causingmiasma(Hannaway1993,295).Throughrepresentationssuchasthis,thenaturalenvironmentofNorthHeadwasmadeto“colludeinthepurposeofquarantine”(Foxhall2012,122).

Figure4.2DetailofT.H.Nutt’ssketchofNorthHead(undated,likelycirca1838),indicatingtheboundaryofquarantineandtheswampbeyond(Source:SANSWAOMap4955).

Thisdelineationbetweenthehealthyspaceofquarantineandtheunhealthyspacebeyonditwasmadematerialandtangiblyinscribedacrossthelandscapethroughthepresenceofapproximatelythirteenstonepillarswhichphysicallydemarcatedthequarantinezone.Thepillarswerearoundeightfeet(2.4metres)high,bondedwithmortarandlime-washedforclearervisibility(Foley1995,37–38).Foxhall(2012,190–192)highlightsthatdespitetheiralreadyconsiderableheight,Nutt’splandepictsthepillars“outofallproportiontotheiractualsize”.Plansalsoindicatethepresenceofaguardhouseoutsideofthequarantinebounds,actingtofurthersecuretheboundaries(Figure4.3).Nevertheless,theywerenotimpermeable.Thereisnoevidenceofafenceorotherbarrierrunningbetweenthemarkers.Furthermore,accesswasrequiredto

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StoreBeach,beyondthepillars,toobtainvitalsupplies(apathdepictedinFigure4.10indicatespassagebetweenthequarantinegroundandthebeach,althoughitisunclearwhetherastoreorotherstructureswereinplaceatthisstage).Whilethe1838boundaryoftheQuarantineStationhaslargelybeenerased,perhapsthemostobviousmaterialremnantofthe1838landscapeisasolitaryextantpillar,whichcontinuestostandsentinel(Figure4.4).AlthoughwemightinitiallyassumethattheboundarywasintendedtoprotectthesettlementofSydneyfromthediseasethatlaywithinthequarantineground,Iarguethatitsrolewasatleastinparttoprotectpeopleinquarantinefromthethreatofmiasmathatlaybeyond.

Figure4.3DetailofS.Perry’ssketchofthequarantineground,includingtheguardhouse(topright)and‘signalnobby’(bottomleft),dated19May1838withpossiblelaterannotations(Source:SANSWAOMap4956).

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Figure4.4Extantstoneboundarymarker(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Withintheseboundaries,perhapsthemostsignificantandenduringelementofthe1838quarantinelandscapewasthespatialdifferentiationbetweentheaccommodationsforthesickandhealthypassengers(Figure4.1).Uponbeingputashoreatthenewlyconstructedwharf,thoseimmigrantsafflictedwithtyphuswouldhavebeensentuptothesickground,anareaclosetotheshorelinebuthighabovethebeach,withsteepcliffsoneitherside.ThelocationofthesickgroundontheridgeleadingtoCannaePointexposedthehospitalanditsinhabitantstobreezescapableofblowingawayunhealthymiasma,andpresentedthediseasedimmigrantswithviewsoftheharbour,beyondwhichlaythesettlementofSydney.Theirintendeddestinationremainedtantalisinglyoutofsight,andforsome,permanentlyoutofreach.

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Figure4.5ViewtowardsSydneyHarbourfromthesickground(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Thesickgroundatthisstageconsistedoftwobuildings,ahospitalwardanddoctor’sresidence.ThemedicalofficerinchargeofthesickgroundduringthequarantineoftheAmeliaThompson,DrJamesStuart,washousedinatwo-roomedcottageadjacenttothehospital(“Quarantine”1838;Foley1995,38).Thehospitalitselfconsistedofa40by12foot(12.1by3.6metre)unlinedwoodenbuilding,partitionedintoamaleandfemaleward(PeterFreemanPtyLtd2000,54).Contemporaryimagesofthehospitalhavenotbeenidentified,howeverillustrationsfrom1877,whenthebuildingwasinuseasafemalehospital,givesomeindicationofitsappearance,notwithstandinganyalterationsthatmayhavebeenmadeintheinterim(Figure4.6).Despitebeingnewlyconstructed,thehospitalappearstohavebeenviewedasunsatisfactoryfromtheoutset,atleastbythosehousedthereifnotbyofficials;areportintheSydneyGazetteon30October1838(duringthequarantineoftheWilliamRodgerandthePalmyra)describedthehospitalasa“comfortlesswoodenbuilding”(“TheQuarantineStation”1838).Thesamereportfurtherclaimedthat“incoldanddampweather,wearetoldthatthehospitalatSpringCoveismiserableintheextreme”.Certainlyimagesofthehospitalprovidenoindicationthatthebuildingpossessedachimneyorhearthtoprovidewarmthtothepatients.Noevidencehasbeenidentifiedofafenceorotherstructureenclosingthesickground,beyondthenaturalenclosureofthecliffs,howeveritcouldbearguedthatenclosurewasreflectedinthediseasestatusoftheinhabitants,whichwouldhaverenderedmovementdifficult.

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Figure4.6Detailfroman1877illustration,depictingtheexteriorandinteriorofthehospitalbuilding(Source:“TheRecentCasesofSmallpox-theQuarantineStationandBuildings”1877).

Thehealthygroundwaslocatedonhighgroundfurtherinlandfromthebeach,andincludedadoctor’sresidencesimilartothatadjacenttothehospital.Thishutaccommodatedthemedicalofficerinchargeofthehealthyground(inthisinstance,DrJohnDobie).Thefronttworoomsofasmallextantcottageinthisapproximatelocation,generallythoughttohavebeenbuiltinaround1876,mayinfactpre-datetherestofthebuildingandinsteadbearemnantoftheearlierdoctor’sresidence.However,ifthisisindeedthecase,extensivechangestothebuildinghaveleftlittlevisualevidenceoftheearlierstructure(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.4)(Figure4.7).Thedoctor’sresidencewasaccompaniedbyfourwoodenbuildingsdesignedtoaccommodateupto40peopleeachandmeasuring40by12feet(12.1by4.6metres)(Freemanetal.2000,54).

Foley(1995,38)hasarguedthatthebarrackstyleofthisaccommodation,whichprovidedlittleprivacytooccupants,wasareflectionofanattitudebyofficialsthataccommodationprovidedtoimmigrantsinquarantineshouldbeofasimilarstandardtothatwhichtheyoccupiedonboardship–formost,steerageclass.ThisassessmentechoesGojakandIacano’s(1993,28)assertionintheirstudyoftheSydneySailors’Homethat“maritimeinstitutions…conveyedanatmosphereoflifeaboardShip”.Thehealthyaccommodationreinforcesthenotionthatforimmigrants,quarantineoccupiedaliminalspace,constitutingnotanarrivalattheirdestinationbutratheracontinuationof,orpausewithin,theirjourney.

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Figure4.7Staffcottage(buildingS9),thefronttworoomsofwhichpossiblydatetoc.1838(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Locatedbetweenthetwodichotomouspopulationsofquarantine,thesickandthehealthy,layathirdpopulation–thedead.TheStation’sfirstcemeterywaslocatedonaslopingareabetweenQuarantineBeachandthehealthyground(Figure4.1).ThecemeterywasinusefromMarch1837andwastheburialsiteforapproximately228people,includingthesixinfantswhoperishedduringthequarantineoftheAmeliaThompson(Foley1995,131–132).Highlightingtheaccretednatureofthequarantinelandscape,thelocationofthecemeteryhadbeenestablishedduringthequarantineoftheLadyMacnaghten,ayearandahalfpriortothatoftheAmeliaThompsonandpriortotheconstructionofpermanentaccommodationatthestation.Atthetimethecemeterywasestablished,itwasthereforelocatedatadistancefromwherethoseinquarantinewereaccommodatedintentsclosetothebeachoronboardship.

FortheimmigrantsoftheAmeliaThompson,however,thecemeterywaslocatedjustbelowthebarracksofthehealthyground.Forthepeopleaccommodatedthere,theburialgroundwasinfullviewastheylookedouttowardsthesickgroundwheretheirfellowpassengerswereconfined.Itisthisviewinparticularthatmanyartistschosetorepresent(Figure4.8,Figure4.9&Figure4.10),perhapsindicatingtheextenttowhichquarantinewasperceivedasaplaceofdeathanddisease,evenasmostofitsinhabitantsremainedhealthy.Foley(1995,131–132)attributesthesubsequentremovalofthe

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gravestonesandestablishmentofthesecondburialgroundin1853tothisundoubtedlyunsettlingsight.

Thelocationofthecemeterywasnotonlyunpleasantbutalsounhealthy,thepotentialsmellsemanatingunderstoodasanindicationofthepresenceofmiasma.AsLupton(1995,20)hasargued,“themiasmasissuingfromdiseased,deadanddecomposingbodieswereconsideredespeciallydangerous”,capableofcausingarangeofdiseaseby“breakingdowntheequilibriumofthebody”.Furthermore,naturaldrainageatthesitemeantthatmuchoftheStation’swatersupplyranthroughtheoriginalburialground–aserioushealthconcernforofficialsatatime“whenpreoccupationsfocusedondecayingbodiesandbodilywaste”(Barnes2006,129).Theonlyclearindicatorofthepresenceofthoseoriginalburialswithinthecontemporarylandscapeisadamagedheadstonefoundinscrubashortdistancefromwhereplansindicatethefirstburialgroundwaslocated(Figure4.11).AnumberofotherheadstonesfromtheperiodareheldintheQuarantineStation’smuseumcollection,althoughnoneattributabletopassengersoftheAmeliaThompson.

Figure4.8Viewofthefirstburialgroundfrom1847(Source:GeorgeFrenchAngas,1847,Thequarantineburialground,SpringCove,SydneyHarbour,NewSouthWales,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-135644135).

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Figure4.9Viewofthefirstburialgroundcirca1840s(Source:Quarantineburialground,NewSouthWales,ca.1840s,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-137247614).

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Figure4.10Viewofthefirstburialgroundpublishedcirca1874,basedonan1837watercolourbySamuelProut.NotethepathtotherightleadingtowardStoreBeach(Source:ArthurWillmore,1874,Quarantineburialground,PortJackson,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-138429124).

Figure4.11Damagedheadstonelocatedinthevicinityofthefirstburialground(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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WhetheraflagstaffhadbeenerectedbythetimeoftheAmeliaThompson’squarantineisamatterofsomeconjecture.Foley(1995,39)hasarguedthatthepresentflagstaffwasnoterecteduntilaround1853–54,citingapreviousrequestbytheSuperintendentfortheconstructionofaflagstaffin1838havingbeenrejectedbytheGovernor.However,anumberofreportssuggestthataflagstaffwaspresentatthistime(PeterFreemanPtyLtd2000;PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001),andarchaeologicalanalysisoftheextantmastsuggeststhatalthoughrepairshavebeenmadeatintervalsovertheyears,partsofthefabricarelikelytodatetobefore1850(“QuarantineSignalMast,CannaePoint :ConservationAnalysis”1986,3).Regardless,theannotation‘SignalNobby’adjacenttoCannaePointonamapdatedto1838(Figure4.3)suggeststhatthepracticeofusingthePointforsignallingcertainlydatestothattime,ifnottheflagstaffitself.

CannaePointisclearlyvisibleasvesselsenterPortJacksonthroughtheheads,makingitanideallocusforcommunicationatadistance.ThequarantineflagwasrequiredtobeflownwhenevertheStationwasofficially‘inquarantine’,actingasawarningtoallwhoapproachedofNorthHead’sdiseasedstatus.Thesitewasalsousedtocommunicatewithapproachingshipsastheysignalledarequestforpratiqueoralertedhealthofficialstothepresenceofdiseaseonboard,andmayalsohaveplayedamoregeneralroleincommunicationthroughouttheharbour(“QuarantineSignalMast,CannaePoint :ConservationAnalysis”1986,3).CannaePointandtheflagstaffitbearsthereforeactasfurtherevidenceofthewayinwhichspacewasusedasatechnologyofquarantine,signifyingthepointofcommunicationbetweenshipandshoreandtherebyenablingthetransmissionofinformationwhilepreventingthetransmissionofdisease.

ThequarantineoftheAmeliaThompsonrepresentsperhapsthefirstquarantineepisodeinwhichtheconstructionoftheinitialpermanentQuarantineStationwascomplete.Thequarantinelandscapeof1838waslargelycharacterisedbytheestablishmentofaspatialdichotomybetweensickandhealthy–bothoutwardly,throughtheestablishmentofthepermanentQuarantineStationatadistancefromthesettlementofSydney,andinwardly,throughthecreationofdistinct‘sick’and‘healthy’spaceswithintheStationitself.VerylittleremainswithinthecontemporarylandscapeofthephysicalstructuresknowntotheAmeliaThompsonimmigrants.Nevertheless,astheensuingvignettesshalldemonstrate,theorganisingprinciplesthatstructuredanddichotomisedtheiruseandunderstandingofthelandscapein1838havepersistedthroughoutthequarantinelandscape’sdevelopment.

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4.4 Vignette2–Sydneysmallpoxepidemic,1881

Figure4.12PlanofNorthHeadQuarantineStationduringtheSydneysmallpoxepidemicof1881(Source:PetaLonghurst).

AseeminglyisolatedcaseofsmallpoxdiscoveredinSydneyonJune15,1881,wasquicklyrevealedtobethebeginningsofanewepidemicasothersfellvictimtothedisease(KotarandGessler2013,228).TheepidemicmarkedthebeginningofanotherperiodofquarantineatNorthHead,butthistimewithasignificantdifference.AlthoughthediseasehadlikelyreachedSydneyaboardthesteamerBrisbane,whichhadtravelledfromChina,itwasnotintercepteduponarrival,butratherdetectedwithinthecity.HavingfailedinpreventingthediseasefromreachingSydney,quarantinewasinsteadtaskedwithquellingthespreadofsmallpoxthroughoutthecity.

TherewereprecedentsfortheuseofNorthHeadforlandepidemicsaswellasformaritimequarantines,mostrecentlyin1876–77(Foley1995,67;Hobbins2017).Nonetheless,thequarantineoflocalSydneyresidentswithintheStationwasanunusualoccurrence,andonewhichconflictedwiththecircumstancesenvisagedwhentheinstitutionwasestablished(Streetetal.1882,6).Complaintsofpoormanagementof

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theQuarantineStationduringthisepidemicresultedinnumerousnewspaperreportsandaRoyalCommission(Streetetal.1882)which,inadditiontoaccusationsofunprofessionalbehaviouranddrunkenness,provideinsightintohowthequarantinelandscapewasstructuredandinteractedwithatthistime.

Thespatialdichotomybetweensickandhealthyspacesthatwasestablishedin1838persistedinthequarantinelandscapeof1881(Figure4.12).PlansofNorthHeadfromthisperiodarenoteworthyfortheirpreoccupationwithillustratingthetopographyofthequarantinelandscape,whichcallsattentiontothereasoningunderlyingthespatialdistributionofthesite.An1882planclearlyillustratestheelevatedlocationoccupiedbytheaccommodationforbothsickandhealthydetainees(Figure4.13),whileanotherfrom1876highlightsthe“steepbank”and“highrocks”thatsimultaneouslyelevatedthehospitalandcabinsabovethe“openflat”belowand,inconjunctionwith“denseteatreescrub”,creatednaturalbarriersbetweenthepopulationsconfinedtotheserespectivespaces(Figure4.14).Indoingso,thesemapsemphasisetheimportanceofthepositioningofbuildings(and,asaresult,populations)withinthequarantinelandscape.

Itwouldbetemptingtointerpretthisuseofnaturaltopographywithinaframeworkofsurveillance–acommonthemewithinthearchaeologyofinstitutions,includingHoney’s(Honey2006)studyofthequarantinestationsatTorrensIslandandPointNepean.Certainly,thehighlocationoftheSuperintendent’scottage(roughlycoincidingwiththeearlierguardhouse)wouldhaveaffordedviewsoverthepeopleunderhiscareandcommand.Consideredwithintheparticularcontextofthisinstitution’sobjectives,however,thechiefimpetusforexploitingthetopographywasprobablylessaboutcreating‘panoptic’viewsthanmaintainingthespatialdichotomybetweensickandhealthy.Itisnoteworthythatbothpopulationswereaccommodatedatsiteswhich,duetotheirhighelevation,weresubjecttohealthfulseabreezes.Thusboththelandformandlocalclimatewereexploitedsynergisticallytorestrictmovementandensureahealthyenvironment.

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Figure4.13DetailfromplanofNorthHeadin1882(Source:LegislativeAssemblyNewSouthWales1884,II:990).

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Figure4.14PlanoftheQuarantineStation‘shewingthepositionofoldandnewbuildings’in1876(Source:Streetetal.1882).

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Onepointatwhichtheboundaries(bothliteralandmetaphorical)ofthesickandhealthygroundsbecameblurredwithinthe1881landscapeisthecemetery,whichalsomarkstheonlymajorfeaturetohavebeensignificantlyrelocatedsince1838.Althoughthefirstburialgroundisentirelyabsentfromplansfromthisperiod,thebodiesthemselvesremainedinsitu.Theirheadstones,however,weretransplantedtoasecondburialground,locatedtotherearofthehealthyground’sbarrackaccommodation(Figure4.15).Thissitewasintendedasaresponsetoobjectionstothelocationofthefirstburialground,butthenewlocationwasscarcelylessproblematic.TheAssistantHealthOfficer,LouisFoucart,statedtotheRoyalCommissionthathe“foundthegrave-yardagreatobjection.WhenIwenttherethesmellwasveryoffensive;thepeoplewerecomplaining,andcertainlytheyhadgroundsforcomplaint,withallthesmall-poxgravessonearthem”(Streetetal.1882,52).Foucartfurthertestifiedthatthecemeterywasonly“about4chains[approximately80metres]fromthebuildingsonthehealthyground,andatahigherelevation,sothatthedrainagepercolatedtowardsthehouses.”Thisclaimwaslargelyconfirmedthroughfieldsurvey,althoughvegetationinthecontemporarylandscapemakesitdifficulttoascertaintheextentofrunofftowardstheformeraccommodationsites.Giventhatthecemeteryitselfwasunderstoodas“infectedground”(Streetetal.1882,70),itsincursionintotheQuarantineStation’sdesignatedhealthyspaceisaninterestingexceptiontothesick/healthyspatialdichotomythatgovernedmuchofthelandscape.Inarchaeologicalterms,itsuggeststhatthepracticeofburials–renderingbodiesbothinvisibleandphysicallyremotefromthoseremainingonthesurface–wasinitselfconsidereda‘disinfecting’or‘isolating’process,despitethepersistentinfluenceofmiasmatheory.

Whilethebroadspatialdistinctionsestablishedinthelandscapeof1838hadbeenmaintained,by1881theyhadalsobecomeincreasinglyformalisedandcomplex.Bythetimeofthesmallpoxepidemic,thesickgroundhadgrownfromasolitaryhospitalwardandadoctor’sresidencetoalsoincludeastore,watercloset,cookhouse,andadditionalward(Figure4.16).Aparticularlyevocative(anddisparaging)descriptionpublishedintheSydneyMorningHeraldin1883describesoneofthesewardsas:

Alow,doleful-lookingbuildingdividedbyawoodenpartitionintotwoapartments;thewindowsaresmallandadmitverylittlelightandair;indeed,theinteriorisofsodismalanaspectastosuggesttheideaofacharnel-houseratherthanthatofahospital.AmorefittingplaceforDante’sinscription,‘Allhopeabandonyewhoenterhere’,couldscarcelybeimagined.Itneedsbutoneglanceintotheinteriorofthisdungeontounderstandthemortalitythatoccurredamongthesmallpoxpatients.Thewholeplaceissorottenandsoinfectedwiththegermsofdiseasethatonlyonethingcanbedonewithit.Itmustbepulleddownandconsumedwithfire(“QuarantineStation,NorthHead”1883).

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Figure4.15DetailofaplanoftheQuarantineStationin1884(Source:AustralasianSanitaryConference1884).

Figure4.16Detailofillustrationshowingthehospitalgroundin1877(Source:“TheRecentCasesofSmallpox-theQuarantineStationandBuildings”1877).

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Theoldandnewhospitalwardswereintendedtoactasafemaleandmalehospitalrespectively(asseeninFigure4.14),indicatingalevelofsubdivisionevenwithinthesickground.Atthetimeofthe1881quarantine,however,theentiretyofthesickgroundhadbeengivenoverto“SingleFemaleQuarantine”(Figure4.13),withmalesmallpoxsufferershousedoffshoreonthehulkshipFaraway,(Streetetal.1882,7)–thepoortreatmenttheyreceivedthereformingakeypointofdiscussionintheresultingRoyalCommission(Figure4.17).WhileplansoftheQuarantineStationaregenerallyconfinedtothequarantinegroundandthelandsurroundingit,theFarawayisincludedinaplanpresentedtotheAustralasianSanitaryConferencein1884(Figure4.15).Theinclusionofthehulk,aswellasthedepictionofabuoyforthemooringofquarantinedvessels(Figure4.18),isanimportantreminderthatthemaritimelandscapeofquarantinecannotbestrictlyconfinedtothequarantineground,butratherextendsoutwardsintotheseascapebeyond.

Figure4.17ThehospitalshipFaraway.Thehulk’sorderlyappearanceinthisillustrationbeliesthedescriptionsofpoortreatmentonboardastoldtotheRoyalCommission(Source:“TheSmallpoxHospitalShip,Faraway”1884).

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Figure4.18TheHarmonyquarantinehulk,alongwithabuoyforthemooringofquarantinedvessels.Installedin1853,theHarmonywasreplacedbytheFarawayin1876.(Source:GeorgePenkivilSlade,1870,Harmony,quarantinehulk,NationalLibraryofAustralia,nla.obj-138992144).

Ifthedichotomybetweensickandhealthyistheprimaryorganisingprincipleofthequarantinelandscape,inconsideringthelandscapeof1881wealsoencounterasecondaryfactor:class.Withinthehealthyground,thebarrack-styleaccommodationtothesouth-eastofthehospitalgroundsremained(Figure4.19),havingundergoneextensionsinthe1850s(Foley1995,66).Thesewerenowaccompaniedtothenorth,however,byanadditionalclusterofbuildingswhichrepresentedaccommodationforpassengerstravellinginfirstclass.Referredtoduringthesmallpoxepidemicasthe‘cabins’,likelyinreferencetothe‘cabin’or‘first’classonboardship,thisgroupofbuildingsconsistedofseparateaccommodationforsinglewomen,singlemen,andtwobuildingsforfamilies,aswellasacookhouse,servants’quartersandwaterclosets.Theclass-basedaccommodationhasbeendescribedas“shipboardonland…Thereisaboutthesamedifferenceingradingclassesthatwouldprevailuponboardship”(Salmon1907,15).Thisnewaccommodationwasdescribedasbeing“fortheproperclassificationofpassengers”(quotedinFoley1995,65),althoughinthecaseofthe1881quarantineitwasSydneyresidents,ratherthanpassengers,whoweredetained.AccountsfromtheRoyalCommission(Streetetal.1882)indicatethattwofamiliesconsideredtobeofsuperiorsocialstandingwerehousedinthenewly-erectedfirst-classlodgings,whereastheotherscontinuedtobeaccommodatedintheexisting(nowsecond-class)barracks“wheretherewasnoprivacyandfewcomforts”(Foley1995,73).

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Figure4.19Detailofillustrationshowingthe‘quartersforhealthypeople’in1877.In1881thesecondburialgroundwaslaidoutuphillfromthesebuildings,behindthehindmostbuilding,whichisbelievedtobethekitchen(Source:“TheRecentCasesofSmallpox-theQuarantineStationandBuildings”1877).

Inadditiontothesemorepermanentformsofaccommodation,detaineeswerealsoaccommodatedwithintents,bothinthesickandhealthygrounds.Withinthehospitalenclosure,anumberofconvalescentsoccupied“roundbelltents,withapoleinthecentre”(Streetetal.1882,38),awayfromthemoreacutepatientsinthehospitalwards.Similarly,inthehealthyground,furthertentshousedanumberofChinesedetaineesaswellasaConstableCook,whowas“toseethattheydidnotescapeandmixwiththeotherpeople”(Streetetal.1882,24)–anearlyforeshadowingoftheracially-basedaccommodationthatwillbediscussedinthecontextofthethirdvignette.

Giventhatanumberofaccommodationbuildingssatemptythroughoutthe1881smallpoxquarantine,thetentsdonotappeartohavebeenerectedprimarilytocombatovercrowding.Rather,theuseoftentsisindicativeofadesiretoclassifyandsegregatethequarantinepopulationinwaysthatwerenotpreviouslyaccountedfor.Muchlikethehospitalship,thetentsarelargelyabsentfrommapsandplansoftheQuarantineStation–anexceptionis,again,theplanfromtheAustralasianSanitaryConferenceof1884(Figure4.15),whichindicatesanumberof‘platformsfortents’downhillfromthebarrackaccommodation(Figure4.20).Tentsplayedanimportantroleinmanagingthepresenceofdifferentpopulationswithinthequarantinelandscape,andyetfromanarchaeologicalperspective,thetentsaremostnotablewithinthecontemporarylandscapefortheirabsence.

Oneofthemostnotable,andIarguedefining,featuresofthelandscapewhichhadbeguntoproliferateby1881werethefenceswhichdissectedthelandscapeatkeypoints.Thequarantinelandscapeof1881wasnotboundedbyafence,althoughthiswasarecommendationofthesubsequentRoyalCommission,whichcalledforafence“topreventpedestriansfromManlyBeachfromstrayinginignoranceontoit”(Streetetal.1882,53)–apertinentreminderthatthelocationoftheQuarantineStation,previouslyisolatedfromthesettlementofSydney,wasincreasinglypopulated.Whatisprominentontheplansfromthe1870sand1880sisnotsomuchtheexternalboundariesoftheQuarantineStation,butrathertheinternalboundaries,intheformoffencesthathadbeguntodefineanddividethequarantinelandscapeintoanumberofdiscretespaces,perhapsindicatingashiftinfocusfromexternalexclusiontointernaldifferentiationandsegregation.

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Figure4.20TentsdownhillfromthebarracksinusebysoldiersfromtheNewSouthWalesContingent,whowerequarantinedatNorthHeadfortyphoidfeverin1885upontheirreturnfromSudan(Source:StateLibraryofNSWPXE1456).

Duringthe1881smallpoxquarantine,fourkeyareaswerefencedofffromthebroaderquarantinelandscape–thehospital,thecabinaccommodationforfirstclasspassengers,the(second)cemetery,andthesuperintendent’squarters.Itisinterestingtonotethattheformertwoareaswerereferredtoasthe‘hospitalenclosure’and‘cabinenclosure’respectively(Figure4.15).Thischoiceofnomenclatureissuggestiveoftheextenttowhichthe‘fenced-in’natureofthesespaceswasunderstoodasadefiningcharacteristicbythosebothenclosedandexcludedbythesurroundingfences.Thefenceenclosingthehospitalbuildingsisperhapsthemoststraightforwardtointerpret,actingtoseparatethesickfromthehealthyandthuspreventthespreadofdiseasebeyonditslimits(Figure4.21).Theterminologyof‘enclosure’particularlyevokesnotionsof‘keepingin’,andcertainlythefencewasintendedtokeepindisease,howeverthepeoplecarryingthatdiseasewereoftenconstrainedbyinfirmityasmuchasbyanymaterialbarrier.Thefencethereforesimultaneouslyactedto‘keepout’thefriendsandfamilyofthesick,topreventthemfromcontractingdiseaseinanattempttovisitwiththeirlovedones.Intheparticularcaseofthe1881smallpoxquarantine,asrevealedbytestimonytotheRoyalCommission,thefencearoundthehospitalalsoactedto‘keepin’thedoctorinchargeofthehospital,whosepresenceatthequarantinestationwasnotvoluntarybutratheraresultofduress(Streetetal.1882).

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Figure4.21Remnantpostandrailfromafenceinthevicinityofthehospitalground(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Whilethefenceenclosingthehospitalseparatedthesickfromthehealthy,otherfencescreateddivisionswithinthehealthygrounditself.Thefencesurroundingthecemeterycanbeseenasanattempttoreinstateandreinforcethedivisionbetweensickandhealthyspacesthatthe“infected”burialgroundwasseentoviolate.Thisraisesaquestion,however.Ifthefenceswereameansofrestrictingcontactwithdisease,whatisthesignificanceoffencesaroundthesuperintendent’squartersandfirstclassaccommodation,whichbisectspacesthatweresupposedlyhealthybothinsideandoutsideoftheirenclosure?

Inthecaseofthesuperintendent’squarters,theenclosingfencecanbeunderstoodasagesturetowardsprivacyanddomesticity(Figure4.22).ThefencecreatedayardwithinwhichthefamilyofsuperintendentJohnCarrollcouldgrowvegetablesandkeepfowl(Foley1995,46),allowingthemtoestablishaprivate,domesticspacefortheirfamilydistinctfromthequarantinegoingonaroundthem.Interestingly,testimonyfromtheRoyalCommissionsuggeststhatStationregulationsprecludedCarrollfromgoing“insidetheboundariesoftheQuarantineground”(Streetetal.1882,12,presumably

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referringtothesickgroundasopposedtotheQuarantineStationinitsentirety).Evenforthesuperintendent,movementthroughoutthequarantinelandscapewasregulatedandcontrolledandtherewereareasthatwereinaccessible.

Figure4.22Theextantsuperintendent’squarters(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Asixfoot(twometre)highwoodenpalingfencealsosurroundedthefirstclassaccommodation,orcabinenclosure(Figure4.23),butnotably,nosuchfenceaccompaniedthebarrack-styleaccommodationwhichalsolaywithinthehealthyground,butwasnowreservedforthelowerclasses(Figure4.15).Thedivisionofthesegroupswasintendedtobecommensuratewiththeirclassaboardship(Salmon1907,15),buttheirspatialseparation,enforcedbyafence,cannotbesolelyexplainedbyaconcernwithsocialhierarchy.Rather,thesedivisionswereenactedatatimewhen“cleanlinessandsocialacceptabilitybecameevermoreintertwined”(Coleman2016,730).Thepoorwere“constitutedassanitaryproblems,assitesforthebreedingofdiseaseandcontagionthatcontinuallythreatenedtospilloutintoother,respectably‘clean’groupsinsociety”(Lupton1995,34).

Perceivedlinksbetweenpovertyandcleanlinesswerebothreflectedandperpetuatedbytheaccommodationprovidedtodifferentclassesinquarantine.Theolderbarrack-styleaccommodationmeantthatthelowerclasseswerehousedinlargecommunalspaces,pronetoovercrowdingandwithlittleprivacybeyondthataffordedbyhangingblanketsandsheets,renderingitdifficulttoachievegoodhygieneoreffective

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ventilation.Bycontrast,thefirst-classbungalow-styleaccommodationprovidedprivaterooms,accesstocommunalleisurespaces,goodventilation,anddirectaccessfromeachroomtotheverandah.Povertywasunderstoodas“nolongersimplythesourceofamoralcontagionbutboththecauseandeffectofdisease”(Dean1991,206),andthisbecameaself-fulfillingprophecy.Whiletheyhadnotbeendiagnosedwithaquarantinabledisease–hencetheirlocationinthehealthyground–thelowerclasseswerestillviewedasmore“susceptibletocontagion”(Lupton1995,35)becauseoftheirlifestylesandlivingconditions.Thelowerqualityaccommodationtheywereprovidedmadethispoorsanitationaninevitability.Thefencethatsurroundedthefirstclassaccommodationwasthereforeawayofmaintainingandreinforcingadistinctionthatwasasmuchabouthealthandhygieneasitwassocialstatus.

Figure4.23Firstclassaccommodationenclosedbywoodenpalingfencesin1903.Alsonotethesingleextantstoneboundarymarkerintheforeground(Source:“UnknownSydney:-TheQuarantineStation”1903).

Thequarantinelandscapeof1881wascharacterisedbyanincreasingpreoccupationwiththecreationandmaintenanceofinternaldivisionsbetweenthevariouspopulationsinquarantine,materiallyexpressedthroughtheproliferationoffencesandformsofaccommodation.Whereasthepreviousdistinctionsweremadeexplicitlyonthebasisofhealth,thesenewdivisionsentangledhealthwithclassandmorality.Theboundedspacesofquarantinerestrictedpeople’smobilityinawaythatsimultaneouslylimitedunwantedsocialintercourseacrossclassesandspatiallyseparatedthosewhowereexpectedtomaintaindifferentstandardsofhygiene.Inthisway,thedevelopmentofnewmodesofaccommodationatthistime,andtheirreinforcementthroughtheuseoffences,representsafurtherwayinwhichdiseasewasmadematerialthroughoutthequarantinelandscape.

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4.5 Vignette3–Pneumonicinfluenzapandemic,1919

Figure4.24PlanofNorthHeadQuarantineStationduringthepneumonicinfluenzapandemic,1919(Source:PetaLonghurst).

AstheglobalinfluenzapandemicspreadbeyondEuropetotheAmericas,Africa,Asia,andneighbouringNewZealand,quarantineprocedureswerepre-emptivelyintroducedatallAustralianportsinOctoberof1918(McCrackenandCurson2003,110).OncethediseasebreachedAustralia’sbordersin1919,thiswasfollowedbythequarantineof

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bothlocalresidentsandsoldiers,forwhomitwasanunwelcomedelaytotheirreturnfromtheFirstWorldWar.ForthoseconfinedtoNorthHead,boththelandscapeandtheadministrationoftheQuarantineStationweresignificantlyalteredfromwhattheywouldhaveencounteredin1881.NowunderFederalcontrol,theStationhadundergoneextensivemodificationsandmodernisationsintheprecedingdecade,expandingaccommodationto1130beds(“FederalQuarantine”1912).AmanualfortheFederalQuarantineServiceusestherefurbishedNorthHeadasamodelforquarantinepracticethroughoutAustralia(Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919),suggestingthattheStation’sredevelopment“wasinpartatrialofthenewAustralianquarantinesystem”(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.2,5).Theresultantlandscapeof1918–1919isunsurprisinglyboththemostintactofthethreevignetteswithinthecontemporarylandscape,andalsothemostextensivelydocumented.

Oneofthemostradicaladditionstothelandscapeby1919wasthewharfprecinct,whichdemonstratesbothtechnologicaladvancesandchangingunderstandingsofdisease.Whatwaspreviouslylittlemorethanalandingsitewasnowanextensivecomplexofbuildingsandstructuresdesignedtodisinfectbothpeopleandcargo.Thesestructuresincludedawaitingroomandluggagesheds,boilerhouse,autoclaves,laundry,andinhalation/formalinchambers(Figure4.25).Figure4.26illustratestheproceduresthroughwhichpeopleandtheirbelongingswereassessed,classified,disinfected,andthendistributedthroughoutthelandscape.Showerfacilities,liketheaccommodationthatawaitedthem,weredividedonthebasisofclass(Figure4.27),andtheirusewasenforcedthroughpeepholestoensurethatbatherswereimmersedunderthewater(towhichadisinfectingsolutionhadbeenadded)andutilisedthecarbolicsoapprovided(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.2).Meanwhile,passengers’clothesandluggagewerefumigatedintheautoclaves(Figure4.28).

Duringtheinfluenzapandemic,furtherdisinfection–thistimeofthethroatandairways–wasrequiredpriortorelease.Patientswererequiredtoentertheinhalationchambertwicedailyoverthreedays,andinhalehigh-pressuresteamcreatedfroma1%zincsulphatesolution(Foley1995,112;PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.2).Thesevariousprocessesofdisinfectioncanbeunderstoodasanattempttospeedupthetimethathadpreviouslybeenintegraltothepracticeofquarantine.Thenewlydevelopedwharfprecinctwasamaterialisationoftheprocessofcleansingthatassessedpeople’sfitnessforenteringbroadersociety,andthestartingpointfortheorganisationandsegregationoftheQuarantineStation’svariouspopulations.

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Figure4.25Majorstructurespresentinthewharfprecinctby1919.Thedisinfectionblockincludestheautoclavesandinhalation/formalinchamber(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,128).

Figure4.26Assessment,processinganddisinfectionproceduresinplaceatNorthHeadQuarantineStationby1919(Source:redrawnfromPeterFreemanPtyLtd2000,117).

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Figure4.27Insidethethirdclassbathhouse(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,140).

Figure4.28Disinfectedsideoftheautoclavesforclothing,luggage,andothergoods(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,132).

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Inaddition,thewharfprecinctwasthepointatwhichbothpeopleandgoodsweredistributedthroughouttherestofthelandscapeofquarantine.By1919,thewharfareawascrisscrossedbytracksthatledfromthewharfitself,throughthevariouslayersofdisinfection,andtoafunicularrailwaywhichtransportedluggage,disinfectedlaundryandothersuppliesfromthewharfupthesteepinclinetothefirstclassaccommodation.Fromthere,alocomotivecarriedthemtherestofthewaytothehealthybarracks(Figure4.29).AllAustralianquarantinestationsusedthesamegaugeofrailway,inaverytangiblereflectionofthefederalisationandsubsequentstandardisationofthequarantinesystem(Elkington1919,154).Onesoldierquarantinedinlate1918recalledthattherewasalsoapulleywhichcarriedfoodandothersuppliesfromthewharfuptothehospital(Foley1995,111–112).WhilethesteepridgesofNorthHeadwereusefulformaintainingthesegregationofthelandscape,theycouldalsoposelogisticalproblems.TheinstallationofthefunicularandothermethodsoftransportwereamajorimprovementtotheStation’sinfrastructure,whichpreviouslyreliedondraughthorses.

Figure4.29Locomotiveforhaulingluggageandstores(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,154).

Beyondthewharf,therestofthequarantinelandscapehadalsobecomesignificantlymorecomplex.Justasthe1881landscapecomplicatedthesick/healthydichotomythatgovernedthesite,by1919newdivisionshadbeenmadeineachofthethreemainzonesofaccommodation–hospital,cabinenclosure,andbarracks–onthebasisofdiseasestatus,class,andrace,respectively.Thecabinenclosure,previouslyconsistingofa

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kitchenandfouraccommodationsbuildings,nowalsoincludedagranddiningroom,flankedoneithersidebyamen’ssmokingroom(Figure4.30)andwomen’ssittingandsewingroom(Figure4.31),reinforcingthegenderingofspacewithintheStation.Thebuildingswereconnectedbywayofverandahsandcoveredwalkways,whichprovidedapleasantlocationforinterneestorelax,butalsoservedahealthpurpose,inaccordancewithrecommendationsthat“asfaraspossible,thepeoplebeencouragedduringthecourseoftheepidemictotakeallpossibleadvantageoffreshairasameansofincreasingthenaturalresistancetoinfection,andoflesseningtheriskofinfection”(“EveryoneShallWearAMask”1919).Otherentertainmentprovidedinfirstclassincludedacroquetlawnandtenniscourt(Figure4.32),andthecentralstreetrunningthroughthecomplexofbuildingswasalsousedforgamesincludingcricket,quoits,andagameinvolvingpotatoesandenamelbuckets.Theseprovisionsforleisureandentertainmentsuggestnewwaysofthinkingabouttimeasacomponentofquarantine,andappropriateorgainfulwaysofemployingit.

Figure4.30Men’ssmokingroomcirca1919(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,145).

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Figure4.31Ladies’sittingroomcirca1919(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,144).

Figure4.32Firstclassaccommodationenclosedbyfences,withtenniscourtinthebottomright,circa1940s(Source:PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.1,section3).

Figure4.33Detaineesplaybadmintoninthefirstclassprecinctcirca1920s(Source:PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.1,section4).

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Anadditionalgroupofbuildings,consistingoftwopassengers’quartersandacombinationkitchenanddiningbuilding,wasnowpresenttothenorthofthefirstclassprecinct.Initiallyconstructedin1900inresponsetoaplagueepidemic(“TheBubonicPlague”1900a),by1919thebuildingsactedassecondclassaccommodation,furtheraddingtotheclass-basedsegregationandstratificationofthepopulationofthehealthyground.Thefirstandsecondclassaccommodationweredelineatedbya‘neutralzone’formedbytwoparallelwoodenpalingfences(Figure4.34),inafurtherexampleofthecontrolofmovementandspaceevenwiththehealthyground.

Figure4.34DetailofaplanofNorthHeadfrom1898,showingthe‘neutralzone’betweenfirstandsecondclassaccommodation(Source:PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.3).

DespitetheexpansionofaccommodationatNorthHeadintheprecedingyears,theunprecedentedscaleofthequarantinepromptedbytheinfluenzapandemicmeantthatfacilitieswerestillvastlyinadequate.ByearlyJanuaryof1919,“some2500peoplewerequarantinedatNorthHead,mostintents”(Foley1995,112)(Figure4.35&Figure4.36).ThiswasnotthefirstuseoftentsattheStation,butitwasbyfarthemostwidespread.Theinfluenzapandemicsawtentsbecomestandard–andstandardised–asaformofaccommodationatFederalquarantinestation(Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919),andyetthisisoneformofaccommodationthatisnotvisiblewithinthecontemporarylandscape,butratherrecordedinoraltestimonyandphotographs.

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Figure4.35Tentsinusewithinthefirstclassenclosure(Source:NAA:C535,5A).

Figure4.36Tentsinusewithinthefirstclassenclosure(Source:NAA:C535,5H).

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Withtheexpansionanddivisionofthecabinenclosureintofirstandsecondclassquarters,thebarrackswerenowdesignatedasthirdclassaccommodation.Thelatteroccupiedthesamespaceinthelandscapeastheyhadsince1838,howeverthebuildingsthemselveshadby1919largelybeenreplaced,andanewthirdclassdiningroomandkitchenwasconstructedin1914(Figure4.37).Morestaffwerealsolivingpermanentlyonsitebythisstage,andnewadministrativebuildingsandstaffcottageshadbeenconstructedtoaccommodatethem.Anumberofthesewerelocatedalongtheroadbetweenfirstandsecondclass,andadjacenttothegateofthefirstclassenclosure.Thelocationofthesebuildingsallowedstafftofurthermonitorandrestrictthemovementbetweenthesetwoprecincts.

Figure4.37Thirdclassbarracks,withkitchenanddiningroomtotheright,circa1919.TheroofoftheAsiaticaccommodationisvisibletothefarright(Source:NAAAA1969/147,B1[5]).

Themajorchangetothethirdclassprecinctsince1881wastheadditionoftheso-called‘Asiatic’accommodationandfacilities,whichhadbeenrequestedbytheSteamshipOwners’Associationasearlyas1882(Foley1995,81;C.P.Kelleher2014,43).Constructedin1902,theaccommodationconsistedofalongbuildingdividedintothreeopen-plandormitories,withaverandahencirclingthebuilding.Thedormitoriescontaineddoublebunks(Figure4.38)withalongtableinthemiddleoftheroom,suggestingthattheywereusedforliving,recreation,andpossiblydining,inadditiontosleeping(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.4)–astarkcontrasttothededicatedspacesprovidedforfirstclasspassengers.Thisbuildingwasaccompaniedbyanoutdoorlatrine,sheltershed,andopenkitchen(Figure4.39),againindicatingverydifferentstandardsofaccommodationevenincomparisontothirdclass.

TheAsiaticaccommodationisanotherexampleofthewaysinwhichideasaboutdisease,morality,hygiene,class,andracebecomeintertwinedwithinthequarantinelandscape.ThebuildingswereconstructedjustayearaftertheimplementationoftheImmigration(Restriction)Act1901,whichinitiatedthe‘WhiteAustralia’policy,andBashford(Bashford1998,393)hasdiscussedthewaysinwhichquarantinewasimplicatedintheimaginingofAustraliaas“new,pure,healthyandwhite”incontrastto“dirty,diseased”Asia.TheconstructionoftheAsiaticaccommodationreinforced,

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formalisedandmaterialisedtheselinksbetweenraceanddisease,addinganewlayertothestratificationandspatialdivisionofthequarantinelandscape.

Figure4.38InterioroftheAsiaticaccommodationblock(Source:“QuarantineIsLikeThis”1951).

Figure4.39OpenkitchenandsheltershedadjacenttotheAsiaticaccommodation(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Furtherstratificationhadalsobeenintroducedtothesickground,whichby1919includedanisolationprecinctinadditiontothehospital.Theisolationblock,constructedin1912,wasanintermediary,transitoryspacebetweenthehospitalandhealthyground,accommodatingpeoplesuspectedofinfectionbutnotyetdefinitivelydiagnosed.Theblockconsistedofakitchenandfourwards,linkedbyacoveredwalkway(Figure4.40)andallowingforthecategorisationofpatientsdependingonwhethertheyweresuspectedofbeingacarrierorbeingintheincubationstageofdisease.Theisolationblockwaslocateduphillfromthehospital,spatiallydelineatingthetwo,andthisdelineationwasmaintainedbymeansofafence(Figure4.41),andbythepositioningofstaffaccommodationatthegatesandoverlookingthepathsthatlinkedisolationtoboththehospitalandhealthyground(Figure4.42).

Figure4.40Coveredwalkwaysconnectingtheisolationwardsandkitchen(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Figure4.41Gateinfencebetweenisolationandhospitalprecincts.Itsfunctionalsignificanceceasedin1984,yetthisfenceremainsatangiblereferenttotheprecedingstructureerectedin1912(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Figure4.42Remainsofstaffcottageadjacenttopathbetweenisolationandhospitalprecincts(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Thehospital,whilestilloccupyingthesamepositionwithinthelandscape,hadby1919beenradicallytransformed,theearlierstructuresreplacedwithaseriesofconnectedbuildingsthatcreatedafarmorestructuredsystemoftreatmentandcare.Theprecinctincludedtwohospitalwards,constructedin1883(Figure4.43)and1914,attachedtoacomplexfordoctorsandnurses.Thelatterwereseparatedfromthewardsbymeansofawoodenpalingandbarbedwirefence(Figure4.44).Althoughtheoriginalfencehasbeenremoved,ithasbeenpartiallyreplacedbyachainlinkfencethatmaintainstheseparationbetweenspacesdemarcatedforpatientsandforstaff(Figure4.45).

Figure4.43Replicaofthe1883hospitalward.Theoriginalwasdestroyedbyfirein2002andsubsequentlyreplacedwiththisbuilding,whichfollowsthespecificationsoftheoriginalasfaraspossible(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Figure4.44Fencebisectingthestaffchangeblock,separatingtheadministrativebuildingontheleftfromthehospitaltotheright(N.B.thisisthehospital,andnotisolation,despitethemisleadinglabel)(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,124).

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Figure4.45The1919woodenpalingandbarbedwirefencehasbeenreplacedbyachainlinkfence,whichmaintainsthedelineationbetweenstaffandpatientspaceswithinthehospitalprecinct(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Ontheoppositesideofthefence,alsobuiltinaround1912,laylivingquartersforthemedicalstaffassignedtothehospital,aswellasakitchenthatservicedbothstaffandpatients.Althoughmedicalstaffsharedacottage,itwasdesignedinsuchawayastopreventallcontactbetweennursesanddoctorswithintheirlivingquarters(Figure4.46).ThecottageisafurtherexampleofthewaysinwhichthepopulationsoftheQuarantineStationwereinternallysegregatedanddifferentiated,thearchitectureofthecottagebothensuringtheseparationofthegendersand,concurrently,maintainingthestatusdistinctionbetweentheirtwoprofessions.

Figure4.46Planoftheadministrativesectionofthehospitalprecinct.Thedividingfencebisectedthechangeblocktotheright(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,126).

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Occupyingthespacebetweenthestaffandpatientaccommodationswasachangingblockwhichdisruptedthedividingfence(Figure4.44),clearlymarkingthebuildingasatransitionalpointbetweenthehospitalitselfanditsadministration.Thechangingblockcontainedabathroomwithdisrobingroomononesideanddressingroomontheother,allowingnursesanddoctorstobatheandchangetheirclothesaftervisitingthewards(Figure4.46).Theblockalsocontainedaservery,wherekitchenstaffcouldleavepreparedfoodtobetakenintothewards,preventingthemfromcomingintodirectcontactwithpatients.Whereaspreviouslythehospitalareaasawholewasconsidereddiseased,thechangingblockandthefenceflankingithighlighthowby1919thehospitalprecinctcontainedboth‘clean’and‘unclean’spaces,whichsomepeoplecouldmovebetweenwhileotherswereconfinedtotheirrespectivesides.Althoughthe1919landscapemaintainedthespatialseparationofthesickground,therewasnowarangeofdistinctionsmadewithinthatspace–betweenstaffandpatients,betweenmenandwomen,betweendoctorsandnurses,andbetweensuspectedandconfirmedcasesofdisease.Thehospitalcomplexisindicativeofthestructuredprocessesthathadcometocharacterisequarantinebytheearlytwentiethcentury,andtheextenttowhichfederalisationofthequarantinesystemhadbroughtaboutanationalstandardisationofquarantinearchitectureandprocesses.

Thefinalmajorchangetothelandscaperelatestothediagnosisofdiseaseandmanagementofdeath.Constructedin1916,themortuaryandattachedlaboratorysatjustoutsidethegatesofthehospitalandisolationprecinct(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.5),andisindicativeofmajorchangesinbothmedicaltechnologiesandunderstandingsofdiseasewiththeadventofgermtheory.UnliketheaccommodationbuildingsatNorthHead,whichwerepredominantlytimber,thebuildingthathousedthemortuaryandlaboratorywasconstructedfrombrickandconcrete(Figure4.47),reflectingtheneedforcleanablesurfaces.Themortuarywasusedforconductingautopsiesonpeoplewhohaddiedatthesite(Figure4.48).Beyondit,thelaboratorywasequippedwithequipmentincludingautoclaves,asteriliser,andanincubator,allowingforbacteriologicalinvestigationsthatcoulddeterminediseasesnotidentifiablethroughstandardmedicalexaminations(Foley1995,119–120)(Figure4.49).Together,themortuaryandlaboratoryenableddiseasetobemadevisibleatthesite,inboththelivingandthedead,inwaysthathadnotpreviouslybeenpossible(aswillbediscussedfurtherinChapter6).

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Figure4.47Exteriorofthemortuaryandlaboratory(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Figure4.48Interiorofthemortuary(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,168).

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Figure4.49Interiorofthelaboratory(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,168).

Thecemeteryhadbeenrelocatedyetagain,thistimetoasignificantdistancefromanyoftheQuarantineStation’saccommodation(Figure4.24&Figure4.50).Whilegenerallymuchmoresuitable,thislocationmeantthattheburialgroundwasalsosignificantlyfurtherfromthehospitalandmortuary,necessitatingthetransportationofthedeadthroughthehealthygroundforburial.

Figure4.50Thethirdburialground,lookingtowardsSouthHeadandthePacificOcean(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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WhilethematerialfabricoftheStationhadchangedquitedrasticallysince1838,thelandscapeof1919isbestunderstoodasacontinuationandextrapolationofthatwhichwasestablishedalmostacenturyprior,ratherthanadivergencefromit.Theoriginaldichotomybetweensickandhealthyhadbeenmaintained,butcomplicatedbygreaterstratificationandsegregationofpopulationsonthebasisofhealth,gender,classandrace.Thiswasaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofmorecomplexandstructuredproceduresfortheevaluation,processing,anddetentionofpeopleinquarantine(Figure4.51).Althoughtimeandspacewerestillcentraltothepracticeofquarantine,manyofthenewproceduresintroducedattemptedtoreducethetimethatwasrequired.

Figure4.51Diagramofarrangementsforafully-equippedquarantinestation(Source:Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919,116).

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4.6 TheAccretedQuarantineLandscape

Figure4.52ThecontemporarylandscapeofNorthHead(Source:“SIXMaps”2017).

Havingexploredthequarantinelandscapediachronically,Inowreturnbrieflytothecontemporarylandscape(Figure4.52)toconsider“thepresentandthespacesinwhichthepastinterveneswithinit”(R.Harrison2011,154).Quarantineisoftenunderstoodprimarilyintermsofitsexternalspatialdelineation,asaboundarybetweenthepotentiallydiseasedpeoplewithinthequarantinegroundandthehealthypeoplebeyond,andprotectedby,itsborders.However,thevignettespresentedheredemonstratethatthequarantinelandscapeisalsotypifiedbyacomplexlayeringof

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internalspatialordering.ThelandscapeofNorthHeadwasnotanundefined‘diseased’space,butratherwassegregatedonthebasisofhealth,gender,class,andrace.Thisclassificationofpeoplewasachievedspatially,andwasenforcedandmaintainedthroughacombinationofnaturaltopography,surveillancethroughthepositioningofadministrativebuildings,andtheuseofconstructedbarrierssuchasfences.

Peoplewereplacedintoquarantinebecausetheywereunderstoodasvectorsofdisease,andtheirpositioningwithinthelandscapeshouldthereforealsobeunderstoodasapositioningofthediseasetheyrepresented.InhisstudyofMormonfences,Leone(2010,115)hasarguedthatthefencesarenotonlypassiveproducts,butcausativeagents;weshouldasknotjustwhatwecanlearnaboutthepracticeofquarantinefromfences,butalsowhatthosefencesenable,andwhattheydotothepracticeofquarantine.ThespatialdistributionoftheNorthHeadlandscape,andthefencesthatenforcedit,replicatedtheclassificationsofpeopleaboardship,butalsolinkedthoseclassificationstothepresenceofdisease,andtotheassessmentofpeopleassuitablecitizens.Throughitssocialandspatialstratification,thequarantinelandscapebothreflectedandproducedentanglementsbetweenhealth,morality,class,andrace.

ThisspatialorderinghaspersistedwithinthelandscapeofNorthHead,evenassomeofthebuildingsandstructuresthattheymanifestedinhavebeenreplacedordemolished.Theremovalofmostofthefences,however,meansmuchofthesenseofsegregationhasbeenlost.Continuityofusecanbeseennotonlythroughoutthequarantineperiod,butthroughtothepresent,wherethedifferentclassesofaccommodationpersistinmodernhotelusageofthesite,albeitcodedindifferentways.ThetwospacesthatarenotutilisedashotelaccommodationarethehospitalwardsandAsiaticbarracks;thisislargelybecauseoftheirhistoricsignificanceandsensitivity,butitisnotablethatthesewerealsotheleastdesirableaccommodationforpeopleinquarantine.Thetransportsystemsareanotherexampleofadaptedcontinuityofuse;whiletracksremainembeddedinthewharfarea,thefunicularandlocomotivehavebeenremoved,buttheyhavebeenreplacedwithastairwayandwalkingtrackthatcontinuetodistributepeoplethroughoutthelandscape(Figure4.53).

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Figure4.53Viewdownthefunicularstairwaytothewharfprecinct.Thehospitalcanbeseenattopleft(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Otherabsenceswithinthecontemporarylandscapearearesultofinherentlytemporaryandephemeralaspectsofquarantine,inparticularformsofaccommodationsuchastentsandhulkships.AsarguedinNorthHead’sconservationmanagementplan(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.1,104-105),“thesearenotlandscapesremovedbylaterdevelopmentoronesthatdeterioratedovertime,butoneswhereremovalorimpermanencewasalwaysintended.”Althoughtherearemanyaspectsofthelandscapewhichhaveendured,itwasalsoahighlydynamicspacewhichbynaturehadtoregularlyrespondtofluctuatingpopulationsandchangingcircumstances.

Thebodiesofthosewhodiedinquarantinemightbeexpectedtobeoneofthemorepermanentaspectsofthelandscape,andyettheyhavebeenrenderedlargelyinvisible,despitethebodiesthemselvesremaininginsitu.Withtheexceptionofasolitaryheadstonefragmenthiddeninthescrub,allmarkershavebeenremovedfromthefirstburialground.Asingleheadstoneismaintainedatthesecondburialground(Figure4.54),andwoodengravemarkersareincreasinglyre-emergingfromthebush(Figure4.55),butthespaceistechnicallyoff-limitstovisitors.Thethirdcemeteryismoreintact,butthespatialdistancethatmadeitslocationsaferandhealthierthanitspredecessorshaseffectivelydivorceditfromtherestofthecontemporaryquarantinelandscape.

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Figure4.54Remainingheadstoneinthesecondburialground(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Figure4.55Woodengravemarkerinthesecondburialground(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Asignificantpresencewithinthecontemporarylandscape,butwhichcannotbelinkedtoanyonehistoricalmoment,aretheconcentratedrubbishdumpsandmoregeneralsurfacescatterofglassandceramicsherdswhichproliferatearoundthesite.Theseincludeartefactsfromthenineteenthcentury,butalsocontinuetoaccrueinthepresent(albeitwithbottlesofbeernowdrunkincelebrationratherthanformedicinalpurposes).Theaccumulationofthissurfacescatter,amassedovertimeratherthanarisingataparticularmoment,isperhapsemblematicofthenatureofthequarantinelandscapemoregenerally.

Thecontemporarylandscapeofquarantinecanbeunderstoodasanaccretedlandscape,inwhichmultiplepastsarecollapsedintoandintervenewithinthepresent.Withtheexceptionofthesolitaryboundarycairn,thereisnolongeranidentifiabletraceofthestructuresthatwereencounteredbythepassengersoftheAmeliaThompsonin1838.Yetthelandscapetheyweresituatedwithinhasenduredthroughtheestablishmentofthespatialdichotomybetweenthesickandhealthy.Althoughthiswasgivengreatercomplexityovertime,ithaspersistedastheprimaryorderingprinciple,givingdiseaseaphysicalandspatialpresencewithinthequarantinelandscape.InChapter2Iarguedthatquarantinecanbeunderstoodashavingadualmeaning,aspracticeandasplace,buthereweseethatthosemeaningsareinextricablyintertwined.Theplaceandthepracticeofquarantinemutuallyconstituteandcreateeachother,withthelandscapeusedasatooltolocate,restrict,andultimatelyerasedisease.TheactoferasingdiseasefromNorthHeadQuarantineStationcanconverselybeseentohavematerialisedit,creatingalandscapeacrosswhichthepresenceof,andresponsesto,diseasearetangiblyinscribed.

Thischapterhasexaminedtheevolvinglandscapesofquarantine,andthewaysinwhichthemovementofpeopleandobjectsthroughoutthoselandscapeswasmanagedandcontrolled.Thefollowingchapterexaminestheobjectsthemselves,andthewaysinwhichtheprocessesandpracticesofquarantinehavecreatedaparticularkindofassemblage.

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Chapter5: QuarantinedCollections

5.1 UnpackingtheCollection

Oneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofquarantineisitstransientnature.Transienceliesattheveryheartofhowquarantinewasconceivedandoperated,asaninstitutiondesignedtobeoccupiedonlyforaslongasittookforthethreatofdiseasetopass.Theobjectperhapsmostemblematicofthattransience,describedasthevery“embodimentoftravel”(BasuandColeman2008,324),isthesuitcase(Figure5.1).WhethercarriedbyimmigrantspassingthroughontheirwaytoanewlifeinSydney,soldiersdelayedintheirlong-awaitedreturnhome,orlocalresidentsplacedintemporaryexile,thesuitcaseisnotonlyrepresentativeofthephysicalbelongingstheycarriedwiththem,butisalsoevocativeofthehopesandfearsthatareinevitablyintertwinedwithintheexperienceofquarantine.

Figure5.1MeninspectingluggageatTorrensIslandQuarantineStation,circa1924–1945.ThesuitcasebeingcarriedatrightisalmostidenticaltothoseheldinthecollectionatNorthHead(Source:NAA:D3185,56).

Theevocativenatureoftheseobjectsisacknowledgedthroughtheiruseasacommoninterpretivetoolthroughwhichtotellthestoriesandexperiencesofpeoplepassingthroughtheinstitution,notonlyinthemuseumspaceatNorthHeadQuarantineStationbutalsoatrelatedsitessuchasAngelIslandinSanFrancisco,California.However,closerinspectionrevealsthesuitcasesondisplayatNorthHeadtobeprops–objectswithoutanassociationwiththesitebutacquiredforthepurposesofinterpretation.

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Morethan16000peoplepassedthroughtheQuarantineStationthroughoutthecourseofitsoperation,howevertheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(themuseumcollectionassociatedwiththeQuarantineStation)includesonlythreesuitcases(Figure5.2Error!Referencesourcenotfound.),aswellastwowoodentrunks.How,then,tointerpretthepresenceofthesefewexamples,andtheotherwiseabsenceofthisclassofobject?Whatisthemeaningofthesuitcasewithinaquarantinecontext,andhowmightitinformourunderstandingofthequarantineassemblage?

Figure5.2InteriorofoneofthesuitcasesintheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Therelativelackofsuitcaseswithinthecollectioncanbeattributedtoanumberoffactorsrelatingtothepracticeandprocessesofquarantine.Thetransitorynatureof

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quarantinewhichluggagesoablyevokesalsocontributestotheirabsence;aspeoplecompletedtheirperiodofquarantineandleftthesite,sotoodidthebelongingstheycarriedwiththem.Similarly,thepossessionsofthosewhodiedinquarantineweretypicallypassedtorelatives,friendsorcrewmates,dependingonwhoitwaspossibletolocate.Furthermore,thedisinfectionprocessesthatcargowassubjectedtohadthepotentialtodamageordestroyluggage.

Ifanything,suitcasesaremostconspicuouswithinthecollectionbytheirabsence,withonlythenumerousluggagetrolleystoremindusoftheburdentheypreviouslycarried.Giventheseelements,itmightbemorepertinenttoquestionnotwhytherearen’tmoresuitcaseswithinthecollection,butratherwhythesefewexamplesarepresent.

AnentrywithinthecatalogueoftheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollectiondescribesa:

brownsuitcasewithwoodenbandsaroundthesuitcasewithmetalprotectivestripsonpointsofcontact,leatherhandlesonsides,twometallocksonfronttocloseitwithaninterioroffadedyellow,whiteandbluestripedpaperlining,twoleatherstrapswithmetalbucklesareinside.(“QS2009.574.1-3”2016)

Thematerialsfromwhichthesuitcaseismadearerecorded:hessian,wood,metal,paper.Measurementsrecorditssize–34x96x55cm–andanobjectnumberisattachedtoidentifyit.Thisnumber,QS2009.574.1-3,indicatesthatthisistherecordofnotoneitem,butofthree,allfallingintotheobjecttype‘suitcase’anddifferentiatedfromeachotherwithinthecatalogueonlybynumber.Theobjectnumberalsodesignatestheyear,2009,inwhichthesuitcaseswereenteredintothecatalogue(althoughtheywerelikelyinthecollectionpriortothispoint).However,thisistheonlyinformationprovidedaboutthesuitcases’provenance.Thecataloguecontainsnorecordsofwhichindividualsthesuitcasesmighthavebelongedto,orofhoworwhytheycametobeaccessionedintotheQuarantineStation’sheritagecollection.

Thecatalogueentryforthesuitcasesrecordstheirphysicalcharacteristics,howeverthereislittleindicationofthesignificanceoftheobjects,particularlywhencoupledwiththelackofprovenanceinformation.Indeed,giventhelackofprovenance,wemightquestionhowthese‘authentic’artefactsdifferfromthe‘prop’suitcasesondisplayinthemuseum.Itisonlybyrepositioningthesuitcaseswithinthecontextoftheprocessesandpracticesofquarantinethattheirlesstangiblecharacteristicsbecomeclear.Suitcaseshavebeenunderstoodasrepresentativeofthelossandtraumaassociatedwithphysicaldisplacement(MertusandTesanovic1997;Tolia-Kelly2006),butalsoascompanionsandkeepersofmemory(Burrell2008;Löfgren2008).Fortheirowners,thesuitcasesatNorthHeadwerelikelytohavecarriedarangeofmixedemotions–theexcitementofanewhomeandnewopportunitiesfaracrosstheseas,balancedwiththesorrowofleavingfriendsandfamilybehind,andthetrepidationoftheunknownthatawaitedthem.Whilethecataloguerecordsthedimensionsoftheobjects,whatisperhapsof

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moreimportistheirresultantvolume,andtheabsencethatitrepresents.ForpeoplenewlyarrivinginSydney,luggagecouldbeaburdentobecarried(asrecountedbyElizabethAllbonwhenquarantinedin1876;seeHassam1995,203),butthecontentsofthesesuitcasesmayalsohaverepresentedtheentiretyoftheirbelongings,preciouscargocarriedwiththemontheirlongjourney.

Uponbecomingsubjecttoquarantine,however,theassociationspassengersmadewiththeirsuitcaseswerelikelytohavedrasticallyruptured.FollowingtheinstallationoftheStation’sfirstdisinfectorsin1883(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.2),alargerpairwereintroducedin1917.Passengers’luggageandbeddingweretakendirectlytothedisinfectionchamber,wheresulphurorsteamwasusedtodisinfectandfumigatethem.Thesuitcaseswereconsideredapotentialcarrierofdisease,andhencerenderedathreat.Whenthesuitcasesenteredtheautoclavestheywereclassifiedas‘foul’,butfiftyminuteslatertheyemergedcleananddisinfected.Althoughtheprocessofdisinfectiondidnotalwaysleaveaphysicaltrace,thesocialsignificanceoftheobjectwasradicallyaltered.AsGosdenandMarshall(1999,174)haveargued,“thehistoriesofmanyobjectsarecomposedofshiftsofcontextandperspective”.Inthissense,themeaningofasuitcaseisnotstaticandfunctional,asitmayappearwhenrepresentedinacatalogue.Instead,itsmeaningissociallycontingentandchangesovertime,accordingtoitsrelationswithandproximitytodisease.

5.2 ApproachingtheCollection

Themetaphoricalunpackingofasuitcasewhichopensthischaptersuggestsboththechallengesandthepossibilitiesthatarecreatedbyananalysisoftheassemblageofquarantine,andthemobilitiesthatarepresentwithinit.Havingpreviouslyaddressedquarantineatthelevelofthelandscape,thischapternowmovesinwardsinscaletoconsiderthecollectionofobjectsthatwerequarantinedwithinthoselandscapes,beforethescopeisreducedoncemoretotheleveloftheindividualobjectwithinChapter6.Takinginspirationfromprecedingcollection-basedresearchwithinarchaeology(S.Byrneetal.2011a;R.Harrison,Byrne,andClarke2013;Finlay2016),theprincipalobjectiveofthischapteristoexplorehow(andwhy)theseobjectscametobeassociatedwithNorthHeadQuarantineStationandassembledasacollection.

ThechapterbeginswithabiographicalaccountoftheQuarantineStationcollectionwhichhighlightsthetaphonomicprocessesthatcreateditanddetermineditscompositionandform.Biography,asappliedtoindividualobjectsaswellastocollectionsandinstitutions,operatesintandemwithassemblagetheoryasamethodofdrawingoutrelationshipsandprocessesofbecoming(Hill2012b,5–6).BytheQuarantineStationcollectionIreferprimarilytotheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection,aformalisedcollectionhousedatthesiteitself,butalsotootherobjectsassociatedwiththesiteincludingexcavatedmaterialsandobjectsfrombothpublicandprivatecollections.Althougharchivaldocumentsarelargelybeyondthescopeofthisresearch,theyareconsideredheretotheextentthattheyrepresentan

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additionalformofobjectwhichhasalsomovedinandoutofthesite.Astheexampleofthesuitcasehighlights,theobjects(andabsences)withinthecollectionaredeterminedasmuchbytheprocessesandpracticesofquarantineastheyarebysubsequentactsofcuration.

Theoverarchingnatureandcharacteristicsofthecollectionarethenconsidered.ThesystemoutlinedinTheRevisedNomenclatureforMuseumCataloging(Blackabyetal.1995)isappliedtothecollectioninordertoassesswhatkindsofobjectsarepresent–andwhatareabsent–andtheextenttowhichtheprocessesandpracticesofquarantineatNorthHeadaremanifestedwithinit.Classifyingthecollectionaccordingtothissystemalsoestablishesastandardbywhichitcanbecomparedwithanumberofothercollectionsthatarealsoassociatedwiththepracticeofquarantinebutassembledunderdifferentcircumstances.HowrepresentativeistheNorthHeadcollection?Whatdifferencedotheprocessesofassemblagemake?HowdotheseothercollectionscontributetoourunderstandingofthenatureandlimitationsoftheNorthHeadcollection?

5.3 AssemblingtheCollection

Collectionsareoftenerroneouslyviewedas“synchronousstructures”(Hill2012b,7),whosecontents,boundaries,andrelationsarefixedandunchanging.However,asHillargues,tofullyunderstandthemtheymustinsteadbeconsideredas“unfoldingthroughtime”.ThissectionrespondstothatneedthroughabiographicalapproachtotheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection,inwhichthetaphonomicprocesseswhichcreated(andcontinuetocreate)itareidentifiedandexplored.Astheopeningofthischapteralludes,thissectiondrawsinspirationfromByrneetal.’s(2011b,4)conceptionoftheactof‘unpacking’museumcollections,asanapproachthroughwhichto“problematizecollectionsasmaterialandsocialassemblagesthroughaninterrogationofhowtheydeveloped,theimpactstheyhavehadovertimeandtheroletheycontinuetoplayinthecontemporaryworld.”

Thebiographyofacollectionisatoncecreatedby,andgreaterthan,thebiographiesoftheobjects,individuals,andinstitutionsthatareentangledwithinit.ThemobilitiesandtrajectoriesoftheobjectsassociatedwithNorthHeadQuarantineStationaretracedthrougharangeofhistoricalandarchaeologicalsources,includingarchivalrecords,museumdocumentation,personalaccountsfrompeopleassociatedwiththesite,thequarantinelandscape,andtheobjectsthemselves,inordertoformulateataphonomyofthequarantinecollection.ByconsideringtheobjectsthatenteredandexitedtheStationduringitsoperation,theprocessesthatledtosomeobjects(andnotothers)beingassembledintoamoreformalised‘collection’,andthesubsequentfragmentationofthecollectionasithasinteractedwithpeopleandinstitutions,wegainanunderstandingofthecollectionnotonlyasanassortmentofindividual,albeitinterconnected,objects,butalsoasanentityinitsownright,andwithitsownbiography.

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ThebiographyoftheQuarantineStationcollectionasrecountedhereisnotastraightforwardchronologicalaccount.Rather,itispresentedasaseriesofdichotomousthemeswhicharebroadlysequentialbutwhichalsooverlapandintertwine,muchasCarreau(2012,203)highlights“distinctivebiographicaltrendstodemonstratethecontinuity,pluralityandconcomitanceofbiographicalelementswithinandbeyondagivencollectionofartefacts”.Theobjectivehereisnottoprovideacomprehensivehistoryofwhenandwhyspecificobjectsenteredintoandoutofassociationwiththesite,butrathertocaptureandexplorethekindsoftaphonomicprocesseswhichhavecreatedthecollectioninitspresentform,andwhichcontinuetoshapethecollectionin“theunfoldingpresent”(S.Byrneetal.2011b,15).

5.3.1 ArrivalsandDepartures

ThebiographyoftheQuarantineStationcollectionbeginswiththeprocessesthatinitiallybroughtobjectsintoassociationwiththeinstitution.Thepracticeofmaritimequarantineisonethatislargelydefinedbymovementandtransition,theebbsandflowsofitsoperationsshapedbythearrivalanddepartureofshipssubjecttoquarantine.JustasshipsbroughtpeopletoNorthHead,theyalsoconveyedarangeofobjects,bothascargoandsuppliestosupporttheStation’soperations.ItistheseobjectsthatformthebasisfortheQuarantineStationcollection.

TheobjectsbroughtintoNorthHeadQuarantineStationcanbeplacedintothreebroadcategorieswhichhelpustotraceandunderstandtheirsubsequentmovements.Thefirstareprovisionsprovidedforthetreatmentofpatientsandtheday-to-dayoperationsoftheinstitution.Theseincludemedicalsupplies,foodanddrink,andotherobjectsthatfurnishedandequippedtheStation.Secondarepersonalbelongings,bothfrompassengersandcrewoftheshipsinquarantine,andpermanentandtemporaryresidentsoftheStationincludingstaffandtheirfamilies.Finally,manyoftheshipsalsobroughtcargowhichtemporarilyenteredtheQuarantineStation.

Itwasnotonlypeople,butalsotheshipsthatcarriedthemandtheiraccompanyingcargo,whichwasunderstoodasapotentialsourceofdiseaseandhencesubjecttoquarantine.Barnes(2014,76)hasdemonstratedtheextenttowhichthematerialattributesofcargowereunderstoodtodeterminetheirabilitytoconveyinfection,arguingthatthedetentionandinspectionofcargowasnotnecessarilyaresultofcomingfromadiseasedport,butratheraconsequenceofitbeingpermeable,ofanimalorigin,orsubjecttodecay.Thepreciseproceduresthroughwhichthecargowascleansedvariedovertime,rangingfromsimpleventilationtomoreextensiveprocessesoffumigationanddisinfection.Regardless,solongasthecargosurvivedtheseproceduresitwaspermittedtodepartandenditsassociationwiththeQuarantineStation.

AlsotransitingthroughtheStationweretheobjectsthataccompaniedpassengers.Figure5.3(transcribedinTable5.1)recordsthebelongingsofStephenJones,a23-year-oldassistedimmigrantwhodiedduringthevoyageoftheSamuelPlimsollin1879.This

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inventoryofhisbelongingssuggeststhekindsofitemsapassengerinhispositionmighttakewiththem–clothingandotherpracticalitems,sentimentalremindersofthepeopleandplacetheywereleavingsuchasthealbum,anditemsincludingcarpenters’toolstohelpwithstartinganewlifeinthecolony.Whatisperhapsmosttellingforthecurrentpurposes,however,istheletterthataccompaniestheinventory–arequestfromStephen’sbrothertotakepossessionofhisbelongings.Withfewexceptions,thepossessionsofpassengerscameintoassociationwiththeQuarantineStationonlytemporarily,leavingwiththepassengerthemselvesor,incaseofdeath,withfriends,family,orcrew.

Figure5.3InventoryoftwochestscontainingtheeffectsofStephenJones,1879(SANSW:NRS905,79/5716).

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Table5.1TranscriptionoftheinventoryoftwochestscontainingtheeffectsofStephenJones,1879.

7Pairstrousers 1Cane

4Coats 1Umbrella

1Greatcoat 11Books

4Shirts 1Album

1Pairdrawers 1Casemathematicalinstruments

7Pairsstockings 1Pipeandrazor

3Aprons 1Boxofstuds

1Towel Carpenterstools

7Neckties 2pairsboots

13Pockethandkerchiefs 1Pairshoes

7Collars 1Parcelinyellowhandkerchief

2Shirtfronts 1Silverwatchandchain

4Pairscuffs 1Pursecontaining₤4.2.0

2Pairsgloves Secretdrawer

1Moneybelt

Giventhetransitorynatureofthesetwosetsofobjects,thebulkoftheobjectsbothenteringandremainingassociatedwiththeQuarantineStationwerethosesuppliedbytheGovernment,initiallytoestablishandfurnishtheStationandthentomaintainitduringtimesofquarantine.WhileattemptingtotracealloftheobjectswhichweresuppliedtoNorthHeadisbeyondthescopeofthisresearch,acloseexaminationofasingularquarantineepisode,whileacknowledgingtheperilsandlimitationsofgeneralising,canprovideinsightintothetypesofobjectsthatwereenteringtheStationandthewaysinwhichtheyweredistributedandunderstood.ThetestimonyoftheRoyalCommissionresultingfromthe1881smallpoxquarantineintroducedinthepreviouschapterdisplaysapreoccupationwiththematerialgoodsenteringandcirculatingthroughtheQuarantineStationthatisinstructiveforthisdiscussion.

OneoftheprimaryconcernsoftheRoyalCommissionappointedin1881,“toenquireintoandreportuponthemanagementoftheQuarantineStation,NorthHeadandthe

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hulk‘Faraway’”,wastoascertainwhetherprovisionsfortheStationwerebothadequatelysuppliedandappropriatelydistributed(Streetetal.1882).TheCommissiondeterminedthatthelargequantityofstoresrequisitionedbytheStationwaspromptlydelivered,andthat“thesupplieswereliberal,ifnotlavish”(Streetetal.1882,7–8),aconclusionthatissupportedbythethreeinventoriesappendedtotheirreport.ThefirstandmostextensiveoftheseinventoriesdetailsthequantitiesofgoodssuppliedtotheQuarantineStationbytheColonialStoresDepartment,totalling5335itemsacross145categories(Table5.2).Theseincludelargequantitiesofclothing,bedding,itemsassociatedwiththepreparationandserviceoffood,andotherobjectsrequiredfortheongoingmaintenanceandoperationoftheinstitution.Theseitemsweresupplementedbyfurtherarticlesofclothing,bedlinenandotherprovisionscontributedbytheSydneyHospital(Table5.3),whoalsosuppliednursestoassistwiththequarantine.ThefinalinventoryliststhequantitiesoffoodandalcoholthatweresuppliedtotheQuarantineStation(Table5.4).Takentogether,thesethreeinventoriescompriseacatalogueofthetypesandquantitiesofgoodssuppliedtotheStationduringthisquarantineepisode.

Table5.2TotalquantitiesofarticlessuppliedfromStoreDepartmenttotheQuarantineStation,from16Juneto16September,1881(Streetetal.1882,106).

Baths 4 Cupsandsaucers 150 Paperbags,gross 1

Blankets 150 Saucepans 37 Mopsandhandles 24

Boots 298 Knivesandforks 108 Kerosene,gallons 12

Buckets 42 Frying-pans 30 Spoons,dessert 48

Brooms 24 Coal,tons 17 Cups&saucers,enamelled 6

Brushes,hair 6 Foolscappaper,quires 31 Paint,lbs. 74

Brushes,scrubbing 18 Notepaper,quires 6 Oil,boiled,gallons 2

Carbolicacid,gallons 52 Envelopes,foolscap 124 Turpentine,gallons 2

Outfits,women’s&children

104 Envelopes,post 125 Ropecoir,fathoms 60

Coats 74 Ink,pints 6 Nails,copper,lb. 1

Chemises 64 Plates,tin 4 Kegs 6

Combs 17 Dishes,tin 8 Hooks,bagging 4

Comforters 25 Basins,washing 32 Plates,small 6

Collars 40 Camp-ovens 3 Needles,sail 12

Drawers 63 Fire-bars 4 Thimbles,sail 6

Flags,quarantine 4 Basins,enamelled 6 Twine,seaming,lbs 6

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Garters 16 Mugs,enamelled 6 Pencils,lead 28

Gloves 12 Lanterns 2 Pens,boxes 14

Hose 20 Gridirons 3 Paper,blotting,quire 1

Hats,men’s 146 Clock 1 Prayer-books 12

Hats,women’s&children’s

85 Dishes,bakingandpie 23 Scissors 6

Handkerchiefs 102 Meat-safe 1 Spoons,table 12

Hoods 3 Flat-irons 2 Shovels,L.H. 3

Jumpers 57 Corkscrew 1 Picks,American 2

Jackets,women’s 37 Brushes,handscrub 18 Books,foolscap 7

Lamps 7 Candlesticks 12 Inkstands 3

Muslin,yards 12 Tomahawks 9 Quoits,sets 2

Mattresses 158 Choppers,meat 4 Chessboards&men,sets 2

Night-dresses 82 Jugs 27 Draughtboardsandmen,sets 2

Neckties 2 Boilers 2 Quicklime,lbs. 112

Pillows 146 Spoons,iron,large 24 Saw,meat 1

Pillow-cases 74 Spoons,iron,small 24 Dominoes,boxes 2

Petticoats 44 Knife,butchers’ 1 Stretcher&straps 1

Pipes 6 Steel,butchers’ 1 Handles,pick 2

Pinafores 3 Anchor 1 Padlocks,iron 2

Ribbon,etc,yards 45 Chain,fathoms 15 Hasps&staples,lb. 1

Shirts 207 Shackle 1 Nails,wire,lbs. 14

Shirts,under 132 Castor-oil,gallons 412 Candlesticks 12

Shawls 10 Tallow,lbs. 74 Osnaburg 4

Slippers 52 Waste 24 Towline,feet 100

Suits,men’s 52 Colzaoil,gallons 212 Wicks,lamp 1

Suits,boys’ 12 Kettles 24 Toothbrushes 2

Sheets 164 Pots,tea 37 Carvers,pair 3

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Socks 240 Plates,tin 10 Deed-boxes 2

Soap,carbolic 30 Pots,pint 36 Plates,dinner 34

Stays 44 Tubs,washing 12 Plates,soup 24

Trousers 131 Stoveandpiping 1 Basins,slop 12

Towels 330 Spoons,tea,B.M. 18 Plates,dessert 12

Vests 73

Table5.3Articlesofclothing,bedlinen,etc.,suppliedtotheQuarantineStationbyLucyOsburn,LadySuperintendentoftheSydneyHospital,between18Juneand6September,1881(Streetetal.1882,107).

Gauzeandmuslinforcurtains 1suitofclothes

4whiteblankets 2blueponchos,forpatients

2pillow Bootsandgaloshes,convalescentpatient

10dozenpillowcases 6infants’night-dresses

1012dozensheets 6infants’flannelgowns

2yardsextrawidewaterproofing 6child’s(aged8)night-dresses

6mosquitonets 6child’s(aged8)flannelgowns

Teapots,cupsandsaucers Bluesergesuitforchild4years

Tea,coffee,andsugar 2winseydresses

Coffee,groats,etc. 4pairsslippers

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Table5.4QuantitiesoffoodandalcoholdeliveredtotheQuarantineStationduringtheperiod15Juneto31October1881(Streetetal.1882,118).

26512dozenPortWine,quarts 650dozenEggs

21312dozenSherryWine,quarts 78

212dozenJams

31dozenHennessy’sBrandy,quarts 122dozenOranges

13dozenKrugChampagne,quarts 3dozenOranges

2dozenShiraz,quarts 3dozenLemons

78dozenFoster’sAle,quarts 3dozentinsPreservedChicken

87dozen“Pig”Porter,quarts 112dozenOxTongues

2412dozenLimejuice,quarts 1,601lbs.Bacon

12dozenPickles 48lbs.Ham

5dozenSardines 95lbs.Cheese

8dozenL.&P.Sauce 7tinsSheepTongues

14lbs.Lozenges 10dressedFowls

112dozentinsSalmon 31pecksGreenPeas

AlthoughasanactofpublichealththeprimaryconcernoftheGovernmentiswiththoseoutsideofquarantine,anexaminationoftheseinventoriesdemonstratesthattheStationwasprovidedwithmorethanmerenecessities.Theinclusionofitemssuchasgamessuggeststhattherewasatleastsomeconcernwithnotonlyprovidingadequateprovisions,butalsoensuringthecomfortofthoseinquarantineandoccupyingtheirtime.ThissupportsthestateddesireonthepartoftheGovernmentthatthoseinquarantine“shouldsufferaslittlediscomfortaspossibleduringtheirsequestration,andbetreatedwitheverypossiblecareandconsideration,aswellaswiththeutmostliberalitywithregardtosuppliesofbothclothingandprovisions”(Streetetal.1882,7).Theinclusionofprayerbooksisalsonotable;NorthHeadQuarantineStationdidnotincludeachapel,incontrastwithcontemporaneousinstitutionselsewhereintheworld(see,forexample,Bergdoll1987),butthissuggeststhatreligiousguidanceandcomfortwasstillaconsideration.Onecategorythatisnotablyabsentfromtheselistsis

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medicine,whichappearstohavebeenrequisitionedseparatelybythedoctor.However,aswillbediscussedfurtherinthisandfollowingchapters,muchofthealcoholandcleaninganddisinfectingsuppliesshouldbeconsideredmedicinalwithinthequarantinecontext.

Itshouldbenotedthatdespitepraisingthe“liberality”withwhichgoodsweresuppliedtotheQuarantineStationduringthe1881smallpoxepisode,theRoyalCommissiondidfindfaultwiththeextenttowhichthesesuppliesweredistributedandmadeavailable.However,theobjectiveofthepresentanalysisisnottoexplorethewaysinwhichobjectswereactuallyinuseandthewaysinwhichtheyweredeployed,butrathertoestablishthesuiteofobjectsthatwereenteringandbecomingassociatedwiththesite.

WhileformostpeoplewhopassedthroughtheQuarantineStationitwasatransitionaryspace,thesamecannotbesaidformanyoftheobjectsthataccompaniedthem.Ofthethreecategoriesofobjectdelineatedabove,cargoandpersonalbelongingsmayhavebeendestroyedifitwasdeemednecessaryduetodisease,butforthemostparttheydepartedtheQuarantineStationastheyarrivedatit,onships,albeitsubjecttoprocessesofquarantineanddisinfection.Forthesupplies,however,quarantineregulationslargelydictatedaone-waymovement,inthattheycouldentertheQuarantineStationbuttheycouldnotleaveitforfearofspreadingdisease(intheory,thoughasweshallseethisdirectivewasnotalwayscompliedwithinpractice).Theseobjectsthereforemaintainedtheirphysical,aswellassocial,connectiontothecollection,andanumberofdifferentprocessesarerequiredtoexplaintheirsubsequenttrajectory.

5.3.2 DestructionandPreservation

ForobjectsthatwerenotpermittedtoleavetheQuarantineStation,therewerethreeprimaryoutcomes–toconsume,topreserveortodestroy.ThereisbothhistoricalandarchaeologicalevidenceforarangeofdisposalmethodsbeingimplementedattheStation.TestimonyrelayedtotheRoyalCommissionin1881indicatesthatclothingandbeddingwereroutinelyburned,withGeorgeHenryLivesayreportingthateachtimeheburiedabodyhewasrequiredtoburnthesuithehadbeenwearing(Streetetal.1882).Similarly,thehealthofficerDrAlleynegaveevidencetotheCommissionthathe“wasinthehabitofseeingtheinfectedbeddingburned”.ThismayaccountforthelargequantitiesofclothingenteringtheQuarantineStation,asevidencedintheinventoriesabove.DrClunefurthertestifiedthathispersonaleffectsincludingbooksandtelegramshadbeendestroyedwhileattheStation,althoughtheprecisemannerinwhichthiswasdoneisnotspecified.Anincinerator(or,asitislabelled,“garbagedestructor”)isstillextantwithintheQuarantineStation’shospitalprecinct(Figure5.4),evidencingtheongoinguseofburningandincinerationasamethodforthedisposalofobjects.Theseresponsestopotentiallyinfected(andinfectious)objectsarereminiscentofthe“frenziedzeal”withwhichCipolla(1992,4)describesEuropeanhealthofficialsburninginfectedclothesandfurnitureseveralcenturiesprior,suggestingthecontinuityof

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quarantinepractices,evenasmedicalparadigmsandunderstandingswerebeginningtoshift.

Figure5.4IncineratorinthehospitalprecinctofNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Aformerresident,thesonofamemberoftheQuarantineStation’sstaff,hasalsorecalledthedeliberatedestructionofcrockery(J.Roberts2016),againoutofafearofthespreadofdisease,withcracksandchipsinthetablewareviewedaspotentialcarriersofmicro-organisms.Theserecollectionsaresupportedbythefragmentedtablewarewhichremainsprominentacrossthesurfaceofthesite,oftenextendingwellbeyondtheformaldiningareas.

Runningcontrarytotheseprocessesofmaterialdestructionisasignificantactofdeliberatepreservation.Asearlyas1934therearereferencestoleg-ironsandhandcuffsbeingdisplayedas“exhibitsonthewall”(Moore1934).Thelate1960sandearly1970ssawtheinitialestablishmentofacollectionattheQuarantineStation,whichwhilefarlessformalisedwouldactasthegenesistothecollectioninitspresentstate.ThecollectionwasinitiatedbyCommonwealthquarantinestaff,ledbyHerbertGordonLavaring,theStation’sResidentOfficer-in-ChargefromFebruary1963untilDecember1975(C.P.Kelleher2014,183;Lavering2016).Thisappearstohavebeenafairlyadhocandopportunisticprocess,withstaffgatheringobjectsfromaroundthesitethatwerenolongerinuse,butwhichtheyconsideredtobeofsufficienthistoricalmerit,withdomesticitemsdisplayedinthethirdclassdiningroomandothersstoredinanumberofbuildingsacrossthesite(Lavaring1975,34)(Figure5.5).Otherobjects,particularlymedicalitems,thatheldnoconnectiontotheQuarantineStationwerealso

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depositedatthesitebyotherCommonwealthgovernmentdepartmentsduringthisperiod(SydneyArtefactsConservation2007,Appendix4).

TheestablishmentofthecollectionisindicativeofatendencybystaffandotherstohistoricisetheStationwhileitwasstilloperational,perhapsinresponsetotheformal(albeitselectivelyenforced)prohibitionontheremovalofmaterialfromthesite,andcanbelinkedtoabroadertrendofstaffmembersfoundingmuseumsatformeroroperationalmedicalinstitutions(FennellyandNewman2017,17).

Figure5.5ItemsondisplayattheQuarantineStationcirca1975.Someoftheseobjectshavebeenaccessionedintotheformalcollection,whileothersarenowheldbytheNationalMuseumofAustralia(Source:courtesyofJeanDuncanFoley).

AlthoughtheestablishmentofthecollectionworkedtoarrestmuchofthedestructionofobjectsassociatedwiththeQuarantineStation,theprotectionitaffordedandthepreservationofobjectswithinithasnotbeenabsolute.Periodsofneglectandlackofappropriatecareandmanagementofthecollectionhaveresultedindamagetoandthedestructionofcollectionobjects,asseeninFigure5.6.Pastmanagementpracticeshavealsoledtothepermanentdestructionoflargequantitiesoffurnitureandmaintenanceequipmentfromthesite(SydneyArtefactsConservation2007,31),andahospitalwardthatwasconsumedbyfireisrumouredtohavecontainednumerouscollectionitems(assupportedbythecharredappearanceofanumberofobjects,forexample“QS2009.235”2017).

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Figure5.6Exampleofdamagetothecollectioncausedbyrats(Source:SydneyArtefactsConservation2007,34).

5.3.3 DiscardandRetrieval

AnumberofdenseartefactscattersspreadacrossthelandscapeofNorthHeadareindicativeoflongstandingprocessesofdiscardattheQuarantineStation.Thesescattersrepresentbothformalandadhocrubbishdumpsforthedisposalofobjectsthathadbeenunintentionallydamaged,deliberatelydestroyed,orweresimplynolongerofuse.Whilethedumpshavenotbeenexcavatedorcomprehensivelysurveyed,qualitativeobservationrevealsthemtocontainlargequantitiesofceramicsandglassdatingfromatleast1900,ifnotearlier,aswellasbrokenfurnishingsandbuildingmaterials,someofwhicharelikelyassociatedwithmajorworksattheStationinthe1950s(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW2000,19).Thecontentsofthesedumpshasbeensubsequentlyreducedasaresultoffiresanderosionaswellastheactivityofmetaldetectorusersandbottlecollectorsinthearea(NationalParksandWildlifeServiceofNSW2000,34).Conversely,theyhavealsobeensupplementedwithmodernglassfragmentsinparticular,asaresultoftheongoinguseofthesiteforweddingsandotherfunctions.

Giventhatrubbishisoftenconnectedwiththespreadofdisease,anditsburningorremovalisacommonprecaution(seeforexampleCipolla1992,7;Lupton1995,16;Hays2005,127),thepresenceofthesedumpsatthesiteisinteresting.However,rubbishisalsosomethingthatisperceivedas“belongingindirtyplaces”(Drackner2005,179).Restrictingtherubbish(anditspotentialthreat)totheQuarantineStation,aplacealreadyunderstoodasdiseasedor“dirty”,wouldbepreferabletoremovingitfromthequarantineconfines.

Discardisanotheractthatwasintendedtobepermanent,butlikeotherprocessesatthesitethatweresupposedtobeone-way,ithasalsobeenreversedinsomeinstances

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throughanumberofactsofretrieval.Whiletheseactshavenotbeenextensive,anumberofobjectshavebeenrecoveredthrougharchaeologicalworkatthesite.Excavationshavenotbeenundertakenforresearchprojects,butconservationandconstructionworkattheStationhastriggeredseveralsmallexcavationsforsalvageandmitigationpurposesduringconservationandconstructionwork(SydneyArtefactsConservation2007,16).Artefactsexcavatedduringtheseworks,aswellasanumberofincidentalsurfacefinds,havegenerallybeenstoredasadiscretecollection,butinsomeinstanceshavebeenaccessionedintothemainQuarantineStationcollection,asintheexampleofaglassbottle“foundinthearchaeologicaldigs”accordingtothecollectioncatalogue(“QS2007.248”2016).

5.3.4 CollectionandFragmentation

TheclosureofNorthHeadQuarantineStationin1984triggeredsignificantchangestothecollection’smanagementandcomposition,andinparticularledtothefragmentationanddispersalofmuchofthecollection.Ifthepreviouslyidentifiedprocesses–ofarrivalanddeparture,destructionandpreservation,discardandretrieval–determinedwhatobjectswerepresentatthesiteatthetimeofitsclosure,itisthesubsequentprocessesofcollectionandfragmentationthathavecreatedtheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollectioninitspresentstate.

UponthecessationofquarantinefunctionsattheStationin1984,anumberofobjectsweretransferredtootherculturalinstitutions,includingtheStateArchives,theNSWDepartmentofHealth,theSchoolofPublicHealthandTropicalMedicineattheUniversityofSydney,andthenow-defunctInstituteofAnatomyinCanberra(Thorpe1984;SydneyArtefactsConservation2007).OtherobjectswererelocatedbytheDepartmentofHealthandsubsequentlyaccessionedin1988intotheNationalHistoricalCollection,thecorecollectionoftheNationalMuseumofAustralia.Forthemostpartthesetransfersandtheobjectsthatpertaintothemdonotappeartohavebeenclearlydocumented,howeverafulllistoftheobjectsinthepossessionoftheNationalMuseumofAustraliacanbeseeninAppendix3.WhilemanyoftheobjectsattheNationalMuseumduplicatethoseheldattheQuarantineStation,theyalsoholdanumberofuniqueitems.TheseprocessesofdispersalhaveledtoafragmentationoftheQuarantineStationcollection,whilealsocreatingorfurthercomplicatingitsconnectionsandentanglementswithotherinstitutions.

Thecollectionwasformalisedthroughtheinventoryingoftheobjectsthatremainedatthesitein2005and2006,essentiallycreatingwhatisofficiallyknownastheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(“SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollectiononeHive”2016).However,thisprocessofformalisationalsoledtofurtherfragmentation,asduplicatedobjects(particularlythoseinpoorcondition)wereculledanddeaccessionedfromthecollection(SydneyArtefactsConservation2007,17–18).Approximately120itemsweremarkedforsale,donationordispersalatthistime,primarilydegradedaluminiumfurnituredatingfromthe1960s.

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Conversely,thecreationoftheformalisedcollectionhasalsoseenobjectsreturnedtothecollectionviadonation.ThisincludesobjectsthatlefttheStationbothofficiallyandunofficially,withpassengers,staffandtheirfamilies.Donationsincludeadoily,staffwarrantcard,andcomponentsofthePasteur,avesselthatwasusedtotransportpatients,staffandstorestoandfromtheQuarantineStation.Mostrecently,itemsassociatedwithfieldworkundertakenbyarchaeologistsandhistoriansatthesite,myselfincluded,havebeenaccessionedintothecollection.TheseitemsaretestamenttotheongoingentanglementsbetweentheQuarantineStationcollectionandotherinstitutionssuchastheUniversityofSydney,andalsodemonstratetheextenttowhichthecollection-makingisnotasingularmomentbutratheranongoingprocess.

5.3.5 Biographies,Itineraries,andTaphonomies

WhilethisaccountoftheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollectionisnecessarilyincomplete,thethematicbiographicalapproachadoptedherehighlightsthetaphonomicprocessesthathavecreatedthecollectioninitspresentform.Thereisatensiontothesethemes–betweenobjectsarrivinganddeparting,objectsdiscardedandretrieved,objectsdestroyedandpreserved,andobjectscollectedanddeaccessioned.Thesetensionsrevealadisjunctionintheprocessesthathaveshapedthecollection,betweentheofficialandsanctionedmovementsofobjects,andunofficial,unsanctioned,andattimessubversivemobilities.Manyoftheprocessesdescribedherewereintendedtobeone-wayflows.Objectsthatenteredthestationwerenotsupposedtoleaveit.Objectsthatwerediscardedwerenotsupposedtoberesurrected.Andobjectsthatwereaccessionedintothecollectionwerenotsupposedtobedeaccessioned.Incontrast,theitineraryrecountedhereisnotalinearprogressionfromdisparateobjectstounifiedcollectionbutratheraseriesofebbsandflows,demonstratingtheextenttowhichcollections“arenotjustaphenomenonofthepastbutcontinuetobere-negotiatedintheunfoldingpresent”(S.Byrneetal.2011b,5).Thetaphonomicprocessesidentifiedaboveareongoing,andcontinuetoshapethecollection,suchthat“thisbiographymarksanothernewmomentintheunfinishedbiography”(Foster2012,164).

Stanley(1989,107)hassuggestedthatmuseumcollectionscanbeunderstoodas“contaminated”bythepeopleinvolvedintheircreation.ThebiographyoftheQuarantineStationcollectionhighlightstheextenttowhichitsformationisentangledwiththebiographiesofindividualobjects,ofpeople,andofinstitutions,exposingacollectionthatisasmuchsocialasitismaterial(seeS.Byrneetal.2011b).Thepresence(andpersistence)ofcertainobjectswithinthecollectionandtheabsenceofothers,aswillbeexploredbelow,isaresultoftheseentanglementsandcontaminations.However,inthecaseoftheQuarantineStationcollection,the‘contaminants’withinthecollectionarebothmetaphoricalandliteral.Thetrajectoriesofindividualobjectswereaffectednotonlybytheirintersectionswithindividualsandinstitutions,butalsobytheextenttowhichobjectswereperceivedashealthyordiseased,apointwhichwillbeexploredindetailinthefollowingchapter.

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5.4 CharacterisingtheCollection

ThebiographicalaccountoutlinedaboverevealsthetaphonomicprocesseswhichhavecreatedtheNorthHeadcollectioninitspresentform–butwhatisthatform,andhowcanitbecharacterisedandunderstood?Whatkindsofobjectsarecontainedwithinit,andtowhatextentdotheyreflectthepracticeofquarantine,andtheprocessesthathaveledtotheirinclusionwithinthecollection?Fortheremainderofthischapter,Iseektoaddressthesequestionsthroughacategorisationandcharacterisationofthecollection,qualitativelyevaluatingitscontentsinordertoidentifypatternsandabsenceswithinthecollection’scomposition.

AsameansofcharacterisingtheNorthHeadcollection,theobjectswereclassifiedaccordingtoTheRevisedNomenclatureforMuseumCataloging(Blackabyetal.1995).Nomenclatureisataxonomichierarchyfortheclassificationofhuman-madeobjectsonthebasisoftheiroriginalintendedfunction.Eachobjectisfirstassignedtooneof10categories,andthenwithinthatcategoryisassignedaclassification,andfinallyanobjectterm(seeAppendix1).ThesystemprovidesastandardisedterminologyandframeworkthathasthepotentialtofacilitatecomparisonbetweenNorthHeadandotherquarantine-relatedcollections,andthelackofwhichisanongoingchallengewithinAustralianhistoricalarchaeology(Crook,Lawrence,andGibbs2002;Brooks2005).Whilethereareanumberofcataloguingandclassificatorysystemsthatcouldhaverespondedtotheseneeds,RevisedNomenclaturewasadoptedbecauseitisoneofthemostextensive,accessible,andwidelyimplemented,andbecauseithasalreadybeenusedtoclassifytheexcavatedcollectionfromtheIsladeCabras(Schiappacasse2011,260),furtherfacilitatingcomparisonbetweenquarantinecollections.

AlthoughNomenclatureisprimarilyintendedforuseincataloguingmuseumcollections,italsohasthepotentialtofacilitatefunctionalanalysisofacollectionorassemblagewithinanarchaeologicalcontext.WhileIacknowledgecritiquesoftheuseoffunctionalcategoriesincataloguing(Brooks2005;seeCasey2004foracounterpoint)myaimisnotsomuchtoimplementthesefunctionalcategoriesasastrictmethodofanalysisforthesite,butrathertousethemtoprovideaframeworkwithwhichtobreakdownandgrapplewiththelargecollectionofobjects.Thecategoriesareemployednotbecausetheycapturesomething‘real’oressentialabouttheobjectstheydescribebutratherasausefultool–Iseekasmuchtocomplicateandcritiquetheresultantclassificationsastoutilisethem.

Giventheongoingprocessesofmovementandchangingsocialrelationshipsofthecollectionoutlinedabove,thefollowingcharacterisationofthecollectionshouldbeunderstoodasavignette,muchlikethosedescribedinthepreviouslandscapechapter–asnapshotofthecollectionataparticularmomentintime.GosdenandMarshall(1999,170)havecautionedagainstattributingstasistocollectedobjects,arguinginsteadthatevenwithinthemuseumenvironment“suchobjectsarecontinuallypickingupnewsignificances,connectionsandmeanings”.Thetaphonomicprocessesidentifiedabove

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arestillverymuchinaction,andthecontentsofthecollectionandthesocialrelationsthatdefineitcontinuetoshiftandevolve.Indeed,additionalobjectswereaccessionedintotheformalcollectionduringtheundertakingofthisresearch,inpartasaresultofalargerresearchprojectwithwhichthisworkisassociated.Thisisthereforenotanexhaustiveordefinitiveaccountbutratherasingularbiographicalmomentintheongoinglifeofthecollection.Thecollectionthatischaracterisedanddefinedhereisthecollectioninitspresentstate,notitsever-elusive‘final’one.

5.4.1 CategorisingtheCollection

Atthetimeofwriting,thecataloguefortheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection(“SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollectiononeHive”2016)contains2661entries.However,manyoftheseentriesrepresentmultiplesimilaroridenticalobjects,bringingthetotalnumberofobjectsinthecollectionto6143(seeAppendix2).ThismakestheNorthHeadcollectionthemostextensivequarantinecollectioninthecountry–howeveritshouldbenotedthatthetotalnumberofobjectsremaininginthecollectionisroughlyequaltothenumberofitemsthatenteredtheQuarantineStationduringasinglequarantineepisodein1881.

UsingNomenclature’shierarchicalsystem,objectswerefirstplacedintooneofthefollowingtencategories:

Structures:“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtodefinespaceforhumanactivitiesortobeusedascomponentsofspacedefiningactivities”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–1).

Furnishings:“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtofacilitatehumanactivityandtoprovideforphysicalneedsofpeoplegenerallybyofferingcomfort,convenience,orprotection.”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–2).

Personalartefacts:“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtoservethepersonalneedsofanindividual[such]asclothing,adornment,bodyprotection,oranaidforgrooming”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–4).

Toolsandequipmentformaterials:“Tools,equipment,andsuppliesoriginallycreatedtomanage,oversee,capture,harvest,orcollectresourcesandtotransformormodifyparticularmaterials,bothrawandprocessed”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–5).

Toolsandequipmentforscienceandtechnology:“Tools,equipment,andsuppliesusedfortheobservationofnaturalphenomenaortoapplyknowledgegainedfromsuchphenomena”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–11).

Toolsandequipmentforcommunication:“Tools,equipment,andsuppliesusedtoenablecommunication”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–15).

Distributionandtransportationartefacts:“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtotransportordistributeanimateandinanimatethings”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–17).

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Communicationartefacts:“Artefactsoriginallycreatedasexpressionsofhumanthought”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–19).

Recreationalartefacts:“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtobeusedastoysortocarryontheactivitiesofsports,games,gambling,orpublicentertainment”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–21).

Unclassifiableartefacts:“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtoserveapurposethatcannotbeidentifiedatthetimetheobjectiscatalogued”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–22).

Thedistributionofobjectsacrossthesecategorieswasfoundtobeextremelyuneven.AsclearlyindicatedinTable5.5,thelargestcategoryofobjectsistoolsandequipmentformaterials,encompassingjustover50%ofthecollection.Otherdominantcategoriesarefurnishingsandtoolsandequipmentforscienceandtechnology,whichmakeup19.73%and12.26%ofthecollectionrespectively.Bycontrast,theremainingsevencategoriescollectivelymakeupjust17.03%ofthecollection.Thecompositionofeachcategory,andtheirimplications,areconsideredbelow.

Table5.5QuantityofNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollectionobjectsbycategory

5.4.2 ClassifyingtheCollection

Structures

Structuresareoneofthesmallestcategoriesinthecollection,consistingofjust31items(0.50%ofthetotalcollection).However,thisresultsomewhatbeliesthenatureofthesiteitself.Structuresarenotpresentwithinthecollectionnotbecausetheynolongerexist,butratherbecausetheyremaininsituandthushavebeenconsideredacomponentofthelandscaperatherthanbeingincorporatedintotheheritagecollection.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Unclassifiableartefacts

Recreationalartefacts

Communicationartefacts

Distribution&transportationartefacts

Tools&equipmentforcommunication

Tools&equipmentforscience&technology

Tools&equipmentformaterials

Personalartefacts

Furnishings

Structures

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Thesolitary‘building’inthecollectionisactuallyatentpole,classifiedassuchthroughtheNomenclaturesystembecauseitisacomponentofastructure“originallycreatedprimarilytoprovideordefineaspacewithacontrollableclimate–usuallythroughenclosure–forhumanactivities”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–1).Thisisrepresentativeofalesstangibleandmoretransientformofaccommodationthanthosedocumentedinthepreviouschapter,butonewhichneverthelessplayedanimportantroleinbothaccommodatingandphysicallyandsociallysegregatingpeopleinquarantine.

Inadditiontositefeaturesandbuildingcomponentssuchascisterns,awatertank,tilesandwindowpane,thecategoryalsoincludesanumberofgatesandfencepoststhathavebeenremovedfromthequarantinelandscape.Theirpresencewithinthecollectionhelpstoprovidetangiblesupportingevidenceforclaimsmadeabouttheuseofsuchfeatureswithinthelandscapeinthepreviouschapter.

Table5.6QuantityofstructuresintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Furnishings

Furnishingsarethesecondlargestcategoryinthecollection,encompassing1212individualobjects,or19.73%ofthetotalcollection.GiventheevidenceprovidedinthebiographyabovethatlargequantitiesoffurnitureweredisposedoffollowingtheStation’sclosure,aswellasthetestimonythatbeddingwasroutinelyburnedtopreventthespreadofdisease,wecanconfidentlyconcludethatwhilefurnishingsarestronglyrepresented,whatremainswithinthecollectionisonlyasmallportionofwhatwasoriginallypresentatthesite.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Otherstructure

Sitefeature

Buildingcomponent

Building

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Table5.7QuantityoffurnishingsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Personalartefacts

Personaleffectshavepreviouslybeenidentifiedasagapwithinthecollection(SydneyArtefactsConservation2007),andthepresentanalysisfoundthatpersonalartefactsconstitutejust1.58%ofthecollection(97objects).Ofthese,theclothingandpersonalgearrelateprimarilytostaffratherthantoindividualsinquarantine.AlthoughtheyfallintothecategoryofpersonalartefactswithintheNomenclaturesystem,thetoiletarticlesrelatetohygieneandarealsonotindicativeofindividuals.

Althoughlargequantitiesofclothingwereenteringthesite(seeTable5.2&Table5.3),likebeddingitwasroutinelyburnedattheStationtopreventthetransmissionofdisease,andanyarticlesthatwerenotdestroyedarelikelytohavebeentakenbystafforpatientsattheendoftheirstayatthesite.Theclothingthatremainsinthecollectionisprimarilyuniformitemsaswellassmocksandapronswornbymedicalstaffduringtheirduties.

Table5.8QuantityofpersonalartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Toolsandequipmentformaterials

Toolsandequipmentformaterialsarethelargestcategoryofobjectsinthecollectionbyasignificantmargin,makingup50.98%ofthetotal(3132objects).Thiscategoryincludestoolsforagriculturalandotherpurposes,whichcanbeseenasindicativeofthe

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Temperaturecontroldevice

Plumbingfixture

Lightingdevice

Householdaccessory

Furniture

Bedding

0 10 20 30 40 50

Toiletarticle

Personalgear

Clothing

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needforself-sufficiencyattheQuarantineStationwhentheywereinperiodsofquarantineandthusisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.

Mostsignificantly,thiscategoryiscomposedalmostentirelyoftoolsandequipmentfortheprocessingandserviceoffood,whichcombinedmakeup96.61%ofthiscategory,or49.26%ofthetotalcollection,underscoringtherealitiesofprovidingforthelargenumbersofpeoplewhopassedthroughthestation.Theavailability,qualityandvarietyoffoodwasafrequentconcernwithintheStation(Streetetal.1882),theextenttowhichitwasintheforefrontofpassengers’mindsperhapsattestedtobyaninscriptionatthesitethatreads“inlovingmemoryofIrishstew”.Fooditselfmaybeabsentfromthecollection,buttheseobjectsactassignifiersforfoodandforthesocialmeaningittookonwithinthequarantinecontext,notonlyprovidingnutritionbutalsoplayingaroleinbothmedicaltreatmentandsocialorganisation.

Table5.9QuantityoftoolsandequipmentformaterialsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Toolsandequipmentforscienceandtechnology

Toolsandequipmentforscienceandtechnologyisthethirdlargestcategoryinthecollection,incorporating753objects(12.26%ofthetotalcollection).Medicalandpsychologicaltoolsandequipmentmakeupmorethanhalfthecategory(441objects,or58.57%).AlthoughNomenclaturedoesnotclassifythemassuch,manyoftheobjectsinthebiological,chemical,optical,andweightsandmeasuresclassificationsarealsolikelytohavemedicalfunctions,albeitinalaboratorycontextratherthanonthehospitalward.However,whilemedicalobjectsmakeupalargeproportionofthecategory,theyonlyconstitute7.17%ofthecollectioninitstotality,anumberwemightconsiderquite

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Woodworkingtools&equipment

Textileworkingtools&equipment

Papermakingtools&equipment

Mining&mineralharvestingtools&equipment

Metalworkingtools&equipment

Masonry&stoneworkingtools&equipment

Foodservice

Foodprocessing

Animalhusbandrytools&equipment

Agriculturaltools&equipment

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lowgiventhatthisisaninstitutionwhosefunctionisthemanagementanderadicationofdisease.

Althoughtheyonlyconstituteaverysmallportionofthecategory,alsoofnotearethearmaments(3,or0.40%ofthecategory)andregulativeandprotectivetoolsandequipment(9,or1.20%ofthecategory),whichspeaktotheneedforsecurityandtheregulationofmovementatthesite,asdiscussedinthepreviouschapter.

Table5.10QuantityoftoolsandequipmentforscienceandtechnologyintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Toolsandequipmentforcommunication

Thereare188toolsandequipmentforcommunicationinthecollection(3.06%ofthetotal).Thelargestclassificationisvisualcommunication,whichconsistsmostlyofsignsusedaroundthestationandatitsboundaries.TheseobjectsspeaktotheimportanceofcommunicationwiththeoutsideworldwhentheStationwasisolatedduringquarantineepisodes,aswellasthedemarcationofzonesthatwereinaccessibleorrestrictedduetothepresenceofdisease.

0 100 200 300 400 500

Weights&measurestools&equipment

Timekeepingtools&equipment

Thermaltools&equipment

Surveying&navigationaltools&equipment

Regulative&protectivetools&equipment

Opticaltools&equipment

Merchandisingtools&equipment

Medical&psychologicaltools&equipment

Mechanicaltools&equipment

Maintenancetools&equipment

Energyproductiontools&equipment

Electrical&magnetictools&equipment

Constructiontools&equipment

Chemicaltools&equipment

Biologicaltools&equipment

Armamenttools&equipment

Acousticaltools&equipment

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Table5.11QuantityoftoolsandequipmentforcommunicationintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Distributionandtransportationartefacts

Distributionandtransportationartefactsmakeup3.04%ofthetotalcollection,or187objects.Thevastmajorityofthesearecontainers,aclassificationwhichreferstovesselswithoutaspecialisedfunction,orwherethespecificfunctioncannotbeconfidentlyidentified.Themajorityofthe147containersincludedherearebottlesthatarelikelytohavebeenusedeitherfordrinksorcondiments,formedicines,orforchemicalsusedinthelaboratory,butwhosespecificfunctioncannotbedetermined.

TheremainingobjectsrelatetothewaysinwhichobjectsandpeoplemovedintoandoutoftheStation,inthecaseofwatertransportation,andthroughoutthequarantinelandscape,inthecaseofrailandlandtransportation.IfthebiographyoftheQuarantineStationcollectionwasconcernedwiththephysicalandsocialmovementofquarantineobjects,theobjectsinthiscategoryprovideaninsightintosomeofthewaysinwhichthatmovementoccurred.WatertransportbroughtpeopleandsuppliesinandoutoftheStation,andrailandlandtransportationdistributedthemthroughoutthelandscape.Thelandtransportationinparticularisofinterestbecauseitconsistsprimarilyofluggagetrolleys,whichcanbeviewedasasignifierforthesuitcasesandpersonalbelongingsthatareotherwiselargelyabsentfromthecollection.

Theobjectsinthiscategoryareinterestinginthattheyareartefactsthemselvesbutalsospeaktothemobilityanditinerariesofotherobjects.Warnier(2006,190)hasarguedthatcontainersareaparticularlysignificantclassofobject,asaresultoftheir“abilitytocontain,andtodesignateinsideandoutside”(Burrell2008,363).Inthissense,fences,officiallycategorisedasstructures,mightalsobeunderstoodasaformofcontainer,forpeopleandthediseasetheyrepresented.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Writtencommunicationtools&equipment

Visualcommunicationtools&equipment

Telecommunicationtools&equipment

Soundcommunicationtools&equipment

Photographictools&equipment

Draftingtools&equipment

Dataprocessingtools&equipment

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Table5.12QuantityofdistributionandtransportationartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Communicationartefacts

Thereare261objectsclassifiedascommunicationartefacts,or4.25%ofthetotalcollection.Themajorityofthesearedocumentaryartefacts,primarilybooks,whichspeaktotheregulationsinplaceattheStationandthekindsofmedicalknowledgethatwereavailabletostaff.

Personalsymbolsconsistofbadges,epauletsandpatchesidentifyingCommonwealthQuarantineServicestaff.WhileNomenclaturedefinestheseaspersonalsymbols,itwouldperhapsbemoreaccuratetoconsidertheminstitutionalsymbols,indicativeofstatusandsocialdifferentiationwithinthesite.

Theceremonialartefactsareprimarilyheadstonesandgravemarkers,thepresenceofwhichwithintheQuarantineStationcollectionisinteresting.Theseareobjectsthatwereintendedtoremainstaticandpermanentlyinplace,andyetwhiletheindividual(anddisease)theysignifiedwasstagnant,thegravemarkersthemselvesweremovedandrelocatedaroundthesite,beforeeventuallyenteringtheformalcollection.

Table5.13QuantityofcommunicationartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Recreationalartefacts

Alongwithstructures,recreationalartefactsarethesmallestcategoryinthecollection,representingjust31objects(0.50%).Thetoysinthecollectionincludequoitssuchas

0 50 100 150 200

Watertransportation

Railtransportation

Landtransportation

Container

0 50 100 150 200

Personalsymbol

Exchangemedium

Documentaryartefact

Ceremonialartefact

Art

Advertisingmedium

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thosesuppliedtotheQuarantineStationduringthe1881smallpoxquarantineepisode(Table5.2).Thesespeaktothepresenceofchildrenonthesite,andtotheneedforentertainmenttopassthetime,althoughwhetherthesewereusedprimarilybyquarantinedpassengersorbystaffandtheirfamiliesisunclear.Historicalaccountsalsoindicatethatgamessuchascricketandfootballwereplayedatthesite(“QuarantineStation”1913).

Table5.14QuantityofrecreationalartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

Unclassifiableartefacts

Thefinalcategoryofunclassifiableartefactscontains251objects,or4.09%ofthetotalcollection.Therearethreeclassificationswithinthiscategory.Just29artefactremnants(whoseoriginalformandfunctioncouldnotbedetermined)wereidentifiedwithinthecollection.Whilethesearecommoninexcavatedassemblages,thenatureoftheNorthHeadcollectionandtheprocessesbywhichitwascreatedmeansthatartefactremnantsaremorelikelytohavebeendiscardedthanaccessionedintothecollection.Themajorityofunclassifiableartefactsareobjectswhichareintactbutwheretheirfunctionisunknown.Theseareforthemostparttoolsofsomedescriptionandshouldlikelybeinthetoolsandequipmentformaterialscategory.Anumberofmetalpegsandrodsmayalsorelatetothetentsthatwereusedforaccommodationatthesite.Thefinalclassification,multipleuseartefacts,representstoolssuchashammerswhichhaveanumberoffunctionsandhencecannotbecategorisedwithintheNomenclaturehierarchy.

Table5.15QuantityofunclassifiableartefactsintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollection

5.5 Conclusion

TheabovefunctionalanalysisenablestheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollectiontobedisassembledanditscompositionconsideredinamorestructuredway.Butwhatdoesitmeanforthisgroupingofobjectstobeassembledtogetherinsuchaway?

0 5 10 15 20 25

Toy

Sportsequipment

Recreationaldevice

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Artefactremnant

Functionunknown

Multipleuseartefacts

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Breakingthecollectiondowninthiswayhighlightsthepresencesandabsenceswithinit.Thecollectionisoverwhelmingdominatedbyfurnishingsandbyobjectsrelatingtothepreparationandserviceoffood.Thisisatestamentnotonlytotheabilityoftheseitemstosurviveandendure,butalsotothesheervolumeofsuchitemsthatwasrequiredtoprovisionaninstitutionofthissizeandnature.Conversely,itemsofamorepersonalnaturearelargelyabsentfromthecollection,andthosethatdoexistrelateprimarilytostaffratherthanpassengers,reflectingthehighlytransitorynatureoftheirtenurewithintheQuarantineStation.

Puttingthecontentofthecollectionwithinthecontextofitsbiography,wecanseetheextenttowhichthecollectionreflectsthewaysinwhichtheQuarantineStationoperated.Oneimportantfeaturethatdifferentiatestheprocessesidentifiedherefrommoreorthodoxtaphonomicprocessesisthattheyarenotsolelypost-depositional,butrathertakeplaceduring,andasanintrinsicpartof,thepracticeofquarantine.Absenceswithinthecollectionaredeterminedasmuchbytheprocessesandpracticesofquarantineastheyarebysubsequentdecayandactsofcuration,makingthoseabsencesasreflectiveofthepracticeofquarantineastheobjectsthatarepresent.

Onegroupofobjectswhich,whilenotabsent,isperhapsnotasplentifulasmightbeanticipated,ismedicaltoolsandequipment.Thisisnotananomalybutratheraconsequenceofafunctionalanalysiswhich,whileausefultoolforclarifyingwhatispresent,cannotfullycapturethesignificanceofmanyobjectswithintheQuarantineStation.Oneissuethatariseshere,andisacommonproblemwithfunctionalanalysis,isartefactpolyfunctionality(Brooks2005,10).Whiletheoriginallyintendedfunctionofanobject(thecharacteristicthatNomenclatureisconcernedwith)maynothavebeenmedical,manyobjectstakeonmedicalfunctionswithinthequarantineenvironment(echoingthefindingsofI.SmithandGarland2012,61).Forexample,theprovisionofalcohol,representedwithinthecollectionbybottles,glassesanddecanters,wasnotprovidedmerelyasaluxuryortoplacatethosedetainedinquarantine,butratherwasintendedtobemedicinal.Theextenttowhichthepresenceofdiseasecomplicatesandsubvertsmanyofthestraightforwardfunctionalclassificationspresentedherewillbefurtherexploredwithinthenextchapter.

Thefollowingchaptermovesfromthisbroad-scaleexaminationofthecurrentcompositionofthecollectionandthetaphonomicprocessesthathavecreatedit,toacloserconsiderationofanumberofindividualobjects.Indoingso,itbuildsonmanyoftheissuesandideasraisedhere,problematisingthefunctionalunderstandingofthecollectionbyexploringthewaysinwhichdiseaseisentangledwithinthequarantineassemblage.

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Chapter6: QuarantinedObjects

6.1 Introduction

Thesuitcasewhichopenedthepreviouschapteralsoprovidesanappositeanalogyforintroducingthisone.AsWarnier(2006,190)hasargued,luggagefallsintoaninterestingclassofobjectforitsabilitytocontainotherobjects.Asaresult,thesuitcasecanbeunderstoodbothasanartefactinitsownright,andasavesselwhichenclosestheitemsitsownerhasselectedtocarry.Thisenclosurecreatesacollectionofsorts,definedanddelineatedbythesuitcaseitself,asexemplifiedpreviouslybytheinventoryofpersonaleffectsofStephenJones,apassengerontheSamuelPlimsollin1879(Figure5.3andTable5.1).

Ifthepreviouschapterissaidtohaveconsideredthesuitcaseasawhole,thischapteropensitupandunpackstheobjectswithin.Theprecedinganalysisdemonstratedthat,whenunderstoodfromafunctionalperspective,thecollectionisinstitutionalandattimesmundane.Whilemedicalandpharmaceuticalobjectsarepresent,themajorityofthecollectionconsistsoftheutilitarianitemsrequiredfortheoperationandupkeepofanyinstitutionchargedwithsupportingapotentiallysizeablepopulation.

Byexamininganumberofindividualobjects,thischaptercomplicatesandsubvertsthischaracterisationofthecollection,demonstratinghowdiseaseispresentinalmosteverypartofthecollection.BuildingonStanley’s(1989)ideaofmuseumcollectionsbeing“contaminated”bythepeopleinvolvedintheircreation,IargueherethattheNorthHeadQuarantineStationcollectionwasnotonlymetaphoricallycontaminated,butwasalsounderstoodasliterallycontaminated.Thisapproachmightbeconsideredan‘epidemiology’ofthecollection,tracingarangeofrelationsbetweenobject,person,place,anddisease,todemonstratehowdiseaseisdistributedandentangledthroughouttheassemblage.Althoughspecificallyapplicabletothehistoricalcontextofquarantine,Iwillargueinsubsequentchaptersthatanalogouscharacterisationsmayaidininterpretingthearchaeologicalassemblagesshapedbydiverseinstitutionalforms.

6.2 ApproachingtheObject

Thediscussionthatfollowsexplorestherelationshipsbetweenobjectsanddiseasethroughaseriesoffourcasestudies.Eachbeginswithasingleobject:aheadstone,awaxcast,amailfumigator,andadinnerplate.Theseartefactshavebeenselectedbecauseeachdemonstratesaparticularrelationshipbetweenobjectanddisease.Insomeinstancestheseobjectsareunique,whereasothersrepresentawholeclasswithinthecollection.Regardless,theconceptsthatemergefromeachareinstructiveofhowtheQuarantineStation’scollectionmightbemorefullyunderstood.

Throughadiscussionofeachobject’smaterialattributes,history,andassociationwithNorthHeadQuarantineStation,fourdistinctobject-diseaserelationsemerge,eachtraceablethroughoutthecollectionandlandscapeofquarantine.Thisanalysis

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correspondswithasuiteofrecentarticlesinspiredbyDeetz(1996),elaboratingsmallfindsandthewaysinwhichtheyderivemeaningfromtheirculturalcontexts(MacDonald2016,641).TheseincludeColeman’s(2016)explorationofToronto’shistorythroughaceramictoothpastepot,asanindicatorofchangingstandardsofhygieneandcleanlinessinthenineteenthcentury,andMcGuire’s(2016)studyofmustardpowderbottlesasevidenceofintersectingfoodwaysandmedicalpractices.Likewise,Carnevaleetal.’s(2016)investigationofthehistoryofwomen’shealthandfertilityrightsbeginswithasmallglassbottlelabelled‘SirJ.Clarke’sFemalePills”.

Thestudiesinthischapter,whilenotstrictlyobjectbiographies,neverthelessdrawuponbiographicalapproachesinmovingbeyondmerelymaterialhistoriesofartefacts.Ialsoinvoketheirsociallives:thewaysinwhicheachiteminteractedwithpeopleandwithotherobjects.Whileinsomeinstancestheconnectionbetweenobjectanddiseaseisobvious,inothersitisexposedonlythroughanunderstandingoftheobject’scontextwithintheQuarantineStationandwithinhistoricalconceptionsofdisease.Thesestudiesmightbebetterdescribedasobject‘diagnoses’,explicatingthephysicalandculturalrelationshipsbetweenobjectsanddisease.

6.3 Objectslocatedisease

Figure6.1TheheadstoneofPeterMcNeil(died1838)ondisplayintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationVisitorCentre(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Cemeteriesandfunerarymonumentscanbeimportantsourcesforunderstandinghistoricalattitudestowardsandperceptionsofpublichealth(Mytum1989).Itisthereforefittingthatthischaptercommenceswithjustsuchanobject:aheadstone.Thisitem(objectnumberQS2007.279)isoneof30headstonesintheNorthHeadcollection,whichalsocontains22woodengravemarkers.Theheadstoneinquestionhere(Figure6.1)isanuprightslabortabletwithatripartiteshape,similartowhatBuckham(2000,188)termsavestigialscrollform.Theheadstoneismadefromlocalsandstone,aswascommoninSydneythroughoutthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies(Janson2015,38;Gilbert1980).Therearenomotifsorotherdecorationontheheadstone,withalmosttheentiretyofavailablespaceoccupiedbyengravedtext.Theunusuallyextensiveinscriptionontheheadstonereads:

BENEATHREPOSETHEREMAINS

OFPETERMCNEIL

ANATIVEOFDINDINNIENEARSTRANRAER,WIGTONSHIRE,INTHESOUTHWESTOFSCOTLAND

-----MrMcNeildied,afterabriefillnessofonlyeightdaysduration,oftyphusfever,contractedonboardtheemigrantshipMINERVA,inwhichvesselhewasa

passengerwhiledetainedattheQuarantinestation,SpringCove,the5thFebruary1838.

-----THISTABLET

Intendedtomarkthespotwhichformedhislastearthlyrestingplace,hasbeenerectedtohismemorybyhisattachedfriendsandbrotherGallovidians

WilliamKerrandAlexrMcKe(ach)ie

Astheinscriptionnotes,theheadstonecommemoratesPeterMcNeil,aScottishfarmerwhohadtravelledtoSydneyaboardtheMinervaand,likemanyofhisfellowpassengers,wasstruckdownbytyphus.BasedontheearlydateofMcNeil’sdeathwithinthecontextoftheQuarantineStation’shistory,theheadstoneandaccompanyingburialwouldhavebeenlocatedwithintheStation’sfirstburialground.Thepegshapeinthebaseofthestonesuggestsitwasintendedtobeinsertedintoaformalgravefooting,andwaslikelycarvedbyaprofessionalmason,indicatingadegreeoforganisationandstructureintheburialgroundevenatthisearlystage.

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Theinscriptionevokesastrongsenseofplace,recognisingMcNeil’sScottishheritagewhilstsimultaneouslyrootinghisbodywithinthequarantinelandscape.ThedetailedarticulationofMcNeil’splaceoforiginechoesastudyofcolonialTasmaniawhicharguesthatScotswereparticularlylikelytoemphasisetheirnationalandregionalidentitiesinheadstoneinscriptions,thelatteroftentakenprecedenceovertheformer(Straw2012).Theuseofexpressionssuchas“nativeof”,asfoundonMcNeil’smarker,wasafurther“signifierofconnectiontoaformerhome”(Straw2012,97),whilethereferencetoemigrationhasclassimplications,indicatingelectivemigrationratherthanconvicttransportation(Straw2012,99).ForPeterMcNeil,whosedeatharrestedthetransitionfromemigranttoimmigrant,theseconnectionshaveparticularpoignancy.

Throughthephrases“beneathreposetheremains”and“intendedtomarkthespot”,theinscriptionemphasisesthelocationoftheheadstoneitself,anditsproximalrelationshiptothebodywhosepositionitmarks(amoreprosaicexamplefromanotherheadstoneinthecollectionreadssimply“ALFREDSPEEDBURIEDHERE1841”[Figure6.2]).ThesephrasesarereminiscentofwhatMytum(2004,171)terms‘warningepitaphs’,whichdrawexplicitfocusonthelocationanddecayofthecorpse.Theinscriptionsignalstheimportanceofboththelocationoftheheadstonewithinthelandscape,andtherelationshipbetweenheadstoneandbody.Thiscorrespondenceisfurtherreinforcedbythematerialityoftheheadstone;farfromatemporaryorinsubstantialgravemarker,thesandstonefromwhichitisconstructedisheavyandsolid,suggestingpermanenceandimmovability.Themonumentthussemioticallyandmaterially‘fixes’theremembranceofPeterMcNeilwithinspace.

Figure6.2TheheadstoneofAlfredSpeed(died1841),intheNorthHeadQuarantineStationVisitorCentre(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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AnothernoteworthyaspectoftheMcNeilinscriptionisthereferencetothecauseofdeath–typhusfever.Suchaninclusionwithinthecontentofagravemarkerisrelativelyunusual.ThisistheonlyexamplewithintheQuarantineStationcollectionthatliststhecauseofdeath;onlyoneotherextantexample–citingbubonicplague–hasbeenidentifiedintheStation’sThirdCemetery(Janson2015,65).Mytum(2004,154–155)hassuggestedthattheidentificationofcauseofdeathusuallyoccurswhenthemannerofdeathisparticularlyunusualortraumatic.DyinginquarantinejustdaysafterarrivinginAustralia,ontheothersideoftheworldfromhome,wouldcertainlyseemtoqualify.Similarlytotheepitaphsdiscussedabove,thecauseofdeathcouldserveasareminderofmortalityandawarningofthethreat,andpotentialoutcome,ofdisease.

Partofthevalueofarchaeologicalstudiesofgravemarkersliesinrevealingwhichaspectsofthedeceasedwereconsideredtobe“culturallyimportant”,throughaconsiderationofthedescriptorsthatareincludedoromitted(Mytum2004,137).Throughtheinformationtheyinclude,headstones“helptocreateacontextuallyspecificidentity”(Petts2003,195).ForPeterMcNeil,identityasportrayedonhisheadstonecentresontwocharacteristics–hisnationalidentityandregionalaffiliations,andhisdisease.

Thereferencetodiseaseandemphaticemplacementoftheheadstoneviaitsinscriptionaresuggestiveofitsculturalrole.Petts(2003,195)remindsusthatinadditiontofacilitatingandmaterialisingtheactofremembrance,headstones“reproduceandrecreatesocialknowledge…aboutthedeadindividualsandthecontextoftheirburialtothoseatadistance,bothphysicalandchronological”.WhileothersurvivingexamplesofgravemarkersdonotsoexplicitlyhighlightthecauseofdeathasdoesMcNeil’s,theirverypresencewithinaquarantineburialgroundwasneverthelessalikelyindicatorofthediseasedidentityofthedeceased.Withinthecontextofquarantine,thesocialknowledgecreatedbygravemarkerswasthepresence(andthreat)ofdiseasedbodies–notonlyinanabstractsensebutastangiblyembeddedwithintheearth.Theactofinternmentcontainedtheriskofdisease,butdidnotnullifyit.Positionedwithinthehealthyground,anybreachoftheburial’sconfinementofdiseasecarriedthepotentialtocontaminatethenominallycleanarea.Withinthequarantinelandscape,headstonesstoodasabeacon,materialisingdiseaseviaitsmorbidconsequences.

Thegravemarkersactedasawayofmarkingandfixingamemory–ofbothanindividualandadisease–inspaceandtime.Whilememorialsareoftenassumedtobefixedinplace,thisisoftennotthereality(Mytum2004,185).Indeed,theQuarantineStation’sgravemarkers–includingPeterMcNeil’sheadstone–arecurrentlyoutofplace.Theremainsoftheindividualstheycommemoratehavenotbeenexhumed,butthedirectspatialconnectionbetweenbodyandmarkerhasbeensevered.

Whathappenswhensuch‘embedded’objectsarenolongerfixedbutbecomemobile?Artefactsthatwereintendedtoremaininplacehaveinsteadcirculatedthroughoutthesite–firstasburialgroundsweresuperseded,thenasformalelementsofthemuseum

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collection,literally‘moveableheritage’.Wherepreviouslytheydenotedapotentialthreat,theircurrentlocation–variouslyinstoragewithrestrictedaccess,ordisplayedbehindsheetsofglass–indicatestheextenttowhichtheyhavebeenrenderedsafeandinert.Nolongerprotectingtheliving,thequarantinemonumentsthemselvesnowrequireprotection.

OtherclassesofobjectswithintheQuarantineStationfunctionedinsimilarways.Forexample,thestonecairnswhichdotteditsearlyboundarymarkedboththelimitsofsociallycontrolledspaceandthewildernessbeyond.ButtothoseoutsidetheStation,thesepillarssignalledthethreatofdiseasethatlaywithin.Asmoreformal,andforceful,boundarieswereerectedaroundtheStation,officialsignagerenderedsuchwarningsmoreexplicit.Whiletheseobjectsdidnothavethesamedirectconnectionwiththediseasedbodyasdidgravemarkers,theirfunctionwasnonethelesssimilar.Ifheadstonessignalledthepresenceofdiseasedbodiesembeddedwithintheearth,boundarysignsandlandmarkswarnedofthepresenceofdiseasedbodiesinthe‘contaminated’landscape.

Oneclassofobjectswhichcutsacrossthecategoriesestablishedwithinthepreviouschapteriswhatmightbetermed‘branded’objects.Withinthecurrentcollection,107objectswereidentifiedasfeaturingsomeformofquarantine-relatedbranding.Thisincludestheinitials‘QS’(oftenaccompaniedbyabroadarrowtosignifygovernmentownership),‘AustralianDepartmentofHealth’,‘CommonwealthDepartmentofHealth’,‘AustralianQuarantineandInspectionService’,‘AustralianQuarantineService’,‘CommonwealthofAustralia’,and‘NorthHeadQuarantineStation’.Inadditiontothese‘branded’objects,thecollectionalsocontainsanumberof‘branding’objects–stampsthatimprintotherobjectswithsimilarphrases,aswellasaliteralbrandingiron,thatinscribes‘CDofH’(forCommonwealthDepartmentofHealth).

Fromahistoricalperspective,theseobjectshighlightthechangingadministrationandownershipoftheQuarantineStation,andthearrayofentanglementsbetweenthecollectionandothergovernmentalinstitutions.Forexample,by1919astandardisedsystemformarkingquarantinepropertyatallCommonwealthquarantinestationshadbeenestablished(Cumpston,Elkington,andRobertson1919).ByattributingownershiptotheQuarantineStation,however,thesebrandsalsoimpliedanassociationbetweentheobjectsandthediseasethattheStationwastaskedtocontrol.Insomeinstances,theconnectionismoreexplicit,asinthecaseofastampwhichimprintedtheword‘DISINFECTED’–thenecessarycorollarybeingthesuspectstatusofobjectswhichdidnotcarryitsmark.Thesebrandscouldactasawarning,denotingalinkbetweentheobjectthatborethemanddisease.Asthefollowingsectionargues,anentireclassofquarantineartefactsfunctionedpreciselytorendersuchassociationspatent.

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6.4 Objectsrevealdisease

Figure6.3Modeloftheforearmofasmallpoxpatient(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2007.109.1-2”2016,109).

Someofthemostimmediatelyevocativeobjectsinthecollectionareapairofanatomicalmodels–thehandandforearmofanadult(Figure6.3),andthefaceofababy(Figure6.4).Thelatterhasbeensmashed,likelyasaconsequenceoftheprocessesofmovementandneglectthecollectionhasbeensubjectto.Thewaxmodelsaremountedonfeltandeachisencasedinacardboardboxwithaglasstopforviewing.Theboxcontainingthefaceislabelled‘varicella’,suggestingthatthebabywasafflictedwithchickenpox,whilemarksalongthearmindicatethepresenceofsmallpox.

Figure6.4Modelofthefaceofababyafflictedwithchickenpox(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2007.109.1-2”2016,110).

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Theseobjectsaredermatologicalmoulages,typicallyusedasatoolinclinicalteaching(forahistoricalaccountofthedevelopmentanduseofmoulages,seeSchnalke1988;Schnalke1992;Schnalke2004).Moulageswerecastdirectlyfrompatients,withwaxchosenasamediumbothforitsmalleabilityandforitsabilitytomimicthesurfacesofthebody(Schnalke2004,207).Thecastshavethenbeenpaintedtoreflecttheyellowedsicklyskin,punctuatedbyreddenedareasofinflammation,indicatingthecollisionbetweenartandsciencecharacteristicofsuchdemonstrationitems.ThemoulagesintheQuarantineStation’scollectiondatetoaround1900andwereoriginallypurchasedbytheUniversityofSydney(“QS2007.109.1-2”2016),onceagaindemonstratingtheentanglementsbetweenthetwoinstitutions.

Thepurposeoftheseobjectswastofacilitatethestudyandrecognitionofdiseasessuchassmallpox,whileremovingtheneedtocomeintodirectcontactwiththeinfectedpatient.Earlyattemptsatphotographywereunabletocapturethetruecolourandtextureofskinlesions(Figure6.5).However,asphotographictechniquesdevelopedtheabilitytomoreaccuratelyrendertheappearanceofskininthe1940s,theuseofmoulageslargelyceased(Cooke2010),andphotographstookonasimilarrole.Theseobjectsmadediseasevisibleandmaterial,whilesimultaneouslyrenderingitbenignandnullifyingitsthreat.

Figure6.5FaceofanunidentifiedsmallpoxpatientatNorthHeadQuarantineStation,circa1900–1910(Source:NationalMuseumofAustralia“PhotographofFaceofSmallpoxPatient”2017).

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Photographsandmodelsprovideadetachedvisualrepresentationofdisease,recordingandimmortalisingthosesignswhicharealreadyvisibletothenakedeye.Bycontrast,otherobjectsinthecollectionfacilitateamuchmoredirectimageofdisease,renderingvisiblethatwhichwashithertounseen,particularlyasgermtheorybecamemorewidelyaccepted.Theseobjectsincludex-raysandmicroscopes,bothofwhicharepresentwithinthecollection,allowingustoseethroughandintothediseasedbody,andtoviewdiseaseatascalethathadnotbeenpreviouslypossible.Alsorelevantareobjectssuchassputummugs(Figure6.6)andbedpans,whichincollectingbodilyfluidsandsecretionsnotonlyplayedapragmaticrolebutalsoprovidedavisualaidtodiagnosis.

Suchdiagnosescouldbemadeonasuperficiallevel–throughanobservationofcolour,forexample–butinmanyinstancesrequiredamicroscope,inwhichcaseyetmoreobjectsintervened.Thecollectedsputum(forexample)mightbeappliedtoaglassslideforexaminationunderthemicroscope,orplacedintoapetridishinordertogrowandobserveanybacteriapresent.Latour(1988)hasspokenoftheimportanceofthelaboratoryanditstechnologiesin‘revealing’disease,allowingthepreviouslyhiddenmicrobestobe“isolatedandnurtured”,andtherebyrenderedvisible(Sismondo2004,68).Indoingso,theycontributedtoacriticaldistinctionwithinlatenineteenth-centurymedicineknownastheontologicalconceptofdisease.Withinthisparadigm,diseasewasunderstoodnotasarisinginternally–fromanunbalancedconstitutionwiththeafflictedperson–butratherviaadiscreteentitythatinvadedthepatientandcouldbecuredbyitsremoval(Temkin1963).Asaconsequence,quarantineartefactssuchasthesputummugandmicroscopeareentanglednotonlywithdisease,butwitheachother.Theyworkedintandemnotsimplytodocumentthecorporealmanifestationsofdisease,buttoviewitscausesinisolation,externallyfromthebody.

Figure6.6SputummugintheQuarantineStationcollection(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Afinal‘object’–or,inthisinstance,building–worthyofdiscussionhereisthemortuary.Prior(2003,77)hasspokenofatleastthreedifferentsitesatwhichdisease“canbemadevisible”–theimagingsuite,theclinic,andthemortuary.TheQuarantineStation’sextantmortuaryreplacedanearlierstructuredatingfromthe1870s(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.5).Constructedin1916aspartofamodernisationoftheinstitution,itislocatedattheedgeofthehospitalgrounds.Thismortuaryremainslargelyintact,andanumberofinstrumentsrelatingtoautopsyarealsoheldwithinthecollection.Incontrastwiththepredominantlytimberbuildingselsewhereatthesite,themortuaryisasingle-storeybrickbuildingwithinternalconcreteslabfloors,reflectinganemergentneedfornon-porous,cleanablesurfacesinthewakeofgermtheory.Inadditiontotheroomsetasidefortheexaminationofthedead,thebuildingalsohousedthelaboratory.Takentogether,thesespacescentralisedthestudyanddiagnosisofdiseaseattheQuarantineStationinthetwentiethcentury,allowingitsobservationinboththelivingandthedead.Ifthemoulagevisuallyrepresentsdiseasefromadistance,andthemicroscoperevealsdiseaseinisolation,itisthemortuarythatmakesdiseasevisiblewithinthebodyitself.

Itisworthpausingtoconsiderwhatitmeansforanobjecttomakedisease‘visible’,andindeedwhatisbeingmadevisible.Scienceandtechnologyscholarshavearguedthat“theworldofnatureisneverimmediatelyvisiblebuthastobemadeandmanufacturedinordertobeseen”(Prior2003,74;seealsoLatourandWoolgar1986;Bastide1990;Lynch1990;G.Myers1990;Rapp2000).Latour(1988)hasdemonstratedhowLouisPasteurusedthemicroscope,andthelaboratorymoregenerally,notjusttoseethemicrobe,buttodefineit(Sismondo2004,68).Similarly,RobertBoyle’sairpump,inrevealingpreviouslyunseenpropertiesofair,was“ameansofintellectualproduction”(SchafferandShapin2011,26).

Thequarantineobjectshighlightedherethusmarkanimportanttransition–notonlyintheontologyofdisease,butinmedicalauthoritywithintheinstitution.Diagnosticobjectsdonotunambiguouslyrevealdisease;rathertheycreateanddefineit,suchthat“whatthedisease‘is’changesaccordingtotheavailabilityoftheimages”(Prior2003,74).Whereoncediagnosisinvolvedadirectinterrogationofphysicalsignsandsymptoms,theinterventionoftheseartefactsenactedalevelofremove,renderingdiseasevisiblespecificallytotrainedbacteriologists.Theseshiftingrelationsappliednotonlytothevisiblysick,buttothepurportedlyhealthy,asnewmethodsoftestingfacilitatedtheidentificationofsymptomlesscarriersofillness.Suchproceduresthereforeredefinednotsimplywhoshouldbequarantined,butinwhichpartofthestationtheyshouldbesegregated,andforhowlong.Conversely,asexploredinthefollowingsection,anotherclassofartefactsservedtodiminishthespatialandtemporalimpactofdiseasewithinthequarantinelandscape.

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6.5 Objectserasedisease

Figure6.7MailfumigatorondisplayatNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Oneoftheobjectsinthecollectionwhosefunctionisperhapslessimmediatelyapparentisalargecylindricalcontainerwithahandle,andaconicallidwhichcanbeclampedinplacebythreescrewsaroundthecontainer’srim.Asmallexternaltubewithascrewcapisaffixedtoonesidewhichleadsintothecontainer.Thisreceptacle,whichisconstructedfromsteel,hasbeenpaintedred.TheRoyalcoatofarmsoftheUnitedKingdomisembossedonthefront,andbelowittheletters‘FQ’.Accompanyingthecontainerisawirebasket,designedtofitcomfortablyinside.Thebottomofthebasketisraisedbyseveralcentimetres,creatingashelfthatwouldraisethecontentsofthebasketabovethebasewheninsertedintothecontainer.

Thisartefactisamailfumigator,intendedtodestroyanyagentsofdiseasepotentiallycarriedbypostalcorrespondence.ThefumigatorwouldlikelyhavebeenusedbothonmailfromtheQuarantineStationitself,andlettersoriginatinginforeignportsand

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passingthroughtheStationontheirwaytoSydney.Thedecontaminationofmailhasbeenundertakeninvariousformssinceformalisedquarantinepracticesbeganinthefifteenthcentury(Meyer1962,11).Althoughlesscommonlypractisedinthepresent,itmaintainsadegreeofculturalcurrency–forexample,asaresponsetoanthraxscaresintheUnitedStatesin2001(Ambrose2011,77).

AtNorthHead,thedisinfectionofcorrespondencecommencedwhenthepermanentQuarantineStationwasestablishedin1837.Whilephysicalisolationwasoneofthemaintechnologiesemployedforquarantine,thepracticeofmaildecontaminationdemonstratesthatthetransmissionofdiseaseremainedathreatevenatadistance.ThefirstSuperintendentofQuarantine,JamesSpink,wasinstructedtotreatalldocumentsleavingtheStation“byplacingthemoverburningsulphurandcharcoalandthensoakingtheminvinegar”(Foley1995,31).Afumigatingmachinewaspurchasedforthetaskin1838,thenupgradedin1852whenthecolonialArchitectEdmundBlacketwasinstructedtoerectabuildingtohousetheapparatus(Foley1995,39,52).Thismultiscalarmanifestationofdisease–fromthemereprospectofacontaminatedlettertotheconstructionofadiscretefacilitytodisinfectit–isprototypicalofthequarantineassemblage,andremainsembodiedinthesurvivingmailfumigator.

Anembossedmarkonthelidofthefumigatorissomewhatdifficulttoread,butappearstocorrespondwithalabelattachedtoanalmostidenticalmailfumigatorinthecollectionoftheNationalMuseumofAustralia,whichreads‘A.J.Nance.PatenteeMelbourneSanitaryExpert’.Whileacorrespondingpatenthasnotbeenidentified,Nanceappearsinarangeofnewspaperarticlesbetween1890and1910,identifiedvariouslyasbeingintheemployoftheSanitoryEngineeringCompanyandtheVictorianBoardofHealth(“Small-PoxinMelbourne”1892;“TheBubonicPlague”1901;“VermininFlourMills”1911;“TheBubonicPlague”1900b;“TheBrunswickCase”1892;“FitzroyCityCouncil”1907).A1902articledescribesNanceasa“greatsanitaryexpert…whosefumigatorsareextensivelyusedthroughouttheAustralianstates”(“Small-PoxandPlague”1902),aclaimsupportedbythepresenceofthesedevicesincollectionsassociatedwithNorthHead,TorrensIslandandPointNepeanQuarantineStations.SuchfumigatorswerelikelypurchasedtoequipthepostofficesconstructedatanumberofAustralianquarantinestationsinthelatenineteenthcentury(Vandervelde1996,301).

AphotographofonefumigatorinuseatTorrensIslandQuarantineStationin1924(nowinthecollectionoftheNationalMuseumofAustralia,“MailFumigator”2016),illustratestheuseoftheobject(Figure6.8).Sulphurandcharcoalwereburnedinthebaseofthecontainer,producingfumesthatwouldwaftthroughletterssuspendedinthewirebasketjustabove.Thetubeatthesideofthecontainerallowedfortheadditionofformalin,aformaldehydesolutionwithdisinfectantproperties,bottlesofwhicharealsofoundintheNorthHeadcollection(“QS2007.114”2016,114;“QS2009.624”2016,624;“QS2008.761”2016,7).

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Figure6.8MailfumigationparaphernaliaatTorrensIslandQuarantineStation,1924(Source:NationalArchivesofAustralia:D3185,22).

Thediseasethatthefumigatorswereintendedtoremovewasnotvisibleontheletters,buttheeffectsofthefumigatorsthemselvesoftenwere.Insomeinstancesletterswerepuncturedwithholesinordertoallowthefumestofullypenetratethem,andsealsorstamps(suchasthosediscussedearlierinthischapter)wereappliedtoclearlysignifythattheyhadbeendisinfected(Vandervelde1996,301).Theuseofsteamorvinegarasadisinfectantcarriedtheriskofsmudgingcorrespondencetothepointofillegibility(Ambrose2011,82).Thesulphurfumescouldleavebehindstainsonpaper(PearsonandMiles1980,112),andthefirewithwhichthosefumeswerecreatedalsooftensingedtheletters.Thisdamageaffectednotonlythelettersthatwerebeingfumigated,butalsothelocationinwhichtheyweretreated:scorchmarksonthefloorofthepostofficetangiblyfixthepracticeoffumigationinplace(Figure6.9).Thedecontaminationofmailalsohadlessvisibleeffects.The“sharp,irritatingodor”ofthesulphur(Ambrose2011,82)resulted,intheevocativewordsofonerecipientfromFlorida,inletters“smellingofhellfireandbrimstone”(PearsonandMiles1980,118).Thesematerialconsequencesalsoconveyedsignificantaffectivequalities;whilemanyrecipientsoffumigatedletterscomplainedoftheresults,forotherstheyprovidedapalpablereassuranceofthesafetyoftheirmail.

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Figure6.9MailfumigatorintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationpostoffice,withscorchmarksvisibleonthefloor(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Themailfumigatorpicturedhereisnotmerelyoneinaseriesoftechnologiesaimedatdecontaminatingmail.ItalsofallswithinabroaderclassofobjectsattheQuarantineStationthatoperated–indifferentwaysandupondiversesubjects–toremovediseaseanditsagents.(Figure6.10).Asalludedtointhepreviouschapter,however,thecategoryofmedicalormedicinalobjectsisbroaderandmorecomplexthansuggestedbyclassificationofthecollectiononthebasisoftheNomenclaturesystem.Inadditiontovariousbottlescontainingmedicines,serums,anddisinfectants,thecollectionalsoincludesanassortmentofbeer,wine,whiskyandotherspiritbottles.Thepresenceofalcoholisfurtherattestedtobyitemsincludingabeerstein,wineglasses,andajugadvertisingWhiteHorsewhisky.FrequentreferencestoalcoholintheRoyalCommissionof1882(Streetetal.1882)suggestthatitplayedavarietyofroles.Theprovisionofalcoholwasintendedtokeeppeopleinquarantinequietandcontent,andwasalsousedtoinducetheundertaker’sassistants“toperformadisagreeableduty”(Streetetal.1882,13).Chiefly,however,alcoholwassuppliedbecauseofitsperceivedmedicinalqualities,prescribedtopatientsasastimulantor‘restorative’,thereforeservingasanotheragentintheeliminationofdisease.

Thismultivalentcharacterisparticularlyinterestingwithinthecontextofthearchaeologyofinstitutions.Whereasatotherformsofinstitutionsthepresenceofalcoholhasbeeninterpretedascontrabandoraformofresistancetotheadministration(forexampleGojakandIacano1993;Casella2001;A.Myers2016,120),hereitwasprescribedbythoseresponsiblefortheeffectivenessofthefacility.

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Figure6.10BottleofChamberlain'sCoughRemedy,andadvertisementfrom1916(Source:PetaLonghurst[left]and“Chamberlain’sCoughRemedyCuresCoughsColdsandInfluenza”1916[right]).Ifmedicinalitemsactedtocleansethebodyfromtheinside,otherobjects(orinthisinstance,buildings)actedtodisinfectthebodyexternally.OneofthemostcontinuallyevocativespacesattheQuarantineStationisthebathingblock(Figure6.11),constructedin1913aspartofextensiveadditionsmadetotheStationatthetime(Foley1995,102).UponarrivalatNorthHead,passengersandcrewweretakentothewaitingroomtobeprocessedanddividedintogroupsonthebasisofhealthandclass(Couch1992).Theywerethendirectedtothebathingblock,whichwasdividedintotwobathhouses,forthirdclassand‘saloon’classpassengers.Theformerwereallocatedlargeopen-planchangingandbathingareas,whereasthelatter(Figure6.12)provided24separatesteel-framed,corrugatediron-cladcubicles(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.2).Thisdesignstructuredtheone-waymovementofpassengersthroughthebuilding,whiletheprovisionofsurveillanceholesinthecubiclesensuredthatpassengersbathedasnecessary.Regardlessofclass,passengerswererequiredtobatheinacarbolicacidsolutionandtousecarbolicsoap,asaresultofitsantisepticanddisinfectantproperties.

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Figure6.11Thebathingblock,withthethirdclassbathhousetotheleftandsaloonclasstotheright(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Figure6.12Insidethesaloonclassbathhouse,withchangingandshowercubicleseitherside(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Movingawayfromobjectswhichdisinfectedpeople,thelargestitemsformallycataloguedwithintheNorthHeadQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollectionareapairofautoclavesordisinfectingchambers,installedinthewharfareain1917(Figure6.13).Alongwiththebathingblockandanumberofothercontemporaneousstructures,theautoclavesformedpartofareviseddisinfectionsystemfortheQuarantineStation;itwasherethatpassengers’clothingwouldbebroughtfortreatmentwhiletheyshowered(Freemanetal.2000,98).TheautoclaveswereimportedfromEnglandandhadacapacityofapproximately15cubicmetres,allowingforthedisinfectionof600blanketsatatime(Foley1995),oranequivalentvolumeofotherbedding,passengers’luggage,orcargofromshipswheresuitable.

Thematerialtobedisinfectedwouldentertheautoclavesfromthe‘foul’end,wheretheywouldbetreatedwithsteamor,wheresteamwasnotsuitable,formaldehydeorhydrocyanicacidgas(“QS2007.227”2016,227;Foley1995,103).Afterapproximately50minutes,itwouldexitfromthe‘clean’endoftheautoclave,havingbeenrenderedsafeandbenign.CleansedmaterialscouldthenbedistributedthroughouttheStationviathefunicularrailway.TheextantautoclaveswereprecededbytwoFraser’sPatentDisinfectingApparatuses,installedin1883,andjoinedin1885byaLyonsPatentSteamDisinfector(PaulDaviesPtyLtd2001,vol.2;Hedditch,Israel,andSoo1998,27).Thelatterwasadirectprecursortotheexistingautoclaves,similarlyrelyingonsteamfordisinfectionaswellasavacuumtohastentheprocess,whereasFraser’sapparatus(Figure6.14)resembledabrickovenandutilisedsulphurorotherfumestocarryoutthedisinfectionprocess(“NewInventions.Fraser’sPatentDisinfectingApparatus”1871;Mooney2015,137–139).

Figure6.13AutoclavesinstalledinthewharfareaofNorthHeadQuarantineStation.Notethedisplayofunprovenancedpropsuitcaseshere,incontrastwiththoseformallyaccessionedwithinthecollection(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Figure6.14Fraser'sPatentDisinfectingApparatus(Source:Mooney2015,138).

Theobjectsdescribedinthissectionrepresentarangeofscales.Theyoperatedindifferentways,andondifferentsubjects.Whatunitedthemasaclass,however,wastheirgoal–toeraseorremovetheagentsofdisease,howevertheymightbeunderstood.Spaceandtimeweretheprimarytechnologiesthroughwhichquarantinefunctioned,allowingdiseasetorunitscourseandpreventitstransmission.However,theobjectsandstructuresdescribedhereactedtoacceleratethattime,byattemptingtoremovetheagentsofdiseaseratherthanmerelywaitingforthemtodepart.Inthissense,thisclassofobjectformsoneofthevitaltechnologiesofquarantine.

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6.6 Objectscarrydisease

Figure6.15Wedgwooddinnerplate(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Asestablishedinthecollectionanalysisoutlinedinthepreviouschapter,tablewareconstitutesoneofthelargestclassesofobjectwithintheNorthHeadcollection.Onesuchobjectisadinnerplate(Figure6.15),manufacturedbyWedgwoodasindicatedbytheimpressedmarkonitsunderside.Theplateismadefromearthenwareanddecoratedwithabluetransferprint.Therimoftheplatefeaturespanelsalternatelydepictinggameanimalsandcherubicfiguresholdingdogsonleashes.Alargercentralpanelislabelled‘venison’andportraysawomandressedinatunicandsandalsaccompaniedbyadeer,infrontofarisingorsettingsun.Encirclingthiscentralpanelisthephrase‘eattolive,notlivetoeat’.AttheendofthisphraseisasymbolknownasaStaffordknot,enclosingtheinitials‘TA’,indicatingthatthepatternwasdesignedbyThomasAllen,whoworkedatWedgwoodfrom1875until1905(Burke1986,481).

ThisplateispartofWedgwood’s‘banquet’series,designedbyAllencirca1877(“BanquetServicePattern,SidePlate”2016).Thepatternsinthisseriesdepictanumber

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ofdifferentsubjectsinadditiontovenison,includingfish,mutton,pastry,soup,andcheese(Figure6.16),severalofwhicharerepresentedwithintheNorthHeadcollection.AphotographpublishedintheAustralianWomen’sWeeklyin1951(Figure6.17)demonstratesnotonlythatthe‘banquet’tablewarewasstillinuseatthatdate,butalsothesheerquantitiesofcrockerythatwerestoredattheQuarantineStation;althoughtablewareisabundantwithintheextantcollection,wecanseethatitneverthelessrepresentsonlyafractionofwhatwasoriginallyinuseattheinstitution.ThesameWedgwoodplatesarealsomentionedinanarticleintheSundayTelegraphin1956(“QS2008.20”2016),indicatingthatwhiletheyenteredtheQuarantineStationinthelatenineteenthcentury,theyremainedinuseuntilatleastthemiddleofthetwentieth.

Figure6.16TheWedgwoodBanquetserviceasdepictedinan1880tradecatalogue(Source:Silber&Fleming1880,8).

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Figure6.17PhotographpublishedintheAustralianWomen'sWeekly,showingWedgwood‘banquet’platesinstorageattheStation(Source:“QuarantineIsLikeThis”1951).

ThisWedgwooddinnerplate,asarepresentativeofitsclass,elucidatesonasmallerscalewhatthisdissertationhaspreviouslyexploredatthescaleofthelandscape–theentanglementbetweenclass,ethnicity,morality,anddisease.JustastheStation’shealthyaccommodationwasdividedalongclasslinesfromthelatenineteenthcenturyonwards,thekindsoffurnishingstheywereprovidedalsodifferedfromthistime.AstheSundayTelegraphreportedin1956,itwaswithintheStation’sstoresthat“classdistinctionrearsitsuglyhead”(“QS2008.20”2016).WedgwoodcrockerywasreservedforusebythoseinFirstClassaccommodation,accompaniedbypiecesofsilverware(Figure6.18).After1954,theseWedgwoodpiecesweresupplementedwithotherceramicsincludingyellowpiecesfromthe‘LaburnumPetal’seriesmanufacturedbyW.H.Grindley&Co(Figure6.19),forboththeFirstandSecondClasses.Bycontrast,detaineesinThirdClassaccommodationreceivedfarlesslavishitems,suchasenamelwareproducedinAustraliabyMettersafter1902(Figure6.20).TheSundayTelegraphalsosuggestedthatthisenamelwarewasusedby“lascars”(“QS2008.20”2016),asomewhatderogatorytermthatwasparticularlyassociatedwithSouthAsiansailorsbutcametorefertosailorsfromacrosstheIndianOceanregion(Jaffer2015,1).

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Figure6.18SilverelectroplatedcoffeepotwithbroadarrowandQuarantineStationmark,manufacturedbyElkington&Coin1887andusedinFirstClass(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Figure6.19LaburnumPetaldinnerplateproducedbyW.H.Grindley&Co.circa1954(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2007.348.1-44”2016).

Figure6.20EnameldinnerplatemanufacturedbyMettersinSydneyafter1902(Source:SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection“QS2008.151.1-28”2016,151).

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ReturningtotheWedgwooddinnerplate,thechoiceofthe‘banquet’seriesinparticular,overotherdesignsofequalquality,furtherreinforcestheseconnections.Inadditiontothephraseprintedonthe‘venison’dinnerplate,itemsintheseriesalsofeaturedaxiomsincluding:

• “Eatthyfoodwithathankfulheart,”• “Maygooddigestionwaitonappetite,”• “Alittlepuddingaddstotherepast,”• “That’smygoodthatdoesmegood,”• “Evensugaritselfmayspoilagooddish,”• “Eattolive,notlivetoeat,”• Andperhapsmosttellingly,“Enoughmeanshealth,more–disease.”

IfthedifferingqualityofthetablewareconstantlyreinforcedtheclassdifferenceswithintheQuarantineStation,theseWedgwoodceramicsensuredthatateverymeal,FirstClasspassengerswerecontinuallyandexplicitlyremindedofthelinksbetweenfood,health,andmorality.

Thematerialityofthedinnerplate,aswellasitsdesign,colludedinitsentanglementwithdisease.TheWedgewoodplatesweredescribedin1956asbeing“ofrepellentdesign”(“QS2008.20”2016,20)–inthiscontextsuggestingnotthatthepatternwasinsomewayrepugnant,butratherthattheplateswereimpervioustotheagentsofdisease.ThechoiceofceramicfortheFirstandSecondClasses,andenamelfortheremainderofthepopulation,wasnotmerelyareflectionoftheirrelativeprestige.Itwasalsoaresultoftheperceivedsalubrity,andpotentialdanger,inherentinthesematerials.Forexample,anumberoftheceramictablewareitemsinthecollectionaremarkedasironstoneorvitrifiedhotelware.Myers(2016,112)hasstatedthatthesewareswereadoptedbyinstitutionsinpartbecausetheywere“lessabsorptiveofmoisture,odors,orbacterialcontamination”,arguingthattherewasan“impliedassociationwithcleanliness,asthevitrifiedwarewasseenasmoresafeandsanitarythanotherceramics”.ThechoiceoftablewareatNorthHeadwasmadeoutofconcernfordurabilitywithinaninstitutionalsetting,butalsoforthepotentialfortheseobjectstocarryorrepeldisease.

The“repellent”qualitiesoftheplatewerenotabsolute,however.Theyonlylastedforaslongastheplateremainedintactandunblemished.Asdiscussedinthepreviouschapter,aformerresidentoftheQuarantineStationhasrecalledthedeliberatedestructionofcrockery,andofitemsfromthisWedgwoodserviceinparticular,asaresponsetocracksandchipsthatcouldotherwiseharbourdisease(J.Roberts2016).ThisconcernechoesMyers’(2016,121)findingsatRidingMountainPrisonCampinCanada:outofconcernfortheaccumulationofmoistureandbacteria,“ceramicswerethrownoutwhenahairlinefractureappeared–evenwhentheitemwasstillusable”.ThisresponseillustratesStottman’s(2000,39)claimthat“byinterpretingthesamearchaeologicalinformationindifferentcontexts,wecanbegintounderstandthemultiplemeaningsofobjectsinthepast,leadingtoabetterunderstandingofpast

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culture.”MinorchangessuchasthesetothematerialityoftheWedgwooddinnerplatewouldinadifferentcontexthaveresultedinonlyminorchangestotheplate’smeaning,perhapsreducingtheprestigeoftheitem,butnotitsusefulness.Withinthecontextofquarantine,however,asmallcrackintheplatecoulddrasticallyaltertheculturalsignificanceoftheobject.Anobjectthathadbeencarefullyselectedtoresistdiseasehadnowbecomeapotentialcarrierofit.

TheWedgwooddinnerplateisjustoneofmanyexamplesofobjectsassociatedwiththeQuarantineStationthatwereperceivedtocarrydisease–taketheearlierdiscussionoftheneedtofumigatemail,forexample.Indeed,theremovalofdiseasefromobjectswasanimportanttaskoftheinstitution.In1936,forexample,3017balesofcottonand468casesofbristleswerefumigated.Similarly,in1955,theStationdisinfected729balesofwool,764balesofgoathair,186balesofjute,66casesofbristles,189lotsofplants,229bagsofseeds,and3485piecesofbaggage(Foley1995,123).Nopeoplewerequarantinedduringtheseyears,makingthedisinfectionofcargotheStation’sprimaryfunction.

Whereastablewareisstillwell-representedwithinthecollection,therefore,manyotherdisease-carryingobjectsareperhapsbestunderstoodthroughtheirabsence.Thisisinpartaconsequenceoftheirmateriality.Aspreviouslydiscussed,thelikelihoodandabilityofanobjecttoconveyinfectionwasdependentonitpossessingoneormoreofthefollowingattributes:permeability,animalorigin,orsubjecttodecay(Barnes2014,76).Ceramictablewarewouldnottypicallymeetthesecriteria–unlessitsotherwiseimpermeableexteriorwasbreachedinsomeway.Moretypicalcandidatesareobjectsmadefrommaterialssuchaspaperortextile,whicharelesslikelytosurviveingeneral,andinparticular,lesslikelytosurvivetheprocessesofdisinfectiontheywouldbesubjectto.ManyofthesepotentiallydiseasedobjectswereonlytransitingthroughtheQuarantineStation,furtherexplainingtheirabsence.Inthisway,‘diseased’objectsalsoactasareminderoftheglobalscaleofquarantine,movingfromporttoportandindoingsomakinginternationaltraderoutespotentiallydeadly.

Diseasedobjectsarebestrepresentedwithintheassemblagebytheotherobjects,buildings,andlandscapefeatureswithwhichtheywereentangledwhilstinquarantine.Lettersandotherdocuments,forinstance,interactedwithobjectssuchasthemailfumigatorandformalinbottle.OtherartefactsexistoutsideoftheQuarantineStation’scollection,forexampleadisinfectedpostcardthathavingtransitedthroughtheStationisnowinthecollectionoftheStateLibraryofNewSouthWales(Figure6.21).Anotherexampleispassengers’luggage,whichisabsentwiththeexceptionoftwosuitcases(whoseprovenanceisunclear).Thisbaggageisinsteadmadevisiblewithintheassemblagebymeansofanumberofluggagetrolleys(Figure6.22).Extantautoclavesspeaktothedisinfectionofluggage,aswellascargo,linenandclothing.Ofcourse,justastheobjectsthatcarrieddiseasearelargelyabsentfromthequarantineassemblage,soarethepeople–withtheexceptionofthebodiesofthosefromwhomdiseasecouldnotbeeradicated.

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Figure6.21PostcardstampedtoindicatethatitwasdisinfectedbysteamatNorthHeadQuarantineStation(Source:StateLibraryofNSWPXE873/4).

Figure6.22LuggagetrolleyfromtheMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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6.7 Discussion

Throughoutthecourseoftheseobjectstudies,anumberofsignificantpropertiesandconceptsemerge.Thefirstpointisthatmuchofthemeaningthatemergesfromtheseobjectstudiescannotbeencapsulated,orinsomecasesevensuggested,bytheclassificationsformallyassignedtotheobjectsinthepreviouschapter.Take,forexample,aglassbottle,withmarkingsindicatingthatitwasmanufacturedtoholdbeer.WithintheparametersoftheNomenclatureclassificationsystemthebottlewouldbeunderstoodasapieceofequipmentforfoodservice.Asthestudyabovesuggests,however,withinthecontextofquarantinethebottle(andinparticularitscontents)alsoservedsignificantsocialandmedicalfunctions.TheWedgwooddinnerplatewouldlikewisebeclassifiedasequipmentfortheserviceoffood,andyetthroughitscontext,itsdesign,anditsmateriality,itbothplayedanimportantroleinthecontrolofdisease,andultimatelybecameapotentialcarrierofdisease.

Inhercontemplationofthe“unclassifiable”,Maciel(2006,47)arguesthatwhereobjectscouldbereasonablyclassifiedinanumberofways,“allthecategoriesinwhichitmightbeincludedareinsufficienttoaccommodateit”.ThisisnottounderminetheutilityoftheanalysisintheChapter5,whichfacilitatedobservationsofthecharacterofthecollectionasawhole.Butwhilethefunctionalanalysisisnotinaccurate,itis,asMacielputsit,insufficient.Theseobjectsarebestclassifiednotinisolation,butininteraction–thatistosay,byconsideringtheminrelationtotheircontext,inrelationtootherobjects,inrelationtopeople,andashighlightedhere,inrelationtodisease.Itistheserelationsthatcontributetothemeaningandtrajectoryoftheobjects.Inthisway,thestudiespresentedhereevokeDeLanda’sarticulationofassemblagetheory(2006,10–11)inshowingtheobjectstopossesspropertiesthatcanbeunderstoodinisolation,butalsocapacitiesforinteraction.Inmovingfromthefunctionalandtechnologicaltothesocial,itbecomesclearhow,forexample,aletterwithinthequarantinecontextcouldbeperceivednotonlyasacommunicationdevicebutalsoanagentofdisease.

Anotherfactorwhichcontributestotheunclassifiabilityofmanyobjectsistheirmutability.Themeaningofanobject,andtheobject-diseaserelationsthatsurroundit,arenotfixed,butrathershiftandchangeovertime.Thisconceptisacentraltenetofobjectbiography,anapproachwhichhasbeeninfluentialforthisresearch(see,forexample,Kopytoff1988;GosdenandMarshall1999;Francozo2012;Tythacott2012;Ashby2009).Thisculturaltransformationcanoccurastheconsequenceofamaterialchangetotheobject–forexample,therewasasignificantruptureinthemeaningoftheWedgwooddinnerplateatthemomentitdevelopedcracksandchipsinitspreviouslyimpermeableglaze.Inotherinstances,however,changescanresultfromshiftinggeographical,social,orevenintellectualcontexts,whichmayleavenodiscernablephysicaltrace.Aninterestingexampleistherangeofmedicinebottlesinthecollection,someofwhichstillcontaintracesofvarioussubstances.GosdenandMarshall(1999,170)havestressedthatwhilemuseumobjectsmayappearstationary,they“arecontinuallypickingupnewsignificances,connectionsandmeanings”.Objectssuchas

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theseinmedicalandpharmaceuticalmuseumcollectionscanstillposeariskforthosewhocomeintocontactwiththem(M.Hicks2013).ThemedicinebottleswerepresentattheQuarantineStationasameansofrestoringhealth,butwithinthecontextofthecollectiontheyhavebecomeahazardtoit.IftheNomenclatureclassificationsinthepreviouschapterrepresenttheintendedfunctionofanobjectatthebeginningofitsbiography,theobject-diseaserelationsidentifiedinthischapteracknowledgesomeofthewaysinwhichthoseintentionstransformedthroughoutthelifeoftheobject.

Object-diseaserelationsalsoplayanintegralroleinshapingthebiographyandtrajectoryoftheobjects.Hodder(2012,12–13)hasarguedthatforarchaeologicalartefacts,“differentwaysofarchaeologicalknowingcanleadtoprotection(throughstatelegislation)ordestruction(asindestructiveanalyticalsampling)”.Inasimilarvein,thedifferentwaysinwhichobjectshavebeenframed,andtheirrelationshiptodiseaseunderstood,hasbeenadeterminingfactorintheirpresenceorabsencewithinthecontemporarycollection.ThepreviouschapteridentifiedarangeoftaphonomicprocessesthathaveappliedtoobjectsatNorthHead–arrivalsanddepartures,destructionandpreservation,discardandretrieval,andcollectionandfragmentation.Whichoftheseprocessesappliedtoagivenobjectwaslargelyaproductofitsrelationshiptodisease–objectsthatwereunderstoodascarriersofdiseasewouldbetreated,destroyed,orotherwisetransformed,whereasthoseconsidered‘clean’couldbeallowedtotraversethequarantinelandscapeunimpeded.

Thedifferentobject-diseaserelationsidentifiedwithinthesestudiesarenotequivalent,butratherrepresentdifferentdegreesofdistanceorclosenessbetweentheobjectanddisease(cf.Hodder’sconceptsofthetautnessanddegreesofentanglement:Hodder2012,103–111).Forexample,objectsthat‘locate’diseasedosofromadistance.Theseobjectsemplaceandsignalthepresenceofdisease,buttheydosoasasurrogate.Bycontrast,thoseobjectsthat‘reveal’diseasearemoretightlyboundtotheconteptualandontologicalmarkersofinfection.Objectssuchasthemicroscopedonotmerelyidentifydisease;rather,theyservetorenderitvisibletous–andindoingso,transformit.Similarly,objectsthat‘erase’diseasemaybeunderstoodasactingdirectlyontheagentsofdisease,yetobjectsthat‘carry’diseasesustaintheclosestmaterialandconceptualrelationships.Whileotheritemsactedasdiseaseproxies,theselatterobjectswereperceivedasbeingactuallyorpotentiallydiseasedthemselves.

Thischapterhasfocusedonexploringtherelationsbetweenobjectsanddisease,butinsodoingmyobjectstudieshavealsodrawnoutarangeofinteractionsbetweenobjectsandotherobjects,objectsandpeople,andpeopleanddisease.Objectsthatcarrieddiseasewereaconcernpreciselyfortheirrelationshiptopeople–thatis,thepotentialtotransfercontaminationfromobjecttoperson.Inerasingdisease,objectsactednotonlyondiseaseitselfbutalsoonthebody.Butjustasobjectsactedonpeople,sotoodidpeopleactonobjects.Hodder(2012,64–87)hasspokenofthewaysinwhichthingsdependonpeople,notonlytocreateandusethem,butalsotomaintainthem.Theobjectsdidnotacton,orinteractwith,diseaseinisolation.Objectsthateraseddisease

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mayhavetransformeditinamedicalsense,butobjectsthatrevealeddiseasetransformeditepistemologically–andinsodoing,revealedtheextenttowhichdiseaseissociallyconstituted.Objectsactedonthelandscapebyemplacingdiseasewithinit,andtherebytransforminghowpeopleconfigured,interactedwithandmovedthroughspace.Andfinally,alloftheseinteractionsalsobroughttheobjectintocontactwithawebofotherobjects.Forexample,themailfumigatoractedonaletter,whichasacommunicationdevicebroughtitintocontactwithbothitssenderandrecipient,andwithdisease.Inordertofunction,thefumigatoralsorequiredthesupplyofquantitiesofsulphurandformalin,andthecreationofassociatedobjectssuchashole-punchesandstampstofacilitateitsusebefore,andindicateitsuseafter.Itnecessitatedtheerectionofadedicatedstructure,whichwasinturndamagedbytheveryoperationofthefumigatoritself.Whileobject-diseaserelationsaretheparticularfocushere,itisimportanttoacknowledgetherolethatalloftheseinteractionshaveincreatingandconstitutingthequarantineassemblage.

6.8 Conclusion

Inexploringtherelationshipsbetweenobjectsanddisease,thischapterhasinessenceconductedanepidemiologicalstudy,tracinghowdiseaseisdistributedthroughouttheNorthHeadQuarantineStation’scollection.Stanley(1989,107)hascharacterisedmuseumcollectionsas“contaminated”bythepeopleinvolvedintheircreation,apointthatwasdemonstratedthroughthebiographicalapproachtothecollectionadoptedintheprecedingchapter.Throughtheobjectstudiespresentedhere,however,itbecomesclearthattheNorthHeadcollectionisnotmerelycontaminatedinametaphoricalsense,butwasalsoperceivedascontaminatedinamuchmoreliteralway.Diseasewasnotanabstract,butratherhadatangiblepresencethroughoutthecollection,andhas(andcontinuestohave)aformativeimpactontheassemblage.

Thepresenceofdiseasewithinthecollectioncomplicatesandsubvertsmanyoftheseeminglystraightforwardfunctionalclassificationsoutlinedinthepreviouschapter.However,italsoprovidesanotherpossibleframeworkforinterpretation.ByexaminingtheQuarantineStation’scollectionwithintheframeworkoftheseobject-diseaserelations,thecollectionistransformedfromsomethingwhichcancommentontheresponseto,andperceptionsof,disease,tosomethingwithinwhichdiseasehasarealandtangiblepresence.

Thisdiscussionhasalreadytakenabroaddefinitionofthe‘object’,rangingfromasmallglassbottletoabuilding.Thisontologycan,however,beexpandedastepfurther.Inasense,alloftheobjectsidentifiedherearecomponentsofamuchlarger‘container’–theQuarantineStationitself.Hodder(2012,219)hasdiscussedthewayinwhichinstitutionscanthemselvesbeunderstoodas‘things’–albeitcomplexthingsthatconsistofmanyotherobjects,people,buildings,andsoonassembledtogether.TheQuarantineStationattimesactedasanobjectthatcarrieddisease,butitwasprimarilyconceivedofasanobjectforerasingdisease.Thefacilityaimedtoeliminatedisease

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fromthelandscape,andhencefromthepopulace,primarilybyexpungingdiseasefromindividualbodies.

Asdiscussedinearlierchapters,thematerialityofNorthHeadwasspecificallydesignedtofacilitatethiserasure,fromitsisolatedlocationthroughtothedistributionofbuildingsandpopulationsacrossthelandscape.Thisdissertationhasthusfarfocusedonbreakingapartanddisassemblingthe‘object’oftheinstitution,inordertolocatediseasewithinit.Itnowremainstoreunitetheseconstituentpartsoftheinstitution,withreferencetotheconceptsandobservationsofthethreeresultschapters,inordertoreconceiveNorthHeadQuarantineStationasanassemblageofquarantine.

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Chapter7: QuarantinedAssemblages

7.1 Introduction

Mymissionthroughoutthepreviouschapterswastodisassemblequarantine;mytaskhereistoreassembleit.Thisdissertationbeganbyaskingwhatconstitutesanarchaeology,andanassemblage,ofquarantine.Bymovinginwardsinscale,ithasbeenpossibletoconsiderthewaysinwhichcontagionhasbeenmaterialisedatNorthHead,andtoidentifyandlocatediseaseineachoftheseregisters.Inthisfinalchapter,Iexpandthescopeofanalysisoncemore,toshowhowthesescalescanbecollapsedintoasingular,albeitdynamic,assemblageofquarantine.

Drawingonvariousmodesofassemblagethinking,includingtheoryderivedfromDeleuzeandGuattari(2013),DeLanda(2006),andothers,thisdiscussionconsidershowNorthHeadQuarantineStationcanbeunderstoodasanassemblage.Viaanexaminationoftheentitiesandassociationsthatmakeuptheassemblage,andtheprocessesbywhichitselementsweregatheredtogether,Itakeanepidemiologicalapproachtocontemplatehowdiseaseissituatedanddistributedthroughouttheassemblage.Afterreviewingtheimplicationsofassemblageasaframeworkforanalysis,thechaptercommencesbyappraisingtheobjects,collections,andlandscapesthathaveformedthebasisforthisstudy,andhighlightinghowdiseaseismadetangiblewithinthem.Ithenreviewtheongoingprocessesofassemblythatareexpressedthroughthemovementandmobilitycharacteristicofthequarantineexperience,andthewaysinwhichcontagion–andtheattemptstobreakitsbonds–createsrelationswithintheassemblage.Furthermore,Ievaluatethevalueofassemblageforunderstandingthequarantineinstitution,withimplicationsforthearchaeologicalstudyofinstitutionsmorebroadly.Finally,Ireturntothefundamentaltechnologiesofquarantine–timeandspace–toconsiderhowtheywereexperiencedandexpressedacrossmultiplescales.

7.2 TheAssemblageasAnalyticTool

Thenotionoftheassemblageisfundamentaltomuchofthearchaeologicaldiscourse,yetitisofteninvokedwithoutinterrogatingitssignificanceorutility(Franklin,Johnson,andBonney2016,x).Thischapterbegins,therefore,byconsideringhowassemblagecanbedeployedinbroadandoverlappingways:asadiscursivetoolandpromptforinquiry;asanarchaeologicalunitofanalysis;andasatheoreticalframework.Whatvalueliesinconceptualisingthearchaeologyofquarantineintermsofanassemblage,andhowcanthislensassistinthinkingthroughanddrawingtogethertheanalysesoftheprecedingchapters?

Inarchaeologicalterms,theassemblagehasbeendescribedas“acollectionofmaterialrelatedthroughcontextualproximity”(JoyceandPollard2010,292).Thatistosay,theassemblageisdefinedbyarelationshipbetweentangiblethingsthatisbothproximal,beinglocatedclosetoeachotherinspace,butalsocontextual,suggestingthattherelationshipisnotmerelyspatialbutalsoculturallymeaningful.Somescholarshave

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emphasisedthespatialcomponentas“themostcrucialvariableforarchaeologists”,arguingthatitis“theonlyattributewhichisuniquelyaproductoftheexcavation,andwhichcannotbeascertainedfromtheartefactitself”(Crook,Lawrence,andGibbs2002,29).However,whilethisspatialunderstandingoftheassemblageinitiallyappliedtoartefactsexcavatedfromboundeddeposits,ithascomealsotoincludetheassemblageofasiteasawhole(JoyceandPollard2010,308).

TheQuarantineStationmightmoreusefullybecomparednottoanexcavatedassemblagebuttoasurfaceassemblage.Lackingameaningfulstratigraphy,itcanbeunderstoodasapalimpsest,amotleyofthematerialremnantsofdifferenttemporaloccupationsandevents.Thearchaeologicalassemblageisseenasresultingfrombothnaturalandculturalprocesses(Schiffer1976),andisusuallyunderstoodashavingformedinthepastandprovidingevidenceofaparticulareventorhumanactivity(Franklin,Johnson,andBonney2016,x).Increasingly,however,thelatterinterpretationhasbeenchallenged,asdiscussedfurtherinthischapter.

Theconceptoftheassemblagecanalsobeapplieddiscursivelyasapromptforarangeofinterrogativequestions,transformingtheassemblagefromadescriptortoaninterpretiveact.Forexample,conceivingofagroupofartefactsasanassemblagepromptsquestionsaboutthecriteriabywhichtheobjectsaregroupedorassociated,andthesignificanceofsuchanassociation.Itispossibleto“examineassemblageasaverb,ratherthananoun”(A.M.Jones2017,88),andinsodoingtoaskwhoisdoingtheassembling,atwhatpointintimetheobjectswereassembled,orifindeedtheactofassemblageisongoingandincomplete.Thinkingabouttheassemblageinthisdiscursivewayrecognisesthatthedesignationofagroupofartefactsasanassemblageisnotaneutralact.Rather,itproblematisestheconcept,byconsideringtheroleandmeaningoftheassemblagewithintheinterpretationofasite,andtheimplicationsofdividingartefactsintotheseunitsforthestudyofarchaeologymorebroadly.

Finally,conceivingofNorthHeadQuarantineStationasanassemblageinvokesnotonlythetraditionalarchaeologicaldefinition,butalsotheontologicalframeworkofassemblagetheory,asintroducedinChapter3.Withinthisarticulation,assemblagesaregroupingsofheterogeneousentitiesthatarecharacterisedbyrelationsofexteriority(DeLanda2006;DeleuzeandGuattari2013).Assemblagetheoryisconcernednotonlywiththeseentities,butwiththerelationshipsbetweenthem,andthepossibilitiesthatarisefromtheirinteractions.Inthecaseofquarantineinparticular,assemblagetheoryisaproductiveanalyticaltoolbecauseitopensupavenuesfortheincorporationofdiseaseandcontagionintotheassemblageitself.Withinaconventionalarchaeologicalaccount,thematerialassemblagemightbeinterpretedasrepresentativeofthepresenceofdisease,andreflectiveofthehumanresponsetothatpresence.Bycontrast,theheterogeneousnatureofassemblagetheoryallowsfornon-materialentitiessuchasdiseasetobeunderstoodasvitaland“vibrant”(toadopttheterminologyofBennett2010)componentsoftheassemblage.

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Giventhesethreeconceptionsoftheassemblage–discursive,archaeological,andontological–whatthenistheutilityofassemblageasaframeworkforthinkingthroughanddiscussingthehistoricallandscapes,collections,andobjectsofNorthHeadQuarantineStation?IntheremainderofthischapterIapplyassemblagethinkingtodrawtogetherandtheorisethearchaeologyofNorthHeadinacohesiveandintegratedway.TheassemblageIdescribehereiscomprisedofaheterogeneouscollectionofentitiesrelatedtoNorthHeadQuarantineStationinwaysthattranscendthemerelyspatial.Thisisanepidemiologicalaccount,whichrespondstotheparticularitiesofthesiteandmyresearchobjectivesbyutilisingassemblagetheorytoexamineandmakevisibletheroles,trajectories,andrelationsofdisease.IbeginbyconsideringwhatentitiesareassembledaroundtheQuarantineStation,theprocessesbywhichthoseentitieswerebroughttogetherandassembled,andtherelationshipsthatformedbetweenthem.Ithenconsidertheapplicabilityofconceivingofquarantineasanassemblageaswellasaninstitution,andfinally,howassemblagethinkinghelpstounderstandquarantineatarangeoftemporalandspatialscales.

7.3 TheMaterialImplicationsandManifestationsofDisease

Assemblagetheoryfacilitatestheexpansionandreformulationoftheconventionalarchaeologicalassemblageinanumberofproductiveways.Theseincludebroadeningthenatureofthecomponentsunderstoodtocomprisetheassemblageand–inthecaseofquarantine–providinganopportunitytolocatediseasewithintheassemblageitself.Thequarantineassemblagecanbeunderstoodasacollectiveofbodies,ofmaterialobjects,structures,andspaces,andofnon-materialentities.Themostcrucialofthelatteriscontagiousdiseasewhich,asaculturalconcept,apractice,andanevolvingsuiteofknowledgeandbeliefs,hasbeenadynamicparticipantwithintheassemblageofNorthHeadQuarantineStation.However,expandingthescopeoftheassemblageinthiswayraisesthechallengeofhownon-materialentitiessuchasdiseasecanbeaccessedandunderstoodarchaeologically.AsFowler(2013,23)hasargued,“thepastpresenceoftheseforcesintheformationoftheassemblageisundeniable,andwehavetofacethechallengeofaccountingforthemandtheirimpactinthepastdespitetheir‘physicalabsence’”.Icontendthattheanalysesofthepreviouschaptershaveshowndiseasetobemateriallyexpressedinanumberofsignificantways.

ThematerialfacetofNorthHeadQuarantineStation’sassemblageisextensiveanddiverse.Itincludeslargequantitiesoffurnishings,medicalparaphernalia,andobjectsforthepreparationandserviceoffood,aswellassmallernumbersofartefactsrelatingtotransport,communication,recreation,andhygiene(Appendix2).Approachedfromafunctionalperspective,theseitemsspeaktotheinstitutionalnatureofthesite,andtheneedtoprovideforalargeandtransientpopulation.However,theydonotfullyarticulatethecharacterofthequarantineinstitutioninparticular,northeextenttowhichitwasdrivenbythepresenceandfearofcontagiousdisease.Theassemblagealsoincludesthemanyextantstructuresthatproliferatearoundthesite,aswellastheirdemolishedremnants.Theseincludestaffandpatientaccommodation,medicaland

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administrativebuildings,fences,watertanks,andburialmarkers.Thetopographyandlayoutofthesitealsoformsanimportantmaterialelementoftheassemblage,includingthemanyinscriptionscarvedbydetaineesintothenaturalrocksurfaces(ClarkeandFrederick2016;Hobbins,Frederick,andClarke2016)which–whilenotafocusofthisstudy–areaprominentfeatureofthequarantinelandscape.

Understoodasanentityoftheassemblage,diseaseisimplicatedwithinthesematerialremnantsofquarantineatbothmicroandmacrolevels.Theserevealtheextenttowhichtheinstitutionisstructuredaroundthemanagement,control,avoidance,anderasureofcontagion.Diseaseismadevisiblethroughthematerialresponsestoit,whichphysicallylocateitinsomespaces,andexcludeitfromothers.Alocalisedexampleisthecomplexofbuildingsthatoccupiedthehospitalgroundduringthe1919pneumonicinfluenzapandemic,asdiscussedinChapter4.Comprisedofhospitalwards,staffaccommodation,andanumberofadministrativefunctions,thecomplexwascarefullystructuredtominimisecontactbetweenthe‘clean’bodiesofdoctors,nurses,andservants,andthe‘unclean’bodiesofpatientsandtheir‘contaminated’possessionsandbodilydischarges.Acrossthelandscape,thiscleavagewasenforcedbyafencethatbisectedthespace.Internally,moreover,segregationwasenactedbychannellingstaffthroughaseriesofcleansingproceduresastheypassedbetweenthesickandhealthysectorsofthehospitalground.Thisseparationwasnotonlyexpressedspatiallyandstructurally,butalsoimplicatedothermaterialentities.Theseincludethetraysthatallowedstafftopassmealsthroughtheserverywithoutmakingcontactwithpatients,andthelayersofclothingthatnursesanddoctorswouldshedaftersuchcontactbecamenecessary(Figure7.1).

Figure7.1Aselectionofnurses'anddoctors'smocksandjacketsheldintheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Similar‘epidemiological’processesandstructurescanalsobeobservedacrossthequarantinelandscapeasawhole.AsexploredwithinChapter4,fences,buildings,andthenaturaltopographyofNorthHeadwereutilisedtocreatealandscapethatwasrendereddifferentiallyhealthyacrossspace.Thisstratificationbeganasadistinctionbetweenthehealthy,sick,andburialgrounds,andbecameincreasinglycomplexovertime,inwaysthatillustratedtheintersectionsandcollisionsbetweenperceptionsofhealthandsocialidentitiessuchasclassandethnicity.Again,movementbetweenthesespaceswasrestricted,andwhereitwasallowed,cleansinganddisinfectionperformanceswererequired.Forexample,theshowerblockprocessedpassengersbeforetheywerepermittedtoprogresstotheiraccommodationwithinthehealthyground.Thisdifferentialspacewasreinforcedbymaterialdifferencessuchastheaccommodationandfurnishingsprovided,theprovision(orlack)ofsocialandlivingspaces,andtheuseofenamelorceramictablewares.Whilediseaseitselfmaynotbetangible,thereareclearmaterialimplicationsforthewaysinwhichcontactwithdiseasewasmanagedandcontrolledwithintheinstitution.

Thecontrolofpeopleandtheirmovementthroughoutthequarantinelandscapewasalsothecontrolofdisease.Thenotionofbodiesisapointatwhichconceptsintegraltothepresentstudy–thehistoryofpublichealth,thearchaeologyofinstitutions,andthestudyofassemblages–canbeseentocollideandcoalesce.AsthelandscapeofNorthHeaddemonstrates,quarantine,asanactofpublichealth,“turnedontheproblematisationofbodiesinspace”(Bashford2004,45).DeLanda(2006,12)hassuggestedthat,inadditiontotheirmaterialcomponents,“fromfoodandphysicallabour,tosimpletoolsandcomplexmachines,tothebuildingsandneighbourhoodsservingastheirphysicallocales”,institutionsmustalsobeunderstoodas“assemblagesofbodies”.Similarly,DeCunzo(2006,170)hasarguedthat“thearchaeologyoftheinstitutionisalsothearchaeologyofthebody”.WhereasinscriptionsatNorthHeadactedas“metonymsforthebodiesthatpassedthroughhere”(FrederickandClarke2012,72),thebodiesthemselveswerealsoembodiments;nolongerindividualsbutrathervectorsfordiseasethatneededtobemanagedaccordingly.

Diseasewasnotonlylocatedinbodies,however.Ifdiseaseisimpliedthroughthematerialculture,structures,andlandscapesthatrespondedtoit,itisalsomoredirectlymanifestedinmanyofquarantine’sobjectsandplaces.Take,forexample,theWedgwooddinnerplatediscussedinChapter6.Ceramictablewaresuchasthiswereselectedinpartforitsabilitytorepeldisease,butoncechippedorcrackeditalsoassumedtheabilitytocarryandtransmitmaladies.Intheparlanceofassemblagetheory,infectionwasacapacityoftheWedgwoodplate(DeLanda2006,7).WhiletheanalysisundertakeninChapter5highlightedtheintendedfunctionsoftheobjectsofquarantine–inthisinstance,theserviceoffood–theseobjectsalsoderivedlatentcapacitiesfromtheircontextwithinthequarantineassemblage,mostnotablytheabilitytocarryinfection.Thisprinciplecanbeextendedtothepopulationsdetainedinquarantine:whileonlyasmallnumberwereidentifiably‘sick’,allthebodiesthatcirculatedthroughoutNorthHeadretainedthecapacitytobecontagious.Justasthe

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likelihoodofbodiesenactingthatcapacityvariedaccordingtofactorssuchastheirclassandrace,thelikelihoodofobjectsbecominginfectedwaslinkedtomaterialattributessuchastheirpermeability(Barnes2014,76).

Thinkingaboutartefactsofquarantinethroughthelensofcapacityelucidatesmanyofthewaysinwhichtheywereselected,interactedwith,anddisposedofthroughouttheoperationoftheQuarantineStation.Ceramicsacquiredbytheinstitutionfortheirrepellentpropertieswereintentionallydestroyedanddiscardedoncecrackedorchipped.Permeablecargoandsupplies,suchasbedding,weresubjectedtoprocessesofdisinfectionbeforetheycouldbedistributedthroughoutthelandscape.Returningtotheepidemiologicalanalysisunderscoringthisthesis,objectssuchas(unblemished)ceramicsthatcouldbecleansedordisinfectedhaveenduredinsignificantquantitiespreciselybecausetheyweredeemedincapableoftransmittinginfection.

Indeed,itwasnothistoricallynecessarytodemonstratethattheseobjectsactuallycarriedcontagion;themereprospectwasenough.Jackson(2012,59–60)hassimilarlydemonstrated,throughtheexampleofTorontoduringthe1892choleraepidemic,howthe“amorphousthreat”ofdisease,ratherthanitsactualpresence,couldshapegeographies,policies,andpractices,bymaking“a‘cholerafuture’present”.Itisthispotentialandfuturepossibilitythatweseeexpressedinthearchaeologicalrecordofquarantine,asmuchasanyactualinfection.Thedisinfectionofpeople,luggage,mail,andcargocanthusbeseenasawayinwhichthis“potentialfuturebearsonwhatispresentbynecessitatingprecautions”(MüllerandSchurr2016,223).Whiledisease–asentity,idea,andpractice–isnotitselfmaterial,itistheprimarycomponentaroundwhichthequarantineassemblagecoheres,themerepossibilityofcontagionspinningoutintomyriadmaterialeffects.AsMüllerandSchurr(2016,220)contend,“theverypossibilityofunpredictableeventsinthefutureshapestheformofnetworksinthepresent”.

7.4 AssemblageAetiology

ConsideringNorthHeadQuarantineStationwithintheframeworkoftheassemblagealsoactsasaprompttoelucidatethemeans,processes,andagentsthatgeneratedtheassemblage.Oneofthemajortensionswithinthearchaeologicalliteraturesurroundingassemblagesconcernswhentheywerecreated,andbywhom.Theassemblagehasoftenbeenunderstoodastheresultofthebehavioursandactivitiesofpastactors,whichexistsindependentlyandawaitsarchaeologiststodiscoverandinterpretit.Othershaveargued,however,thattheassemblageiscreatedby,andinthemomentof,theengagementofarchaeologistswithmaterialremains.Olsenatal.(2012,66)havedescribedthewayinwhich“theexcavatedsiteneedstobeturnedintoanarticulatedassemblage”,framingthecreationanddefinitionoftheassemblageasanintentionalactonthepartofthearchaeologist(seealsoLucas2012,chap.6fordiscussionoftheassemblageasencounteredandconstructedinthepresent).Harrison(2011,155)similarlyarguesthattheassemblageisa“contemporaryconstruction…createdaspart

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ofanengagementofanarchaeologist’scontemporaryclassificatorygazewithaseriesofmaterialremainsfromthepast”.ThereisasenseinwhichtheassemblageofNorthHeademergesfromthechronologicalaccountingofitsconstructionandtheimpositionoftypologicalcategories,suchthatthepresentactofanalysisandinterpretation,andtheapplicationofthe‘archaeologist’sgaze’,rendersadiscretearchaeologicalassemblage.

However,asFranklin,JohnsonandBonney(2016),andJones(2017)highlight,assemblageisnotonlyanoun,butaverb.Itrefersnotmerelytoafixedanddiscretegroupingofcomponents,butalsototheactiveprocessesbywhichthatgroupingoccurred,orperhapscontinuestooccur.Toborrowanothermedicalmetaphor,elucidatingitscreationrequiresanarchaeological‘aetiology’,anunderstandingoftheunderlyingconditionsandperturbationsthatgeneratedtheassemblage.Despitetheir‘diagnostic’role,archaeologistsarenotthesoleactors,butrather“operatewithinassemblages”(Fowler2017,105;seealsoHamilakisandJones2017,81),enteringintoasetofextantanddynamicrelationsthroughtheveryprocessofresearch.Byclassifyingtheobjectsandspacesofquarantineinnovelways,reimaginingandidentifyingtherelationshipsbetweenobjects,places,anddisease–orredrawingseveredconnectionsbetweenpreviouslyseparatedcollectionsofobjects–thearchaeologyofNorthHeadQuarantineStationrevealsnotasingularmomentofassemblage,butratherongoingprocessesandactsofassembly.

Theseprocessesofassemblyareparticularlyapparentinthematerialcontextofquarantinebecauseitshistoryissofundamentallysteepedinmobilityandtransience.Thebiographyofthequarantineinstitutionisdrivenbytaphonomicprocessesofarrivalsanddepartures,destructionandpreservation,discardandretrieval,andcollectionandfragmentation.WemightreferheretoDeleuzeandGuattari’s(2013)conceptofterritorialisation,andthetwinforcesofde-territorialisationandre-territorialisation–expressedthroughabreakingapart,rearrangement,andstabilisationoftheassemblage(A.M.Jones2017,87).Bothdetaineesandstaffcameandwentfromthesite,territorialisingandde-territorialisingthemselvesfromtheassemblage.Objectswereeitherintentionallyoraccidentallydestroyed,“de-territorialisedasindividualentitieswhilstsimultaneouslyincorporatedintothesite”(Harris2017,133).

Wemayevenidentifysimilarforcesatworkwhenentitiessuchasthedisinfectingautoclavesorshowersacttoexpungediseasefromgoodsorpeople.Theseobjectsarenotnecessarilymateriallyalteredbytheact,buttheirmeaning,theirroleintheassemblage,andtheirrelationswithotherentities,havebeenradicallyreconfigured.AsHarris(2017,129)hasargued,inoppositiontootherrelationalapproachessuchasactor-networktheory,“workingwithassemblagesisnotsimplyaboutdescribingthematoneparticularmoment…butratherconcentratingonprocess,tobepreciseonthespecifichistoricalprocessthroughwhichanassemblageemerges.”Itisthese

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aetiologicalforcesandprocessesthathavecreated,andcontinuetocreate,theassemblageofquarantine.

TheassemblageincludesthoseobjectsthathaveremainedatNorthHead,tobecollectedandcollatedbymembersofquarantinestaffandultimatelyaccessionedintotheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection.Italso,furthermore,sustainsarelationalholduponartefactsthatarenolongerspatiallyconnectedwiththesite.Whilesomeelementshavebeendestroyed,othershavebeenaccessionedbyexternalinstitutionssuchastheNationalMuseumofAustralia(NationalMuseumofAustralia2016),dispersedtoothergovernmentagencies,orpassedthroughintheluggageofquarantine’stemporarydetainees.Whiletheseobjectscannotbesystematicallyquantifiedandanalysed,theyformpartofthebiographyofthecollection,andthroughtheirveryabsencecontributetotheinterpretationofthequarantineassemblage.

Ashasbeendemonstratedthroughoutthisdissertation,theQuarantineStationischaracterisedbytheconstantmovementofobjectsinto,through,andoutofitsboundaries.Anepidemiologicalreadingofthesedynamicsreflectsboththematerialityof–andabsenceswithin–itsassemblage.Manyoftheseitemshaveneitherspatialnortemporalconcurrencywitheachother,buttheyareassembledtogetherthroughtheirassociationwiththequarantineinstitutionand–atamoreabstractlevel–withhistoricalmanifestationsofdisease.TheassemblageiswhatFowler(2013,24)termsa“turbulentformation”;notafixedgroupingbutratherachangeableandfluctuatingalliance.

Thequarantineassemblageis,asaresultoftheseaetiologicalprocesses,highlymobileanddynamic;itis“notthereliablyinertassemblagebuttheslippery,contingentandoftencontradictoryassemblage”(Franklin,Johnson,andBonney2016,xiii).MarcusandSaka(2006,102)havepointedtotheemergentnatureofassemblages,arguingthat“thetime-spaceinwhichassemblageisimaginedisinherentlyunstableandinfusedwithmovementandchange”.Nowhereisthisemergenceandephemeralitymoreapparentthaninquarantine,thepracticeofwhichisbynaturetemporalandtransitory.Witheachquarantineepisode,newpeople,objects,anddiseaseswerebroughtintorelationwithNorthHead.Thequarantineinstitutiontransformedthesepeopleandthings,seekingtoerasediseasefromthem,andatthesametime,thesenewentitiesactedtocreate,reconfigure,andtransformtheassemblagewhichrepresentedtheinstitutionitself.

7.5 RelationsofContagion

AsshipsandtheircargoesofgoodsandpeoplewereplacedintoquarantineupontheirarrivalinSydney,theydidmorethanestablishaspatialassociationwithNorthHead.AsJoyceandPollard(2010,309)haveargued,“ratherthansimplybeingmattersofassociation,theproductionofassemblagesmakesuseofrelations”.Adoptinganassemblageperspective“meansputtingrelationshipsfirst,andthinkingabouthow

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things,people,places,materials,ideas,properties…emergefromthoserelationships”(Fowler2013,2).Theactofquarantinewasa“bringing-into-relationofpersons,places,objectsandtemporalities”(Franklin,Johnson,andBonney2016,xi)throughthebondsofcontagion.HereIconsiderwhatroletheseinteractionsandrelationsplayedinshapingandreshapingthepropertiesandeffectsofindividualentities,andofthequarantineassemblageasawhole.Whereasspatialassociationswereoftenunderminedbytheconstantinstabilityofthequarantineinstitution,characterisedasitwasbymobilityandtransience,therelationsthatemergedfromthebondsof(potential)contagioncouldbefarmoreenduring.

Thequarantineinstitutionisanassemblagewhich,asDeLanda(2006,5)describes,isawhole“whosepropertiesemergefromtheinteractionsbetweenparts”.Whiletheentitiesofthequarantineassemblagearenotreliantuponit–theycouldbedetachedfromthisassemblageandimplantedintoanother–theyderivemeaningsandcapacitiesfromtheirinteractionsthatmustbeunderstoodincontext(Crellin2017,114).ThepeoplewhoweredetainedatNorthHead,andtheobjectstheybroughtwiththem,havebiographiesthatpredatetheirquarantine,buttheirpropertiesandtrajectoriesweretransformedbytheassemblageinwhichtheybecameembroiled(Fowler2013,23).Forexample,aspreviouslydiscussed,thequarantinecontextelevatesaceramicdinnerplatefromavesselforservingfoodtoapotentialagentofcontagion.Thiscapacityforinfectionarisesfromtheplate’srelationswithdisease,andhasdistinctarchaeologicalimplications.Itshapesforinstancetheformalcollectionofmoveableheritageartefacts,reflectingtheintentionaldestructionofdamagedplatesinanattempttoavertdiseasetransmission.

Bythinkingthroughtheframeworkofassemblage,itbecomesclearthatthepeople,objects,andlandscapesofquarantine“existenmeshedwithinvariedandmultiplerelations”(Crellin2017,113).Otherexamplesdemonstratethatobjectsnotonlycarriedthecapacityforinfection,butinteractedwithdiseaseinmanifoldways.Forinstance,bottleswithinthecollectionwhichpreviouslyhelddisinfectantscouldreasonablybeinterpretedascleaningproducts,whilethoseforalcoholmightrepresentbothrecreationandresistancetoinstitutionalauthority.Withinthequarantineassemblage,however,itbecomesclearthatbothcategoriesofbottlesservedmedicalends,aimedatremovingdiseaseanddissolvingthechainsofinfection.

Atalargerscale,considerthedistributionofsocialgroupsacrossthequarantinelandscape.Historicaldisparitiesbetweenstandardsofaccommodationandfurnishingsbetraynotonlyahierarchyofclassandrace,butrevealthecomplexwaysinwhichsuchidentitieswereperceivedtointersectwiththepotentialtocarryorcontractdisease.AsthebiographyofthecollectionpresentedinChapter5underscores,theassemblageofNorthHeadisentangledwiththebiographiesofobjects,ofindividuals,andofotherinstitutions.Suchconvergences,asCarreau(2012,208)contends,mustbeexaminedcollectivelyinordertofullyunderstandtheirsignificanceandcomplexity.ItisonlywhentheobjectsandspacesoftheQuarantineStationareapprehendedcollectivelyand

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incontext,withreferencetotherelationshipsandentanglementsbetweenthem,thattheirsignificancebecomesclear.

Therelationsandinteractionsoftheassemblagenotonlyimbuedentitieswiththecapacityfordisease,butalsoplayedaroleindeterminingwhenthosecapacitieswereexpressed.Inthequarantinecontext,themostprofoundcatalystwasthediscursiveand/orembodiedpresenceofdisease.Thisassociationmightoccurwhenanewvesselwasplacedintoquarantine,forexample,bringingwithitnewdisease-carryingentitiesthatwouldenterintorelationswiththeexistingassemblage.Butsuchcatalystscouldalsoarisefromwithintheassemblageitself.Anaccidentalcrackorchipinceramicservingwaretransformeditsimpermeablesurfaceintoahavenforcontagion,whileobjectssuchasmicroscopesandpetridishesmadepreviouslyimperceptiblesignsofinfectionapparenttoempoweredobservers.

Otherobjects,conversely,speaktoattemptsatavertingsuchcatalyticreactions,suchasthegownsthatcloakedmedicalstaffrequiredtocomeintocontactwithdiseasedpersons.Likewise,handcuffs(Figure7.2)andshacklesconstrainedbored,distressedor‘undisciplined’detaineesfromdeliberatelyviolatingthestrictspatialdelineationswithinthequarantinelandscape.TheseartefactsremainintheStation’smoveableheritagecollection,servingasasynecdocheforlong-loststructuresinthelandscape,whetherthelock-uponceerectedwithinviewofthearrivalwharf,orthequarantinehulkFarawaymooredjustoffshore.

Figure7.2Darby-styleironhandcuffsfromtheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection,datedcirca1880(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Whilethequarantineassemblagecoheresaroundrelationsofcontagion,itishistoricallypredicateduponattemptstodisrupttheseundesirablerelations.AsHarrison(2011,156)contends,“thenotionofanassemblageallowsforrelationshipswhicharenotnecessarilydirectedtowardsthefunctioningofthewhole,butwhichmightindeedcauseanetworktostallorevenceasefunctioning”(seealsoBennett2005;Bennett2010).Thequarantineinstitutionwasestablishedasameansofregulatingand

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rupturingtherelationsembodiedintheglobalspreadofcontagiousdisease.NorthHeadQuarantineStationactedtoseversuchinfectiousrelationsbetweenSydneyandtheworldbeyond,formedalongtradeandimmigrationroutes.Withintheconfinesoftheinstitution,thecomplexstructuringofthequarantinelandscapeisstilldiscernibleinthedecayingfencelinesthatdelimitareassuchasthehospitalgroundorsecondcemetery,oncedesignedtomanage‘unhealthy’relationsbypreventingentitiesfromcomingintocontact.Similarly,thecleansinganddisinfectionproceduresrepresentedbyextantstructuressuchastheautoclavesandbathhousesseveredtheserelationsentirelybynullifyingthecontagiouscapacitiesofmobileobjectsandbodies.Thecomponentsoftheassemblageareinvolvedin“processesthatstabiliseordestabilisetheidentityoftheassemblage”(DeLanda2006,19).Whilethequarantineassemblageimbueditsentities–betheygoodsorpeople–withthecapacitytobediseased,thepracticesandproceduresinplacewithintheStationcanbeunderstoodasattemptstopreventtheexpressionofthiscapacity.Bythinkingofthequarantineassemblageandinstitutionrelationally,“weareabletoidentifybothrelationshipsoffunctionalflowandmorevolatilerelationshipsoffrictionandconflict”(R.Harrison2011,156).

Deleuze(inconversationwithParnet2006,69)hasdescribedtherelationsofassemblagesas“contagions”and“epidemics”.Icontendthat,inthecaseofquarantine,thismetaphorbecomesquiteliteral.Contagionisacrucialformofrelationthat,whilenotdirectlyvisible,hassignificantmaterialimplicationsforthesite.Cipolla(1992,4)hasdescribedthe“sequencesoftransmission”bywhichdiseasecouldbecommunicatedaccordingtotheoriesofmiasma,trajectoriesofdiseasethatinclude“miasmaàman;infectedobjectàman;infectedanimalàman;man(infected)àman”.These“circuitsofinfection”demonstratesomeofthecomplexrelationsbetweentheheterogeneousentitiesthatcharacterisedthequarantineassemblage,andwhichtranscendsimplespatialandtemporalassociations.Theyarerelationsthat,farfrombeingunderminedbymobility,actuallyemergefromthemovementandtrajectoryofpeople,ships,goods,anddisease.However,thesearealsoaccompaniedbycircuitsofdisinfection–theprocessesandproceduresthatthequarantineinstitutionimposedinordertopreventcontagiousexchanges.Archaeologically,thesecircuitsareparticularlyapparentviatheremnantsofthefunicularrailway,whichinscribestheseimposedroutesandtrajectoriesdirectlyintothelandscape.

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Figure7.3Remnantsofthefunicularrailwaysystem,includingextantsectionsoftrackleadingintotheautoclavesandbathingblock,pluspathsandstairwaysthatmaintainthethoroughfaresoncecreatedfortherailway(Source:PetaLonghurst).

7.6 TheInstitutionasAssemblage

Institutionsareoftenevaluatedagainsttheframeworkofthe‘totalinstitution’,describedhalfacenturyagobyGoffman(1961,11)asaplace“cutofffromthewidersocietyforanappreciableperiodoftime”wherepeople“leadanenclosedformallyadministeredroundoflife”.Theseinstitutionsareconceptualisedasinsulatedorganisations,physicallyandculturallyisolatedfromthebroaderpopulace.Assemblagetheory,bycontrast,hasbeendescribedasaheuristictoolforlookingbeyondsuchtotalities.Franklin,JohnsonandBonney(2016,xi)contendthattheworkofassemblagebeginsby“interrogatingandun-makingtheapparenttotalityofthingsintheworld,andweakeningtheironcladspatialandtemporaryboundednessofmeaningfulassemblages”.Deleuze’sconceptionoftheassemblage,DeLanda(2006,10)argues,

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presentsatheoreticalalternativetototalities.Ratherthanencapsulatingaseamlessunit,theexteriorrelationsoftheassemblageallowforcomponentstobedetached,andboundariestobedestabilised.Processesofterritorialisationsharpenandenforcetheboundariesoftheassemblage,whereasadeterritorialisingprocessisone“whicheitherdestabilisesspatialboundariesorincreasesinternalheterogeneity”(DeLanda2006,13).

Withinthequarantineinstitution,thesedeterritorialisinganddestabilisingprocessesareexpressedinanumberofways.Theconstantinflux,andcorrespondingdeparture,ofpeople,goods,ships,anddiseasetoandfromNorthHeadcanbeunderstoodasrepeatedbreachesoftheboundariesoftheQuarantineStation,largelyassanctionedbytheinstitutionbutalsoinwaysthatsubvertedandviolatedinstitutionalrulesandauthority.Furthermore,thespatialboundariesofquarantinecanthemselvesbeseentoexpandandcontractatdifferenthistoricalmoments,bothinresponsetoacuteeventssuchaspandemics,andaspartofbroaderandlonger-rangingalterationstotheStation’sscaleofoperations.Furthermore,theintroductionofnewtypesofobjects,newstrainsofdisease,andnew(ornewlyreconceptualised)socialgroupsintotheinstitutionrepresentsacontributiontotheheterogeneityofthequarantineassemblage.Theincreasinglycomplexmethodsofsocialandspatialsegregationacrossthequarantinelandscapearethereforedemonstrativeofattemptstorestoreorderandtoreasserttheboundariesoftheassemblage.Theseprocessesresultinmomentsof“instabilityattheborderofassemblages”(A.M.Jones2017,87).

Understoodasanongoingprocessofassembly,itbecomesclearthatwhilethequarantineinstitutionwasintendedtocontainandneutralisecontagion,“itdoesnotformahermeticwhole”(Fowler2013,22).Rather,itsboundariesareraggedandephemeral.Thequarantineassemblageinterlockswithandintercedesinotherassemblagesacrossarangeofscales.Itsbordersareconstantlybeingreshapedanddestabilisedbyitscollisionsandinteractionswithotherentitiesandassemblages.Theobjects,people,vessels,anddiseasesthatcomposetheassemblage–includingarchaeologists–arecontinuallycomingandgoing,andbeingmateriallyandconceptuallytransformed.Theyarecharacterisedbymobilityandimpermanence–whatFranklin,JohnsonandBonney(2016,xii)termthe“fundamentalrestlessnessbywhichmobilesubjectsassemble”.Processesofassembly,ofterritorialisation,andofinteraction,arecontinuallyatwork,shapingthecontentsandboundariesofthequarantineassemblage.

ThisisnottodenythattheQuarantineStationcanbeunderstoodasaunifiedwhole,northatquarantinecanbeanalysedattheinstitutionallevel.AsDeLanda(2006,10)argues,“awholemaybebothanalysableintoseparatepartsandatthesametimehaveirreducibleproperties”.Byarguingthattheinstitutioncannotbetotalised,DeLandaisreiteratingwhathasbeendemonstratedthroughoutthischapter,andmythesismorebroadly.Thequarantineassemblageisnotmerelythesumofitspartsbutratheremergesfromitsrelationsandcapacities–relationswhichcanalsocutacrossthe

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institution’snominallysealedborders.Asanassemblage,thequarantineinstitutionoperatesasawhole,butasBennett(2010,24)stresses,thatwholeisnota“stolidblockbutanopen-endedcollective”.Whilethehistoricalflowsofcontagionareglobal,theassemblageofthequarantineinstitutioncoheresaroundthecompetingandcomplementarycircuitsofinfectionanddisinfectionthatwereenactedacrossthelandscapeofNorthHead.

7.7 TheAssemblageAcrossTimeandSpace

Timeandspacewerethemajortechnologiesthroughwhichquarantinewasenacted;theylikewiseoperateandareexpressedwithinthearchaeologicalrecordacrossaspectrumofscalesandregisters.Throughoutthisresearch,Ihavedisassembledthequarantineinstitutionintoitsconstituentparts.Fromthelevelofthelandscapethroughtotheindividualobject,theprecedingchaptershavelaidbarethedistinctmaterial,spatial,andtemporalscalesandregistersacrosswhichquarantineoperated.

Assemblagethinkingprovidesanavenueforreconceptualisingthewayinwhichweconceiveofscale,neitherreifyingthelarge-scalenorreducingthesmall-scaletotheleveloftheepiphenomenon(Harris2017,127,135).Rather,itacknowledgesthatassemblagescanoperatesimultaneouslyacrossarangeofscales(HamilakisandJones2017,79),which“arenotentirelyseparate,butratherintegratedwithinassemblages”(Harris2017,127–128).Asingleentity–suchasdisease–cantherefore“participateinalloftheseassemblages,cross-cuttingscales”(Conneller2017,184).Tracingthemovementandtrajectoriesofcontagionwithinandthroughoutthismultiplicityofassemblagestherebyallowsforanalysis,likediseaseitself,tobothmovebetweenandtransectthevariousscalesandregistersofquarantine.

Thetemporalregistersatwhichquarantineoperatesrangefromisolatedquarantineepisodes,toongoingdiseaseeventssuchasthe1918–19pneumonicinfluenzapandemic.TheycanencompassboththeperiodofoperationoftheQuarantineStationitself,andtheongoingtransformationsoftheassemblagethatextendbeyondthatperiod.Whilethemoredistancedandlong-rangedperspectivethatweareaffordedbyhindsightrendersthepracticeofquarantinehighlytemporaryandephemeral,forthosewhoweredetainedatthesite,relativelybriefperiodsofconfinementcouldfeelinterminable.Theassemblageincludesmaterialindicationsofthewaysinwhichthistimewaspassedandendured,fromradiosandgameswithinthecollection(Figure7.4),totheinscriptionsthatmarkmanysurfacesofthelandscape.

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Figure7.4QuoitssetfromtheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Thepassageoftimeismostclearlyobservablethroughthequarantinelandscape,forwhichithasbeenpossibletoconstructadiachronicaccount,evenasweacknowledgethewaysinwhichelementsofpastlandscapeshavepersistedintothepresent.ThelandscapeoftheQuarantineStationhadlargelybeenkeptquiteopentofacilitatetherequiredlevelsofcontrolandsurveillance(seeFigure1.1).Afteritsformalclosureandtransitionintoanationalpark,timeprovidedanopportunityforthevegetationtoregenerate,erasingpathways,blurringformerdemarcations,disruptingsightlinesandobscuringviewscapes.Thesevistas,suggestoralhistoriesoftheinstitution,“werefundamentaltooperationsandtocreatingasenseofconnectionandcommunity”(ThompsonBerrillLandscapeDesign2006,44).Inthisway,manyofthestructures,boundaries,movements,andpracticesoftheinstitutionimperceptiblyrecededintothepast.

Thiswasnotadefinitivetransition,however.Whilemanyofthebuildingsandfencelinesthatinitiallyestablishedandenforcedthespatialdistributionofthesitehavebeendemolished,thisresearchhasdemonstratedtheextenttowhichhistoricaldelineationshavepersistedandendured,andevenbeenincorporatedintothesite’smodernincarnationasatourismandheritagedestination.Inthismanner,thediseasesthatdiscursivelyorphysicallyenteredNorthHeadQuarantineStationthroughoutits

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operationalhistorycontinuetoexertagencyoverthecapacityofmodernvisitorstomovethroughthelandscape.Furthermore,astheseguestsdeposittheirowndebris,fromwineglassestolostshoes,theycontributetotheongoingarchaeologicalassemblyofthesiteatlocationslargelydictatedbythehistoric‘presence’ofdiseaseatNorthHead.Inthismannertheinstitutionremainsahistoricallycoherentinstitution,legiblethroughitsemergentarchaeology,yetneverossifiedintoastabletotality.

Timeanditspassagearemoredifficulttodiscernwithinthemoveableheritagecollection,whereprovenanceinformationformanyoftheobjectsislackingandnoclearstratifyinginformationcanbediscerned.Thenatureofquarantineindicatesthatmanyoftheobjectsassociatedwiththeinstitutioneitherpassedthroughbriefly–forinstance,afterdisinfectionasluggageorcargo–orwerediscardedordestroyedoncetheywerenolongerofuse(ornolongerconsideredsafetousebecauseoftheircontactwithdisease).Whilesomeoftheseobjectshavereturnedasdonationsfromformerstaffordetainees,themajorityoftheartefactswithinthecollectionarethosethatpersistedinsitu.TheWedgwooddinnerserviceisaclearexample;anewspaperreportfrom1934notedthattheservicewas“seventyyearsold”andhadbeen“preserved”(Moore1934).Bothitspresenceinthecollectionandpersonalaccountsindicatethatitremainedinusewellafterthatdate(J.Roberts2016).

Whatarepresentwithinthecollectionareobjectsthatprovideinsightintohowtimewasmarkedandexperiencedwithinquarantine.Muchasaclockinthecentreofthefirstclassprecincttrackedtheoftentedioushoursspentinquarantine(Figure7.5),thechangingnamesandemblemsthatbrandquarantineobjectsmarkthepassageoftimeviathechangingagenciesresponsiblefortheoperationoftheinstitution,andinsodoing,thechangefromcolonytonation.Logbooksandofficialdiariesrecordedthecomingsandgoingsofships,people,cargo,mail,andinaccompaniment,thepassageofdisease.Headstones,inscriptions,andmonumentsrecordmomentsintimeandcommemoratepastpresences(Figure7.6).Andtechnologicalimprovementsindiagnosisanddisinfectionnotonlymaterialisedevelopmentsinmedicalknowledge,butalsoindicatetheextenttowhichthesignificanceoftimewasdiminished,asothertechnologiessupplanteditsimportasabufferforcontainingthespreadofdisease.

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Figure7.5Clockattachedtotheexteriorofthetelephoneofficeinthefirstclassprecinct(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Figure7.6MonumenterectedbythesurvivingpassengersoftheimmigrantshipConstitution,whichwasquarantinedatNorthHeadin1855.Thisobeliskitselfbecameaprominentlandscapemarker–itisvisibleintheupperrightquadrantofan1877illustrationofthesite,reproducedhereasFigure4.19(Source:PetaLonghurst).

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Furthermore,thelatentcapacitiesthatexistwithintheassemblage,initspotentialforinfection,remindusthatthebiographyofNorthHeadQuarantineStationisnotonlymarkedbypastoccurrences,butalsobypossiblefutures.Thechangesthathavemarkedthehistoryoftheinstitutionwereresponsestothenovelentitieswhichwereconstantlybeingintegratedintotheassemblage,asnewshipsandtheirchargeswereplacedintoquarantine.Yetcapacitiesalsoresultedfromshiftsintherelationswithinwhichentitiesweresituated,suchthatchangingrelationspermitted“differentpropertiestoemergeandtherebydifferentandunpredictablefuturestobecomepossible”(Crellin2017,118).HamilakisandJones(2017,82)drawontheconceptof‘bundles’,which“encapsulatepastrelations…whilealsopromotingfuturerelations”.Thequarantineassemblageisinmanywaysanontologicalpalimpsestofthesedifferentregisters;thereisa“comminglingofdifferenttimes”which“allowsnewunderstandingsoftemporalityandhistoricitytoemerge”(HamilakisandJones2017,82).ThroughtheassemblageweseehowtheQuarantineStationisbothtemporalandtemporary,characterisedasitisbymobility,transition,andimpermanence,andyetenduringthroughitscollectionsandlandscapes.

Quarantine,andtheflowsofcontagionwhichitseekstodisruptandcontrol,alsooperatesacrossaspectrumofspatialregisters.Theserangefromthescaleofthemicrobe–onlymadevisiblethroughitsinteractionswiththetechnologiesofthelaboratory–throughtothe(potentially)diseasedbodiesandobjectswhichthosemicrobesinhabited.Beyondliethedifferentiallyrestrictedspacestowhichindividualshadaccess,andfinally,thewholeboundedlandscapeoftheinstitution.Whileitisthisscaleoftheinstitution,andthesmallerspacescontainedtherein,thathasbeenmyfocus,discussionthroughoutthisdissertationhasalsosuggestedsomeofthewaysinwhichthequarantineassemblageprotrudesbeyondthespatialboundariesofNorthHeadinever-expandingscales.Forexample,theextendedquarantinelandscapeencompassestheauxiliarysitesacrossSydneythatsupplementedtheQuarantineStationduringparticularlysevereepidemics;thenationalsystemofquarantinestationsencirclingtheAustraliancontinent;andtheglobalnetworksofports,trade,immigration,andquarantinesites,throughwhichdiseasecirculated.

Assemblagetheory,andrelationalitymoregenerally,canbeseeninpartasattemptstotheorisesuchglobalcirculations(Bennett2005,445).Inhercallsforarelationalapproachtoglobalisationandinstitutionalconfinement,Casella(2013,90;seealsoCasella2016,127)hasdrawnattentiontothewaysinwhichthemoderneraischaracterisedbythemovementofbothpeopleandobjectsaroundtheglobein“dynamicwebsofintercontinentalmovementandexchange”.Furthermore,asJackson(2012,59)contends,theprevalenceofdiseasessuchascholerahasalsomeantthatthis“circulationofgoodsandpeople…hadbecomepotentiallydeadly”.NorthHeadcanbeunderstoodascontainingarangeofinterlockingassemblages,butalsoasbeingsituatedwithinaglobalassemblageofdiseasetransmission,thebroaderassemblagesfoldingintothehighlylocalisedones(A.M.Jones2017,92).

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Thequarantineinstitutionisaparticularlyinstructivelevelofanalysisbecauseofthewaytheinstitutionwasbothformedby–andinresponseto–theseglobalflows,evenasitsoughttodisruptthem.Theontologicallyinsecureentitiesofcontagiousdisease–thepresumptivemicroscopic‘germs’–werereifiedbytheircontactwiththemassivedisinfectionchamberswhichremaininsitubesideQuarantineBeach.Insodoing,thoseverydevicessterilisedtheputative‘germs’intonothingness,transforming‘foul’luggageinto‘clean’goodswithoutevervalidatingtheactualexistenceoftheforeignbacteria.TheassemblageofNorthHeadQuarantineStationoperatesacrossaseriesofsuchscalesandregisters,andbothcontainsandissituatedwithin“aconstellationofsub-assemblages”(A.M.Jones2017,87).However,thequarantineassemblagecanbeanalysedatany(andall)ofthesescales,andindeedarecognitionofthewaysinwhichtheQuarantineStationissituatedwithinthesespatialregistersiscrucialtounderstandinghowtheinstitutionoperated.Conceivingoftheinstitutionasanassemblageallowsusbothtorecogniseandinterrogatethisfact,andtofoldtogetherandmovebetweenthesescales(Crellin2017,113;Harris2017,133–134),linkedbytheflowsandbondsofcontagion.

7.8 Conclusion

ConsideringNorthHeadQuarantineStationthroughtheframeworkofassemblagefacilitatestheconstructionofanarchaeologyofquarantinethatmorefullyencapsulatesthesignificanceofcontagionwithintheinstitution.Approachedthroughthislens,diseaseisseentoplayanumberofhistoricallyandmateriallyembeddedroles.

Understoodasaculturalanddiscursivetrope,aswellasabiologicalentity,diseaseisrevealedasadynamiccomponentwithintheassemblage.Arangeofrelationsalsoarisefromdisease,bothdirectlyintheformofcontagion,andindirectlyasotherentitiesacttolocate,tomakevisible,ortoneutralisedisease.Finally,diseasemanifestsasthecapacityforinfection,acapacitythatextendsnotonlytopeoplebutalsototheplacestheyoccupied,thestructuresthathousedthem,andthemyriadobjectstheyinteractedwith.AssemblagetheorymakesitpossibletoarticulatewhytheQuarantineStationisperceivedasaplaceofdeathanddisease,despitetheapparenthealthofmostofthepeoplewhopassedthroughtheinstitution.Thepracticesandbehavioursrevealedthroughoutthequarantineassemblagewerenotonlyresponsestotheactualpresenceofdisease,butprecautionsenactedinanticipationofthecapacityfordisease,andthepotentialfutures–andfears–thatitevoked.

ThewidervalueofthisapproachliesalsoinelucidatingthemuchbroaderassemblageofquarantineandcontagionwithinwhichtheinstitutionatNorthHeadhashistoricallybeensituated.Contagiousdiseasesperformatarangeofscales,fromtheleveloftheglobalpandemictotheindividualandembodiedexperienceofillness.Likewise,quarantineisbothaglobalnetwork,linkingportsacrosstheworldthroughthevectorofdisease,andalocalisedpractice,whichseekstoprotectthecommunitybyseveringthoselinks.Inaninstitutionintendedtoexpungeanderasedisease,ithasinstead

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endured,persevered,andbeenreiterated,embeddedwithincollectionsandinscribedacrossthelandscape.

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Chapter8: Conclusions

8.1 Introduction

Despitehistoricalcriticismsofquarantine–onthebasisofefficacy,economics,andcivilliberties–recentdecadeshavewitnessedaresurgenceinquarantinepracticesinresponsetopandemicsofdiseasesincludingSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)andavianinfluenza(Gensini,Yacoub,andConti2004;Conti2008;Tognotti2013).WithinAustralia,thesepracticeshaveshiftedawayfromthecoastlinetointernalbordersandinternationalairports.Insodoing,quarantinehasalsobeenreformulated,enactedinsuchawaythatwhatwaspreviouslyacollectiveexperienceisnowhighlyindividualised.FordecadesithasentailedaformofpoliticaltheatreatAustralia’sinternationalairports,throughthescreeningofluggageforfood,plantmatterandanimalproducts.Nevertheless,theintroductionin2014–15ofprocedurestoscreenpassengersforexposuretoEbolaviruswasapertinentreminderthattravellersthemselvesalsoremainsubjecttoquarantinepractices.Thisdevelopmentmarksnotonlyarevivalofquarantine,butalsoatransformation,inwhichtheplaceofquarantinehasbeenrelocatedanditspracticesreconceptualised.

TheformaldecommissioningofNorthHeadQuarantineStationin1984broughttoaclosethenetworkofinstitutionsthathadprophylacticallyencircledmainlandAustraliathroughoutmuchofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.Nevertheless,thecontinuationoftheprocessesassociatedwiththemremainsvisibleinthebiosecuritymeasuresnotedabove,andechoesofquarantinecanalsobeidentifiedwithincontemporaryimmigrationpolicies,inparticulartheoffshoredetentioncentresinwhichAustraliadetainsrefugeesandasylumseekers(BashfordandStrange2002).Thehistoricalpracticeofquarantinethushasanongoinglegacywhichlendsparticularresonancetothepresentthesis.Ithereforeconcludebybrieflyconsideringsomeoftheimplicationsofthisstudyandthepotentialavenuesitsuggestsforfuturearchaeologicalresearch.

8.2 BeyondtheInstitution:FutureArchaeologiesofQuarantine

Despiteitsongoingmateriallegacies,minimalarchaeologicalattentionhaspreviouslybeenpaidtoquarantine.Whilescholarshiponthearchaeologyofinstitutionsmorebroadlyiswelldeveloped,thereisscopeforfurtherinvestigationofquarantineatavarietyofscalesandperspectives.Studiesofthehistoricalpracticeofquarantinemayalsocontributetoourknowledgeofitscontemporarymanifestations.Althoughthemodernpracticeofquarantinehasbeenrelocated,andreconfiguredinanumberofsignificantways,itisembeddedwithinmanyofthesamecoreconceptsthatfirstspurreditsuseasapublichealthmeasure.Inprovidinginsightintothewaysinwhichitwaspreviouslyenactedwithindefinedinstitutions,archaeologicalstudiesofquarantinealsohaveramificationsforthemoreamorphousandadhocantecedentsofthe

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quarantineinstitution.ThepresentaccountpromptsfurtheravenuesofinquirybothforNorthHeadQuarantineStationandbeyond.

MyowninterpretationofNorthHeadhasprimarilydrawnontheevolvinglandscapesoftheinstitutionandthediverseobjectsthatnowcomprisetheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection.Ihavealsoalluded,however,totheartefactscattersanddumpswhichproliferateacrossthesite(Figure8.1).Frommiddenstomodernlandfill(RathjeandMurphy2001),rubbishactsasarichsourceofevidenceforarchaeologists.Inthecaseofquarantineinparticular,itisnotonlythecontentsofthedumpsthatareofinterest,butalsothediscardprocessesthathavecreatedthem.Garbagehasbeenunderstoodasasourceofmiasmaandcontagion(RathjeandMurphy2001,85–86),andthereforeinneedofcontainment.AmorecomprehensivesurfacesurveyoftheseartefactsandtheirconcentrationacrossNorthHeadwouldthereforecontributetoourunderstandingofthedifferentiallyhealthynatureofthequarantinelandscapeasestablishedbythepresentstudy.

Figure8.1AselectionofglassandceramicfragmentstypicalofsurfaceassemblagesatNorthHead(Source:PetaLonghurst).

Fromamethodologicalperspective,legislativeandpragmaticconstraintslimitthepotentialforexcavationatNorthHead.Ifdiggingweretobecomemorefeasible,anexaminationofthesub-surfaceremainsoftheQuarantineStationcouldalsoprovidenewinsights.Smalladhocsalvageexcavationsareconductedonoccasionasnecessitatedbymaintenanceworkandnewconstructionatthesite.Whileontheirownthesetendtoyieldlittleinformation–saveforconfirmingthelocationofdemolishedbuildings–amoresynthesisedapproachtotheseresultscouldprovemoreproductive,particularlyinregardtotheculturallife,socialstratificationsandmicropoliticsofquarantine.

Asistypicalofahistoricalarchaeologicalapproach,thisstudyhasdrawnonarangeoftextualsourcestoprovidecontextandconfirmationandtoaidininterpretation.In

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doingso,however,ithasbeenpossibletodistinguishmaterialmarkersthathavethepotentialtoidentifyquarantinepracticesatlessextensivelydocumentedsites.Inparticular,thewaysinwhichthenaturallandscapewasbothexploitedandmanipulatedtopreventcontagionareadefiningarchaeologicalsignatureofquarantineatNorthHead.Choicessuchasthelocationofbuildings,fences,accesspaths,andgatescreateddefinedzoneswithinthelandscapeandstructuredmovementthroughoutthesiteintothepresent.Despiteelementsthatmighteludeexplanationwithouthistoricalrecords-suchastheplacementofcemeterieswithinthe'healthyground'-Isuggestthattheselandscapefeatureshavethepotentialtoactasindicatorsofquarantinepracticeandtodifferentiatebetweenotherinstitutionalforms.Furtherarchaeologicalinvestigationsofquarantineinstitutionswouldbenecessarytoconfirmtheextenttowhichthesecharacteristicsarediagnosticofquarantine.However,myownpreliminaryinquiriesatquarantinesitesinAustralia,theUnitedStates,andEuropesuggeststhatwhilethereisagreatdealofstylisticandarchitecturaldiversity,thesestructuresanddelineationswithinthelandscapeareacommonanddefiningthread.

Thisstudyhasbeenframed,andprimarilyfocused,onthearchaeologyofthequarantineinstitution.AsIhaveargued,however,quarantinehasnotalwaysbeenpracticedstrictlywithinthedefinedspaceoftheinstitution.ThedelimitationsoftheQuarantineStationhaveexpandedandcontractedatdifferenthistoricalmoments,andquarantinepracticeshaveattimesalsobledoutofthetopographicalboundariesofNorthHead.Anarchaeologicalorgeographicalapproachwhichmappedtheextentofthesesites–betheythehomesandstreetsthatwereplacedunderquarantine,thewharvesfromwhichpatientsweretransportedtoNorthHead(Figure8.2),orlocationssuchastheSydneyCricketGroundthatwereutilisedwhenthemaininstitutionwasatcapacity–couldcontributetoafullerunderstandingofthewaysinwhichthepracticesofquarantineextendbeyondtheplaceoftheformalisedinstitution.

Figure8.2QuarantinereserveinSydneyfromwhichpatientsweretransportedtoNorthHead.Notetheplagueproclamationaffixedtothefenceatleft(Source:“QuarantineReserveandWharfinSydneyDomain”1900).

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Throughoutthisdissertation,NorthHeadQuarantineStationhasalsobeenpositionedwithinaglobalnetworkofquarantinesites,whichIseeassuggestingtwomajoravenuesforfurtherresearch.Thefirstoftheseisacomparativeanalysisofhowquarantinehasbeenpractised,andmaterialised,acrosstimeandspace.Forexample,howdoesthepracticeofquarantineatNorthHeadcomparewiththeEnglishsystemofisolation(Maglen2005),andisthereacleardifferencearchaeologically?WhatdifferencesarethereinthematerialmanifestationsofquarantineinAustraliaincontrastwiththe‘OldWorld’,suchastheFrenchlazarettoonRatonneauIsland,establishedinthesameyearasNorthHead(Bergdoll1987;Longhurst2014)?Howdoquarantinesiteswithdefactoimmigrationfunctions,suchasNorthHead,relatetoimmigrationsiteswhichalsoregulatehealth,suchasAngelIslandinSanFranciscoandEllisIslandinNewYork?MyownpreliminaryresearchandfieldworkatseveralofthesesitessuggeststherearebothcommonalitiesandsubstantivedivergencesfromthequarantinepracticeatNorthHeadworthyofmoresustainedevaluation.

Moreover,thereisscopeforamoredetailedanalysisofthenetworkitself–notonlyincomparinginternationalsitesofquarantine,butindrawingouttheconnectionsandrelationsbetweenthem,establishedbythemovementofpeople,goods,ships,anddiseaseacrosstheglobe.AsIhaveargued,NorthHeadQuarantineStationisbothadiscretearchaeologicalassemblage,andacomponentofabroaderglobalandglobalisedassemblageofcontagion.Collectively,thisresearchwoulddevelopourunderstandingofquarantinenotasanisolatedandconfinedact,butratherapracticeconductedatsitesthatareatoncedistributedaroundtheworldandenmeshedwithinawebofdiseasecontrolandallofitsimplications.

8.3 BeyondQuarantine:FutureArchaeologiesofContagion

Lookingbeyondthepracticeofquarantine,thetheoreticalandmethodologicalperspectivesadoptedthroughoutthisresearchalsohaveimplicationsforarchaeologicalthoughtandpracticethatcanbemorebroadlyapplied.Assemblagetheory(R.Harrison2011;Pezzarossi2014;Bonney,Franklin,andJohnson2016;HamilakisandJones2017),andrelationaltheoriesmoregenerally(Hodder2012;Fowler2013;Casella2013;Casella2016),arealreadybeingappliedtoadiverserangeofarchaeologicalsitesandquestions.Theseapproachespromptarchaeologiststobroadentheirunderstandingofwhatisgroupedtogetherwithintheassemblage,andtomoredeeplyinterrogatetheformationoftheassemblageandtherelationsthatdefineit.However,ashighlightedinthepreviouschapter,thisisnotastrictandrigidapproach,butratherapromptforamultiplicityofapplicationsandperspectives.Ithereforearguethatmyown,epidemiologicalconceptionoftheassemblagemakestwoparticularcontributionstotheapplicationofrelationaltheorytoarchaeology.

ThestudyofNorthHead,andmyexaminationoftheroleofdiseasewithinthequarantineassemblage,promptsalternativewaysofthinkingabouthealth,disease,andcontagion.Byrecognisingtheutilityforarchaeologistsinconceptualisingdisease

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foremostasaculturalconstruct,ratherthanstrictlyabiologicalentity,itshistoricalpresencecanbediscernednotonlyinbodies,butalsoinobjects,places,anddistributedacrosslandscapes.Thescopeofevidencethroughwhicharchaeologistscaninterpretdiseasewidensconsiderablyasaresult,fromafocusonhumanremainsandmedicalparaphernalia,tomorenuancedandfluidinterpretationsofhistoricallandscapes.Whilethisontologyismostclearlydemonstratedatsitesofquarantine,italsoholdstruemuchmorebroadly.

Thenotionofcapacityisaparticularlyusefuloneinthiscontext:itisnotonlyimportantwhatisinfected,butalsowhatcouldbecomeinfected.Whilewemayknowviathehistoricalrecordthatanepidemicneverreachedthesiteunderstudy,orthatdiseaseisnottransmittedinthewaypastactorsunderstoodittobe,thisdoesnotmeanthatitlackedmaterialmanifestationsorpotentrelations.Perceivingcontagionasacapacityembodiedwithintheartefactsatasiteallowsustothinkthroughthewaysinwhichthemerethreatofdiseaseshapedhumanbehaviour,andthusthewaysthatlandscapesarestructuredandobjectsareallowed(ornotallowed)tocirculate.

Furthermore,theideasrepresentedherethroughtheframeworkofepidemiologyandcontagionalsohavecurrencyforunderstandingassemblagesthatarenotexplicitlycentredarounddisease.Isuggestthatthephysical,cultural,andontologicalcharacteristicsofdiseaseasapolyvalenthistoricalentitycanprovideamodelforwiderarchaeologiesofinstitutions.Placingachosenentity,suchasdisease,atthecentreofanalysisreframestheassemblage,highlightingtheunforeseenrelationsthattheentityisenmeshedwithin.Thisfocuscouldbeexpressedinmyriadways–forexample,DeLanda(2006,68–75)hasdiscussedassemblageasawayofconceptualisingpower,punishment,andauthorityininstitutionalorganisations.Otherhistoricalassemblagescouldbeequallytheorisedintermsofprevailingcosmologiesorconstructionssuchasclass,evenifitisnottheostensibleorganisingconceptofthespaceunderstudy.Similaranalysescouldthusbeextendedtothearchaeologyofinstitutionsviaheuristicframessuchaslabour,sanity,conflict,justiceormobility.Byidentifyingandtracingthetrajectoryofparticularentities,capacities,andrelations,itispossibletodrawconceptualandsociallinkagesthatimbueourunderstandingoftheassemblageasawholewithunexpectedresonances.

8.4 Conclusions

NorthHeadQuarantineStationisasitedefinedbythetwinnedcircuitsofinfectionanddisinfection,dualtrajectoriesthroughoutthesitethatbothcompetewithandcomplementoneanother.Thequarantineinstitutionwasacrucialcomponentofaglobalisednetwork,establishedaspartofasystemthatregulatestheworldwidecurrentsofpeople,ofcargo,andofdisease(Hoskins2016b,254–255).TheStationactedasaconduit,enablingdesiredflowsofglobalisationsuchassuitableimmigrants,tradegoods,andinternationalcommunication.Atthesametime,however,itactedasafilter,obstructingtheunwantedandpotentiallydangerousflowsofcontagiousandinfectious

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disease.Eachoneoftheseflowsdepositedmaterialremnantsaccessibletoarchaeologicalanalysis.Thearchaeologyofquarantineasanalysedandconceptualisedinthisthesisisdiscerniblewithinthetangiblemanifestationsandimplicationsoftheseflows,asembodiedwithinobjects,collections,andlandscapes.

Theseforces,moreover,didnotonlyplayoutwithintheglobalquarantinenetwork,butwerealsoenactedincomplexwayswithinthesiteitself.Asthisresearchhasdemonstrated,thelandscapeofNorthHeadwasnotundifferentiated,butratherinternallyquarantinedinincreasinglycomplexways.Thespatialorderingofthesiteanditsartefactsisindicativeofhowthepresenceofdiseasewasmanagedandunderstood–andhowitsmovementinto,through,andoutofthelandscapewasvariouslyfacilitatedandcurtailed.Evenasmanyofthestructuresresponsibleweredemolished,whetherbyintent,accident,orneglect,diseasehasenduredandbecomeontologicallyembeddedwithinthetopographyofNorthHead.

Furthermore,theobjectsassociatedwiththeQuarantineStationdemonstratetheextenttowhichtheinstitutionwasgovernednotonlybytheactualpresenceofdisease,butalsothepotentialforcontagion.Takenasacollective,theobjectshighlightdichotomousprocessesofarrivalanddeparture,destructionandpreservation,discardandretrieval,andcollectionandfragmentation.Thesedyadsgovernedtheinstitutionandshapeditsmaterialresidues.Throughinterrogationsofindividualitems,Ihavedemonstratedtheextenttowhichthesehistoricalprocessesemergedfromtherelationshipbetweenobjectsanddisease,andhowthepresenceofcontagioncomplicatesandsubvertsmanyofthepreliminaryinterpretationsoftheseartefacts.Throughtheobjects,collections,andlandscapesofNorthHeadQuarantineStation,Icontendthatdisease–asanentitythatisatoncephysical,cultural,andontological–istheprimaryrelationaroundwhichtheassemblageofquarantinecoheres.

Inevaluatingthehistoricalbackgroundandscholarlyliteraturethathasinterrogatedtheinstitutionofquarantine,Ihavearguedthatitisdefinedbyaseriesofdualities,dichotomies,andtensions.Quarantinemanifestsbothaspracticeandasplace,waveringbetweenthehealth,rights,andlibertiesoftheindividualandthoseofthecollective.Itoperatesasafrictionpointbetweenthemultiplefunctionsofpublichealth,trade,andimmigration.

Moreover,myownresearchhasdemonstratedthat,fromanarchaeologicalperspective,thereisanothermajorcontradictionattheheartofthequarantineinstitution.NorthHeadQuarantineStationwasintendedtoactasatechnologyofpublichealth.Itsobjectivewastobreakthebondsofcontagion,toexpungediseasefromthelandscape,andtopreventmaladiesfrominfectingthewiderSydneypopulace.Whiletheeffectivenesswithwhichthesegoalswereachievedisdebatable,theyresultedininstitutionalartefacts,spacesandprocedureswhichcanbereadandinterpretedviathearchaeologicalrecord.Whatthisdissertationhasdemonstratedisthatinavery

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materialsense,diseasewasnoterased,butratherpersists–throughitsenduringpresencewithinthearchaeologicalassemblageofquarantine.

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Appendix1:HierarchicalObjectClassification

AdaptedfromTheRevisedNomenclatureforMuseumCataloging(Blackabyetal.1995).Eachclassificationisthendividedintoalistofobjectterms(seeBlackabyetal.1995,chap.VandVIforhierarchichalandalphabeticallistsofthepreferredterms).

Category Definition Classifications

Structures

“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtodefinespaceforhumanactivitiesortobeusedascomponentsofspacedefiningactivities”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–1)

• Building• Buildingcomponent• Sitefeature• Otherstructure

Furnishings “Artefactsoriginallycreatedtofacilitatehumanactivityandtoprovideforphysicalneedsofpeoplegenerallybyofferingcomfort,convenience,orprotection”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–2)

• Bedding• Floorcovering• Furniture• Householdaccessory• Lightingdevice• Plumbingfixture• Temperaturecontrol

device• Windowordoorcovering

PersonalArtefacts

“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtoservethepersonalneedsofanindividual[such]asclothing,adornment,bodyprotection,oranaideforgrooming”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–4)

• Adornment• Clothing

o Footwearo Headwearo Outerwearo Underwearo Accessory

• Personalgear• Toiletarticle

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

“Tools,equipment,andsuppliesoriginallycreatedtomanage,oversee,capture,harvest,orcollectresourcesandtotransformormodifyparticularmaterials,bothrawandprocessed”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–5)

• Agriculturaltools&equipment

• Animalhusbandrytools&equipment

• Fishing&trappingtools&equipment

• Foodtools&equipmento Foodprocessing

tools&equipmento Foodservicetools&

equipment• Forestrytools&

equipment

222

Category Definition Classifications

• Glass,plastics,clayworkingtools&equipment

• Leather,horn,shellworkingtools&equipment

• Masonry&stoneworkingtools&equipment

• Metalworkingtools&equipment

• Mining&mineralharvestingtools&equipment

• Paintingtools&equipment• Papermakingtools&

equipment• Textileworkingtools&

equipment• Woodworkingtools&

equipment• Othertools&equipment

formaterialso Basket,broom&

brushmakingtools&equipment

o Cigarmakingtools&equipment

o Lapidarytools&equipment

o Wigmakingtools&equipment

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

“Tools,equipment,andsuppliesusedfortheobservationofnaturalphenomenaortoapplyknowledgegainedfromsuchphenomena”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–11)

• Acousticaltools&equipment

• Armamenttools&equipment

o Firearmo Edgedo Bludgeono Artilleryo Ammunitiono BodyArmouro Accessory

• Astronomicaltools&equipment

• Biologicaltools&equipment

223

Category Definition Classifications

• Chemicaltools&equipment

• Constructiontools&equipment

• Electrical&magnetictools&equipment

• Energyproductiontools&equipment

• Geologicaltools&equipment

• Maintenancetools&equipment

• Mechanicaltools&equipment

• Medical&psychologicaltools&equipment

• Merchandisingtools&equipment

• Meteorologicaltools&equipment

• Nuclearphysicstools&equipment

• Opticaltools&equipment• Regulative&protective

tools&equipment• Surveying&navigational

tools&equipment• Thermaltools&

equipment• Timekeepingtools&

equipment• Weights&measurestools

&equipment• Othertools&equipment

forscience&technologyTools&EquipmentforCommunication

“Tools,equipment,andsuppliesusedtoenablecommunication”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–15)

• Dataprocessingtools&equipment

• Draftingtools&equipment• Musicaltools&equipment• Photographictools&

equipment• Printingtools&equipment• Soundcommunication

tools&equipment• Telecommunicationtools

&equipment

224

Category Definition Classifications

• Visualcommunicationtools&equipment

• Writtencommunicationtools&equipment

• Othertools&equipmentforcommunication

Distribution&TransportationArtefacts

“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtotransportordistributeanimateandinanimatethings”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–17)

• Container• Aerospacetransportation

o Equipmento Accessory

• Landtransportationo Animal-poweredo Human-poweredo Motorisedo Accessory

• Railtransportationo Equipmento Accessory

• Watertransportationo Equipmento Accessory

CommunicationArtefacts

“Artefactsoriginallycreatedasexpressionsofhumanthought”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–19)

• Advertisingmedium• Art• Ceremonialartefact• Documentaryartefact• Exchangemedium• Personalsymbol

RecreationalArtefacts

“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtobeusedastoysortocarryontheactivitiesofsports,games,gambling,orpublicentertainment”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–21)

• Game• Publicentertainment

device• Recreationaldevice• Sportsequipment• Toy

UnclassifiableArtefacts

“Artefactsoriginallycreatedtoserveapurposethatcannotbeidentifiedatthetimetheobjectiscatalogued”(Blackabyetal.1995,III–22)

• Artefactremnant• Functionunknown• Multipleuseartefacts

225

Appendix2:CategorisationofobjectsfromtheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection

Note:ObjectnumberandnamerefertotheirdesignationwithintheSydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollection’scatalogue(“SydneyQuarantineStationMoveableHeritageCollectiononeHive”2016).Theonlinedatabasealsoincludesfurtherdetailsaboutcollectionitemsincludingdescriptionsandphotographs.Category,classification,andobjecttermhavebeenassignedonthebasisoftheNomenclaturesystem(Blackabyetal.1995).Greyed-outanditalicisedentriesindicatethatthefunctionofanobjectisknownbutasuitableobjecttermcouldnotbeidentifiedwithinNomenclature.

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.1.1-70 Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair,diningQS2007.2.1-3 Handcuffs Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Handcuffs

QS2007.3 Plaque Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.4 Bell Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Soundcommunicationt&e

Bell

QS2007.5 Truncheon Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Armament-bludgeon

Club

QS2007.6 Cloche Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

QS2007.7 Cloche Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

QS2007.8 Cloche Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

QS2007.9 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2007.10.1-2 Coffeepot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Coffeepot

QS2007.11.1-2 Coffeepot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Coffeepot

QS2007.12.1-5 Storagejar Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2007.13 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2007.14 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2007.15 Toykoala RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Animal,stuffed

QS2007.16 Gramophone Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Soundcommunicationt&e

Phonograph

QS2007.17 Barleysugartin Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Merchandisingt&e Tin

QS2007.18 Toiletpaperroll PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Paper,toilet

226

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.19 Penny CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Coin

QS2007.20 Chocolatetin Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Merchandisingt&e Tin

QS2007.21 Quoits RecreationalArtifacts

Sportsequipment Quoits

QS2007.22 Quoits RecreationalArtifacts

Sportsequipment Quoits

QS2007.23 Dictionary CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2007.24.1-6 Candles Furnishings Lightingdevice CandleQS2007.25 WillemCigarillotin Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Merchandisingt&e Tin

QS2007.26 Headstone'WilliamClark'and'JamesWatt'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.27 Headstone'Charles&JamesFitzgerald'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.28/1-2

Headstone'ElizabethLogan'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.29 HeadstoneK.A.C.L.1850a

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.30 Headstone'ThomasConvoy'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.31 Headstone'CatherineHolden'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.32 Headstone'LM' CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.33 Headstone'AlfredSpeed'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.34 Headstone'MaryErskine'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.35 Headstone'unknown'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.36 Headstone CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.37 Headstone'J.McDonald'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.38 Headstone'H.A.S' CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.39 Headstone'JohnHarris'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.40 Headstone'DonaldScott'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.41 Headstone'JaneEcless'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.42 Headstone'PatDolan'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

227

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.43 Headstone'Thomas'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.44 Headstone'J.AHawkinsEsq.'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.45 Headstone'PassengersoftheWilliamRodger'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.46 Headstone'JaneAberdeen'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.47 Padlockandkey Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Padlock

QS2007.48 Lifebuoy Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Float,life

QS2007.49 Keys Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2007.50 Keys Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2007.51 Deedboxandbags Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box,storage

QS2007.52.1-2 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.53 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.54 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.55 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.56 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.57 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2007.58 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2007.59 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2007.60 Trolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2007.61 Pump Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2007.62 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

228

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.63 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.64 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.65 Flagbox Furnishings Householdaccessory

Box,wall

QS2007.66 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.67 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.68 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.69 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.70 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.71 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.72 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.73 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.74 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.75 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.76 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.77 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.78 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.79 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.80 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.81 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

229

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.82 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.83 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.84 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.85 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.86 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.87 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.88 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.89 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.90 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.91 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.92 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.93 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.94 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.95 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Label

QS2007.96 Booklet CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2007.97 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2007.98 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2007.99 Book,'ModernViewsinDigestionandGastricDisease',HughMacLean

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2007.100 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2007.101 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

230

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.102 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2007.103 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2007.104 Book,'RecentAdvancesinClinicalPathology',DrSidneyCampbellDyke(ed.),1948

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2007.105 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2007.106 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2007.107 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2007.108 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2007.109.1-2

Waxcast Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Model,anatomical

QS2007.110 Waxcast Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Model,anatomical

QS2007.111 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.112 Mask Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Respirator

QS2007.113 Syringeset Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Syringe

QS2007.114 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2007.115 Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2007.116.1-8

Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2007.117 Microscope Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Microscope

QS2007.118 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2007.119 Forceps Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Forceps

QS2007.120.1-12

Sputummug Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Spittoon,invalid

231

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.121 Thermometer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Thermometer

QS2007.122.1-4

Wallthermometer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Thermalt&e Thermometer

QS2007.123.1-4

Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice Candlestick

QS2007.124 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice CandlestickQS2007.125 Warrantcard Communication

ArtifactsDocumentaryartifact

Card,identification

QS2007.126 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Log

QS2007.127 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2007.128 Doctorsprescriptionpad

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Notebook

QS2007.129 Letterdispensary Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Rack,letter

QS2007.130 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.131 Circularsawregulations

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2007.132 AANSPledgeofService

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Manuscript

QS2007.133 Optometristeyechart

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Chart,visual-acuity

QS2007.134 Architecturalplans CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Drawing,architectural

QS2007.135 Inventory CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Inventory

QS2007.136 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2007.137.1-88

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2007.138 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2007.139 Desk Furnishings Furniture DeskQS2007.140 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2007.141 Desk Furnishings Furniture DeskQS2007.142.1-2

Scale Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2007.143.1-3

Table Furnishings Furniture Table

QS2007.144 Sideboard Furnishings Furniture SideboardQS2007.145.1-2

Sideboard Furnishings Furniture Sideboard

QS2007.146 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

232

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.147 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2007.148 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2007.149 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2007.150 Canister Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister

QS2007.151 Canister Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister

QS2007.152 Canister Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister

QS2007.153 Canister Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister

QS2007.154 Canister Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister

QS2007.155 Knife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2007.156.1-18

Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2007.157.1-2

Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2007.158.1-8

Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2007.159.1-2

Maildisinfector Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2007.160.1-2

Platter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Platter

QS2007.161.1-2

Blacksmithtongs Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Tongs

QS2007.162 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2007.163 Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2007.164.1-3

Strainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Strainer

QS2007.165 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.166 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2007.167 Etchingonslate Communication

ArtifactsArt Engraving

QS2007.168 Cyanogasdustblowerrabbitfumigatorpump

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2007.169 Wheelbarrow Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Wheelbarrow

QS2007.170 Lifebuoy Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Float,life

QS2007.171 Nurse'scape PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Cape

233

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.172 Nurse'scape PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Cape

QS2007.173 Heater Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevices

Heater

QS2007.174 Disc Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e (Autoclave?)

QS2007.175 Pickhead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Masonry&stoneworkingt&e

Pick

QS2007.176.1-2

Milkcaddy Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Caddy

QS2007.177 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate

QS2007.178 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate

QS2007.179 Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,oilQS2007.180 Dinghy Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-equipment

Dinghy

QS2007.181 Table Furnishings Furniture Table,diningQS2007.182 Box Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Microscope

QS2007.183 Pot Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Washtub

QS2007.184 Penny CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Coin

QS2007.185 Cricketball RecreationalArtifacts

Sportsequipment Ball,cricket

QS2007.186 Kettle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Kettle

QS2007.187 Seatleg Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2007.188 Seatend Furnishings Furniture Seat,gardenQS2007.189 Wardrobe Furnishings Furniture WardrobeQS2007.190 Cabinet Furnishings Furniture CabinetQS2007.191 Bench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2007.192 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2007.193 Chest Furnishings Furniture ChestQS2007.194 Seat Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2007.195 Deckchair Furnishings Furniture Chair,gardenQS2007.196 Stool Furnishings Furniture StoolQS2007.197 Sofa Furnishings Furniture LoungeQS2007.198 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2007.199/1-2

Bayonet Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Armament-edged Bayonet,sword

QS2007.200 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.201 Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

234

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.202 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.203 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.204 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.205 Dentalchair Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Chair,dentist's

QS2007.206 Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair,foldingQS2007.207 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.208 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.209 Armchair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.210.1-3

Armchair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2007.211 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.212 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.213 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.214 Highchair Furnishings Furniture HighchairQS2007.215 Washstand Furnishings Furniture WashstandQS2007.216 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.217 Bench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2007.219.1-3

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2007.220 Cupboard Furnishings Furniture CupboardQS2007.221 Displaycase Furnishings Furniture Cabinet,displayQS2007.222 Latch Structures Building

componentBolt

QS2007.223 Pulley Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Pulley

QS2007.224 Hook UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Hook

QS2007.225 Table Furnishings Furniture Table,kitchenQS2007.226 Washingmachine Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Machine,washing

QS2007.227 Autoclave Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2007.228 Autoclave Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2007.229 Trolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2007.230 Trolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2007.231 Boiler Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Boiler,steam

235

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.232 Watertank Structures Otherstructure ReservoirQS2007.233 Gingerbeerbottle Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Bottle

QS2007.234 Tank Furnishings Plumbingfixture Conditioner,waterQS2007.235 Heater Furnishings Temperature

controldevicesHeater

QS2007.236 Box Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2007.237 Washingmachine Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Machine,washing

QS2007.238 Spindryer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dryer

QS2007.239 Dryingmachine Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dryer

QS2007.240 Bucket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2007.241 Steamengine Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Engine,steam

QS2007.242 Steampress Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Press,linen

QS2007.243 Aircompressor Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Compressor

QS2007.244 Dryingrack Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Rack,drying

QS2007.245 Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2007.246 Flywheelsand

shaftsTools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Flywheel

QS2007.247 Cistern Structures Sitefeature CisternQS2007.248 Bottle Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Bottle

QS2007.249 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2007.250 Pick Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Mining&mineralharvestingt&e

Pick

QS2007.251 Pick Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Mining&mineralharvestingt&e

Pick

QS2007.252 Pick Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Mining&mineralharvestingt&e

Pick

QS2007.253 Fixture Furnishings Lightingdevice Fixture,wallQS2007.254 Basin PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle BasinQS2007.255 Trolley Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

236

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.256 Vicebench Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Bench,carpenter's

QS2007.257 Gates Structures Sitefeature GateQS2007.258 Trolley Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2007.259 Canister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2007.260 Pole UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown Pole

QS2007.261 Pole UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown Pole

QS2007.262 Drumheater Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevices

Heater

QS2007.263 Watertank Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Tank,storage

QS2007.264 Watertank Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Tank,storage

QS2007.265 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.266 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2007.267 Stove Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2007.268 Stove Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2007.269 Stove Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2007.270 Stove Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2007.271 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2007.272 Wood Structures Sitefeature PlatformQS2007.273 Ladle Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Ladle

QS2007.274 Platform Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2007.275 Headstone'IsabellaCash'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.276 Headstone'Unknown'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.277 Headstone'ElizabethRitson'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.278 Headstone'PassengersoftheWilliamRodger'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.279 Headstone'PeterMcNeil'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

237

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.280 Headstone'MaryJaneRogers'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.281 Headstone'PassengersoftheWilliamRodger'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.282 Headstone'JohnR.Hall'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.283 Headstone'MargaretMackinlay'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.284 Headstone'EdwardRout'

CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2007.285 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.286 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.287 Armchair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2007.288 Stool Furnishings Furniture StoolQS2007.289 QuarantineAct

1908-12CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Memorandum

QS2007.290 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.291 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.292 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.293 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.294 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.295 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.296 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.297 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.298 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.299 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.300 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

238

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.301 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.302 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.303 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.304 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.305 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.306 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.307 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.308 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.309 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.310 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.311 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.312 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.313 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.314 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.315 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.316 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.317 Signallingflag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2007.318 Sickle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sickle

QS2007.319 Luggagetrolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

239

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.320 Luggagetrolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2007.321 Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2007.322 Lathe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Lathe

QS2007.323 Cloche Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

QS2007.324 Funiculartrack Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Railtransportation-accessory

Tracksection

QS2007.325 Box Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2007.326.1-10

Wineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

QS2007.327.1-17

Wineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

QS2007.328 Wedgewoodplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2007.329 Wedgewoodplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2007.330 Wedgewoodplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Platter

QS2007.331.1-2

Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2007.332.1-3

Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2007.333.1-4

Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2007.334.1-5

Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2007.335.1-5

Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2007.336 Pillowcase Furnishings Bedding Cover,pillowQS2007.337.1-16

Saltshaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saltshaker

QS2007.338.1-68

Eggcup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Eggcup

QS2007.339.-12

Peppershaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Mill,pepper

QS2007.340.1-3

Watervessel Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2007.341.1-4

Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2007.342 Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2007.343.1-13

Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2007.344 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2007.345 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

240

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2007.346 Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,water

QS2007.347 Sheet Furnishings Bedding SheetQS2007.348.1-44

Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2007.349.1-13

Entréeplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2007.350.1-9

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2007.351.1-26

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2007.352.1-7

Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2007.353.1-9

Teacup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teacup

QS2007.354 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.1.1-2 Grater Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Grater

QS2008.2.1-6 Saladshredder Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Slicer,vegetable

QS2008.3.1-3 Grater Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Grater

QS2008.4 Colander Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Colander

QS2008.5 Eggslide Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.6.1-3 Eggslide Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.7 Eggslide Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.8 Eggslide Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.9 Eggslide Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.10 Mug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Mug

QS2008.11 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.12 Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2008.13 Sugarbowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2008.14 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.15.1-2 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.16.1-3 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.17.1-8 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.18 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.19.1-17

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

241

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.20 Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.21.1-13

Syrupdispenser Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,syrup

QS2008.22.1-15

Syrupdispenser Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,syrup

QS2008.23.1-12

Syrupdispenser Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,syrup

QS2008.24.1-16

Syrupdispenser Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,syrup

QS2008.25 Syrupdispenser Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,syrup

QS2008.261.-29

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.27.1-3 Entréeplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.28.1-13

Coffeecup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup,coffee

QS2008.29.1-4 Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.30 Teastrainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Infuser,tea

QS2008.31 Teastrainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Infuser,tea

QS2008.32 Teastrainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Infuser,tea

QS2008.33.1-2 Teastrainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Infuser,tea

QS2008.34 Teastrainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Infuser,tea

QS2008.35.1-2 Teastrainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Infuser,tea

QS2008.36 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2008.37.1-6 Butterdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish,butter

QS2008.38 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2008.39 Butterdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish,butter

QS2008.40.1-4 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2008.41.1-4 Colander Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Colander

QS2008.42.1-2 Coffeepot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Coffeepot

QS2008.43 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2008.44.1-4 Butterdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish,butter

QS2008.45.1-3 Butterdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish,butter

QS2008.46.1-17

Eggcup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Eggcup

QS2008.47.1-14

Teacup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teacup

242

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.48.1-11

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.49.1-2 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.50.1-33

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.51.1-41

Eggcup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Eggcup

QS2008.52.1-15

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.53.1-22

Lantern Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,oil

QS2008.54.1-2 Waterjug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.55.1-14/1-2

Butterdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.56.1-45

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.57.1-3 Strainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Strainer

QS2008.58.1-3 Deepfryerspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spoon

QS2008.59.1-8 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.60.1-16

Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.61.1-8 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.62.1-2 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.63.1-31

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.64 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.65 Paper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.65.1-44

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.66.1-22

Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.67.1-39

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.68.1-3 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.69.1-2 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.70.1-3 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.71.1-14

Cup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teacup

QS2008.72.1-5 Teacup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teacup

QS2008.73.1-6 Teacup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teacup

QS2008.74 Teacup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teacup

243

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.75.1-8 Teacup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teacup

QS2008.76.1-20

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.77 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.78.1-25

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.79.1-37

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.80 Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.81.1-27

Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.82 Entréeplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.83.1-12

Sakicup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup,saki

QS2008.84.1-32

Dinnerknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife,dinner

QS2008.85.1-5 Dinnerknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife,dinner

QS2008.86.1-36

Entréeknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2008.87.1-3 Dinnerknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife,dinner

QS2008.88.1-3 Entréeknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2008.89.1-6 Entréeknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2008.90.1-22

Entréeknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2008.91.1-26

Dinnerknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife,dinner

QS2008.92.1-25

Soupspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,soup

QS2008.93.1-12

Dessertspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

QS2008.94 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2008.95 Luggagetrolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2008.96 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.97.1-55

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.98.1-23

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.99.1-14

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.100.1-26

Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.101.1-52

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

244

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.102.1-9

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.103 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.104.1-3

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.105.1-4

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.106.1-14

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.107.1-19

Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.108.1-5

Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.109 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.110.1-49

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.111 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.112.1-24

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.113.1-2

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.114 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.115 Sugarcontainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2008.116.1-119

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.117 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.118 Hospitalkeys Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.119 Pincers Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Tweezer

QS2008.120.1-5

Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

QS2008.121.1-2

Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2008.122.1-3

Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2008.123 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice CandlestickQS2008.124 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice CandlestickQS2008.125 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice CandlestickQS2008.126.1-59

Dessertspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

QS2008.127.1-24

Dessertspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

QS2008.128.1-6

Dessertspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

QS2008.129 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice CandlestickQS2008.130 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice Candlestick

245

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.131/1-22

Eggpoacher Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Poacher

QS2008.132.1-17

Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2008.133.1-5

Soapdish PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Dish,soap

QS2008.134 Soapdish PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Dish,soapQS2008.135.1-12

Soapdish PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Dish,soap

QS2008.136 Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2008.137 Luggagetrolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2008.138 Saucepan Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2008.139 Saucepanlid Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2008.140.1-16

Dinnerfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork,dinner

QS2008.141.1-31

Dinnerfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork,dinner

QS2008.142.1-32

Dinnerfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork,dinner

QS2008.143.1-3

Dinnerfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork,dinner

QS2008.144.1-25

Dessertspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

QS2008.145.1-24

Soupsoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,soup

QS2008.146.1-5

Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2008.147 Soupspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,soup

QS2008.148.1-10

Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2008.149.1-14

Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2008.150.1-101

Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.151.1-28

Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.152.1-18

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.153.1-6

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.154 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.155.1-9

Sugarspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,sugar

QS2008.156.1-22

Dessertspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

QS2008.157 Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

246

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.158 Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2008.159.1-2

Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2008.160.1-30

Entréefork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2008.161.1-3

Entréefork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2008.162.1-9

Entréefork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2008.163 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.164 Tool Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Railtransportation-accessory

QS2008.165 Displaycabinet Furnishings Furniture Cabinet,displayQS2008.166 Jug Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.167 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.168 QuarantineAct1901

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Memorandum

QS2008.169 Penny CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Coin

QS2008.170 Platter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Platter

QS2008.171 Watervessel Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.172.1-3

Scythe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Scythe

QS2008.173 Luggagetrolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2008.174 Luggagetrolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2008.175 Testtubedisinfector

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2008.176 Heatingplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Plate,hot

QS2008.177 Testtubedisinfector

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2008.178 Testtubedisinfector

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2008.179 Machine Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e

QS2008.180.1-2

Tripod Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Tripod

QS2008.181.1-2

Glasscoverwithmetalcasing

UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

247

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.182 CertificateofInspection

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2008.183 Woodenstand UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.184.1-2

Container Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.185 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2008.186 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.187 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.188 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.189 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.190 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.191 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.192.1-2

Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2008.193.1-3

Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2008.194.1-2

Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2008.195 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.196 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.197 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.198 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.199 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.200 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

248

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.201 Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2008.202 Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2008.203 Measuringglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,liquid

QS2008.204 Cetrimidecreamincontainer

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.205 Gascylinder UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.206 Funnel Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Funnel

QS2008.207 Funnerl Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Funnel

QS2008.208.1-2

Wiregauze Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Gauze,wire

QS2008.209 Testtube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Tube,test

QS2008.210/1-4

Labequipment Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.211 Toastrack Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Rack,toast

QS2008.212.1-2

Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.213 Milkjug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,milk

QS2008.214 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.215 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.216 Book,'RoseandCarless'ManualofSurgeryforStudentsandPractitioners'

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.217 Book,'SurgicalPathology,Boyd,6thedition,WBSaundersCompany,1947'

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.218/1-5

Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.219 Viscometer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Viscosimeter

249

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.220 Bunsenburner Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burner,bunsen

QS2008.221 Testtuberackwithaccessories

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Rack,testtube

QS2008.222.1-2

Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2008.223.1-6

Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.224.1-2

Port/sherryglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

QS2008.225.1-6

Spiritglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,cocktail

QS2008.226.1-3

Spiritglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,cocktail

QS2008.227 Platescraper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.228.1-8

Platescraper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.229.1-7

Platescraper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.230.1-7

Platescraper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.231.1-2

Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,cocktail

QS2008.232.1-19

Sugarbowls Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2008.233 Glassflask Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Flask

QS2008.234 Glassflask Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Flask

QS2008.235 Glassflask Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Flask

QS2008.236 Gaugeglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.237 Gaugeglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.238/1-2

Gaugeglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.239 Gaugeglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.240 Gaugeglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.241.1-16

Gaugeglass Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

250

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.242 Glasspipette Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Pipette

QS2008.243 Glasspipette Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Pipette

QS2008.244 Thermometer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Thermometer

QS2008.245.1-2/1-2

Medicinedropperwithtesttubeholder

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Pipette

QS2008.246 Medicinedropper Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Pipette

QS2008.247 Glasstubing Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.248 Glasstubing Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.249 Rod Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Stirrer

QS2008.250.1-2/1-2

Petridishwithlid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.251/1-2

Petridishwithlid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.252/1-2

Petridishwithlid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.253/1-2

Petridishwithlid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.254/1-2

Petridishwithlid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.255/1-2

Petridishwithlid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.256 Petridishwithmissinglid

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.257 Glasstubing UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.258 Lid Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2008.259 Noticeboard Structures Buildingcomponent

Board

QS2008.260 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

251

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.261 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2008.262.1-14

Bedframe,base Furnishings Furniture Bed

QS2008.263.1-13

Bedhead Furnishings Furniture Bed

QS2008.264.1-12

Bedfoot Furnishings Furniture Bed

QS2008.265 Refrigerator Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Refrigerator

QS2008.266 Stove Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2008.267 Table Furnishings Furniture Table,diningQS2008.268.1-14

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair,dining

QS2008.269.1-3/1-3

Desk Furnishings Furniture Table

QS2008.270 Television Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Antenna,television

QS2008.271 Televisioncabinet Furnishings Furniture CabinetQS2008.272/1-3

Lounge Furnishings Furniture Lounge

QS2008.273 Coffeetable Furnishings Furniture Table,coffeeQS2008.274 Table Furnishings Furniture Table,coffeeQS2008.275 Table Furnishings Furniture Table,coffeeQS2008.276 Planterbox Furnishings Household

accessoryPlanter

QS2008.277.1-2

Adjustablefloorlamp

Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,oil

QS2008.278.1-2

Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,oil

QS2008.279.1-2

Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,oil

QS2008.280 Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,oilQS2008.281 Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,oilQS2008.281/1-3

Boiler Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Boiler,laundry

QS2008.282/1-4

Wardobe Furnishings Furniture Wardrobe

QS2008.283 Ironingboard Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Board,ironing

QS2008.284/1-10

Containers Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2008.285 Milkjug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,milk

QS2008.286 Milkjug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher,milk

QS2008.287/1-2

Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

252

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.288/1-2

Coffeecontainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2008.289/1-2

Saucepan Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2008.290/1-2

Saucepan Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2008.291 Breadbin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Bin,food-storage

QS2008.292 Bucket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2008.293 Pastryrollingmachine

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pin,rolling

QS2008.294 Shovel UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Shovel

QS2008.295 Wheelbarrow Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2008.296 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2008.297 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2008.298 Autoclave Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2008.299 Dentalsink Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Basin

QS2008.300 Stand Furnishings Furniture TableQS2008.301 Blade Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsAgriculturalt&e Hook,brush

QS2008.302 Rake Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Rake

QS2008.303 Meatmincer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Grinder,meat

QS2008.304 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Can

QS2008.305 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Can

QS2008.306 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Can

QS2008.307 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Can

QS2008.308 Woodentable Furnishings Furniture TableQS2008.309/1 X-raybox Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/10

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

253

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.309/100.1-9

X-raymarker'4' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/101.1-9

X-raymarker'4' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/102.1-8

X-raymarker Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/104.1-14

X-raymarker'6'or'9'

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/105.1-20

X-raymarker'6'or'9'

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/106.1-6

X-raymarker'7' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/107.1-7

X-raymarker'7' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/108.1-11

X-raymarker'8' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/109.1-8

X-raymarker'8' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/11

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/110.1-9

X-raymarker'0' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/111.1-7

X-raymarker'0' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/1-117

X-rayequipmentboxandcontents

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/112

Plasticbackingtox-raymarker

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/113

Plasticbackingtox-raymarker

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/114

Plasticbackingtox-raymarker

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/115

Plasticbackingtox-raymarker

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/116

Plasticbackingtox-raymarker

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

254

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.309/117

Plasticbackingforx-raymarker

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/118.1-3

X-raymarker'v' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/12

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/13

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/1-3.1-8

X-raymarker'5' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/14

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/15

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/16

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/17

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/18

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/19

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/2 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/20

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/21

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/22

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/23

X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/24

X-raycassette/gridholder

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/25

Letterholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

255

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.309/26

Letterholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/27

Letterholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/28

Letterholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/29

Letterholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/3 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/30

Letterholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/31

S.P.H.T.M'metallabel

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/32

S.P.H.T.Mmetallabel

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/33

Glassslide Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/34

Woodenbox,body Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/35

Woodbox,lid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/36

Metalplug Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/37

Plasticclamp/hook Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/38

Plasticclamp/hook Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/39

Metalclamp Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/4 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/40

Electricalswitchbit Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/41

Cardboardbox Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

256

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.309/42

Carboardbox Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/43.1-6

X-rayexposureholder

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/44

Paper Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/45

Cottonwadding Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/46

Cottonwadding Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/47

Cottonwadding Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/48

Lensbit Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/49

X-rayexposureholder

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/5 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/50

X-rayexposureholder

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/51.1-8

BoxofX-rayfilm Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/52

Receipt Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/53

Note Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/54

X-rayfilm Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/55

Note Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/56

Paper Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/57

Paper Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/58

Paper Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

257

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.309/59

Cardboard Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/6 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/60

Cardboard Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/61

Envelope Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/62

Envelope Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/63

Envelope Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/64.1-7

X-raymarker'A' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/65.1-5

X-raymarker'B' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/66.1-4

X-raymarker'C' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/67.1-4

X-raymarker'D' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/68.1-3

X-raymarker'E' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/69.1-4

X-raymarker'F' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/7 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/70.1-4

X-raymarker'G' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/71

X-raymarker'H' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/72.1-2

X-raymarker'I' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/73.1-4

X-raymarker'J' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/74.1-3

X-raymarker'K' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

258

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.309/75.1-3

X-raymarker'L' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/76.1-6

X-raymarker'L' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/77.1-2

X-raymarker'L' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/78.1-4

X-raymarker'M' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/79.1-4

X-raymarker'N' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/8 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/80.1-4

X-raymarker'O' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/81.1-3

X-raymarker'P'Letter'P'leadx-rayfilmmarkerwithyellowplasticbacking

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/82.1-4

X-raymarker'Q' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/83.1-2

X-raymarker'R' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/84.1-4

X-raymarker Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/85.1-8

X-raymarker'R' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/86.1-2

X-raymarker'S' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/87

X-raymarker'S' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/88.1-5

X-raymarker'T' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/89.1-4

X-raymarker'U' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/9 X-raycassette/grid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/90.1-4

X-raymarker'W' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

259

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.309/91.1-4

X-raymarker'X' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/92.1-4

X-raymarker'Y' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/93.1-4

X-raymarker Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/94.1-6

X-raymarker'1' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/95.1-3

X-raymarker'1' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/96.1-5

X-raymarker'2' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/97.1-5

X-raymarker'2' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/98.1-10

X-raymarker'3' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.309/99.1-7

X-raymarker'3' Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Apparatus,after-image

QS2008.310/1-2

Pump Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-accessory

Pump,tire

QS2008.311 Anchor Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Anchor

QS2008.312.1-2

Spatula Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.313/1 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/10

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/100

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/101

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/102

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/103

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/104

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/105

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/106

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/107

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

260

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/108

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/109

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/11

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/110

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/111

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/112

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/113

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/114

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/115

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/116

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/117

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/118

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/119

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/12

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/120

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/121

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/122

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/123

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/124

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/125

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/126

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/127

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/128

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/129

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/13

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/130

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/131

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/132

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

261

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/133

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/134

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/135

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/136

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/137

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/138

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/139

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/14

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/140

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/141

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/142

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/143

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/144

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/145

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/146

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/147

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/148

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/149

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/15

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/150

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/151

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/152

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/152

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/153

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/154

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/155

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/156

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/157

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

262

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/158

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/159

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/16

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/160

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/161

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/162

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/163

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/164

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/165

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/166

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/167

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/168

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/169

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/17

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/170

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/171

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/172

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/173

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/174

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/175

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/176

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/177

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/178

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/179

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/18

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/180

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/181

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/182

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

263

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/183

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/184

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/185

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/186

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/187

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/188

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/189

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/19

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/190

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/191

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/192

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/193

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/194

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/195

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/196

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/197

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/198

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/199

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/2 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/20

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/200

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/201

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/202

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/203

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/204

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/205

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/206

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/207

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

264

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/208

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/209

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/21

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/210

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/211

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/212

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/213

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/214

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/215

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/216

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/217

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/218

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/219

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/22

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/220

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/221

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/222

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/223

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/224

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/225

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/226

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/227

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/228

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/229

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/23

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/230

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/231

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/232

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

265

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/233

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/234

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/235

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/236

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/237

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/238

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/24

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/25

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/26

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/27

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/28

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/29

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/3 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/30

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/31

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/32

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/33

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/34

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/35

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/36

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/37

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/38

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/39

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/4 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/40

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/41

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/42

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/43

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

266

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/44

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/45

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/46

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/47

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/48

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/49

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/5 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/50

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/51

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/52

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/53

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/54

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/55

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/56

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/57

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/58

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/59

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/6 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/60

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/61

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/62

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/63

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/64

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/65

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/66

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/67

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/68

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/69

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

267

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/7 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/70

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/71

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/72

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/73

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/74

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/75

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/76

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/77

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/78

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/79

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/8 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/80

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/81

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/82

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/83

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/84

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/85

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/86

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/87

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/88

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/89

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/9 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/90

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/91

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/92

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/93

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/94

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

268

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.313/95

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/96

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/97

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/98

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.313/99

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2008.314 Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

QS2008.315.1-2

BreadKnife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Knife,bread

QS2008.316 Servingfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2008.317 Screwdriver UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Screwdriver

QS2008.318 Ladle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Ladle

QS2008.319.1-3

Whisk Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Whisk

QS2008.320 Tongs Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Tongs

QS2008.321.1-2

Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2008.322.1-7

Knife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Knife,paring

QS2008.323 Servingfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2008.324.1-4

Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2008.325 Testtuberack Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Rack,testtube

QS2008.326 Testtube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Tube,test

QS2008.327 Testtube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Tube,test

QS2008.328 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2008.329 Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Whisk

QS2008.330.1-2

Whisk Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Whisk

QS2008.331.1-2

Whisk Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Whisk

QS2008.332 Foodgrinder Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Grinder

QS2008.333 Rollingpin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pin,rolling

QS2008.334 Rollingpin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pin,rolling

269

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.335.1-2

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.336.1-6/1-2

Cupandsaucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup&saucer

QS2008.337 Strainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Strainer

QS2008.338/1-2

Coffeecupandsaucer

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup&saucer

QS2008.339.1-2

Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.340 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.341 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.342 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.343.1-2

Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.344 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.345 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.347 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.348.13

Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.349 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.351 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.352 Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.353 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.354 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.355 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.356 Entréeplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.357 Mugs Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Mug

QS2008.358 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.359 Dinnerplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dinner

QS2008.360 Dessertplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate,dessert

QS2008.361.1-5

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.362.1-4

Saucer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Saucer

QS2008.363.1-3

Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

270

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.364.1-2/1-2

Canister Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2008.365.1-2

Plug Furnishings Householdaccessory

Plug,drain

QS2008.366 Plug Furnishings Householdaccessory

Plug,drain

QS2008.367 Plug Furnishings Householdaccessory

Plug,drain

QS2008.368 Stapler Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stapler

QS2008.369 Plug Furnishings Householdaccessory

Plug,drain

QS2008.370 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice CandlestickQS2008.371.2-3/1-2

Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice Candlestick

QS2008.371.1/1-5

Spiceholder Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2008.371.2-7/1-4

Spiceholder Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2008.371.8-9/1-3

Spiceholder Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2008.372 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2008.373 Dish Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Dish

QS2008.374 Container Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2008.375/1-2

Saucepan Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2008.376 Deepfryingpan Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pan,frying

QS2008.377 Bakingtray Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pan,baking

QS2008.378 Rollingpin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pin,rolling

QS2008.379 Hatchet Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Hatchet

QS2008.380 Hatchet Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Hatchet

QS2008.381 Hatchet Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Hatchet

QS2008.382.1-2

Radio Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Radio

QS2008.383 PhysiologicalBasisofMedicalPractice

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.384 Pathology CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.385 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Pharmocopoeia,1961

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

271

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.386 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Pharmocopoeia,1953

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.388 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1955

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.389 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1956

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.390 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1957

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.391 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1958

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.392 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1959

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.393 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1961

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.394 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1962

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.395 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1963

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

272

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.396 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1964

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.397 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1954

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.397 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1966

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.398 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1967

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.399 BritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,MedicalProgress,1968

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/1 TheBritishEncylopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1954

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/10

Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/2 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/3 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/4 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/5 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/6 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/7 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/8 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.400/9 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

273

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.401/1 TheBritishEncylopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1955

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/10

Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/11

Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/2 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/3 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/4 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/5 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/6 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/7 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/8 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.401/9 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/1 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1956Inte

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/10

Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/11

Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/12

Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/2 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/3 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/4 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/5 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/6 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/7 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.402/8 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

274

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.402/9 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/1 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1957

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/2 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/3 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/4 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/5 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/6 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/7 Interim CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.403/8 Interimsupplement CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.404 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1958.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.405 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1959.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.406 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1960.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.407 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1961.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.408 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1962.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

275

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.409 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1963.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.410 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1964.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.411 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1965.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.412 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1966.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.413 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1967.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.414 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,CumulativeSupplement,1968.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.415 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Index.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.416 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume1.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

276

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.417 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume2.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.418 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume3.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.419 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume4.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.420 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume5.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.421 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume6.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.422 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume7.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.423 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume8.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.424 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume9.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.425 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume10.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.426 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume11.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

277

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.427 TheBritishEncyclopaediaofMedicalPractice,SecondEdition,Volume12.

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.428 Scythe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Scythe

QS2008.429 Hoe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2008.430 Hoe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2008.431 Hoe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2008.432 Hoe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2008.433 Mattock Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mattock

QS2008.434 Keytool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.435 Trenchtool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.436 Pickaxe UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2008.437 Pickaxe UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2008.438 Pickaxe UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2008.439 Gardentool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.440 Blade UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.441 Blade UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.442 Blade UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.443/1-2

Pitchforkwithstaff Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hayfork

QS2008.444 Pitchfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hayfork

QS2008.445 Pitchfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hayfork

QS2008.446 Rake Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Rake

QS2008.447 Rake Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Rake

QS2008.448 Rake Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Rake

QS2008.449 Saw Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Saw

QS2008.450 Saw Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Saw

QS2008.451 Tray Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pan,baking

QS2008.452 Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

278

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.453 Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.454 Tray Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pan,baking

QS2008.455 Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.456 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.457/1-3

Cooker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Cooker,pressure

QS2008.458 Oilcan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Can,oil

QS2008.459 Battery Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Electrical&magnetict&e

Battery,wet-cell

QS2008.460 Lock Structures Buildingcomponent

Lock,door

QS2008.461 Bath Furnishings Plumbingfixture BathtubQS2008.462/1-2

Pot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2008.463 Stand UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.464/1-2

Labwaterbath Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bath,water

QS2008.465 Slideprojector Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Projector,slide

QS2008.466 Satchel PersonalArtifacts Personalgear SatchelQS2008.467.1-3

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.468.1-2

Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.469 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2008.470 Bowl Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.471.1-5

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.472 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.473 Pot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2008.474 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Can

QS2008.475.1-3

Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.476 Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.477 Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.478.1-4

Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

279

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.479.1-39

Saltshaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saltshaker

QS2008.480.1-34

Peppershaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Shaker,pepper

QS2008.481 Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.482/1-2

Breadtin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Box,bread

QS2008.483 Scrubbingbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2008.484 Scrubbingbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2008.485.1-2

Scrubbingbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2008.486/1-3

Cookiecutters Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Cutter,cookie

QS2008.487/1-4

Cookiecutters Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Cutter,cookie

QS2008.488.1-4

Minerslight Furnishings Lightingdevice Torch

QS2008.489 Minerslight Furnishings Lightingdevice TorchQS2008.490.1-4

Timer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Timekeepingt&e Stopwatch

QS2008.491 Dustpanbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,dusting

QS2008.492 Bunsenburner Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burner,bunsen

QS2008.493 Oilcan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Can,oil

QS2008.494 Disinfectantbottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle

QS2008.495 Lid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e (Autoclave?)

QS2008.496.1-2

Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.497 Scoop UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Scoop

QS2008.498 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.499 Filter Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Filter,sietz

QS2008.500 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

280

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.501 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2008.502 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2008.503 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2008.504 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2008.505.1-2/1-2

Milkcaddy Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Caddy

QS2008.506/1-2

Milkcaddy Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Caddy

QS2008.507 Pepsibottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.508 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.509.1-2/1-2

Respirator Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Respirator

QS2008.510/1-4

PHTestingkit Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Indicator,water-stability

QS2008.511.1-2

Lemonjuicer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Reamer,juice

QS2008.512 Bell Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Soundcommunicationt&e

Bell

QS2008.513 Canister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2008.514 Cuttingboard Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Board,cutting

QS2008.515 Auditorytestingdevice

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Acousticalt&e Audiometer

QS2008.516 Butterdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish,butter

QS2008.517.1-12

Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2008.518 Mug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Mug

QS2008.519 Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish

QS2008.520 Saltshaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saltshaker

QS2008.521.1-2/1-2

Jewelrycontainer Furnishings Householdaccessory

Box,jewelry

QS2008.522 Sifter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Sifter,flour

QS2008.523 Stopper Furnishings Householdaccessory

Stopper,bottle

281

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.524.1-3

Table Furnishings Furniture Table

QS2008.525 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2008.526.1-6

Table Furnishings Furniture Table,dining

QS2008.527 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2008.528 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2008.529 Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.530 Beater Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Beater

QS2008.531 Beater Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Beater

QS2008.532 Telephone Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Telephone

QS2008.533 Telephone Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Telephone

QS2008.534 Telephone Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Telephone

QS2008.535 Telephone Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Telephone

QS2008.536.1-3

Peppershaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Shaker,pepper

QS2008.537 Peppershaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Shaker,pepper

QS2008.538.1-8

Peppershaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Shaker,pepper

QS2008.539.1-2

Peppershaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Shaker,pepper

QS2008.540.1-5

Peppershaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Shaker,pepper

QS2008.541.1-6

Saltshaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saltshaker

QS2008.542.1-4

Saltshaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saltshaker

QS2008.543.1-3

Saltshaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saltshaker

QS2008.544.1-14/1-2

Butterdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish,butter

QS2008.545.1-13/1-2

Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dish

QS2008.546.1-2

Tin Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2008.547 Funnel UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Funnel

QS2008.548 Filmchangingbox Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Photographict&e Film

QS2008.549 Deepfryingdrainer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Fryer,deep-fat

QS2008.550.1-6

Wineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

282

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.551 Deepfryingscoop Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Scoop

QS2008.552 Scrubbingbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2008.553 Platescraper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2008.554.1-2

Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp

QS2008.555.1-2

Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp

QS2008.556/1-7

Petridish Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.557/1-8

Petridishholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2008.558 Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,computing

QS2008.559/1-8

Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2008.560 Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,computing

QS2008.561 Cloche Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

QS2008.562 Cloche Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

QS2008.563 Cloche Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

QS2008.564/1-2

Stove Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove,gas

QS2008.565 Bunsenburner Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burner,bunsen

QS2008.566 Bunsenburner Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burner,bunsen

QS2008.567/1-19

Bag PersonalArtifacts Personalgear Bag

QS2008.568/1-5

Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.569/1-5

Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.570.1-5/1-2

Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.571 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.572 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.573 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

283

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.574 Dressing Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bandage

QS2008.5751.2

Buoy Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Buoy,mooring

QS2008.576/1-2

Cigarettefilterpacket

PersonalArtifacts Personalgear Pipe

QS2008.577 Toiletsoappackaging

PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Soap

QS2008.578 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2008.579 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2008.580 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2008.581 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2008.582 Mattockhead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mattock

QS2008.583 Hoehead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2008.584 Hoehead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2008.585 Brandingiron Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Animalhusbandryt&e

Iron,branding

QS2008.586 Mouli Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Grinder

QS2008.587 Axe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Ax

QS2008.588 Sickle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sickle

QS2008.589 Dustpan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dustpan

QS2008.590 Dustpan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dustpan

QS2008.591 Blacksmithtool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e

QS2008.592 Manualdrill UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Drill

QS2008.593 Pump UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pump,barrel

QS2008.594 Beamscales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2008.595 Scrubbingbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2008.596 Broomhead Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Broom

284

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.597 Broomhead Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Broom

QS2008.598 Broomhead Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Broom

QS2008.599 Pully Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Pulley

QS2008.600 Pully Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Pulley

QS2008.601 Rope UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Rope

QS2008.602 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.603 Platewithknob UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.604 Blacksmithshapingtool

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e

QS2008.605 Plumberswrench Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Wrench

QS2008.606 Stake UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.607 Letterbalance Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Balance

QS2008.608 Plaque CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Plaque

QS2008.609 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2008.610 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2008.611 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2008.612 Mallet Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Mallet

QS2008.613 Squeegee Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e

QS2008.614 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.615 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.616.1-2

Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2008.617 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2008.618 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2008.619 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2008.620 Measuring

instrumentTools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

QS2008.621 Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

285

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.622 Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.623 Pot Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Tub

QS2008.624.1-2

Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamber

QS2008.625 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2008.626.1-4

Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2008.627 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2008.628 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2008.629 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2008.630 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2008.631 Atomizerdisinfectant

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Atomizer

QS2008.632 Watervessel Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.633 Swing RecreationalArtifacts

Recreationaldevice

Swing

QS2008.634 Swing RecreationalArtifacts

Recreationaldevice

Swing

QS2008.635 Swing RecreationalArtifacts

Recreationaldevice

Swing

QS2008.636/1-2

Projector Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Projector

QS2008.637 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.638.1-2

Bucket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2008.639 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2008.640 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2008.641/1-51

Charts CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Chart

QS2008.642 Doily Furnishings Householdaccessory

Doily

QS2008.643 Notice CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Announcement

QS2008.644 Deathregistercopy CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2008.645 Photo CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

286

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.646 Photo CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

QS2008.647 Photo CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

QS2008.648 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.649 Polarimeter Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Polarimeter

QS2008.650 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.651 Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2008.652 Anaerobicjar Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Apparatus,culture

QS2008.653.1-2/1-2

Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2008.655/1-2

Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2008.655/1-10

Waterbath Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bath,water

QS2008.656 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2008.657 Vent UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.658 Floorclamp UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Clamp

QS2008.659 Fumigatorpump Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2008.660 Box Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2008.661 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.662 Lea&PerrinsWorcestershireSauceBottle

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,condiment

QS2008.663 Tag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag

QS2008.664/1-3

Blottingpaper Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Paper

QS2008.665 Paper CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Manuscript

QS2008.666 Invoice CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Invoice

QS2008.667/1-7

Instructionmanual CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2008.668.1-2/1-2

Decanter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Decanter

QS2008.669 Container Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saltshaker

287

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.670 Container Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

QS2008.671 Cruetstand Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

QS2008.672/1-2

Decanter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Decanter

QS2008.673.1-2/1-2

Decanter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Decanter

QS2008.674 Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2008.675 Decanter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Decanter

QS2008.676.1-7

Decanter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Decanter

QS2008.677 Stopper Furnishings Householdaccessory

Stopper,bottle

QS2008.678.1-13

Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.679 Packetofgaugeglasses

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2008.680/1-2

Canister Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Cloth,cleaning

QS2008.681 Canister Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Cloth,cleaning

QS2008.682 Shelldressing Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bandage

QS2008.683 Tray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Tray

QS2008.684 Tray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Tray

QS2008.685 Tray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Tray

QS2008.686.1-3

Disposablenappies PersonalArtifacts Clothing-underwear

Diaper

QS2008.687 Cottonwool Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Cotton,dressing

QS2008.688/1-4

Markingink Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Ink

QS2008.689 Certificateofinspectionofpressurevessel

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2008.690/1-24

Puzzle RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Puzzle

QS2008.691/1-26

Puzzle RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Puzzle

QS2008.692.1-2

Pipingbag Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Bag,pastry

QS2008.693 Pump UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pump,barrel

288

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.694 Motor Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Motor,electric

QS2008.695/1-6

Hotplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Plate,hot

QS2008.696 Mirror Furnishings Furniture MirrorQS2008.697 Deepfryer Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodprocessingt&e

Fryer,deep-fat

QS2008.698 Deepfryer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Fryer,deep-fat

QS2008.699 Refrigerator Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Refrigerator

QS2008.700 Oven Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Oven

QS2008.701 Mixer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Mixer,electric

QS2008.702 Oven Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Oven

QS2008.703 Stove Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove,wood

QS2008.704 Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.705 Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.706.1-8

Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.707.1-4

Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.708 Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.709.1-31

Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.710 Glass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass

QS2008.711/1-5

Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,platform

QS2008.712 Fumigator Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2008.713.1-2

Waterdispenser Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dispenser,beverage

QS2008.714/1-2

Garbagebin Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Can,trash

QS2008.715/1-2

Garbagebin Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Can,trash

QS2008.716/1-2

Garbagebin Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Can,trash

QS2008.717/1-2

Waterstills Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Apparatus,distilling

QS2008.718/1-2

Labequipment Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e

289

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.719/1-3

Casing UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.720 Bucket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2008.721 Sterilizer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2008.722 Waterstills Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Apparatus,distilling

QS2008.723/1-2

Dustingknapsack Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2008.724 Framedphotographicprint

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

QS2008.725 Basket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Basket

QS2008.726 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2008.727 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2008.728/1-3

Floorclamp UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Clamp

QS2008.729 Logbook CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Log

QS2008.730 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2008.731.1-16

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2008.732.1-2

Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,electric

QS2008.733 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2008.734.1-3

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair,dining

QS2008.735 Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair,diningQS2008.736/1-2

Stool Furnishings Furniture Stool

QS2008.737 Highchair Furnishings Furniture HighchairQS2008.738 Stool Furnishings Furniture StoolQS2008.739 Bench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2008.740 Bench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2008.741 Bench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2008.742 Grasscutter Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsAgriculturalt&e Mower

QS2008.743 Dustingknapsack Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2008.744 Buffer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Polisher,floor

290

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.745 Anchor Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Anchor

QS2008.746 Testtubedisinfector

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2008.747 Testtubedisinfector

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2008.748 Schweppescrate Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Merchandisingt&e Box

QS2008.749 Pincers Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Pincers

QS2008.750/1-3

Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2008.751 Wrench Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Wrench

QS2008.752 Hammer UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Hammer

QS2008.753 Slide Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Projector,slide

QS2008.754 Tripod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2008.755 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.756 Rectifierunit Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Electrical&magnetict&e

Oscillator

QS2008.757.1/1-7

Chestofdrawers Furnishings Furniture Chestofdrawers

QS2008.757.2/1-4

Chestofdrawers Furnishings Furniture Chestofdrawers

QS2008.758 Mirror Furnishings Furniture MirrorQS2008.759 Bottle Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.760 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.761 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2008.762 Tinbox Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Merchandisingt&e Tin

QS2008.763 Microscopebase Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Microscope

QS2008.764/1-4

Centrifuge Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Centrifuge

QS2008.765 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

291

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2008.766 Baumanometer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Sphymomanometer

QS2008.767 ReichertDissectingstand

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Set,dissecting

QS2008.768 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2008.769 Bench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2008.771 Fieldmedical

pannierPersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamber

QS2008.772 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2008.773 Jewelrycontainer Furnishings Household

accessoryBox,jewelry

QS2008.774/1-3

Soapholder Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.1 Armchair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2009.2.1-2 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.2/9 Keywithtag Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.3 Table Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Stretcher

QS2009.4/1-3 Gurney Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,electricQS2009.5 Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,electricQS2009.6 Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp,electricQS2009.7.1-2 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2009.8/1-2 Bottle Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.8 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.9 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.10 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.11 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2009.12/1-2

Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.13 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2009.14 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,serum

QS2009.15 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

292

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.16 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.17 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2009.18 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.19 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Bowl

QS2009.20 Bell Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Soundcommunicationt&e

Bell

QS2009.21.1-10

Surgeonsmock PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Smock

QS2009.22.1-13

Smock PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Smock

QS2009.23 Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice CandlestickQS2009.24 Wallthermometer Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Thermalt&e Thermometer

QS2009.25.1-3 Potatomasher Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Masher,potato

QS2009.26/1-2

Sieve Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2009.27 Flag Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Sieve

QS2009.28 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.29.1-4 Smock PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Smock

QS2009.29 Brasslid Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.30 Babyblanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2009.31 Babyblanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2009.32.1-42

Sheet Furnishings Bedding Sheet

QS2009.33.1-33

Sheet Furnishings Bedding Sheet

QS2009.34 Doctor'smask Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Mask,surgical

QS2009.35 Nurse'sapron PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Apron

QS2009.36.1-2 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.37 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.38 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

293

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.39 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.40.1-2 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.41 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.42 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.43.1-2 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.44 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.45.1-2 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.46.1-2 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.47.1-7 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.48.1-2 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.49.1-33

Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.50.1-33

Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.51 Napkin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

QS2009.52 Sleepingsack Furnishings Bedding Bag,sleepingQS2009.53 Doctorsjacket PersonalArtifacts Clothing-

outerwearJacket

QS2009.54 Doctorsjacket PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Jacket

QS2009.55.1-2 Feltsquare UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Clothfragment

QS2009.56 Pillow Furnishings Bedding PillowQS2009.57.1-3 Pillow Furnishings Bedding PillowQS2009.58/1-2

Armchair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.59/1-4

Lounge Furnishings Furniture Lounge

QS2009.60 Nurse'sapron PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Apron

QS2009.61 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2009.62.1-2 Doily Furnishings Household

accessoryDoily

QS2009.63.1-2 Doily Furnishings Householdaccessory

Doily

QS2009.64.1-2 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.65 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.66 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.67 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

294

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.68 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.69 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.70.1-2 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.71 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.72.1-2 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.73.1-2 Placemat Furnishings Householdaccessory

Mat,table

QS2009.74 Whisk Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Whisk

QS2009.75 Stopper Furnishings Householdaccessory

Stopper,bottle

QS2009.76.1-3 Knife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2009.77 Knife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2009.78.1-2 Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2009.79 Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.80 Saucer Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Saucer

QS2009.81 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2009.82 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2009.83.1-4 Breadplate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2009.84 Bedpan PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle BedpanQS2009.85 Tool Unclassifiable

ArtifactsFunctionunknown

QS2009.86 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.87 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.88 Chamberpot PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Pot,chamberQS2009.89 Stopper Furnishings Household

accessoryStopper,bottle

QS2009.90.1-2 Stopper Furnishings Householdaccessory

Stopper,bottle

QS2009.91.1-6 Stopper Furnishings Householdaccessory

Stopper,bottle

QS2009.92.1-3 Syringe Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Syringe

QS2009.93 Beaker Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Beaker

QS2009.94 Canister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

295

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.95.1-2 Canister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2009.96 Caketin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pan,cake

QS2009.97.1-3 Bedpan PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle BedpanQS2009.98 Funnel Unclassifiable

ArtifactsMultipleuseartifact

Funnel

QS2009.99 Ashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2009.100.1-6

Stirringrods Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Stirrer

QS2009.101 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.102 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.103 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.104 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.105 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.106 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.107 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.109 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.110 Sieve Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Sieve

QS2009.111 Lampshade Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.112 Scoop Unclassifiable

ArtifactsMultipleuseartifact

Scoop

QS2009.113.1-2

Saltshaker Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saltshaker

QS2009.114 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.115 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.116 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.117 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.118 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

296

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.119 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.120 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.121 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.122 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.123 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.124 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.125 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burette

QS2009.126 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.127 Weight Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Weight,balance

QS2009.128.1-2

Platescraper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2009.129.1-14

Tablespoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablespoon

QS2009.130 Calorironingpressesinstallationmanual

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2009.131 Mechanicalpackings

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2009.132 DraytonArmstrongTheTroubleFreeSteamTrapManual

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2009.133 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.134 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.135 Certificate CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Certificate,achievement

QS2009.136.1-3

Wedgewoodcup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup

QS2009.137 DraytonArmstrongTheTroubleFreeSteamTrapInstructions

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2009.138 Vase Furnishings Householdaccessory

Vase

QS2009.139 Instructions CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

297

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.140 Metalcircularring UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.141 PulfordBulletin CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Booklet

QS2009.142 Telephonedirectory

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2009.143 CommonwealthDepartmentofHealthReport

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2009.144.1-2

RoyalLifeSavingSocietyAustraliaWaterSafetyandArtificialRespirationBooklet

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2009.145 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.146 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.147 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.148 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.149.1/1-2

NationalParksandWildlifeServiceParkUseFeeTicketroll

CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Ticket

QS2009.149.2 NationalParksandWildlifeServiceParkUseFeeTicketroll

CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Ticket

QS2009.149.3 NationalParksandWildlifeServiceParkUseFeeTicketroll

CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Ticket

QS2009.150.1 NationalParksandWildlifeServiceParkUseFeeTicketRoll

CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Ticket

QS2009.150.2 NationalParksandWildlifeServiceParkUseFeeTicketroll

CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Ticket

QS2009.150.3 NationalParksandWildlifeServiceParkUseFeeTicketroll

CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Ticket

QS2009.151 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.152 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.153/1 Keysonring Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

298

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.153/2 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.153/3 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.154 Needle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Needle

QS2009.155.1-11

Boxofsuperiorrubberbands

UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Band,rubber

QS2009.156.1-2

SwannParramattaBottle

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.157 Bloodtransfusionset

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Tube,bloodcollecting

QS2009.158 Cookiecutter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Cutter,cookie

QS2009.159/1-4

Boxofmetalobjects UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.160 Centrifuge Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Centrifuge

QS2009.161 Thimble Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Textileworkingt&e Thimble

QS2009.162 Filter Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Filter,sietz

QS2009.163/1-2

Rubbertubing UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.164/1-2

Metalclip UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.165 Padlock Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Padlock

QS2009.166/1-2

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.167 Cementsmoother Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Masonry&stoneworkingt&e

Trowel,smoothing

QS2009.168 Woodensign CommunicationArtifacts

Advertisingmedium

Sign

QS2009.169.1-2

Calstanradio Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Radio

QS2009.170 Switch Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Electrical&magnetict&e

Switch

QS2009.171 Calstanradio Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Telecommunicationt&e

Radio

QS2009.172 Rubbertubing UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.173.1-2

Metalwheel UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Wheel

QS2009.174.1-2

Bakingtray Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Pan,baking

QS2009.175.1-23

Eggpoacher Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Poacher

299

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.176 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.177 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.178 Sickle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sickle

QS2009.179 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.180 Biscuittin Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Canister,food-storage

QS2009.181 Centrifuge Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Centrifuge

QS2009.182 Eyepiece Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e

QS2009.183 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.184 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.185 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.186 Keytag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.187 Laboratorykeys Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.188 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.189.1-2/1-2

Gloves PersonalArtifacts Clothing-accessory

Glove

QS2009.190 Handcuffs Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Handcuffs

QS2009.191.1-2

Glassdomes UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.192.1-4

Keysonring Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.193 Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.194 Showerhead Furnishings Plumbingfixture ShowerQS2009.195 Key Furnishings Household

accessoryKey

QS2009.196 Linen Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablecloth

QS2009.197 Tin Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2009.198 Linen Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablecloth

QS2009.199 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.200 Powerpoint Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Electrical&magnetict&e

Plug,socket

300

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.201 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.202 Map CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Map

QS2009.203 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Wrench

QS2009.204.1-2

Lock&key Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Padlock

QS2009.205 Toiletseat Furnishings Plumbingfixture ToiletQS2009.206 Metaltube Unclassifiable

ArtifactsFunctionunknown

QS2009.207 Pump UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.208 Dustingknapsack Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2009.209.1-3

Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.210 Pipetteshaker Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Shaker,pipette

QS2009.211 Extensioncord Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Electrical&magnetict&e

QS2009.212/1-9

Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.213 Pump UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pump,barrel

QS2009.214 Motor Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Motor,electric

QS2009.215.1-2

Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.216 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.217 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.219 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.220/1-2

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.221 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.222 Bowl Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Tub

QS2009.223 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.224 Foodserver Furnishings Furniture Table,servingQS2009.225 Fragment Unclassifiable

ArtifactsArtifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.226 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.227 Ceramicstein Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Stein

301

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.228 Brasslid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e (Autoclave?)

QS2009.229 Brasslid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e (Autoclave?)

QS2009.230 Brasslid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e (Autoclave?)

QS2009.231 Brasslid Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e (Autoclave?)

QS2009.232 Hangingboard UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Hook

QS2009.233.1-3

Toiletbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,toilet

QS2009.234 Canister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2009.235 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.236 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Wheel

QS2009.237.1-5

Cookiecutters Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Cutter,cookie

QS2009.238.1-2

Insulator Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Insulator

QS2009.239 Insulator Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Insulator

QS2009.240 Bucket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2009.241 Noticeboard Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.242 Noticeboard Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.243/1-2

Cup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup

QS2009.244 Bowlfragment Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.245 Cookiecutters Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Cutter,cookie

QS2009.246 Platefragment Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2009.247 Bowlfragment Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2009.248 Oilcan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Can,oil

QS2009.249 Canister UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

302

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.250 Teapotfragment Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2009.251 Clip Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Clip,paper

QS2009.252 Ceramicfragment UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.253 Ceramicfragment UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.254 Coin CommunicationArtifacts

Exchangemedium Coin

QS2009.255 Sakicup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup,saki

QS2009.256.1-20

Metalclotheshook Furnishings Householdaccessory

Hook,coat

QS2009.257 Stopper Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stopper

QS2009.258 Woodenrod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.259 Ladle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Ladle

QS2009.260 Decanter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Decanter

QS2009.261 Ceramicfragment UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.262 Ceramicfragment UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.263 Ceramicfragmetn UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.264 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2009.265 Ceramicfragment UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.266 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2009.267 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2009.268 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2009.269 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2009.270 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2009.271 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

QS2009.272 Stamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

303

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.273 Testtubeholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Rack,testtube

QS2009.274 Iron Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Iron

QS2009.275 Penfoldswinebottle

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.276.1-23

Box Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2009.277.1-11

Rubbercoupler Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Dataprocessingt&e

Coupler

QS2009.278 Leatherstrap UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.279 Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2009.280 Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2009.281 Bakingdish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Dish,baking

QS2009.282 Box Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2009.283/1-2

Beaterinbox Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Beater

QS2009.284.1/1-114

Disposablenipples Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.284.2/1-111

Disposablenipples Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.284.3 Disposablenipples Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.284.4/1-69

Disposablenipples Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.285 Deepfryingbasket Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Basket,cooking

QS2009.286/1-2

Pot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2009.287 Swing RecreationalArtifacts

Recreationaldevice

Swing

QS2009.288 Rope UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Rope

QS2009.289 Projectorlamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Projector

QS2009.290 Heater Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Heater

QS2009.291 Noticeboard Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.292.1-2

Noticeboard Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.293 Noticeboard Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

304

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.294 Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2009.295 Calendar CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Calendar

QS2009.296.1-2

Dustpan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dustpan

QS2009.297 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2009.298 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.299 Dustpan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dustpan

QS2009.300 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.301 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2009.302 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.303 Sickle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sickle

QS2009.304.1-2/1-2

Lights Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp

QS2009.305/1 Woodenkeyboard Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/10

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/11

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/12

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/13

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/14

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/15

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/16

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/17

Keys Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/18

Keyswithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/19

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/2 Keytag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/20

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/21

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/22

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

305

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.305/23

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/24

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/25

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/26

Keytag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/27

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/28

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/29

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/3 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/30

Keywithtsg Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/31

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/32

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/33

Keytag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/34

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/35

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/36

Key Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/37

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/38

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/39

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/4 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/40

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/41

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/42

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/43

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/44

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/45

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/46

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/47

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/48

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

306

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.305/49

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/5 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/50

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/51

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/52

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/53

Keytag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/6 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/7 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.305/8 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.306/1-2

Bottlewithstopper Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.307/1 Keyboardwithkeys

Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/10

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/11

Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/12

Keytag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/2 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/3 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/4 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/5 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/6 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/7 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/8 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.307/9 Keywithtag Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2009.308/1-2

Bottlewithstopper Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.309 Ceramicfragment UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2009.310.1-2

Metalrod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.311 Metalrod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

307

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.312/1-5

Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2009.313 Laboratorymachine

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e

QS2009.314.1 Evenflobottles Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.314.2/1-11

Evenflobottles Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.314.3/1-13

Evenflobottles Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.315 Heater Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Heater,electric

QS2009.316 Dessertspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

QS2009.317 Tablespoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablespoon

QS2009.318 Tablespoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablespoon

QS2009.319 Mattock Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mattock

QS2009.320 Firepoker Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Poker

QS2009.320 Firepoker Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Poker

QS2009.321/1-2

Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2009.322 Swing RecreationalArtifacts

Recreationaldevice

Swing

QS2009.323 Gunoilpackage Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Armament-accessory

Kit,gun-cleaning

QS2009.324 Boardwithplaques CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Plaque

QS2009.325 Pinkpages CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Directory,telephone

QS2009.326 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.327 Scrubbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2009.328 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.329 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.330 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.331 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.332 Mattockhead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mattock

QS2009.333/1-2

Chimneytop Structures Buildingcomponent

Pot,chimney

308

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.334 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2009.335 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.336/1-2

Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mattock

QS2009.337.1-2

Metalobject CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.338.1-2

Metalobject CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.339 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.340 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.341 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.342 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.343 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.344 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.345 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.346 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.347 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.348 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.349 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.350 Metaltag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.351 Smoother Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Masonry&stoneworkingt&e

Trowel,smoothing

QS2009.352 Trowel Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Masonry&stoneworkingt&e

Trowel

QS2009.353 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Chisel

QS2009.354 Dinnerfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork,dinner

QS2009.355 Squeegee Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e

QS2009.3561-2

Mowerblade Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mower

QS2009.357 Knife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Knife,paring

QS2009.358 Dinnerknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife,dinner

QS2009.359 Axehead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Ax

QS2009.360 Soupspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,soup

309

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.361 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.362 Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2009.363 Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2009.364 Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2009.365 Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2009.366 Teaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2009.367 Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2009.368/1-2

Candleholder Furnishings Lightingdevice Candlestick

QS2009.369 Tool Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

QS2009.370 Tripod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.371 Tongs Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Tongs

QS2009.372.1-5

Clotheshook Furnishings Householdaccessory

Hook,coat

QS2009.373 Clotheshook Furnishings Householdaccessory

Hook,coat

QS2009.374 Heatingelement Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Heater,electric

QS2009.375 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.376 Cokebottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.377.1-2

Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2009.378 Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2009.379 Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2009.380 Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2009.381.1-2

Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2009.382 Applecorer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Corer,fruit

QS2009.383 Potatomasher Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Masher,potato

QS2009.384 Potscourer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Scrubber

QS2009.385 Whisk Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Whisk

QS2009.386 Woodenspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spoon

310

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.387 Woodenspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spoon

QS2009.388.1-2

Breadknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Knife,bread

QS2009.389 Hoehead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2009.390 Teapotlid Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2009.391 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Textileworkingt&e Fid

QS2009.392 Pateknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

QS2009.393/1-3

Bolt Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Bolt

QS2009.394 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.395 Woodenrod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.396 Wedge UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.397 Pipe Structures Buildingcomponent

Pipe

QS2009.398 Peg UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.399 Rakehead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Rake

QS2009.400 Oilcan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Can,oil

QS2009.401 Canopener Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,can

QS2009.402 Canopener Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,can

QS2009.403 Cutter Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Peeler,vegetable

QS2009.404.1-2

Bottleopener Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,bottle

QS2009.405 Bottleopener Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,bottle

QS2009.406.1-33

Bottleopener Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,bottle

QS2009.407 Bottleopener Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,bottle

QS2009.408 Peeler Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Peeler,vegetable

QS2009.409 Guage Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Gauge

QS2009.410.1-2

Hook Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Crook,hay

QS2009.411 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.412.1-2

Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

311

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.413 BuchananFineScothWhiskyBottle

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.414 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.416 Drip Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

QS2009.417 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.418 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.419 Handle UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.420 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.421 Eggslide Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2009.422 Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2009.423.1-2

Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2009.424 Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2009.424 Fork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

QS2009.427.1-33

Metalring UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.428 Metalrod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.429 Woodenboard UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.430 Tray Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tray,bed

QS2009.431 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Bowl

QS2009.432 Filmtrimmer Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Photographict&e Splicer,film

QS2009.433 Pump UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pump,barrel

QS2009.434 Spatuls Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spatula

QS2009.435 Ladle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Ladle

QS2009.436 Ladle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Ladle

QS2009.437 Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

QS2009.438 Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

QS2009.439 Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

QS2009.440 Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

312

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.441 Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

QS2009.442 Evenflobottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,nursing

QS2009.443 Ladle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Ladle

QS2009.444/1-2

Pot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Saucepan

QS2009.445 Canopener Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,can

QS2009.446 Dustpan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dustpan

QS2009.447 Dustpan Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Dustpan

QS2009.448 Motor Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Motor,electric

QS2009.449 Scoop UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Scoop

QS2009.450.1-8

Bedsidetable Furnishings Furniture Table,night

QS2009.450/2 Standingashtray Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ashtray

QS2009.451 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mattock

QS2009.452 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Ratchet

QS2009.453 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.454 Ladle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Ladle

QS2009.455 Vapourchoke UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.456.1-2

Bolt Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Bolt

QS2009.457 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.458 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.459 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.460 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.461 Pickaxehead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mattock

QS2009.462 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.463 Pickhead UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pick

QS2009.464 Scytheblade Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Scythe

QS2009.465 Scytheblade Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Scythe

313

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.466 Scytheblade Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Scythe

QS2009.467 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.468.1-8

Bed Furnishings Furniture Bed

QS2009.469.1-33

Mirror Furnishings Furniture Mirror

QS2009.470 Mirror Furnishings Furniture MirrorQS2009.471/1-2

Instrument Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Spirometer

QS2009.472 Padlock Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Padlock

QS2009.473 Weight Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Weight,balance

QS2009.474 Keytag CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Tag,identification

QS2009.475 Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2009.476 Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2009.477 Pipe Structures Buildingcomponent

Pipe

QS2009.478 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.479 Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2009.480 Wedge UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.481 Ringbolt Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Bolt,eye

QS2009.482/1-2

Petriedishholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2009.483.1-2

Petriedishholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2009.484.1/1-61

Petriedishholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2009.484.2/1-2

Petriedish Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2009.484.3/1-20

Petriedishholder Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Biologicalt&e Dish,petri

QS2009.485 Stake UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.486 Stake UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

314

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.487.1-2/1-2

Mapcanister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Tube

QS2009.488.1-2/1-2

Mapcanister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Tube

QS2009.489/1-2

Mapcanister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Tube

QS2009.490/1-2

Mapcanister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Tube

QS2009.491 Mapcanister Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Tube

QS2009.492 Framedprint CommunicationArtifacts

Art Print

QS2009.493 Framedprint CommunicationArtifacts

Art Print

QS2009.494 Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2009.495 Pumpvacuum Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Cleaner,vacuum

QS2009.496 Punner Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Constructiont&e Tamper

QS2009.497 Pictureframe Furnishings Householdaccessory

Frame,picture

QS2009.498 Pictureframe Furnishings Householdaccessory

Frame,picture

QS2009.499 Basket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Basket

QS2009.500.1-2

Boxofofplasticpaillids

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Pail

QS2009.501 Framedprint CommunicationArtifacts

Art Print

QS2009.502 Stapler Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stapler

QS2009.503 Lampbeam Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.504 Transformer Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Electrical&magnetict&e

Transformer

QS2009.505 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Opener,can

QS2009.506 Tongs Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Tongs,fireplace

QS2009.507 Radiator Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Radiator

QS2009.508 Glasstube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

315

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.509 Lightglobe Furnishings Lightingdevice Bulb,lightQS2009.510 Motor Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Motor,electric

QS2009.511/1-2

Typewriter Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Typewriter

QS2009.512/1-4

Waterbath Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bath,water

QS2009.513/1-2

Furnacegas Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Furnace

QS2009.514/1-2

Projector Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Projector

QS2009.515/1-10

Drillbits Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Bit

QS2009.516 Clamp UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Clamp

QS2009.517 Mincer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Grinder,meat

QS2009.518 Casetteholder Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Soundcommunicationt&e

Tape

QS2009.519 Blockandtackle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Pulley

QS2009.520 Guard'srat UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.521.1-2

Shelf Structures Buildingcomponent

Shelf

QS2009.522 Vice UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Vise

QS2009.523.1 Woolblanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2009.524.1-4

Woolblanket Furnishings Bedding Blanket

QS2009.525.1-33

Woolblanket Furnishings Bedding Blanket

QS2009.526 Woolblanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2009.527 Woolblanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2009.528 Flag Tools&Equipment

forCommunicationVisualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.529 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.530 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.531 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

316

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.532 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.533 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.534 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.535 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.536 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.537 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.538 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.539 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.540 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.541 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.542 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.543 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.544.1-3

Woolblanket Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.545 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.546 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.547 Flag Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Flag,signal

QS2009.548 Facecloth PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Towel,faceQS2009.549.1-24

Pillowcase Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

QS2009.550.1-12

Facemask Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Mask,surgical

QS2009.551.1-2

Packagedpillow Furnishings Bedding Pillow

317

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.552.1-4

Mattressprotector Furnishings Bedding Cover,mattress

QS2009.553.1-59

Pillowcase Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

QS2009.554 Pillowcase Furnishings Bedding PillowcaseQS2009.555.1-4

Mosquitonet Furnishings Bedding Net,mosquito

QS2009.556 Material UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Clothfragment

QS2009.557 Mattressprotector Furnishings Bedding Cover,mattressQS2009.558.1-2

Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp

QS2009.559.1-2/1-2

Readinglamp Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp

QS2009.560 Waterbath Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bath,water

QS2009.561.1-7

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.562 Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair,foldingQS2009.563 Stapler Tools&Equipment

forCommunicationWrittencommunicationt&e

Stapler

QS2009.564 Drill UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Drill

QS2009.565 Drill UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Drill

QS2009.566.1-4

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.567 Stool Furnishings Furniture StoolQS2009.568 Smalltrolley Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2009.569.1-2

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.570 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.571 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.572 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.573 Metalfile Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e File

QS2009.574.1-3

Suitcase PersonalArtifacts Personalgear Suitcase

QS2009.575.1-2

Woodenbox Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2009.576 Wheelbarrow Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Wheelbarrow

318

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.577 Cyanogasdustblowerrabbitfumigatorpump

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Sprayer,hand

QS2009.578 Tablelegs Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.579/1-16

Sideboard Furnishings Furniture Sideboard

QS2009.580 Sidetable Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.581 Leatherstrap Unclassifiable

ArtifactsFunctionunknown

QS2009.582 Trianglecoffeetable

Furnishings Furniture Table,coffee

QS2009.583 Typewriter Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Typewriter

QS2009.584 Metalguillotine Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Papermakingt&e Cutter

QS2009.585 Doctorstable Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Table,examination

QS2009.5861-2

Dryingracks Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Rack,drying

QS2009.587 Chestlid Furnishings Furniture ChestQS2009.588 Woodplankand

chainsUnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.589/1-2

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.590.1-3

Bed Furnishings Furniture Bed

QS2009.591 Woodenshelving Structures Buildingcomponent

Shelf

QS2009.592 Chairbracket Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2009.593 Drumwithhandles Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Container Tube

QS2009.594 Stool Furnishings Furniture StoolQS2009.595.1-2

Pulleys Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Pulley

QS2009.596 Bench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2009.597 Workbench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2009.598.1-3

Heater Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Heater,electric

QS2009.599 Heater Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Heater,electric

QS2009.600/1-2

Rowcoheater Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Heater,electric

QS2009.601/1-3

VanSlykeManometricapparatus

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Manometer

QS2009.602/1-2

Loungechair Furnishings Furniture Chair

319

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.603/1-2

Testtubedisinfector

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2009.604 Hookonpole UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.605/1-2

Crutches PersonalArtifacts Personalgear Crutch

QS2009.606 Metalclip UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.607 Door Structures Buildingcomponent

Door

QS2009.608 Rotameter Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Draftingt&e Rotameter

QS2009.609/1-2

Testtubedisinfector

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Autoclave

QS2009.610 Pipingfilter UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.611 Metaltool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.612 Metaltool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.613 Metaltool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.614 Waterheater Furnishings Plumbingfixture Heater,waterQS2009.615 Waterheater Furnishings Plumbingfixture Heater,waterQS2009.616 Waterheater Furnishings Plumbingfixture Heater,waterQS2009.617 Waterheater Furnishings Plumbingfixture Heater,waterQS2009.618 Metaltube Unclassifiable

ArtifactsMultipleuseartifact

Funnel

QS2009.619 Metallid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.620 Edgetrimmer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Mower

QS2009.621 Lattice UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.622 PotassiumPermanganatebottle

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2009.623 Formaldehydesolutionbottle

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2009.624 Formaldehydesolutionbottle

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2009.625 Wheelbarrowbase Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Wheelbarrow

QS2009.626/1-4

Tankfilmbottle Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Photographict&e Film

QS2009.627 Ironingboard Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Board,ironing

320

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.628 Floorbuffer Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Polisher,floor

QS2009.629 Pulleywithhook Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Pulley

QS2009.630 Sign Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

QS2009.631 Radiator Furnishings Temperaturecontroldevice

Radiator

QS2009.632 Battery Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Electrical&magnetict&e

Battery,wet-cell

QS2009.633 Railtrack Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Railtransportation-accessory

Tracksection

QS2009.634/1-2

Watermanesty Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Apparatus,distilling

QS2009.635/1-2

Boiler Furnishings Plumbingfixture Heater,water

QS2009.636.1-2

Meatslicer Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Slicer,meat

QS2009.637 Drill UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Drill

QS2009.638 Metalrod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.639 Metalrod UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.641 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.642 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.643 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.644 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.645 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.646.1-2

Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.647 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.648 Ladder Furnishings Householdaccessory

Ladder

QS2009.649 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.650 Hammer UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Hammer

QS2009.651/1-3

Frame Furnishings Householdaccessory

Frame,picture

QS2009.652.1-3

Woolsquare UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Clothfragment

321

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.653 Frame Furnishings Householdaccessory

Frame,picture

QS2009.654 Dishwasherloadingrack

Furnishings Householdaccessory

Rack,plate

QS2009.655 Tablelegs Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.656.1-3

Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Bowl

QS2009.657 Bathmat PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Mat,bathQS2009.658 Ceramicbottle Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.659.1-59

Pieceoffabric UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Clothfragment

QS2009.660/1-2

Container Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Jar

QS2009.661 Toiletseat Furnishings Plumbingfixture ToiletQS2009.662 Pumpsection Furnishings Plumbingfixture PumpQS2009.663 Gauze Unclassifiable

ArtifactsArtifactremnant Clothfragment

QS2009.664.1-2

Deepfryingbasket Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Basket,cooking

QS2009.665.1-3

Boardwithhandle UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.666 Singlesheet Furnishings Bedding SheetQS2009.667/1-4

Basinstand Furnishings Furniture Washstand

QS2009.668 Facewasher PersonalArtifacts Toiletarticle Towel,faceQS2009.669 Sheetofmaterial Unclassifiable

ArtifactsArtifactremnant Clothfragment

QS2009.670 Board UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.671 Tablecloth Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablecloth

QS2009.672 Tablecloth Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablecloth

QS2009.673 Tablecloth Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Tablecloth

QS2009.674.1-2

Board UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.675 Woodpost UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.676 Letter CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Letter

QS2009.677.1-2

Trolley Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2009.678 Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.679 Stretcher Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Stretcher

322

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.680 Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

QS2009.681 Stand UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.682 Metalpole UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.683 Enginepart Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Energyproductiont&e

Engine

QS2009.684 Centrifuge Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Centrifuge,chemical

QS2009.685 Wheel UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Wheel

QS2009.686 Chainsformooring Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Chain,anchor

QS2009.687.1-4

Deckchair Furnishings Furniture Chair,folding

QS2009.688 Deckchair Furnishings Furniture Chair,foldingQS2009.689 Deckchair Furnishings Furniture Chair,foldingQS2009.690 Plumbingdevice Furnishings Plumbingfixture PipeQS2009.691.1-2

Lightcover Furnishings Lightingdevice Lamp

QS2009.692.1-2

Benchseat Furnishings Furniture Bench

QS2009.693 Stand UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.694 Bathroommirrorboard

Furnishings Furniture Mirror

QS2009.695/1-4

Woodobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.696 Broom Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Broom

QS2009.697 Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.698 Lampshade Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.699 Lamp Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.700 Trolley Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Landtransportation-human-powered

Barrow

QS2009.701 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

QS2009.702 Inkpot Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Inkwell

QS2009.703 Beltbuckle PersonalArtifacts Clothing-accessory

Buckle,belt

QS2009.704 Clotheshook Furnishings Householdaccessory

Hook,coat

QS2009.705 Cameralens Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Photographict&e Lens

323

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.706 Instrument Furnishings Householdaccessory

Slipcover

QS2009.707 Instrumentcover Furnishings Householdaccessory

Slipcover

QS2009.709.1-3

Instrumentcover Furnishings Householdaccessory

Slipcover

QS2009.709.1-4

Instrumentcover Furnishings Householdaccessory

Slipcover

QS2009.710 Plasticsheet UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.711 Instrumentcover Furnishings Householdaccessory

Slipcover

QS2009.712 Wheelchair PersonalArtifacts Personalgear WheelchairQS2009.713.1-20

Wirebasket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Basket

QS2009.714.1-4

Tentpoles Structures Building Tent

QS2009.715 Woodenboard UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.716 Pictureframe Furnishings Householdaccessory

Frame,picture

QS2009.717.1-2

Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.718.1-3

Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.719 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.720 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.721 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.722 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.723 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.724 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.725 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.726 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.727 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.728 Lid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.729 Basket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Basket

QS2009.730.1-2

Puzzles RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Puzzle

QS2009.731 Scales Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Scale,balance

324

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.732 Dishbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2009.733 Scrubbrush Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,scrub

QS2009.734/1-18

Smallpoxkit Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Kit,medical

QS2009.735 Lightcover Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2009.736.1-2

Mophead Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Mop

QS2009.737 Lightglobe Furnishings Lightingdevice Bulb,lightQS2009.738 Largepump Unclassifiable

ArtifactsFunctionunknown

QS2009.739.1-2

Metaltool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2009.740 Potassiumpermanganatedrum

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2009.741 Wheel UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Wheel

QS2009.742 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.743 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.744 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.745 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.746 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.747 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.748 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.749 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.750 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.751 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.752 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.753 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

325

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.754 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.755 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.756 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.757 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.758 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.759 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.760 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.761 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.762 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.763 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2009.764 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.765 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,condiment

QS2009.766 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.767 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.768 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.769 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.770 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.771 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.772 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.773 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Ink

326

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.774 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.775 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2009.776.1-4

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.777 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.778.1-2

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.779 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.780 Heater Furnishings Temperature

controldeviceHeater

QS2009.781 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2009.782.1-11

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.783.1-2

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.784 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.785 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2009.786.1-5

Blanket Furnishings Bedding Blanket

QS2009.787.1-6

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.788.1-3

Table Furnishings Furniture Table

QS2009.789 Bedframe Furnishings Furniture BedQS2009.790/1-2

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.791.1-2

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.792.1-2

Table Furnishings Furniture Table

QS2009.793.1-4

Chair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2009.794 Bedframe Furnishings Furniture BedQS2009.795 Pillowcase Furnishings Bedding PillowcaseQS2009.796 Bottle Tools&Equipment

forCommunicationWrittencommunicationt&e

Ink

QS2009.797 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2009.798 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.799 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.800 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

327

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2009.801 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.802 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2009.803 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.805 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2009.805 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2010.1 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2010.2 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2010.3 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2010.4 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2010.5 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2010.6 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2010.7 Syringe Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Syringe

QS2010.8/1-13

Distillingapparatus Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Apparatus,distilling

QS2010.9/1-2 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2010.10 Pillow Furnishings Bedding PillowQS2010.11 Burner Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodprocessingt&e

Burner,spirit

QS2010.12 Burner Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Burner,spirit

QS2010.131-3 Filmcanister Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Photographict&e Film

QS2010.14/1-12

Microscopeattachments

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Microscope

QS2010.15 Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.16/1-3

Springs Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Spring,spiral

328

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.17/1-2

Microscopelens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.18/1-4

Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.19/1-2

Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.20/1-2

Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.21 Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.22 Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.23/1-21

Boxofcameraoptics

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.24.1-2 Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.25/1-2

Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.26/1-2

Lens Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Lens

QS2010.27.1-16

Glasstubes UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.28 Lifebuoy Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Float,life

QS2010.29.1-3 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2010.30/1-3

Filingcabinet Furnishings Furniture Cabinet,filing

QS2010.31.1-2 Bedbase Furnishings Furniture BedQS2010.32.1-4 Mattress Furnishings Bedding MattressQS2010.33.1-2 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2010.34 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2010.35.1-3 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2010.36.1-6 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2010.37 Workbench Furnishings Furniture BenchQS2010.38 Cupboard Furnishings Furniture CupboardQS2010.39 Tablelegs Furnishings Furniture TableQS2010.401-2/1-2

Armchair Furnishings Furniture Chair

QS2010.41.1-8 Pillow Furnishings Bedding PillowQS2010.42 Armchair Furnishings Furniture Chair

329

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.43 Dryingracks Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Rack,drying

QS2010.44 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2010.45 Wardrobe Furnishings Furniture WardrobeQS2010.46 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2010.47 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2010.48.1-3 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2010.49/1-7

Dresser Furnishings Furniture Chestofdrawers

QS2010.50/1-4

Cupboard Furnishings Furniture Cupboard

QS2010.51/1-5

Dresser Furnishings Furniture Chestofdrawers

QS2010.52 Bed Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Table,examination

QS2010.53 Table Furnishings Furniture TableQS2010.54 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2010.55 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2010.56 Dish Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Dish

QS2010.57 Drawer Furnishings Furniture ChestofdrawersQS2010.58 Highchair Furnishings Furniture HighchairQS2010.59/1-5

Ministoveoven Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2010.60/1-3

Ministoveoven Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2010.61/1-4

Ministoveoven Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Stove

QS2010.62.1-2 Chair Furnishings Furniture ChairQS2010.63 Cabinet Furnishings Furniture CabinetQS2010.64 Bucket Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2010.65 Bucket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2010.66 Bucket Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bucket

QS2010.67 Box Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2010.68/1-2

Crutches PersonalArtifacts Personalgear Crutch

QS2010.69.1-3 Cistern Structures Sitefeature CisternQS2010.70/1-2

Cabinet Furnishings Furniture Cabinet

330

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.71 Railtrack Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Railtransportation-accessory

Tracksection

QS2010.72 Cuttingboard Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Board,cutting

QS2010.73 Cuttingboard Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Board,cutting

QS2010.74 Mop Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Mop

QS2010.75 Squeegee Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e

QS2010.76 Broom Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Broom

QS2010.77 Lightbulb Furnishings Lightingdevice Bulb,lightQS2010.78.1-6 Pegs Unclassifiable

ArtifactsFunctionunknown

QS2010.79 Lightshade Furnishings Lightingdevice LampQS2010.80 Bracket Structures Building

componentBracket

QS2010.81.1-4 Glassshards UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Glassfragment

QS2010.82.1-3 Glassshards UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Glassfragment

QS2010.83 Windowlockpiece Structures Otherstructure LockQS2010.84 Crate Distribution&

TransportationArtifacts

Container Box

QS2010.85 Pillowcase Furnishings Bedding PillowcaseQS2010.86.1-3 Tablecloth Tools&Equipment

forMaterialsFoodservicet&e Tablecloth

QS2010.87.1-2 Sheet Furnishings Bedding SheetQS2010.88 Pillowcase Furnishings Bedding PillowcaseQS2010.89.1-2 Sheet Furnishings Bedding SheetQS2010.90.1-2 Material Unclassifiable

ArtifactsFunctionunknown

QS2010.91.1-3 Pillow Furnishings Bedding PillowQS2010.92 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2010.93 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2010.94 Sheet Furnishings Bedding SheetQS2010.95.1-2 Blanket Furnishings Bedding BlanketQS2010.96 Trunk PersonalArtifacts Personalgear TrunkQS2010.97 Trunk PersonalArtifacts Personalgear TrunkQS2010.98 Buildingcorner Structures Building

componentFinial

QS2010.99 Jug Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

331

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.100 Holepunch Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Punch,paper

QS2010.101 Cup Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cupboard

QS2010.102 Tool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Wrench

QS2010.103 Inkbottle Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Ink

QS2010.104 Iron Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Iron

QS2010.105 Quarantinebadge CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Badge

QS2010.106.1-4

Quarantinebadge CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Badge

QS2010.107.1-2

Quarantinebadge CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Badge

QS2010.108 Quarantinebutton PersonalArtifacts Clothing-accessory

Button

QS2010.109 Quarantinebadge CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Badge

QS2010.110/1-2

QuarantineOfficerAuthorisationWallet

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Card,identification

QS2010.111 QuarantineButtons PersonalArtifacts Clothing-accessory

Button

QS2010.112/1-2

Magnifyingglassandcase

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Glass,maginifying

QS2010.113 Tile Structures Buildingcomponent

Tile

QS2010.114 Tile Structures Buildingcomponent

Tile

QS2010.115 Servingspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,serving

QS2010.116 Bowl Furnishings Householdaccessory

Bowl

QS2010.117 Marbleblock UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.118 Metalstand UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.119 Notebook CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Notebook

QS2010.120 Notebook CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Notebook

QS2010.121 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2010.122 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2010.123 Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

QS2010.124/1-2

Book CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Book

332

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.125.1-5

Sticker CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Sticker

QS2010.126 Businesscard CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Card,identification

QS2010.127 Magneticlogo CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Label

QS2010.128 Railpiece Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Railtransportation-accessory

Tracksection

QS2010.129 Hat PersonalArtifacts Clothing-headwear

Hat

QS2010.130 Quarantinebadge CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Patch

QS2010.131 Namebadgesticker CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Sticker

QS2010.132 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

QS2010.133 Badge CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Badge

QS2010.134 Button PersonalArtifacts Clothing-accessory

Button

QS2010.135 Case Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Case

QS2010.136 Case Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Case

QS2010.137 Badge CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Patch

QS2010.138 Lapel PersonalArtifacts Clothing-accessory

Cuff

QS2010.139 Lapel CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Epaulet

QS2010.140 Lapel CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Epaulet

QS2010.141 Lapel CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Epaulet

QS2010.142 Lapel CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Epaulet

QS2010.143 Lapel CommunicationArtifacts

Personalsymbol Epaulet

QS2010.144 Iron Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Iron

QS2010.145 Dish Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2010.146 Potlid Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Crock

QS2010.147.1-2

Platesherd Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2010.148.1/1-3

Bowlfragment Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2010.148.2 Bowlfragment Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

333

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.149/1-3

Platesherd Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2010.150/1-3

Bowlfragment Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

QS2010.151/1-4

Sherd UnclassifiableArtifacts

Artifactremnant Sherd

QS2010.152 Woodenspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Spoon

QS2010.153 Metalteaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

QS2010.154 Iron Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Iron

QS2010.155 Puzzle RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Puzzle

QS2010.156 Drainstrain Furnishings Householdaccessory

Plug,drain

QS2010.157 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2010.158 Handsaw Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Saw,hand

QS2010.159 Drillcrank UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Drill

QS2010.160 Pliers UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Pliers

QS2010.161 Ploughtool Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Agriculturalt&e Hoe

QS2010.162 Wrench Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Wrench

QS2010.163 Peg UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.164 Squeegeehead Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e

QS2010.165 Axehead Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Ax

QS2010.166 Taphead Furnishings Plumbingfixture FaucetQS2010.167 Tool Unclassifiable

ArtifactsFunctionunknown

QS2010.168 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.169 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.170 Metalobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.171.1-2

Bolt Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Bolt

QS2010.172 Testtube Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Tube,test

QS2010.173 Breadknife Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife,bread

QS2010.174 Bowl Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl

334

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.175 Plate Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

QS2010.176/1-2

Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2010.177 Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2010.178/1-2

Teapot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

QS2010.179 Glassobject UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.180 Lightbulb Furnishings Lightingdevice Bulb,lightQS2010.181 Lightbulb Furnishings Lightingdevice Bulb,lightQS2010.182 Brush Tools&Equipment

forScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Brush,dusting

QS2010.183 Brushhead Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Maintenancet&e Broom

QS2010.184 Hook UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Hook

QS2010.185 Pulleywithhook Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Mechanicalt&e Pulley

QS2010.186 Horseshoe Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Animalhusbandryt&e

Horseshoe

QS2010.187 Tool UnclassifiableArtifacts

Multipleuseartifact

Hammer

QS2010.188 Boltwrench Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Wrench

QS2010.189 Trowel UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2010.190 Brush PersonalArtifacts Clothing-accessory

Brush,shoe

QS2010.191 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2010.192 Plane Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Plane

QS2010.193 Nail Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Woodworkingt&e Nail

QS2010.194/1-2

Kettle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodprocessingt&e

Kettle

QS2010.195 Stand Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

QS2010.196 Lamptable Furnishings Furniture Table,nightQS2010.197 Glasspane Structures Building

componentWindowpane

QS2010.198.1-2

Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2010.199.1-2

Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2010.200.1-2

Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2010.201 Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

335

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.202 Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2010.203 Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2010.204 Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2010.205.1-5

Ball RecreationalArtifacts

Toy Ball

QS2010.207 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.208 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.209 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.210 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.211 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.212 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.213 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.214 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.215 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.216 Fencepost Structures Sitefeature Post,fenceQS2010.217 Gravemarker Communication

ArtifactsCeremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.218 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.219 Fencepost Structures Sitefeature Post,fenceQS2010.220 Fencepost Structures Sitefeature Post,fenceQS2010.221 Gracemarker Communication

ArtifactsCeremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.222 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.223 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.224 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.225 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.226 Fencepost Structures Sitefeature Post,fenceQS2010.227 Gravemarker Communication

ArtifactsCeremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.228 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.229 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.230 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.231 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

336

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2010.232 Gravemarker CommunicationArtifacts

Ceremonialartifact Tombstone

QS2010.235 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,condiment

QS2010.236 Angier'sPetroleumEmulsionbottle

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2010.237 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,condiment

QS2010.238 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,condiment

QS2010.239 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2010.240 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle,condiment

QS2010.241 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2010.242 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

QS2010.243 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2010.244 Bottle Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychologicalt&e

Bottle,medicine

QS2010.245 Bottle Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Container Bottle

QS2011.57 Wrench Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Metalworkingt&e Wrench

QS2014.1 Metalpeg UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2014.2 Wedge UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

QS2014.3.1 TopfromCompassBinnacle"PASTEUR"

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Surveying&navigationalt&e

Compass

QS2014.3.2 Binnaclestand"PASTEUR"

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Surveying&navigationalt&e

Compass

QS2014.4 Shipswheel"PASTEUR"

Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Wheel,steering

QS2014.5 Propeller"PASTEUR"

Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Propeller

QS2015.1 Metalskeletonkey Furnishings Householdaccessory

Key

QS2015.2 QuarantineProjectteamshirt

PersonalArtifacts Clothing-outerwear

Shirt

QS2015.3 Eraser Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Eraser

337

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QS2015.4 Pencil Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Pencil

QS2015.5 Measuingtape Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Measure,tape

QS2015.6 Clipboard Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Clipboard

QS2015.7 Strawhat PersonalArtifacts Clothing-headwear

Hat

QS2015.8 IFRAOstandardscale

Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Dataprocessingt&e

Scale

Appendix3:CategorisationofobjectsfromtheNationalMuseumofAustralia’sNorthHeadQuarantineStation

collection

Note:ObjectnumberandnamerefertotheirdesignationwithintheNationalMuseumofAustralia’scatalogue(NationalMuseumofAustralia2016).Theonlinedatabasealsoincludesfurtherdetailsaboutcollectionitemsincludingdescriptionsandphotographs(“CollectionExplorer-NorthHeadQuarantineStationCollection”2016).Category,classification,andobjecttermhavebeenassignedonthebasisoftheNomenclaturesystem(Blackabyetal.1995).

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

1986.0063.0013 Watson514402monocularmicroscopeandbox

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Microscope

1988.0111.0001 FramedmapofNorthHead

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Map

1988.0111.0002 FramedmapofPortJacksonandsurrounds

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Map

1988.0111.0003 OfficersoftheQuarantineStation

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0004 Suitcasecontainingbreathingapparatus

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Mining&mineralharvestingt&e

Apparatus,breathing

1988.0111.0005 Warningnotice Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

1988.0111.0006 Whitelinenserviette

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Napkin

338

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

1988.0111.0007 Silvermeatcover Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Dome,food

1988.0111.0008 Signallamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Light,signal

1988.0111.0009 Roundcopperplaque

Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

1988.0111.0010 Dinnerbell Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Soundcommunicationt&e

Bell

1988.0111.0011 Headtorch Furnishings Lightingdevice Torch

1988.0111.0012 Pairofslightlyrustyblackmetalhandcuffs

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Handcuffs

1988.0111.0013 Dinnerbell Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Soundcommunicationt&e

Bell

1988.0111.0014.001 Legirons Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Shackle,leg

1988.0111.0014.002 Keyforlegirons Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Regulative&protectivet&e

Key,handcuffs

1988.0111.0015 Bunsenburner Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burner,bunsen

1988.0111.0016 Bunsenburner Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Burner,bunsen

1988.0111.0017 Truncheon Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Armament-bludgeon

Club

1988.0111.0018 FramedcertificatefromR.M.S."Niagara"totheNorthHeadQuarantineStation

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Card,commemorative

1988.0111.0019 TextandmaprelatingtoboundariesofNorthHeadQuarantineStation

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Map

1988.0111.0020

Woodenstandwithdrawerandracksfortest

Tools&Equipmentfor

Chemicalt&e Rack,testtube

339

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

tubesandotherscientificequipment

Science&Technology

1988.0111.0021 Chinawashbasin PersonalArtifacts

Toiletarticle Basin

1988.0111.0022 Photographsoftentsandbuildings

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0023 Photographofgroupofmeninsideandaroundatent

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0024 Photographoftimberbuildingsoncoastline

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0025 Photographofninemenstandingnexttoatentandaportableboiler

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0026 Photographofshipsinaharbour

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0027 PhotographofQuarantineStationandharbour

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0028 Photographofshipsinaharbour

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0029 Photographofshipsinaharbour

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0030 Photographofharbourwithshipsandwharf

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0031 Photographofarmofsmallpoxpatient

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0032 Photographoffaceofsmallpoxpatient

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0033 Photographofupperbodyofsmallpoxpatient

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0034 Photographofsmallpoxpatient

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0035 Photographofupperbodyofsmallpoxpatient

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0036 Photographofthepagesofabookwhichispartiallytitled"RecordofDeathsatthe

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

340

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

QuarantineStation,NorthHead"

1988.0111.0037 PhotographoftheviewfromtheQuarantineStationtoSydneyHarbour

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0038 Photographofaninscriptioncarvedintoarockfacewhichbegins"STOP.Letwearytravellerslisten…"

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Print,photographic

1988.0111.0039 Plywoodsignwhichreads"Danger.Vesselundercyanidefumigation.Deadlygas.Keepout."

Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

1988.0111.0040 OilpaintingoftheAustraliancoatofarmsagainstabackdropofhillsrisingfromsea,andtwoships

CommunicationArtifacts

Art Painting

1988.0111.0041 Roundorangelifebuoymarked'PASTEURSYDNEY'

Distribution&TransportationArtifacts

Watertransportation-accessory

Float,life

1988.0111.0042 Pairofwoodenlegsplints

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Splint

1988.0111.0043 Pairofwoodenlegsplintsforlowerleftleg

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Splint

1988.0111.0044 Pairofwoodensplintsforarms

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Splint

1988.0111.0045 Pairofwoodensplintsforleg

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Splint

1988.0111.0046 Pairofwoodensplintsforarms

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Splint

1988.0111.0047 Armsplint Tools&Equipmentfor

Medical&psychological

Splint

341

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

Science&Technology

1988.0111.0048 FoetalstethoscopeusedatNorthHeadQuarantineStation

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Stethoscope

1988.0111.0049 FoetalstethoscopeusedatNorthHeadQuarantineStation

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Stethoscope

1988.0111.0050 Metalretractor Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Retractors

1988.0111.0051 Gynaecologicalspeculum

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Speculum

1988.0111.0052 Metalstampinscribed'QuarantineServiceAustralia'

Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Writtencommunicationt&e

Stamp

1988.0111.0053 Bayonet Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Armament-edged

Bayonet,sword

1988.0111.0054 Sterilizerforceps Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Forceps

1988.0111.0055 Pairofinterlockingobstetricforcepswithtractionhandle

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Forceps

1988.0111.0056 Gynaecologicalspeculum

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Speculum

1988.0111.0057 Laryngoscopeandtonguedepressorcontainedwithinmetaltube

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Laryngoscope

1988.0111.0058 Ovalmetalframeforanaestheticmask

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Mask,anesthesia

1988.0111.0059 Pearshapedmetalframeforchild'sanaestheticmask

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Mask,anesthesia

342

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

1988.0111.0060 Ovalmetalframeforanaestheticmask

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Mask,anesthesia

1988.0111.0061 Calipers Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Weights&measurest&e

Calipers

1988.0111.0062 Gynaecologicalspeculum

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Speculum

1988.0111.0063 Gynaecologicalspeculum

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Speculum

1988.0111.0064 Metalabdominalretractor

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Retractors

1988.0111.0065 Metalabdominalretractor

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Retractors

1988.0111.0066 Gynaecologicalspeculum

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Speculum

1988.0111.0067 Gynaecologicalspeculum

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Speculum

1988.0111.0068 Urinometerstoredinredcardboardtube

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Urinometer

1988.0111.0069 Cruetset Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

1988.0111.0070 Silvercoffeepot Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Coffeepot

1988.0111.0071 Toothpastedishwithlid

PersonalArtifacts

Toiletarticle Dish,soap

1988.0111.0072 Soapdishwithlidandrack

PersonalArtifacts

Toiletarticle Dish,soap

1988.0111.0073 Whiteceramicchamberpot

PersonalArtifacts

Toiletarticle Pot,chamber

1988.0111.0074 Terracottawaterbottlewithstopperanddish

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bottle

1988.0111.0075 Cruetset Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

343

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

1988.0111.0076 Ceramicteapotwithlid

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teapot

1988.0111.0077 Greenwineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

1988.0111.0078 Greenwineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

1988.0111.0079 Greenwineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

1988.0111.0080 Greenwineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

1988.0111.0081 Greenwineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

1988.0111.0082 Greenwineglass Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Glass,wine

1988.0111.0083 Aluminiumsugarbowlwithlid

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Bowl,sugar

1988.0111.0084 EnamelandmetalmugfromNorthHeadQuarantineStation

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Mug

1988.0111.0085 CeramicWedgwooddinnerplatefromtheNorthHeadQuarantineStation

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

1988.0111.0086 CeramicWedgwoodmeatplatefromtheNorthHeadQuarantineStation

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Plate

1988.0111.0087 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0088 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0089 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0090 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0091 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0092 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0093 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

344

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

1988.0111.0094 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0095 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0096 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0097 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0098 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0099 Whitecottonpillowcase

Furnishings Bedding Pillowcase

1988.0111.0100 Brokenglasstube

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Flask

1988.0111.0101 Axistractionforcepswithtractionhandle

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Forceps

1988.0111.0102 Clearglassbottlecontainingcoppersulphatesolution

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

1988.0111.0103 Clearglassbottlecontainingcoppersulphatesolution

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

1988.0111.0104 Clearglassbottlecontainingblueliquid

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

1988.0111.0105 CrystalsofBenedict'ssolution

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

1988.0111.0106 Openerforcyanidecontainer

UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

1988.0111.0107 Signallamp Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Light,signal

1988.0111.0108 Whiteceramicmugwithruralscene

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Mug

1988.0111.0109 Whiteceramiccandleholderwithsnuffer

Furnishings Lightingdevice Candlestick

1988.0111.0110 Whiteceramiccoffeecupwithsaucer

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cup,coffee

1988.0111.0111 Roundsilverlid UnclassifiableArtifacts

Functionunknown

1988.0111.0112 Whiteceramiccruetset

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

345

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

1988.0111.0113 Whiteceramicjug

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Pitcher

1988.0111.0114 Metalknifewithbonehandle

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

1988.0111.0115 Metalknifewithbonehandle

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Knife

1988.0111.0116 Metalfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

1988.0111.0117 Metalfork Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Fork

1988.0111.0118 Metalteaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

1988.0111.0119 Metalteaspoon Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Teaspoon

1988.0111.0120 Silverdessertspoon

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

1988.0111.0121 Silverdessertspoon

Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Spoon,dessert

1988.0111.0122 Microscopescontainedinwoodencasewithlenses

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Opticalt&e Microscope

1988.0111.0123 Model1871NewSouthWalesAlexanderHenryrifleandapolishedwoodenmount

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Armament-firearm

Rifle

1988.0111.0123.001 AlexanderHenryrifle

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Armament-firearm

Rifle

1988.0111.0124 Bloodpressuremonitor

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Medical&psychological

Sphygmomanometer

1988.0111.0125 Glassbottlewithglassstopper

Tools&EquipmentforScience&Technology

Chemicalt&e Bottle,reagent

1988.0111.0126 Silvercandleholder

Furnishings Lightingdevice Candlestick

1988.0111.0127 Cruetset Tools&EquipmentforMaterials

Foodservicet&e Cruet

346

ObjectNumber

Name Category Classification ObjectTerm

1988.0111.0128 Warningnotice Tools&EquipmentforCommunication

Visualcommunicationt&e

Sign

AR00105.001 Anarticletitled'MemoriesofPeopleinSearchofaFuture'fromtheSydneyMorningHerald2001

CommunicationArtifacts

Documentaryartifact

Newspaper