Report of the Chief Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

STATE PLANT '- .s

BOARD OF

FLA. LIBRARY

Report of the Chief

of the

Bureau of Entomology

and Plant Quarantine

1949

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Agricultural Research Administration

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U. S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D. C. - Price 20 cents3S

. 1 2

LETTER OF TRtANS.IITTAL

NITDIKI SA'ES'I I;P.1ME'NTF'I' AGRICULTURE.

Wu'-hington, D_. '., Sept mbe' 15, 19.449.

.1/riuilturi'al IR( .esearch A dmi inistritoir.I)AR Du. CARIN I 11m)lit herewith a report of the work of the

Bureau of Entomology and P lanut Qiuaranutine for the fiscal yea' endedJun e 8(n. 19-01.

SiIcerely yours,P'. N. ANNx.1xo Chief.

II

CONTENTSPage

H eadlines for the year________________________- ___________________ 1Insects affecting man---------------------------------------------- 2

House flies develop resistance to DDT--------------------.------ 2Aerial applications of DDT kill mosquitoes and black flies---- _------ 3New chlorinated hydrocarbons as effective as DDT against flies and

mosquitoes------------------------------------------------- 3Fabrics protected against damage by insects- _ --- ___ -----------.- 3Insects affecting livestock------------------------------------------- 4

Toxicology of insecticides when applied to livestock----------- _ _ _ 4Safer insecticides replace DDT for use on dairy farms_ ..-------- 4Effect of insecticides on livestock studied- _-------------------- 5Storage of insecticides in fatty tissues of cattle------------- - _ _ 5

New insecticides tested against livestock pests---- _ _ __------------ 6Forest insects----------------------------------------------------- 7

Outbreaks of pine bark beetles in western forests being controlled. .. 7Bark beetles controlled through sanitation-salvage cuttings- ----.----- 7Mountain home owners of southern California combat bark beetles. 8Ips infestations affected by climate_____________________________ 8Aerial spraying controls spruce budworms-------------------------- 9Resistant strains of pines may solve weevil problem in California. _ _ _ 9Engelmann spruce beetle still active in Colorado- ____---------10Research on insects affecting forest products shows progress- ___ _----- 10New program of forest-pest surveys organized__ ____----------------11Gypsy moths------------------------------------------------- 11

Cooperative programs expedite control ------------------------- 11Cape Cod initiates its own spray program---------------- - _ _ 12Collection of attractant for survey traps increased- _-------------12Active constituent of gypsy moth attractant studied- _ ___-----13Preventing spread of gypsy moths through regulatory activities_. 13

Truck-crop and garden insects_____________________________________ 14Organic phosphorus compounds outstanding against greenhouse pests 14Parathion effective against green peach aphid on tobacco_ _-----------15Effect of insecticides on the yield and quality of tobacco tested- ------- 15New fumigant for cigarette beetle in stored tobacco_ _----------------16Control of aphids on potatoes improved --------------------------- 16DDT gives best residual action on pea aphid_ ___-------------------16New insecticides effective against aphids on cole crops---- ----------- 16Cost of controlling cabbage caterpillars reduced --------------------- 17Insecticides kill melonworms and pickleworms on cucumbers- --------- 17Remedy sought for serpentine leaf miner_ _- __----------------------17Soil insecticides for wireworms evaluated --------------------------- 17Onion thrips controlled with several new insecticides- _---------------18New insecticides kill insects affecting sugar-beet seed-- _-------------18Sweetpotatoes protected from weevil damage _ ------------------ 18

N em atodes infesting potatoes_______________________________________ 19Golden nematode not found outside of Long Island ------------------ 19Potato rot nematode limited to small area in Idaho ------------------ 20

Fruit and nut insects----------------------------------------------- 21Phony peach vectors incriminated_______________________________ - 21Tests of new insecticides against fruit and nut insects continued--------21

Apple insects-----------------------------------------------21Pear pslla------------------------------------------------22Insect pests of stone fruits__________________________________ - 23Pecan insects--------------------------------------------- 24Citrus pests----------------------------------------------- 24Pineapple m ealybug____________________________________ -25Grape insects--------------------------------------------- 25

III

CUNT LN1S

Fri it fl i lt ill "cftf5 ('no tinu d PacePIarathiont }promIising for control of >,caile in>ect- - 25lall scale eradiciton---------------------------------------- - i

St 'unlies on vectors of st one-fruit viruses begun--------------------- -27('linstock mealybutg at low eb>b-------------------------------- - 27,teps taken to combat oriental fruit. fly menace- -- _S _ 28

Sprays and parasites used against the citrus blackfly it, Mexico--- 28'Ireatmenits t4) kill fruit flies permit movement under quarantine... 29New laborat ory for study of European chafer- _------------------- - 20P'arasit4s of fruit. insects ex >orted-_______________________________ 30

Ja>utlse beet Vs -------------------------------------------------- 301))T reduces isolated beetle infestation-_______________________ _ 30

eComIBIei( l lel Til tret lilits iIIjure ftw plants_---------------_ 30Quarantine and control actilities-------------------------------- 31

('otton insc------------ ----- ---------------------------------- ---32Newt ini-ecticides effective against pests of cotton- ---- ---------------- 32

Boll weev.il-----------------------------------------------. 32S>liwormut- .------------------------------------------------ 33('ottoi apliid--------------------------------------------- 33Pink hollwvori---------------------------------------------- 33Sult-marsh caterpillar-------------------------------------- 33

Other cotton insects--------------------------------------- -34Progress made in hasic research on cot ton insects__------------_ _ 34F'inuk bollworm quarant ine activities__ -____________________________ 34

Results of inls>ection3--------------------------------------- . :34Control operation,----------------------------------------- :-35

Hegtlatory operation- - _________________ 37Cooperative work with M exico______________________________ 37

Cereal and forage insects------------------------------------------- -- 38(rass hojwcrs------------------------------------- -------- 38

Control programs in 1948 protected extensive crop and rangelands -------------------------------------------------- 38

1949 outbreaks fought with new baits applied by airplane- -------- 38('hlordane and toxaphene new weapons to combat hoppers----- _ 39

Mormon cricket damage slight on crops and range _ _ _ ---------- 39(linch bugs and cutworms require little control------------------ t40

Cotton bags made insect-proof---------------------------------- 40European corn horer continues to sread_------------------------- -41Parasites of European corn borer andt sweetclover weevil imported.. 41

Benzene hexachlorile and parat lio)n cont rol greenbugs _ _-----------42'Ioxaphene effective against meadows spit tlebug- _ _-----------------42New insecticides control soutliern corn rootwvorm in peanuts--___ -42

1hite-fringed beees .c43---------------------------------------------- -43Soil and foliage treatments with 1)1T subdue heetles- _ _-------------43Effect on plants of various I )'T formulations uisecd to control white-

fringed we(stles4-----------------------------------------------4chemical l studies of inlsecticies44------------------------------------ -4

New insecticides similar to pyrethrutm made synthetically_------_ 44chemical l met hods for part hion developed 45Insect icidal antide isolated from >rickly-ash _ _ 4,Diluent s for insect icide sought in agricult ural waste products-- ------- 45

Methods of disin fest ing aircraft improved _ _ _ _ 4 _------------- 4W"ork on mechanical devices for use in pest control coordinated-------- - _ -4t

I tnported beet les cont rol K limat h weed on west coast---------------------Honev bees and other p)ollinating insects-------------------------------

1.ack of pollination a serious threat to seed production------------- -Honey ca prod(Iigiou utlv active as clover pollinators.----------------- -

('rps compete for bees-- --------------------------- 4Wild pollinat ing insects reared in artificial nests---------------------4l1 Hybrid queens distributed for testing.-----------------------------------------------------41

New in'ecticidces kill only field tes- -- _---------- - -49liloney bees bred for resistance to Alwtrican foulbrood ------------------50Siulfathi azole for treating Anwtericat foulbrood in exlperimtental stage _ lIPlastic package-I ee cotntainers withstatnd shipping tests _---------------------1

IV

CONTENTS V

PageC ontrol of plant diseases_________________________________________ _ - 51

White pine blister rust----------------------------------------- 51Improved methods aid ribes removal------------------------- 51Tribes bushes removed from 1,679,000 acres --------------------- 52Rust spread in southern Applachians- _------------------------53Tribes sprayed with 2,4-D formulations by helicopter--- _---------53Survey shows rust losses in western pine stands ----------------- 53

Barberry eradication to control stem rust- _------------------------54New and uncommon races of rust found on barberry-- _----------54Stem rust light in 1948------------------------------------- 54Regulation of barberry planting stock strengthened-------------_ 55Chemicals aid removal of barberry bushes ---------------------- 56Barberry varieties tested for susceptibility to stem rust- --------- 56

D utch elm disease- __________________________________________ 56Inspection for peach diseases protects industry ---------------------- 57Resurvey fails to reveal citrus canker in Texas ---------------------- 57

Insect identification and classification important aids to control programs 58In-transit inspection ________________________________ ____________ 58Inspection service in District of Columbia ----------------------------- 58Foreign plant quarantine activities---------------------------------- 59

Carriers and products inspected_________________________________ 59Plants and pests intercepted ____________________________________ 61Treatment of imported plant material____________________________ 62Certification for export---------------------------------------- 62

O rganization of B ureau ___________________________________________ _ -63

Digitized by the Internet Archivein 2013

http://archive.org/details/reportofch49unit

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOL-OGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE, AGRICULTURALRESEARCH ADMINISTRATION, 1949

HEADLINES FOR THE YEAR

The Bureau's war against insect pests and plant diseases progressedduring the year. New insecticides and new methods of applying in-secticides were developed. Improvements in equipment, particularlyfor the utilization of aircraft in large-scale operations, greatly aidedcontrol programs. New treatments were authorized to expeditethe movement of plant products under quarantine regulations, andmore adequate protection against foreign pests was provided througha revision of regulations governing the importation of plant material.

Compounds similar to the insecticidal principle of pyrethrum flowerswere synthesized by Bureau chemists, and some of them were moretoxic to flies than pyrethrum. If the commercial production of anyof these compounds proves successful, it will give us, through chem-istry, a substitute for a plant material of wide importance in insectcontrol and for which we have been entirely dependent on foreignsources.

Two new insecticides, methoxychlor and lindane, were recommendedfor fly control in dairy barns and other buildings where milk ishandled, to meet the Food and Drug Administration's objection to theuse of DDT for this purpose.

Several new organic phosphorus compounds were found to be evenmore effective than tetraethyl pyrophosphate when used in aerosols tocombat aphids and mites in greenhouses.

New baits and new equipment for distributing them were used in1949 to combat the widespread grasshopper outbreaks in the MiddleWest and the West.

New methods and equipment for disinfesting aircraft were de-veloped and tested in planes operating out of Honolulu.

A method was devised for treating cotton bags to keep insects outof flour and other cereal products packed in them.

The regulations issued under the nursery stock, plants, and seedquarantine were revised to provide for the growing of certain plantsunder observation in post-entry quarantine long enough to determinetheir apparent freedom from pests not discernible by inspection.

Before an insecticide is recommended for use against any insect pest,its effect on the treated plants or animals and on the health of theconsumer, as well as the hazards of handling, should be determined.

1

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BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 3

chlordane, and gannuia benzene hexachloride all showed promise,although certain strains of flies highly resistant to DDT also showedsome resistance to these insecticides.

Aerial Applications of DDT Kill Mosquitoes and Black Flies

Aerial applications of DDT gave excellent control of mosquitoesand black flies. In Alaska several areas comprising up to 30.000 acreswere treated at the rate of 0.1 pound of DDT per acre. Both larvaeand adults of 1edes and Cdiseta mosquitoes were killed. Mosquitoesin Alaska are unusually strong fliers, however, and several sprayingsduring the season were necessary to give protection against thoseflying in from untreated areas. Black fly larvae in streams were alsokilled by this treatment. A single passage of a C-47 airplane spray-ing; an 800-foot swath across a stream gave complete control of theselarvae for a distance of 21/ miles below the place of application.

Experiments were continued with applications of DDT to mos-quito-breeding places before snowfall. In Oregon good control ofmosquitoes was obtained with 0.5 pound of DDT applied at this time.In Arctic areas treatments before snowfall and applications to thesnow killed larvae hatching in the spring, but results were erratic whendosages less than 0.25 to 0.5 pound per acre were used. In compara-tive tests more dependable control at lower dosages was obtained whenapplications were made after the eggs had hatched. However, repeatedapplications of DDT against adults over mosquito-breeding areas leftsufficient deposit to cause a marked reduction of larvae the followingseason.

Observations in Pennsylvania after aerial spraying with DDT forgypsy moth control showed that black flies were killed by the treat-ment.

New Chlorinated Hydrocarbons as Effective as DDT Against Fliesand Mosquitoes

Several new chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides have been testedin the laboratory to compare their effectiveness against mosquitoes andhouse flies with that of DDT. Heptachlor and a compound known as118 were about as effective as DDT against larvae of the commonmalaria mosquito and several species of Crle and Aedes, but lesseffective against adults of the yellow-fever mosquito. Another con-pound, known as 407, was two or three times as toxic as DDT to bothlarvae and adults of all these species. When tested against house flies,all three of these compounds were much more toxic than DDT whenemployed as space sprays, and one of them (497) also showed consid-erable residual effectiveness. Further work is under way with thesematerials.

FABRICS PROTECTED AGAINST DAMAGE BY INSECTS

DDT has been found to give excellent protection to woolen fabricsand certain other animal products, such as feathers and bristles, againstdamage by insects. Woolen cloth impregnated with as little as 0.25

860448-49 2

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BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE O

methoxychlor. Sprays containing gamma benzene hexachloride ap-plied at 25 and 50 milligrams per square foot also gave good controlfor 2 to 6 weeks. However, lindane is not recommended for use onmilk cows, and neither methoxychlor nor lindane should be appliedto forage that is to be fed to dairy cows or to animals being fattenedfor slaughter.

The Food and Drug Administration has stated that these new ma-terials would not be objectionable from a health standpoint if usedaccording to recommendations.

Recommendations for the use of DDT to control insects on otherlivestock, including beef cattle, have not been changed.

Effect of insecticides on livestock studied

The toxicity of various insecticides and insecticidal formulationswhen applied to livestock was also studied. These studies includedboth acute toxicity resulting from single treatments and the possiblechronic effects due to repeated applications for insect control.

Young calves were found to be much more susceptible to acutepoisoning than older cattle. However, little difference in suscept-ibility was noted between the young and old of swine, sheep, or goats.Single treatments with spray containing 1 percent of toxaphene orchlordane caused death or toxic symptoms in a small percentage ofcalves less than 6 weeks old. Benzene hexachloride at concentrationsof the gamma isomer as low as 0.05 percent also affected some calves.Cattle a year or older tolerated at least four times the concentrationsof these insecticides. Neither calves nor mature cattle showed toxicsymptoms when treated with DDT, methoxychlor, or TDE in wettable-powder sprays containing 8 percent of the insecticide.

To determine the effect on animals treated repeatedly with insecti-cides, several young steers and heifers 6 to 9 months old were sprayed,at intervals of 2 weeks, with emulsions containing 0.5 percent of toxa-phene or chlordane or sufficient technical benzene hexachloride to give0.025 percent of the gamma isomer. After 12 applications all thetreated animals showed gains in weight at least equal to those in un-treated check animals. These preliminary studies indicate that noneof these insecticides when used for insect control are likely to haveany adverse effect on the growth of cattle.

Storage of insecticides in fatty tissues of cattleSeveral experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which

insecticides are stored in the fatty tissue of cattle. In one experimenttwo groups of four Hereford cows were sprayed five times at 28-dayintervals with 0.5 percent of DDT, a wettable-powder spray beingused on one group and an emulsion on the other. Each of the cowswas suckling a calf, but only two of the calves in each group weresprayed. One month after the last spraying, all the animals wereslaughtered and samples of the fat were analyzed for DDT content.The fat from the cows treated with the emulsion spray showed anaverage of 15.2 parts per million, and from those receiving the wet-table-powder spray 14.6 parts per million. The fat from the treatedcalves averaged 52 parts per million, whereas that of untreated calvessuckling on treated cows showed 25 parts per million.

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Sprays made from finely ground derris were iore detective than thosefrom emulsifiable rotenone extracts.

FOREST INSECTS

Outbreaks of Pine Bark Beetles in Western Forests Being Controlled

The large-scale spray programs for the control of pine bark beetlesin Idaho, Wyoming, and South Dakota conducted in the spring of1948 were very effective, according to surveys made in the fall. How-ever, there was a sharp increase in infestations on certain untreatedareas. Control operations were again undertaken in the spring of1949.

On the Black Hills and Harney National Forests in South Dakotathe fall survey showed 16,000 ponderosa pine trees outside the treatedarea to be infested with Black Hills beetles. In TWyoming, whereabout 110,000 lodgepole pines in the Targhee-Teton area were treatedin 1948, the infestation of mountain pine beetles was reduced by about73 percent. By treating these trees in 1949 it is hoped that the out-breaks will be cleaned up, or at least. checked to the point where only asmall amount of maintenance work will be needed annually. Thesecontrol programs are being conducted by the Forest Service, the Na-tional Park Service, and State agencies, under the technical super-vision of this Bureau.

Surveys in Colorado in the fall of 1948 showed an extensive out-break of the Black Hills beetle involving 23,000 ponderosa pine treesin the Roosevelt National Forest and a smaller outbreak in 4,300 treesin the Denver Mountain Parks area.

Lodgepole pine stands in the Thompson River drainage of Montanawere found to be seriously infested with the mountain pine beetleearly in 1949. About 20,000 trees in an area of 35.000 acres were in-volved. Control operations were begun in June, private landownerspaying their share of the costs.

Another large outbreak of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepolepine on the Ashley and Wasatch National Forests in Utah was foundto have increased from about 37,500 infested trees in 1937 to more than112,000 in 1948. Since timber values are relatively low in these for-ests, control is considered impractical.

Bark Beetles Controlled Through Sanitation-Salv age Cuttings

Ten years' testing of sanitation-salvage cuttings on the Black Moui-tain Experimental Forest have given results in bark beetle control thathave far exceeded expectations. These cuttings remove from the for-est all trees that are of poor health, and thus deprive the beetles oftrees in which to breed up populations of epidemic proportions.Through the cutting of 16 percent of the merchantable green-standvolume in trees of inmnediate risk to beetle attack, pine mortality hasbeen reduced by 71 percent on 148 acres treated 10 years ago and bymore than 87 percent on other areas treated from 6 to 9 years ago_This reduction represents a saving in pine volume of about 476 board-feet per acre over the period of the cutting.

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BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

season, and air temperatures were above normal early in the season.In contrast, the 1948 season, when I1ps beetles were subsiding, wascharacterized by precipitation above normal during the spring months,soil moisture above normal, and temperatures well below normal forthe entire season. The low temperatures in 1948 retarded Ips develop-ment so that only two and one-half generations were produced as com-pared with three and one-half generations in 1947.

The importance of precipitation and soil moisture was further shownby a review of recorded Ips outbreaks during the last 25 years. Mostof these epidemics occurred in years when the precipitation showed acumulative monthly deficiency from January to June.

The information that has been acquired through these investiga-tions is of value in applying preventive measures, such as timing ofcuttings and treatment of slash, to avoid serious losses from Ips in-festations in reserve stands.

Aerial Spraying Controls Spruce Budworms

The outbreak of the spruce budworm that has been building up inOregon and Washington continued to develop in 1948. About 1,000,-000 acres were known to be infested in 1947, chiefly in the Blue Moun-tains in the northeastern part of Oregon. In 1948 new centers of in-festation were found east of Mount Hood and near Eugene, bringingthe total to nearly 1,500,000 acres.

The infestations in the central and southern Rocky Mountain re-gions declined, except in northern New Mexico. Several areas ofsevere defoliation were reported in the northern Rocky Mountainregion, but it has not been possible to determine how extensive theyare.

For the second year the budworm populations in northern New Yorkdeclined noticeably. Birds played a conspicuous part in destroyingthe larvae. There was little change in Vermont and New Hampshire,but a marked increase in Maine. In the northern part of AroostookCounty half the new balsam fir foliage in some stands was eaten in1948, which indicated the danger of outbreak proportions in 1949.

An encouraging development was the highly successful control of thebudworm in an aerial spraying experiment conducted in Oregon withthe cooperation of the Oregon State Board of Forestry and the UnitedStates Forest Service. Test plots totaling 4,200 acres were sprayedduring the last 10 days of the larval feeding period in July 1948. Thespray was applied with an airplane and a helicopter at the rate of 1pound of DDT in 1 gallon of fuel oil per acre and gave between 95and 100 percent control. On the basis of these results, these agenciesand timberland owners are cooperating with this Bureau in a controlprogram aimed at spraying about 200,000 acres of the most valuableDouglas-fir and true--fir stands in 1949.

Resistant Strains of Pines May Solve Weevil Problem in California

Planting to 'restock areas that were originally forested but weretaken over by a heavy cover of brush after logging and fires has en-countered soIe striking failures. In northern California, where

9

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hours with methyl bromide at the rate of 3 to 4 pounds per 1,000cubic feet, and coilplete kill of these beetles was obtained.

Earlier indications that toxic sprays would give practical control ofambrosia beetles in green logs and lumber were substantiated in ap-plications made under operating conditions in the woods and inthe lumberyard. Hydraulic sprayers and fogging machines wereused. Benzene hexachloride at 0.4--0.8 percent of the gamma isomerin fuel oil had given nearly complete protection to fresh-cut logs for2 to 4 months in tests still under way at the end of the year. Lumberwas protected with a gamma-isomer concentration of only 0.1-0.2percent.

New Program of Forest-Pest Surveys Organized

Much time and effort have been devoted to organizing and planninga broad program of annual forest-pest surveys as authorized by theForest Pest Control Act of 1947. The purpose of these surveys isto detect outbreaks before they become widespread and cause seriousdamage. It should then be possible to apply control measures at areasonable cost and prevent the tremendous losses that have been fartoo common in past years. Funds for implementing this programhave been provided for the fiscal year 1950.

Gypsy Moths

Cooperative programs expedite controlThe gypsy moth, a serious pest of forest and shade trees in the north-

eastern part of the country for the last 60 years, can now be controlledwith a single application of DDT. Such control has been made pos-sible by developing new methods of treatment utilizing new types ofequipment and accomplished through organized cooperative programs.In addition t.o spray operations these programs include extensive sur-veys to determine the need for and the results of spraying. Not onlyhave Federal and State agencies taken part in this program, but localcommunities, private agencies, and individuals have also participated.

Airplanes are used to spray DDT over large forest areas, and mistblowers operated from the ground for treating trees in residentialareas and along highways. Oil solutions of DDT are applied at therate of 1 gallon per acre. One application of a 12-percent solutionwhen the eggs are hatching is usually effective for an entire season.For any later spraying a 6-percent solution is used. The cost of allaerial spraying in 1949 was less than $1 per acre, and of spraying withmist blowers about 60 cents per acre.

The last untreated portion of the infested Scranton-Wilkes-Barrearea in Pennsylvania, comprising about 135,000 acres, was sprayedby aircraft in 1948, and no more moths had been found there up tothe end of June 1949. In the spring of 1949 most. of the spraying inthis area was done with mist blowers and knapsack pumps. However,more than 30,000 acres in the Quakertown section, about 60 miles south-east of Wilkes-Barre, where an isolated infestation was discoveredby survey in the fall of 1948, were sprayed by aircraft.

860448-49 3

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of more than 1 million moths were obtained. Because of these recordsit was possible (1) to double the allotment (to 200,000 charges) ofattractant material for research purposes, (2) to allot 17,000 chargesfor surveying more than 7 million acres during the summer of 1949,(3) to stock-pile attractant for future use, and (4) to discontinue col-lections of pupae for 1 year since a new chemical treatment keeps thematerial potent for several years.

An innovation of the season was the testing in New England ofsuch attractant from gypsy moths obtained by the Bureau from NorthAfrica. This material proved satisfactory, and assures the availabil-ity of attractant should the rapidly increasing use of DDT in NewEngland prevent large collections of pupae in the near future.

Active constituent of gypsy moth attractant studied

Progress has been made in the investigation of the chemical natureof gyptol, the active constituent of the gypsy moth attractant. Bypreparing a p-phenylazobenzoy1 ester from the neutral portion of thebenzene extractive of the female terminal segments and subjecting itto chromatographic separation on a magnesium carbonate column, afraction can be obtained which contains all the gyptol. Testing ofthe attractiveness of the various fractions has been greatly expeditedby the development of a laboratory technique for rearing male gypsymoths eggs collected in the fall and kept in cold storage. Products ob-tained in chemical studies can now be tested during the winter, whereasit formerly was necessary to hold all materials for field tests during thefollowing summer.

Preventing spread of gypsy moths through regulatory activitiesSubstitution of annual nuirsery-wide DDT spraying for individual

plant inspection or treatment was approved on April 15, 1949, as abasis for certification of plants under gypsy moth-quarantine regula-tions. All nursery plantings for which certification is desired aresprayed. Nursery surroundings are also included when necessary topreveent reinfestation of the premises. The spray is applied at therate of 2 pounds of DDT per acre. Mlist blowers delivering 2 gallonsof DDT concentrate per acre or hydraulic sprayers applying the sameamount of DDT in 600 gallons of solution have been used successfullyin these operations. Spraying between the time of the spring egghatch and pupation of the caterpillars qualifies the nursery stock forcertification from the following July 1 until the next year's egg hatch,when spraying must be repeated. In June 1949 four large establish-ments sprayed in this manner 200 acres of nursery areas.

Adjustments have been made in a number of fumigation methodsand procedures. Revised instructions, issued September 28, 1948, pre-scribe a slight increase in methyl bromide dosage for fumigation ofChristmas trees, evergreen boughs, lumber, cordwood, quarry products,scrap iron, sawdust, shavings, wood chips, excelsior, and excelsiorwaste. Fumigation of such articles in boxcars is now restricted to carsof all-steel construction. Tighter sealing of all cracks through whichthe gas might escape is also required. Provision for the introductionof methyl bromide gas through a 1/2 -inch T-nozzle propped against the

13

14 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1949

('eiling to direct the gas towardl each end of the car has eliminated theneed for fans to circulate the fumnigant.

Amiong the large-scale inspection acconlplishments in 1949 were thecertification of 1 3 >.(00,QO0 hourd-feet of lumbiiier, 229.000 los and poles,125.000 h) cords (of pulpwood and fuel wvood. 182.00(0 bales of excelsior,alnl 9:03.( )00 units of other forest prodlucts. In a(dit ion. 2.420,000plants. 41 (.000 Chiri.-tinas trees. 5GS.000( tons alndi 424.000 pieces ofgranite, Iarl1e, and stone wee inspected or treated prior to 1heing certi-fiedl for noveuent from the area infested by gypsy moth. Certificationof this matctrial reu(llired 21,450 calls by 24 district inspectors. Esti-nate(d valuation of certified l)odlcts is $646O,000.

Inci(lental to the routine examination for gypsy moths. inspectorsscouted for IIyllobius intr,,xw Kono, an introduced weevil known toattack arborvitae in several New England nurseries, and for any pos-sibly escaped infestations of the Europ>ean chafer, now established insouthern Wayne County, N. Y.

TRUCK-CROP AND GARDEN INSECTS

Organic Phosphorus Compounds Outstanlinig AgainstGreenhouse Pests

Aerosols containing commercial tetraethyl pyropho( 5plhate or hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate w-ith methyl chloride as the propellent gas havecontinued to give spectacular control of aphids, thlriIps, whiteflies, andred spider mites in greenhouses. Commercial growers have been usingthese aerosols (luring the past year with striking increases in produc-tion, particularly during the summer months. In one house alone theproduction of roses during the month of August increase(d from h.K0to 129.000 blossoms. Increase in stem length of roses was also notable.

Reducing the particle size of hexaethyl tetraphosphate aerosols toless than 20 microns in diameter made them more effective, even thoughthis reduction was accolplishe( by (lecreasing the 1rength of the aero-sol from 10 percent to 1 percent. It was found that only the particlesless than 20 microns in diameter remain in the air more than 4 minutesand that the larger part isles appear to 1bc chiefly responsible for plantinjulry and have little effect on the insects.

P arathlion aerosols have been found eSp ecially effective against cer-iain leaf tiers, mealyu1 ngs. and races that are dillicult to control.1hy are now supfle1ph(inet ing aerosols conta iningl hexaethvl t(etr.phos-

phlate for this )ulro)s('. Unit il iiiore is known about the st abilit v of

paratlhio 1n rei(u11es, tlhiese aerosols sIh ou ld not 1)e used on vegt'tablecr(ops after the edible parts have formed.

Sc vera n1ew pi s1 )h)lofi s c'c 11onOdilaS eil chemicallv" to parathionan(d let Tmaet hiyl propho1 sph iat(e are also higll v toxic to various green-hioie post. In uimni pa rati ve tests octametyliv p.vrophophora muide wasfound11(1 to hc' the miiost r(effet ive a- against a resi tant stai in of the two-spottt'(l p.hidcer mite, followed in order hy" t traethyl bithiiopyrophos-phiate, telaetyliv pvrophoSphat e. and parathion. IDiethyl p-nitro-JI~ ly"1 din 1 1t (1' ill t rac't h "I 1 Iclalt l1i O )v'o1 llOs11at1 ( have i lsoholen ft1oulnl hil toxic' to mnit es and aphids. ()'ctamnet hl pvrophs-p)hormicltle w-as found to :ict as a system ic poison that is, when applied


to the soil it was taken up by the plants and killed aphids and mitesfeeding on them.

Parathion Effective Against Green Peach Aphid on Tobarc

The green peach aphid continues to cause grave concern to tobaccogrowers. Light but widespread infestations were reported from Northand South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in April 1949. In NorthCarolina they remained light to moderate, but in the other three Statesby the last of June the pests had built up to the highest populationssince 1946, when they first appeared on tobacco. Infestations werereported from Maryland, Virginia, and Tennessee in May, and fromConnecticut in June.

In experiments during the past year progress was made towardfinding a suitable method of control on shade-grown tobacco in Flor-ida. Encouraging results were obtained with dusts containing 1 per-cent of parathion. No injury to the plants was evident. A dust con-taining 1 percent of the essentially pure gamma benzene hexachloridewas fairly effective against light infestations, although less so thanparathion, but technical benzene hexachloride was found to injurethe tobacco plants. Promising results were also obtained with sprayscontaining 1 pint of 10-percent tetraethyl pyrophosphate in 100 gal-10ns of water. The addition of a 10-percent DDT dust to the para-thion provided protection against associated infestations of horn-worms, budworms, and garden fleahoppers in one treatment.

In Florida the destruction of the favorite host plants, such as col-lards and several species of weeds, in and around fields where shadetobacco was grown aided materially in controlling the aphids.

Effect of Insecticides on the Yield and Quality of Tobacco Tested

The effect of mixing DDT, benzene hexachloride, and toxaphene inthe soil on the yield and quality of tobacco grown therein was studiedat Florence, S. C., in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry,Soils, and Agricultural Engineering and the South Carolina Agricul-tural Experiment Station. DDT in dosages up to 40 pounds per acrehad no adverse effect on the tobacco; an excessive dosage of 100 poundsper acre tended to impart a slightly abnormal sweet taste to the curedproduct but did not affect the yield. Technical benzene hexachloridein dosages as low as 2 pounds of the gamma isomer per acre gave anoff-taste, and excessive dosages ranging from 6 to 10 pounds of gammaper acre reduced the yield slightly as well as the quality. Toxapheneat 20 pounds per acre slightly retarded the growth of tobacco plantsand reduced the yield.

The effect of foliage applications of various insecticides on the tasteand aroma of the tobacco was studied in cooperation with the tobaccoindustry. The tests were made by tobacco experts, or specialists injudging various aspects of tobacco quality. The insecticides usedwere DDT, benzene hexachloride, toxaphene, parathion, and tetraethylpyrophosphate. Technical benzene hexachloride was the only mate-rial that showed any consistent evidence of deleterious effect on the

: A.\ N LAL HEFPU1:TS O1 DLPAI1EMlN T1' (OF A(,1IL ULI t- HE". 1 9 49

aroma or taste of tobacco. These Stu(ies should he continued on tobaccogrown in (liffterelt environments.

Tim resu1ilt 'f htll in1vtbSt i,..rt (ion ine"liente that, witll thatwth e except inof t hie off'-t asti t Caus11e( by all (osa ges of benZene lexachloride, theseiisectic'itde will no(t IIlnjIe tle t Obac'(( wh ien used uldler )ractical field

condclitions. Whether they will ever accumiiiulate in imjurmius quantitiesin the soil as the result of normal insecticide applications to tobaccofoliage is unknoWn at )resent.

New Fumigant for Cigarette Beetle in Storcd Tobacco

A new fuiganiiauit containing elual parts of acrvlinitrile and carbontetracllorlile hals gi veln bett er U control of the ci garette h beetle in closedtola1ceo st oranges llde r comIiimerciwal fui ii ga t in11 (n11(1it ioIs t h11an thehydrogen cyanide now conuiinoinl\ employed by the industry. At (los-ages of 2 to ', pounl per 1.10(10 cub1 iC feet. this new material killedcigarette beetles to a great ter (lepth in tle tol)acco containers than didthe hydrogen cyanide. It was successfully used in cigarette, Turkish,anid various types of (iglar' to1'eens without injuriioIs effet .

Control of Aphids on Potatoes Imp1rove(d

Experiments were conducted iin Maine to determinee the most eco-noniicial form of )I)T ilsecticides for the control of aphids on pota-toes. Dusts andl sllspenlsliins prot ect ed the crops longer than emul-

sion, 11(1 dusts i1111regini ated2(1 withI oil w(2reA' m(e1( effective than dustsin which the oil ha(1 1bkeen mii ixe(l withe 1)1)T by le(lall ical means.Redutt ion in the spru'ead of lea fro]l disease follow ing D)1T spray treat-ments for the colt rol of ah)li ids was lemonst rated for the first time.

Toxap)hec sprl)ay illjured the foliage of Katahidin potatoes and did notgive ait isfactorv co1t rol of aphliids.

In1 the Yakim1ia Valley of Wash int on tet raetlhyl pyrophos hate wasshIown to 1be eflffct ive a against aphids on potatoes when it was appliedas a (lust by airplane. This was found to be one of the best methodsof killing t hiese auhids after the plants had become large enough tonteet bet W('(11 le roWS.

DDT Give's Best Residiual Action on Pea Aphid

In experimentS in Wisconsin. Washington, and Oreron. DI)T4 dustsgave as good imlimedhiate cont 'ol of the pea aphidl as tTaose con1tainine

parat hion, r(at1e1n11e, O(r telm rael thl 1)'rph aosp hat(e. .d11(1 111 residullaliaction were far superior to the ot her materials. 1h residual action

of )aralthion (lid not ext (nd bieyoini aipproximiiately 11 days. Becauseof tle residulle on1 pn vi ins, however, I)1)T1 shI u (l d n1t h be ui sed I whenthe vines are to b1e fed to milk cows or' animals being finished forslaughter.

Newl- Insec'ticides iff;ective AgainiIst Aphids on (uule Crops

ThIl(' 1uI11ni1) phid was C(lot rolled w ith parat hlioln (ullst at st rengthsas low as 0.25 pe'rccnt and the can)hiage 11hid at t ..1 to 1 percent, in

1t ;


experiments in the South and in California. Tetraethyl pyrophos-phate was also effective against the cabbage aphid, and dusts werebetter than sprays. Dusts containing this insecticide were found to besuperior to the formerly recommended nicotine, and since they are alsocheaper they are now being widely used by growers. A 1-percentgamma benzene hexachloride dust prepared from the essentially puregamma isomer was superior to a dust of the same gamma-isomer con-tent prepared from technical benzene hexachloride against associatedinfestations of the turnip aphid and cabbage caterpillars.

Cost of Controlling Cabbage Caterpillars Reduced

DDT dusts have continued to give good control of the several speciesof caterpillars occurring on cabbage before the heads begin to form.In commercial practice this material has almost completely replacedthe rotenone, arsenic, and fluorine insecticides formerly used, at alower cost. A dust containing 1 percent of DDT plus 2 percent of amethylated naphthalene was found to be as effective as a 3-percentDDT dust, and also cheaper.

Insecticides Kill Melonworms and Pickleworms on Cucumbers

Gamma benzene hexachloride and parathion dusts containing 1 per-cent of the active ingredient gave satisfactory control of the melon-worm and the pickleworm on cucumbers without causing appreciableinjury to the plants. Technical benzene hexachloride, chlordane, andDDT injured cucumber plants in tests near Charleston, S. C. For useduring the picking season dusts containing 20 percent of sabadilla, 40percent of ryania, or 0.3 percent of pyrethlrins were more effective than1-percent rotenone dust against the pickleworm.

Remedy Sought for Serpentine Leaf Miner

Outbreaks of the serpentine leaf miner on tomatoes, melons, andcertain other truck crops in the Southwest and also in Florida havemade it necessary to search for a means of controlling this insect. InCalifornia toxaphene and chlordane were effective either in dusts or inconcentrated sprays. These insecticides also controlled the tomatofruitworm. In Arizona sweetened sprays containing chlordane ortoxaphene were very toxic to adults of this leaf miner, but they alsogreatly reduced the number of its parasites. Some evidence has beenobtained that these baited sprays also kill the leaf miner larvae withinthe leaves.

Soil Insecticides for Wireworms Evaluated

Recomrmendations on the use of ethylene libromide as a soil fumi-gant for the control of wireworms in irrigated lands were issued duringthe year.

Tests with soil insecticides showed that DDT, chlordane, and toxa-phene will materially reduce wireworm populations. DDT actedmore slowly than the other materials, but experiments thus far indi-

17

j AN N (.1L lH.PUhIS UI UU ELI MLN 11 ut A1- tLic ULLI Lil, 1 1 ll

cate that a single apphcation will keep wireworms in irrigate(1 landsat a low level for 4 or 5 years. Experiments to determine the effect ofaccuIiulat ions in the soil on crop piouction are still inlComIpete, butin(1icat ions1 are that neith ier clilor(IaIe Inor toxa plhene will be dissipated

o1I'e (liCklV than I)I)T.

O union Thrips (onitroIlled' With M'*everal \ewv Insecticides

Ihat DI)I'. ch lordane, and t( xaploene will contrUol the on ion thripson bulb onions or oniions grown for seed, if applied at fairly highlosages, has been shown by extensive field-plot ex)erinlclts in ('ali-

fornia and Ida}ho. te(-perEnlusts wer re I e effect lye than 5-per-cent, and emul'-ions were bet ter than wettal)le-p)owd(er sprays of thesame strength. All these insecticides appea red to be about equal ineffectiveness. although there re e soIlie uidiratioiols that chlordanemay be slightly better than the other two. ()11 blbl Onions three ap-plications are required at 2-week intervals begiinillug wh1en the plantsare 10 inches high.

Parathiioni gave promisinlr results when applied as 1- or 2-percentdusts. but it ha( less resilual act ion than the other materials. Ifresidues (o not persist, it may be particularly useful in combatingthrips on spring onions, which are harvested conparati vely soon afterthe treatment.

New Inlsectici(les Kill Insects Affecting Sugar-Beet Seed

During the past year 5-percent 1)1 )T dust has been ado1)ted as aStan(lard insecticide for the control of plant busT on sugar beets grownfor seed. In further experiments oUn insects affect in r suirar-beet seed,dusts containing 2 percent of aina )enzene hexachloride or para-tion were found to be effective against the Say stinlk buiir. and a DI)Temulsion was found to reduce the percentage of plants atlected bycurly top disease carried by the beet leafhol) )er. IIwever, accordingto information thus far available, the I)DT emulsions must )e appliedso frequently that the cost of the treatmnuciut is too high to be of p'acti-cal value.

Sweetputatoes Irotectel from We ('evil Damage

Su oppression of the destrulciv e sweetPu( t ato weevil is vital to theS11ccPSs of the illlportallt anl1 Exp:1 11lill SWveet:110at( Illllstrv lln the

Southern Sta:tes. ( )ver a weriod of( years qua ralit ine. survey. and1 con-tr I0 110ea1 lIr ilr(' )ee(11 a I1)l 1ed cO(Opera t ie1 1 ( Fe'leral allt i Mate:.lTe'll( eS 111 culllllleicilal ) Ir)(llIct 1U l ale'l'1 Ill \ )1 :1111. (iePor1 la,

LouiSiania I, MIi-sissilppi. SoNulth (':lralina. Texas, andi no'tliweste'IFlorida. Since 1: a lotatl of :7 count iw. inrludlinui s,:000 faurmius andstora g Inle('s. ihae tluuis 1eenl (1ea1reil of w'eevils. In the nled1ar year

191lt wv'Eevils were era(Iicate(1 from 1t infested famI, and plantt iinVe'C t ni 1i lls 011 t 11ll W fEfe w1it l a il.

Outside of Lu1i'ii:111 :1ill a limit 1ii :a1 lil lX1as ol11 a vry a111:1prop ort luil(l of ari l f i I t1) ( )illlllier'lial sweet t a lto ilst lets a i'e noW


known to have weevils. At the end of May 1949 there were only 500 *known infested properties in these five States. In Louisiana there arestill numerous infestations, largely in those districts into which thesuppression program has recently expanded. A highly developedrealization of weevil damage among farm, industrial, and businesscircles now promises to result in effective reduction of the pest in thiskey State.

NEMATODES INFESTING POTATOES

Golden Nematode Not Found Outside of Long Island

Extensive surveys conducted in the principal potato-productionareas of 22 eastern, midwestern, and southern States with the co-operation of State pest-control officials failed to reveal the presenceof the golden nematode outside the known center of infestation onLong Island, N. Y. Soil samples collected outside of Long Island inpotato fields and at graders or other sites where Irish potatoes are con-centrated numbered 29,224. representative of 232.910 acres. On LongIsland intensive field surveys which involved the collection of 51,674soil samples from 37,545 acres resulted in the finding of infestations on1,681 additional acres. At the end of June 1949 infestations wereknown to occur on 8,168 acres. Of this total, 7.557 acres are locatedin Nassau County within and near the village of Hicksville. The re-maining 611 acres comprise 14 scattered properties in westerly Suf-folk County.

Over 3,300 acres of known infested lands were withheld from potatoand tomato production during the crop year under the Federal-Statecompensation program. Federal funds for compensating owners whoalso complied with specified sanitation conditions were authorized inthe Golden Nematode Act passed by the Eightieth Congress. Federalpayments were limited to farmer owned and operated lands compris-ing 2.418 acres. An equal share of compensation was paid by theState of New York. which also assumed responsibility for compensa-tion on 921 acres of rented lands.

By June 30, 1949, over 2.500 acres of known infested lands in NassauCounty had been removed from cultivation and diverted into real-estate and industrial developments. Such action resulted in the move-ment of over 300,000 cubic yards of infested topsoil. valued at anestimated $1.000,000. The Bureau assisted New York State in super-vising this movement, as well as in enforcing the State's quarantineregulations on the movement of culinary potatoes, root crops, andfarm machinery.

The Bureau cooperated with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils,and Agricultural Engineering, and with the New York State Collegeof Agriculture and Department of Agriculture and Markets in thedevelopment of approved methods for treating potato tubers, usedcontainers, or topsoil and in the conduct of experiments relating toeffective control chemicals and methods of application. In order toconform with quarantine requirements and prescribed methods of

860448-49----4

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FRUIT AND NUT INSECTS

Phony Peach Vectors Incriminated

Climaxing 12 years' experimentation, definite evidence was ob-tained in 1948 that certain leafhoppers transmit the phony peach dis-ease. This virus disease has caused the loss of more than one millionpeach trees since 1929. Inspection of peach trees exposed to infectionin insect-transmission tests begun in 1945 and 1946 resulted in thefinding of 14 definite and 10 probable cases of phony peach. Fourspecies of leafhoppers-Homalodisca tr iquetra (F.), Graphoce phalaversuta (Say) , Oncometopia undata (F.) , and Cuerna costalis (F.) -were definitely incriminated as capable of transmitting phony peach.All four of these leafhoppers are general feeders, and the first threeare known to be associated with peach trees at certain seasons. C.costalis, although not commonly found on peach trees, has survivedfor a month or more when confined on peach. It is possible that otherspecies, particularly members of the Tettigellinae, the group to whichall the incriminated leafhoppers belong, may also spread the disease.Several other species of this group are of common occurrence in thearea in which phony disease spreads rapidly. This work has been donein cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agri-cultural Engineering.

Discovery of insect vectors of phony peach disease opens up a newavenue of approach in the development of methods of restrictingor preventing its spread. A large-scale experiment aimed at controlof the vectors has already been undertaken in Georgia, where DDT hasbeen applied to more than 90,000 peach trees. Because of the longincubation period of the virus causing the phony disease, at least twogrowing seasons, the results will not be measurable until 1951. '1hislarge-scale experiment supplements a number of large block testswith DDT that were started in 1947, when the identity of the vectorswas already suspected.

Tests of New Insecticides Against Fruit and Nut Insects Continued

The practical development of promising new insecticides and thepreliminary evaluation of other newly available materials constituteda major portion of the work on pests of fruits and nuts. The moreimportant results of this work are reported in the following para-graphs, except those with parathion for scale-insect control, which arepresented in a separate section. These results should not be consideredas recommendations for the general use of these materials.Apple insects

In codling moth control DDT continued to give outstanding resultsand was superior to all other materials tested. From 1 to 2 pounds ofa 50-percent wettable powder in 100 gallons was used in three to sixcover sprays, depending on the region. In Indiana a 25-percent para-thion wettable powder was about as effective, pound for pound. as50-percent DDT when the spray interval did not exceed 1 month. Fiveapplications of a spray containing 10 ounces of such a powder in 100

21

22 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1 9 49

alllons gave comminerial control in New York, but 5 ounces in 100

gal lons, the amount effective against certain inlites. I id not u 1it rol thecoal i nlg Imoth 1 inl the Pacific N oit lwest. I n1 Wes-t Vi rgri1i i a TI )E andryania shoWcd promise against light (*ndlilig imioth iifestat ion-, but inIndiana TIDE was less elective than I)I)T. In New York D1DT wasImlol'e effect ive against the coding moth when applied Wit1 the conven-tionlal hydralic sprayer than when applied as a coIcelt rated spraywit h1 a ilst blower.

Outstanding control of orchard mites was obtained with parathionwhieni ulSedI at 4 ounces or more of 3-percent wettabile 1owdler per 100gallonls in all regular spray applications or at 8 ounces in tawo or moreapplications in Inllduiana. at 5) ounces per 1011) gallons iIn two or threeapplications in the pacific Northwvest. and at 16 ounCes in one or twoappllication1S m11 H est Vi rgi inia. ( )t l ma'1' iiiaterials showin some promiseil miite control included toxaphene. 1.1-his(p-chlorop henyl )ethanol(DM1C), 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloroanisole, and a nixel alkyl sulfite. Thedinitrocap rvlphedvl ester of crotonic acid(1. 2-laur"ivllercalpto-2-thia-zoliine, and bis(p-chlorophenoxy)methane also showed promise, but in

omne instances caused injury to the fruit or foliage.The red-banded leaf roller was controlled effect ively in Indiana and

W est Virginia with TDE at 1 quart of a 25-percent liqui(1 concentrateor 2 pounds of a 50-percent wettable power in 101 gallons of spray,and with parathion at 1 pound of a 25-percent wettable )owdcler. InWest Virginia liquid( ID E was outstanding, apparently because of itsability to penetrate the webs and reach the larvae. In In(liana 1 )ollndof 25-percent parathion per 100 gallons gave far more rapid andgreater reductions in numbers of larvae than 4 pounds of lead arszenateor 1 (uart of 25-percent TDE luringa the week a fter a1)1)1 ication. hutit the end of 4 weeks these materials were equally effective. Iara-

thion at less than 2 pounds of the 25-percent material per I U1) gallonsbegan to lose effectiveness 3 to 4 weeks after the last spraY. Toxaphenein a full-season schedule also kept the leaf roller under cunt rol in WestVi rin1ia.

A.rninst the woolly apple aphid in Washington, taoxaphiene at 1 pintof 5l-prc('rent water-isr ib le 11(luld consent rate per 110 gallons w-asextremely effect ive when used in two applications, as was also para-t hion at either 2I or 5 onc onc f 2>-perenEit wettal de >owder per 100gallons. Iwo eali -season alpliicat ions of 1 pound of technical ben-ze(le hiexachloride (I 1 pe'Ce'nt gnltitlian) per 10l gallons also gave goodcontrolol of this aphid, but tlie ctnt 1"ol (lid not hold up to the end of the

I';t rathiion caused serious injury in M\LIntosh and related applevaric't ies ill New York. esic'ially early i11 t lhi' Se'son, nand severely rus-seted I le fr i'.1t of t le .Joiont haln 11(d iolcl'n D1 eliciouis varieties When"u5s( wit It or following t lie fungicide ferric diite't 11v" slit hicnrhiantiate.ii Il lIliat .

Pear psyllaIni bo th tlie >tates of N'e( York anitd Washinigtoin Slinnr'1 al)plica.-

lu li- of 1 t llli ol, 1 It'li ie. ;I:1l1 Ud 1 nl telul ( 1llW i1'oot) pI IS (1 )I Wtel'CUa ill siOl )a1'i l' 0( 1ti10)t ilEl' Silll-:I &' ;tub oftIt('' 11:ttt1 "t Is for 1I f';l' j)Sylla


control, largely because of their greater residual effectiveness. After

a hot, dry period in New York, a leaf scorch developed on Bosc andto a lesser extent on Bartlett pear trees sprayed with parathion.

Insect pests of stone fruitsIn orchard tests against the plum curculio in Georgia, parathion

and benzene hexachloride were superior to toxaphene or lead arsenateill preventing premature dropping of fruit and in holding the infesta-tion in drops to a low level. Benzene hexachloride, parathion, andtoxaphene, as used in regular schedules, caused no injury to peachesand did not affect the flavor of the fresh fruit. Both hexaethyl tetra-phosphate and technical tetraethyl pyrophosphate, 1-800, injuredpeach foliage in Georgia, and the latter also injured fruit. Residueanalyses indicate that about half the parathion deposited on peachesby spraying in Georgia is lost within 11 days after application andnearly all is lost within 4 weeks after spraying is discontinued.

In Indiana an infestation of the peach-tree borer was reduced to avery low level with as little as 4 pounds of a 6-percent gamma benzenehexachloride wettable powder per 100 gallons applied to the base andthe trunk of peach trees early in October. A 10-pound dosao'e wasalso highly effective. This insecticide, as used, was more effectivethan either 2 or 5 pounds of a 25-percent parathion wettable powderper 100 gallons.

In Maryland a preliminary field test was made to determine theeffect of the relatively pure isomers of benzene hexachloride. alone andin combination, on the odor and flavor of fresh, canned, anid frozenpeaches. No off-odors that could be attributed to any of these isomerswere obtained, but the delta isomer showed the greatest tendency tocause off-flavor, followed by the beta isomer.

Good control of the oriental fruit moth with DDT was obtained intests in New York, New Jersey, and Ohio. However, schedules thatwill give good control of moderate to heavy infestations are likelyto leave excessive residues at harvest. The most effective scheduletried in New York included two applications of 2 pounds of 50-percentDDT per 100 gallons against the second brood and one application of1 pound against the third brood. In Ohio best control was obtainedwith two applications of 2 pounds of 50-percent DDT per 100 gallons,the first application 8 weeks and the second 3 or 4 weeks before harvest.These schedules in New York and Ohio left residues in excess of7 parts per million. In New Jersey, under conditions of heavy in-festation, 2 pounds of 50-percent DDT per 100 gallons reduced injuryto peaches by 17 to 100 percent, depending on the number and timeof the applications. One or two applications of such a spray 3 weeksor more before harvest reduced fruit injury by about 50 to 60 percent,and harvest residues were below 7 parts per million. When morethan two applications were made, however, with the last about 21 claysbefore harvest, or applications were closer than 21 days to harvest,control was better but harvest residues were generally above 7 partsper million.

Parathion was extremely promising for oriental fruit moth controlin New York, New Jersey, and Ohio. In New York ryania and

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and fairly well with a wettable sulfur-parathion combination. Bothcombinations have also given good control of the citrus rust mite.

In California sprays containing 1 to 2/ pounds of 23-percentparathion wettable powder per 100 gallons were satisfactory againstthe citrus red mite only when oil was included, when they held it incheck between spring and fall applications. Aerosols containingacaricides applied under fumigation tents gave poor results in Cali-fornia. A yellowing and dropping of lemon leaves sometimes fol-lowed treatment with parathion alone or in combination with oilemulsions.Pineapple mealybug

In tests conducted in Florida near Fort Pierce and North Miami,parathion dust was effective against the pineapple mealybug, the in-sect responsible for wilt disease of pineapples. Plants treated witha 1-percent dust at the rate. of U.35 ounce per plant were free ofmealybugs for as long as 4 weeks after treatment. In another test0.15 ounce per plant was not so effective as the heavier dosage, buta great reduction in the number of infested plants was evident f,.11 weeks. Two applications of 0.16 and 0.24 ounce per plant 1 monthapart were no better than one application of 0.16 ounce.

Only 0.01 part per million of parathion was found in samples ofunpeeled whole pineapples 7 weeks after applications of 0.48 ounceper plant, and none was found in the flesh. None of the treatmentswere injurious to pineapple plants.

Grape insectsIn tests in Ohio good control of the grape berry moth was obtained

with 1 pounds of 50-percent DDT wettable powder, with 2 or 3 pintsof 25-percent DDT emulsion. and with 1 pound of 25-percent parathionwettable powder per 100 gallons, when applications were made atpetal fall and in four cover sprays. Damage to berries by first-broodlarvae was held to 3.2 percent or less and by second-brood larvae to2 percent or less. DDT at - and 1-pound concentrations of 50-percentwettable powder seemed to be less effective than at 112 pounds. Intests with a dust containing DDT and the fungicide ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate, 12 applications gave control about equal to 8 sprayapplications. When first-brood control was omitted, 2 or 3 applica-tions of a 5-percent DDT dust or 2 applications of a 2-percent para-thion dust did not give acceptable control of the second brood, but 6applications of a 5-percent DDT dust did give good control.

Parathion Promising for Control of Scale Insects

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Experimental applications of parathion, as used for codling mothcontrol in Indiana and for curculio control in Georgia, were extremelyeffective against the Forbes scale on apple and the San Jose scaleon apples and peaches. The minimum effective dosage for control ofthese scales has not been determined, but one-quarter pound or moreof 25-percent parathion per 100 gallons in six applications or one-halfpound in three consecutive applications gave complete protection to

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BUREAU OF ENTUIOLOGY AND FLANI i UALAN1\i\L 2/

No scales have been found in the orchard of the California Agricul-tural Experiment Station at Davis since the removal of infested treesand intensive treatment of remaining hosts nearby. This orchardwas first found infested in October 1947.

No additional infestations of Hall scale were found in surveys, con-ducted in cooperation with State and local quarantine officials, of com-munities in California and elsewhere that had received shipments ofhost plants from infested areas at Chico or Davis.

This program is conducted in cooperation with the California De-partment of Agriculture.

Studies on Vectors of Stone-Fruit Viruses Begun

Studies to determine the insects responsible for the natural spreadof the plant viruses that cause western X of peach and little cherrydiseases in western United States were started in 1948. Field plotswere established, and other facilities for the work, including a green-house, an electronic microscope, and an ultracentrifuge, were erectedor installed by this Bureau or by cooperating agencies. Leafhoppersuspects were given the most attention in the 511 transmission teststhat were initiated.

This new Research and Marketing Act project is being undertakenin cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agri-cultural Engineering and the agricultural experiment stations of Utah,Washington, and Oregon. Headquarters are maintainedat Riverside,Calif., and work is now under way at Logan, Utah, Wenatchee, Wash.,and The Dalles, Oreg.

Comstock Mealyhbug at Low Ebb

During the middle and late 1030>'s the Comstock mealybug became aserious pest in many apple orchards in at least 10 eastern States extend-ing from Connecticut to Georgia and west to include Ohio. Infesta-tions were most numerous and injurious in Virginia. Since no insecti-cide was then known to be effective against this insect, work was under-taken at Charlottesville. Va., in 1940 to bring the infestations undercontrol by the colonization of native and imported parasites. Theapparent effectiveness of two parasites, Allotropa burelli Mues. andPseudaphycus malinus Gahan, imported from Japan and establishedthroughout the infested area, and also of a widely distributed nativeparasite, Clausenia purpurca Ishii, was such as to reduce this mealybugto a pest of minor importance by 1945.

Soon after DDT became available, it was found to be highly toxic,not only to the young mealybugs, but also to the mealybiug parasites.Despite the loss of effective parasites due to the use of DDT, the Com-stock mealybug has been reduced almost to the vanishing point inorchards in which DDT has been used for codling moth control. In1948 for the first time there were no calls for parasites for colonization,and surveys yielded only 3.2 mealybugs per man-hour in observationorchards, as compared with 27.5 in 1947. No mealybugs were foundin any orchard in which DDT had been used more than one season.

860448-49- 5

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Field experiments with oil-cube and DDT sprays in Sonora, Mexico,greatly reduced blackfly populations in the vicinity of Einpalme.Similar experiments in the Valles area in eastern Mexico indicate thatthe pest can be controlled in commercial groves with two spray appli-cations a year. It was found that oil-cube sprays, although highlyeffective against larvae and pupae on the leaves, do not prevent eggsfrom hatching, but few of the larvae that emerge are able to mature.

In experiments with insecticide treatments of limes before shipmentto the United States, pyrethrum mixtures showed the most promise.This work was conducted with funds authorized under the Researchand Marketing Act.

One small air shipment of parasite material from Malaya was re-ceived at Colima, Mexico, during the year. and Prospaltella spp. wasreleased in citrus groves. The search in Cuba for the effective preda-tor. Catana clause ni Chapin, was unsuccessful.

Many citrus groves and most of the dooryard plantings in townsalong the Mexican border were inspected during the year, but noinfestations of the citrus blackfly were found.

Treatments to Kill Fruit Flies Permit Movement Under Quarantine

The Mexican fruit fly infestation in the regulated area of Texas wasnear normal during the early part of the harvesting season of 1948-49.Flies were beginning to appear and some larvae were found beforeJanuary 29, when a hard freeze severely damaged the trees and muchof the fruit. This abnormally cold weather apparently caused somedelay in egg laying. As a result most of the fruit crop undamaged bythe freeze was moved before the infestation built up to a point thatrequired general sterilization. The new market that has opened upsince Arizona and California have permitted the entry of citrus fromTexas under Federal certification is expected to develop into an im-portant outlet for high-quality grapefruit and oranges. Over 500cars of citrus fruit were shipped from Texas to California this seasonunder Mexican fruit fly certification.

The Bureau again assisted Argentine authorities in the develop-ment of equipment and facilities for the shipside precooling of fruitand for in-transit sterilization to kill larvae of the Mediterraneanfruit fly. More than 300,000 boxes of deciduous fruit were thus treatedduring the 1948-49 season as a requirement for entry into the UnitedStates.

New Laboratory for Study of European Chafer

A study of the European chafer (Amphimallon 7ajalk (Razoum.) ),a foreign pest which feeds in the grub stage on the roots of field crops,grasses, and other plants, was begun in the spring of 1949. This insectwas first recognized as a pest new to this country in 1942. It occurs ina limited area near Newark, N. Y. Since this insect might becomea serious economic pest if it should become widely distributed in theUnited States. the New York Agricultural Experiment Stations re-cently requested this Bureau to participate in a cooperative investiga-tion of the problem. Headquarters for the work are with the NewYork Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva.

29

Parasites of Fruit Insects Exported

Shi pmn)lt s of natural 1eemiies to f1oIrci cri countriess. either by theBureau (Iirectly or in cooperation with I tate experiment stations,

minp1 )rised sev:r1l SIpt'cies of parIasiteS of tlie Saln .JOSe scale to Italy;Ilp/i/ u / n,a/% Ilbl.. ani elelmyv of tle woolv apple aphid. to Mexico:

hRdoia cordHinls iI ils. to B(li via for control of tlie 'o ttoily cushionCale; an(1 7rbi/h'iamonl m'ki um Riley, a general egg parasite, toA ust ralIi a.

JAPANESE BEETLES

DDT Ileduees Isolated Beetle Infestation

A large-scale (bxp)erime(nt in the treat inient of a well-estal)lishediSOlatel infestation of .Ja)anese beetles was carriedI on at Blowing

Rock. N. C., from 1915 to 1948. When t le work was started. themain area of infestation included about 2:,u acres of grub-infetedturf, and scattered light infestations outside this area were foundlater.

Inl 1945 DDT was apl)liedl to practically all the turf in the mainarea of infestation at the rate of ')50) pon11d1ls of 10-percent I)owvd(er tothe acre. Trees and1 shrubs in the :lrea that were susceptible to beetleattack were sp>raved once with 1)1)D'. )uring the next 2 years someof the low-growing shrubbery that was infested was treated with ahand cluster.

As measured by the captures of beetles in traps. the treatment gavemarked reductions in infestation. The approximate numbers takenin about 500 traps in the treated area for 5 years. heginninir in 1944.the year before the treatment, were 139,000. 42.000. 2n.000. 23.00. and16,000. In contrast. the 1hleetles cal tureld in the lightl infested uin-treated area neahy increased from 357 in 1945 1 to 17.000 in 1948.

In the absence of treatment the iuiini)ers would uundoubte(ll have in-creased( in somewhat the same prol)ortion throduThout the entire area.

This experiment has Shown th it it is p possible to red uce an isolatedinfestation to a very low 1)oint. Wit h1 a more intensive soil-t great ingzprogriun and frequent i 11 jeatn1tio oI (If DIIT :a against the adult heetles.

t 1le pop)uilat ion coul(l tuinlouibtedl lhe dlep'ire'seld much furt her.

Recommendled Soil Treatments Injure Few Plants

DDT anid chlortinue do not :appl eair likely to cnumle noticeable plantll]I'V when ;11l)lid to tl10'f areas or to lll 011 Oe 'i at ie rI'Ps ec-

lllillell(ded for conift of Jtl u'ese beetle' riihl . R e ords covennrin a-i-year perjiotl and1(1 at least 10.i m1iillioni 1lnits 5ro Pwn1 ill SoilS to which

'' 1nlilldS of 1)DT per ni'1eie hi:iil b eeni aIl))lieI ill nurseries throughoutthe EKIast, :i- w ell am rcontrd nl mianyv treat edI turf areas, indticate that

iina-t plainits tolerate this amnoiiunt of DDT)1'. Nearly 1,.70 valrieties of1 11ts, prt '-ef ill :.g 57 5p ee' :ill ::( 1 H :1 . lIvP 1Iot liPP11 110tire-

JildV a 1te'l 1v ) uch a 1101 it ieitlll llt. (r(oWt of 1nin, strawberry.t(at o , 111 ima 1l'ean, bu.h lea n. pi h ml'an'll d al inmm g rye has been ret arded


when these plants have been grown in soil treated with this dosageof DDT.

Chlordane has not been used so long or so extensively as DDT forcontrol of Japanese beetle grubs, but most plants seem to tolerate therecommended dosage. When freshly applied, 10 pounds of chlordaneper acre has had no noticeable effect on 7 varieties of azaleas or 21varieties of evergreens grown in treated nursery soils, or on 11 varietiesof grasses. 19 of garden vegetables. 2 of strawberries, and 18 varietiesof annual plants, spring rye. soybeans. and hybrid corn in special tests.However, it has retarded the growth of celery, Massey strawberry,oriental poppy, and snapdragon plants.

Quarantine and Control Activities

Principal modifications in the regulatory program to prevent thespread of the .Japanese beetle through the movement of infested hostmaterial consisted in an extension of the regulated area. provision formore flexibility in starting and terminating the seasonal quarantine onfruits, vegetables, and cut flowers, and approval of two new chemicalsfor treating plants and soil as a means of securing certification.

Additions to the regulated areas in Maryland. Virginia. and WestVirginia were made on April 18, 1949. With these extensions thereare now included within the regulated areas of these States all ofMaryland, the eastern third of Virginia; and three more counties inWest Virginia.

Another modification permits delay in establishment of the summerquarantine on fruits. vegetables, and cut flowers until actual appear-ance of adults or their known imminence in a particular locality.Nlhen such conditions are determined by on-the-spot observations ofan inspector, the certification procedure can be started on short notice.

Aircraft was included in the revised regulations as a type of carriersubject to regulation.

An ethylene dibromide-chlordane clip for soil about the roots ofplants was authorized September 21, 1948. With this treatmentnurserymen are permitted to obtain certification for most .of theirstock on a year-round basis. Treatments have previously been avail-able by which plants could be certified at all seasons except the summerperiod when beetle eggs are present. Eggs proved stubbornly resist-ant to insecticides tested until the ethylene dibromide-chlordane dipwas developed.

Use of chlordane as an alternative treatment for bulk soil, surfacesoil, or ground planted with nursery stock was authorized on January6, 1949. A dosage of 10 pounds of technical chlordane per acre appliedin an approved manner is sufficient to qualify stock in treated areasfor certification.

A total of 6,176 commercial and 6,484 military aircraft were givenaerosol treatments to eliminate Japanese beetles during the 1948 season.The nonpassenger compartments of 421 commercial and 703 militaryaircraft were given, in addition, residual spray treatments. Super-vision of these treatments was given at 37 airfields located in 9 Statesand the District of Columbia.

31

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BollwormThe bollworm is one of the most difficult cotton insects to control.

Timeliness of application and thorough coverage with the insecticidethroughout the period of infestation are especially important in con-nection with this pest. DDT and toxaphene are both effective againstthe bollworm, but DDT alone will not control certain other cottonpests and aphids increase after its use.

In Texas a dust containing 10 percent of DDT and sufficient ben-zene hexachloride to give 2 percent of the gamma isomer controlledbollworms better than 20 percent of tox'aphene or 5 percent of DDTplus benzene hexachloride to give 3 percent of gamma.

In 1948 serious outbreaks of this insect occurred in Texas, Oklahoma,New 1\exico, and Arizona. Large acreages were dusted with the neworganic insecticides, and satisfactory results were usually obtainedwhen they were applied at the proper time.

Cotton aphidSince aphid infestations often follow the use of insecticides for the

control of other cotton insects, all dusts for use on cotton should con-tain a toxicant for aphids. Experiments in several States indicatethat benzene hexachloride or parathion will control cotton aphids ifapplied at the proper time. Evening applications of benzene hexa-chloride were more effective than morning applications. A dust con-taining benzene hexachloride, DDT, and sulfur gave satisfactorycontrol of the cotton aphids as well as boll weevils, bol1worms, andspider mites. Toxaphene applied against weevils and bollworms alsocontrolled cotton aphids.

In the tests with concentrated sprays in Mississippi, excellent controlof cotton aphids was obtained with tetraethyl pyrophosphate at 0.1pound and adequate control with benzene hexachloride at 0.3 poundof the gamma isomer per acre. The sprays were applied at 3: 30 inthe afternoon, when the temperature was 800 F. and the wind velocity12 miles per hour.

Pink bollwormDDT continues to be the best insecticide for control of the pink

bollworm. Dusts should be applied every week in suffficient quantitiesto give 1.5 to 3 pounds of technical DDT per acre. Benzene hexa-chloride and sulfur should be included to prevent build-up of othercotton insects and mites. Thorough coverage of the cotton plants isimportant, and when the dusts are applied by airplane the swathsshould not be more than 45 feet wide.

Although the pink bollworm is now confined to four southwesternStates and Florida, the results of survival tests in Texas inl 1948 em-phasize the importance of continuing strong measures to prevent its

spread. In the winter of 1947-48 the pink bollworn survived a tem-perature of - 6 F., and moths emerged in south iexas as long as121/ months after the larvae entered hibernation.Salt-marsh caterpillar

The worst outbreak of salt-marsh caterpillars ever known occurredin the Salt River Valley of Arizona in the fall of 1948. Much of

,j I A\N \LAL LiuiU ;1 DL RItJ1L\ T UI AG(ICLL LlE, 1 9-1

the cotton inl that area was defuliated. I'armners were forced to trencharound iinft'ted fields and till the (litelitS with water to )rev'ent theeaterlillars fromii Imioving into other fields. In field experiments Bu-1",.1 eItonIologi-t fodl that a duilt mixt ure conitailiilng toxal)hone,UDIT. and sulffur reduced the inlf(e-t at ion to a very low point. 'T'hisis the first insecticiode material ever found to give good control of these(",lt t'1liII 0)11 ulc"t t 0)1.Oilter p OIrson ttn

Other rotton insects

Toxa >hdienie, benzene hexachllolride, DDT)1. and miiixtures of theseinsecticides, found to gijve good control of the Iprincipal cotton inisects,were also effective against the cotton fleahopper and )lant bugs. Inthe foutrt h1 conullllluitV in Wharton County, Tex.. that was iiwlutidedin the cool)erative eIxperi1ilelt for control of cotton insects, the flea-llOl))er \was the mioust (lamiaglilg pest. A total of 4,1"11 acres on 47farms were duste( tw\-ice with 10 )elcenlt of toxaphlele. The effect onfruitingr and maturing of the bolls was the same as in tile other coin-miiunities, and the yield of lint cotton showed a gain of 110 poundsper acre over that in an unldlusted community nearby.

In1 experiments in Arizona benzene hexachloride. DDT. al(d toxa-

phene were about as effective against plant bugs when applied in con-centrated sprays as in dusts. Agamist stink buis benzene hiexachiloridew-aS nore el1Iect ive than the other two insecticides.

Serious damiiage from the cotton tIlalupper in 19 tI was confinedlargely to the Gulf cnat section of Texas and the San uta Criuz Valleyof Arizona. Plant bugs and stink bugs on cotton in the irrigatedsections of the Southwest were less anlllldlant than in any recent year.

Progress Made in Basic Research on Cotton Insects

Reearch to deterniine the fundamnental1 factors gove1rning the ef-fectiveness of various measures for controlling in sect pests of cottonwVas condulcte('d in Texas and Mississippi with tundi ant horized by theResearch and IrI ket iuly Act of 1 941. Thltese factors include reactionsof insects to different control measures andml tlie reactions of the plantto insect attack and to the insecticile. St lluies were made with a1ba rare number of new iinisect icides and conbinli nations of insecticides,chliefly lmcler Ialabora lt ory or cage coldcitions. I)uming the year it was(1em'nl istrattel thIi at hothIi beinzenlte hexachii de)P i Ic and p a rathIi on are com-p ut i ble with c"nllc tin a senate lowv in free lime and that the essentiallyputre ghienua iso11E'r o)f ben izene hexachlloride is lel's collpat bible thantl(' t ehiial (rd'1e cnlit ainiing several isoinlers. EIide&'nc&e was oh-tailnel that tlte new insect iei(e known chem ically as oct amnethyl-lyrh)!)llo> phorinilc' is absorbed by cotton p 1 lants in slflicient quantityto kill red sp1icld' mintc's.

Piunk Ho1Illworm Qunaranutine Activities

Re.isul.ts of insp ctioni

Iteniivei\ i ie.'lt'iont 11)1 of tlie 19II8 cottont rop for the pink bhllwormwere ca''ied (1n1 wvitlin regutlat ed areas of A rizotna. New Mexico. (Okla-lomi:a. ntl T'exas, anld oultsid(e tlie regu''latci areas in these and (t her


cotton-growing States. Only three counties were found infested forthe first time-Quay in New Mexico and De Witt and Crockett inTexas. All were adjacent to known infestations. Infestations werefound in 40 new counties in 1947. In Florida there has been a decidedincrease of infestation on wild cotton since eradication of these plantshas been discontinued.

Within regulated areas inspections in 54 counties of Arizona, NewMexico, Oklahoma, and Texas were negative. Inspections of cottonblooms early in the 1948 season revealed infestations in southern Texascapable of developing high populations.

Inspections of gin trash in Texas revealed a considerable increasein pink bollworm populations over the previous year in Cameron,Hidalgo, Willacy, Starr, Jim Hogg, Brooks, Zapata, Webb, Duval,Jim Wells. Kleberg, Nueces, and Maverick Counties. San Patricioand Calhoun Counties showed less infestation than in 1947. Nonewas found for the third consecutive season in Brazoria, Chambers,Liberty, Orange, Jefferson Counties and the regulated portion ofHarris County, and they have been released from the quarantine.Inspection results were negative for the second successive year inJackson, Matagorda, and Wharton Counties.

Inspections in August 1948 showed an infestation in blooms inHoward County, Tex., the first record of pink bollworms in bloomsin that area. Subsequent inspections of gin trash disclosed a consid-erable infestation in Andrews, Gaines. Martin. Midland, and HowardCounties, and the western half of Mitchell County. Infestation inthe remainder of northwestern Texas was much lighter, and manycounties found infested in 1947 were apparently free this year. In-festation recurred in only Mills and Hamilton of the eight countiesof central-west Texas placed under quarantine in the fall of 1947.

Thorough inspections were negative in the eight southwestern Okla-homa counties placed under quarantine in 1947. Inspections in Ari-zona were negative except for continued light infestations on theeastern border. There was little change in infestation in the irri-gated valleys of New Mexico and western Texas. In 53;500 bushelsof gin trash from the 1948 crop in regulated areas of Arizona, NewMexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, 268,400 pink bollworms were found,principally in Texas. In the field nearly 12.000,000 bolls, blooms,and squares were inspected in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and23,600 pink bollworms were found, all in Texas with the exception of1 in New Mexico. In addition, 8 Thurberia weevils were found inbolls in Arizona.

Inspection of 36,900 bushels of gin trash from areas outside regu-lated territory plus 916 bushels in Mexico yielded 6 pink bollworms,3 each from Texas and New Mexico. From 3,600 bolls, blooms, andsquares examined in fields of free areas in Arizona, New Mexico, andTexas, 1 pink bollworm was found in Texas.

Control operationsDusting to control the pink bollworm was performed in three

heavily infested sections in the summer of 1948-in 9 southern Texascounties, 135 fields totaling 5,639 acres; in Howard County, northwest-ern Texas, 9 fields of 490 acres; and in Mexico adjacent to the border,

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BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUAiANTINL 7

Regulatory operationsInvestigations on the fumigation of cottonseed in steel tanks of

10,000 to 54,000 cubic feet, and holding up to G00 tons of seed, werecompleted, and the method was approved for commercial use for

elimination of the pink bollworm. In all 18,000 tons of seed were

treated in this way during 1948. Forced circulation of gas throughthe tank insures its effective distribution throughout the load in 5 to

10 minutes.The pink bollworm quarantine was amended on April 27, 1949, to

add to the lightly infested area several counties of New Mexico andTexas found infested during the 19,48 season and to release from quar-antine six counties in Texas in view of their apparent freedom frominfestation for several consecutive years.

The extension of the pink bollworm quarantine in northwestern

Texas and southwestern Oklahoma in the fall of 1947 added a tre-mendous cotton-growing and ginning area to that already under pinkbollworm regulation. During the current fiscal year inspectors made54,463 visits to 1,267 gins, 7 0 oil mills, and 105 compressors, as well asother handlers. A total of 316,532 permits were issued covering move-ment of cotton and its products. Recent simplification of issuance ofpermits makes it possible for an inspector to supervise 30 to 40 cot-ton-processing units in northwestern Texas and southwestern Okla-homa, whereas under the old permit system 3 or 4 inspectors would berequired for that number of units.

More than 2,700,000 bales of cotton were ginned under dealer-carrier

permits in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma. Nearly1,150,000 tons of seed were given one heat treatment, 73,600 tons wereoiven a second heat treatment, 24,000 tons were fumigated with methylbromide, and nearly 1,000,000 tons were received at oil mills. Nearly2,800,000 bales of lint and linters were compressed, and nearly 10,000bales of lint and linters from Mexico were vacuum-fumigated.

At the three stations maintained to inspect highway traffic from thequarantined area in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 477 ,850 cars andtrucks were inspected and 4,659 found carrying contraband material.

Cooperative work with MexicoThe cooperation of cotton growers and owners of processing plants

in Mexico has improved with respect to cultural controls in the fieldsand treatment procedures at processing plants. In the Laguna areagrowers used 35 airplanes to apply insecticides for control of pinkbollworm and other insects, as compared with 1 plane 3 years ago.

The cotton planted in the Matamoros area increased to more than600,000 acres in 1949. The presence of this large acreage adjacentto the Lower Rio Grande Valley requires joint effort of the twocountries to control the pest. Established planting and stalk-destruc-tion dates in the Matamoros area parallel those applicable in the RioGrande Valley of Texas. Enforcement is about equal in each country.

By rendering technical assistance in Mexico on this common prob-lem, the cotton industry of the United States receives greater protec-tion than would be the case if all work against this insect were carriedon solely in the United States.

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tribution by privately contracted planes or by other types of bait-spreading apparatus.

Grasshopper infestations were also unusually heavy in other partsof the country. Another migratory species that has caused someinjury to stock range in Nevada and has been moving westward andnorthward for several years had infested more than a million acresin1 California and Oregon by the end of June 1949.

The Bureau's participation in cooperative programs for control ofgrasshoppers was changed somewhat in 1949. Since chlordane andtoxaphene have been found effective against grasshoppers when ap-plied as sprays or dusts, and are now readily available, farmers havea means of protecting their own crops when only local infestationsare involved. In such cases it is suggested that the farmer procureand apply his own insecticides, although the Bureau and the Stateswill assist in providing information and advice. In large-scale in-festations and emergency outbreaks on croplands, the extent and typeof Bureau participation are determined by such factors as value ofcrops, the extent of public lands, the need for special equipment, andtechnical personnel required. If after conference with State leadersBureau assistance is deemed advisable, aid is given to the extent thatpersonnel, funds, and equipment are available.Chlordane and toxaphene new weapons to combat hoppers

The new baits used this year were recommended after several yearsof research in the Bureau. They consisted of 100 pounds of coarsebran impregnated with '1'b pound of chlordane or 1 pound of toxaphenein 1 gallon of kerosene. These dry baits have the advantage that theycan be prepared well in advance of use and stored until needed. Theycan be applied with single-outlet dusters as well as by airplane, but themachines used for broadcasting wet baits are not equipped to applysuch small dosages uniformly.

Chlordane or toxaphene can also be used in the standard wet bait.WVhen used at the same strengths as in the dry baits, they have con-sistently given better kills than 6 pounds of sodium fluosilicate. Emul-sion concentrates and wettable powders are the most practical prepara-tions for use in wet baits.

Sprays and dusts containing chlordane or toxaphene have givengood control in dense, succulent vegetation, but bait is more economicaland just as effective on range land, grain stubble, fall-seeded grain,and dry vegetation that is no longer attractive to grasshoppers as food.

Mormon Cricket Damage Slight on Crops and Range

As indicated by the surveys, Mormon cricket infestations were lessextensive in 1948, the infested acreage being the smallest in the last 12years. Control was required in only 11 counties in Idaho, Nevada,Oregon, and Washington. In the Federal-State cooperative programBureau personnel spread 1,883 tons of bait on about 189,000 acres.Nine-tenths of this acreage was baited with ground equipment, the re-mainder by airplane. An additional 251 tons was spread by farmers,ranchers, and other cooperators on 21,500 acres. Crop damage wasslight, owing to early and adequate control and to the fact that most

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a 7-month period, whereas 563 insects penetrated one of the untreatedbags.

Pyrethrins and piperonvi butoxide are muich less harmful than mostinsecticides to man and livestock. Although it seems unlikely that, atthe rates and methods of application used, products packed in treatedbags will be contaminated, further work is needed to answer thisquestion and also to determine minimum effective rates of applica-tion. Results thus far indicate that the cost of the treatment will notbe prohibitive. It also appears promising for use on containers madeof other materials such as cardboard and paper.

European Corn Borer Continues to Spread

In 1948 the known distribution of the European corn borer, asdetermined by the annual fall survey in cooperation with interestedState agencies, was extended by 116 counties. One borer was foundin St. John the Baptist Parish in Louisiana, approximately 450 milesfrom the nearest known infestations in Tennessee and Missouri. Ofthe other newly infested counties 35 were in Missouri, 34 in SouthDakota, 20 in Nebiraska, 3 in Kentucky, 2 in Minnesota, 2 in NorthDakota, 1 each in Kansas and Michigan. 7 in Tennessee, and a totalof 10 in Maryland, WYest Virginia, Viroinia, and North Carolina.

In the North-Central region there was little change in borer abun-dance in 1918 compared with 1947. Populations remained about thesame in Indiana and Illinois. Decreases in Minnesota and Wisconsinwere more than offset by increases in South Dakota. Nebraska, Iowa,Missouri, and Ohio. In the Eastern States the borer was at least asabundant as in 1947. The losses of grain corn caused by it wereestimated to be about 85.485,000 bushels, or about twice as great as in1947, and were valued at 809,107,000. With an additional loss ofsweet corn valued at $4.129,000, the estimated losses caused by the borerin 1948 amounted to $103236 ,000.

In Iowa experiments were conducted with different methods ofapplying DDT to field corn. Sprays applied with ground equipmentwere the most effective. dusts applied with ground d equipment werenext best, and sprays and dusts applied by airplane were poorest.One application, if properly timed, was about as effective as two. Twoapplications with ground equipment 7 days apart. at 1.2 pounds ofDDT in 32 gallons of water per acre-application, increased the yieldin the treated portion of a field by 15 bushels per acre over that in theuntreated portion, where the infestation averaged N46 borers per 100stalks. In comparison, a 5-percent DDT dust applied with groundequipment at the excessive rate of 3.25 pounds of DDT per acre-appli-cation on the same dates and in the same field increased the yield only9.7 bushels per acre.

Parasites of European Corn Borer and Sweetelover Weevil Imported

Shipments of European corn borer parasites from France duringthe year consisted of 2,267 cocoons of Cam people alkac E. and S., 975cocoons of Microgaster tibialls Nees, and 54.000 field-collected corn

41

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as 80 percent of the pods on heavy, poorly drained land have beendamaged. In experiments at Holland, Va., in cooperation with theVirginia Tidewater Field Station, significant control of this pest wasobtained with organic insecticides broadcast by hand over the soil ofsmall plots and raked into the upper 1 to 2 inches. Benzene hexa-chloride was effective at 1 pound of the gamma isomer, parathion at5 pounds, toxaphene at 40 pounds, and DDT at 67 pounds per acre.Applications made early in June were more effective than thosemade a month later.

Foliage applications of benzene hexachloride, chlordane, toxaphene,and parathion, in either dusts or emulsiois, also gave good control ofthis rootworm in small-plot tests at Holland. Va., and Beltsville. Mid.

Despite these promising results on small areas, none of the insecti-cides or methods of application are recommended for use by growersuntil more is known about methods and time of application, the effecton plant growth in various types of soil, and the possibility of unde-sirable residual effects on peanuts or on crops grown in rotation withpeanuts.

WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES

Soil and Foliage Treatments with DDT Subdue Beetles

Soil and foliage treatments with DDT have continued to be highlysuccessful in combating and preventing the spread of white-fringedbeetles. Few new areas of infestation have been uncovered in the pastyear, the most important being in Memphis, Tenn. Although thebeetles are now known to occur in eight southern States on approxi-mately 220,000 acres of land, only a part of this acreage is heavily in-fested and serious crop damage is encountered only occasionally. Thedevelopment of new insecticide formulations and new procedures andequipment for applying them has contributed to the effectiveness ofthis control program, and has also markedly lowered the cost of opera-tions. Large-scale application of DDT by airplane has been animportant factor.

Nurseries in or near the infested areas have quickly and widelyadopted the authorized use of soil applications of DDT at the rate of50 pounds per acre. This procedure, when accompanied by a seriesof foliage spray applications at 0.5 to 1 pound per acre in the environsduring the period of beetle emergence, promises after the second sea-son to assure against beetle dissemination in stock from treated nurs-eries. There has been no evidence of injury to the plants from thisheavy soil treatment.

Soil treatments with DDT at 10 pounds per acre are being appliedwith State cooperation to farm land having high beetle populations.Where soil treatment is impractical or there is special danger of spread,several foliage applications of DDT through the adult beetle secoiiare made.

43

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The connercial synthesis of the pyrethroids is now being investi-gated. If the process proves feasible, the United States will no longerbe dependent on imports of pyrethrum flowers, which have amountedto as much as 20,000.000 pounds in 1 year. Pyrethrum is a strategicallyimportant material, which is now obtained entirely from foreignsources. Owing to the need for large quantities by the armed forcesduring the war, there was a critical shortage of py-rethrum for agri-cultural uses. Although many synthetic organic insecticides havebeen developed in recent years, prior to the synthesis of these p)yre-throids, no satisfactory substitute for pyrethrum insecticides hadbeen found for certain uses.

Chemical Methods for Parathion Developed

A method has been developed for purifying parathion in order toobtain material for use as a standard in analytical work or other in-vestigations. Technical parathion is washed with petroleum etherand then dissolved in ethyl ether. The ether solution, after beingwashed with 10-percent sodium carbonate solution, is passed througha short column of adsorbent clay and diatomaceous earth. The re-sulting oil is taken up in a mixture of petroleum ether with ether andcrystallized by chilling. The purified product is an odorless, yellowoil. which crystallizes readily in needles that melt at 6o C.

A polarographic method of analysis has been developed for the assayof technical parathion and formulations containing it. Electrolysisis carried out at 250+0. 50 C. in an acetone-water solution with 0.05\potassium chloride as the electrolyte and 0.01 percent of gelatin asthe suppressor. A saturated calomel electrode is used as the referenceelectrode. About 10 milligrams of parathion is needed for finalanaly-sis.

Insecticidal Amide Isolated from Prickly-Ash

An insecticidal compound has been isolated from the bark of thesouthern prickly-ash tree and identified as N-isobutvl-28-dode-cadienamide. This amide, which has been named "herculin.,' is simi-lar chemically to affinin. an insecticidal compound previously isolatedfrom the roots of Heliopsis lon gipes (A. Gray) Blake, a Mexican her-baceous plant known locally as chilcuague. It is unusual to find con-stituents similar from both chemical and insecticidal standpoints inplants of such different types.

Three other species of Heliopsis occurring in the United States wereshown to have insecticidal properties, and studies are under way todetermine their active constituents.

These studies were conducted with funds authorized under theResearch and Marketing Act of 1946.

Diluents for Insecticides Sought in Agricultural Waste Products

A number of agricultural waste products, including nutshells, seedhulls, and bark and other residues from forest and field crops, havebeen tested for potential usefulness as diluents for insecticide dusts.

46 ANN AL 1tLFUItTS UF DLPAlT11ENT UF Al(ilCULTUR{E, 1 9 ii

The ltttshells exainel were almion(l, coconut, filbert, pecan, and wal-Inolt. Iorest p )ro(IluCtS included redwood and southern pine hark, woxifloIuIr. andI sunliine leaves. ()iher materials were peach ald apricot )it

shells, rice hulls, peanut. shlells, cornicob fractions, corn stover, flaxshives, hemiip hurds, wheat, straw, tobacco dust, and re idues fromcastor-oil filt ration. 'hiere are in(lat ions that when finielV rrounidthese plant materials are more uniformii in particle size than the inileraldililelts ntow used for insecticides. 1)1 wettable powders preparedwithl some of these materials as dIiluenits are allso being tested. Thesest uidies are conducted with funds plroVide under the Research aiidMXIa rket ing Act of 1946.

MIEFIl( )DS (F DISINFESTING AICRAFT DIPROVEI)

A m'iinnlint 1 f11 reiulllal andl s)a1CC tr'latmitielits has been foundex)erilentlally to ail in preventing insects from hitchhiking by air-plane. Residual insecticides, a)p>lied in carbon-dioxide-prol)elledsolut ionlS, remlailned1 toxic longer than the period of the air trip, but didnot leave an unsightly deposit or have an injurious effect on the sur-face material. Space aerosols, released in fixed installations in theplane, gave further protection because the line particles penetrateeven the small cracks and crevices where insects can stow away.

Ile automatic equipment for dispersing these aerosols, modifiedand perfected by the Bureau in cooperation with several other gov-ern mental agencies, has now been tested under operating conditions.The apparatus consists of a centrally located aerosol supply tankconnected to a manifold system of aluminum or copper tubing, without lets for nozzles located at suitable places in the interior of the plane.The flow of liquid is controlled with solenoid valves, and the dosage1 regullated by a mechanical timing device. Dispensers have been in-staIle l ill t wo plalnies of the Military Air Transport Service operate ingout of IkIonollui, and on July 1, 1948, had given satisfactory servicefo'r G lilanthls.

WORK ON 31E: I(INIA. DEVICES FOR USE IN PESTCONTROL( L COORDINATED

Recent. coor(l inat i(n in the leve lpiimenlt a11 use of machinery andot her devicess inl pl1a nt-lpest control has resulted in the general improve-lent of several imip1 )Ort anit pieces of (llpiI)111that and in1 the de(lsign of two

e(tirel n llew it elm S. lh is act ivit y al1so allrd1'&led means ot advisingfiel stat ions on the aivailabilit alnd propel' use of special machines and1thuiseliinate'1 mu1cl ii(Iependent investigate ion and consequent dupl)i-'ut ion1 of effort.

Ihe ui rgo1mncv of the grasshopper-control problem in the WesternStates required [ piii nact ion inl provilingZ ellipmellt to lmeet theenw1ergenicv. h11e niew t xipe )f Iha it developed for this purIpose requlliredneiw ma~iner" for spre;lin it. pec iall equ ipmlcnt usis air as thedlispersinmg I('(Iliii) was "h i i d'( I neil in lstal led ill a 1M' ( 8 1plnc, whichh1a1s consistent ly baited mijore than ,00t) acres pe'r day.


The threat of the golden nematode to the potato industry now re-quires extensive annual soil examinations to determine the locationand possible spread of this pest. A machine for washing soil samplesto recover nematode cysts has been developed, which is expected toreduce by 70 percent the labor now required for manual processing.

Machines were also developed or modified for spraying insecticidesfrom aircraft, for spreading dry grasshopper bait from trucks, and forcontrolling leafhoppers with truck-borne mist blowers.

The engineers in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricul-tural Engineering have cooperated in these undertakings.

IMPORTED BEETLES CONTROL KLAMAATH WEEDON WEST COAST

Early colonies of beetles imported from Australia have nearly elim-inated the Klamath weed at many points of release in California, andthe cleared areas are rapidly increasing in size. This weed crowdsout grass on range, and animals forced to eat it for lack of better foragebecome sickly and underweight. Several years ago two species ofChrysolina beetles were found by Australian scientists to feed exclu-sively on this weed, known there as St. Johnswort, and were importedto that country from Europe to keep it under control. The Bureau incooperation with the University of California undertook to adapt thebeetles to conditions on this continent, and colonies were released inpatches of the weed. During 1947-48 they had multiplied so that itwas possible to release more than half a million beetles in California.Large numbers were also released in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, andMontana, in cooperation with the State agricultural experiment sta-tions. A program for colonizing the beetles in the national forests ofthese States, in cooperation with the Forest Service, is now under way.

HONEY BEES AND OTHER POLLLNATLNG INSECTS

Lack of Pollination a Serious Threat to Seed Production

Seed production in this country is threatened with a serious lack ofinsect pollinators. Wild pollinating insects have virtually disap-peared in many localities following the use of the new insecticides orother modern agricultural practices that destroy their nesting places.Honey bees could easily be substituted for wild bees, but an alarmingnumber of beekeepers are giving up their colonies because the pricethey receive for their honey is below the cost of production. Theyhave little incentive to provide bees for the benefit of legume-seedproducers and other farmers in the pollination of crops. There isalready an acute shortage of legume seeds, particularly of the im-proved varieties. Unless the producers of these crops realize theirdependence on bees and make arrangements to recompense beekeepersfor the services of their colonies, the shortage can be expected toContinue.

47

-IN ANNAL REPORTS 01 DEPAlRTMENT OF A1 HICULTUltE, 1 ;4 :

IIoney Iees I'rodigion Ii Artive a (:lover Polliiators

The valuiie of hoinev bee in t he pollination of lovers .wa (lemon-stratel iin Ohio byv couimnt s of thei r visits to thlie Ilowers. On1 alsikeclover there were :5 l,)(0.00 bee visits on a norial stand of 45.uuU,000florets per acre. niiaimiiiiot h red clover had 1 2).U0,000 visits on a standof :3l00,l00(0 floret , an1(1 red clover 812.000,0001() visit on1 2 1c0,00,Oflorets p1er acre. Honey bees on as1ike clover visited 27 florets, onnianmnoth reel clover S florets, and on red clover 10.5 florets per minute.

( )n 4 )lots o r1'( l(Iciover I that wvere cavedI to exclude 1)ollituttininsects the average numbEr of seeds per heal ranked from 1n" t) U.19,whereas on 15 plots on which honey bees were cagedl for pollinatingpurposes the range was 45.4 to 70.3 seeds per head.

Crops Compete for Bees

The pollination problemli is complicated by a severe competitionbetween various crops for the visits of bees. The competition betweenfields of alsike and white clover close to each other and between fieldsof the same clover is illustrated by the following numbers of bees peracre estimated from any one count:

L ation : .1laike clorr' Whit" closer

1-------------------- _ _+ _ __1.4 2.420 and 2 fields)110 4 anid 1,0:1 (2 tid s) :.

L-----------------1774 2.742

A field of red clover had but 1q210 bees per acre when competingagainst. Hubam sweetclover, which had 21,70U bees, while heartseaselealr)y had 13,0GS bees per acre.

Tlhe im1iportance of plant competition in determining whether or notcolonies of bees brought into a field will gather pollen froimi a givenplant was indicated in an experimlent in which all 1lant com upetitorsof alfalfa were removed. Roadside weeds within a mile of five colonieswere si )rave(1 wil th 2. 1-1). Aithlourhi alflfI a was aluidallt, gumnweedwas the principal pollen collected by the bees before the spraying andcomnt inuuiedI to be even though the gntnweed plants nearby had beenk illed. A fter th le hsl>i'avin the bee> evident Il extended their flihutrangi 'e to i111 iew sources f tgu iniweed rat her than collect pollen fromthe alfalfa that Was closer totheh lives.

Bees may ga ther 1p1llen readily from a kin(d of plant <zrownu in onelocality but not whieni it is grown in anlot her locialit y. 'In I t alih forE'xmple.,hony beEs gaith ered little pollen fromuu :lfalfa '' nwn in('ache Valley but collected it read ilv fro111 alfalfa at D elta. partialchemic(' al analyses shcowvel the ash countenit of pcillc'n from 1)elta to bemor1) 'e thn:111 t twice that o f pollen from Cache Vall ev ( 2.;,0) versu s 1.16

( )f 65 species o f w ih dI hees that hi ave been ta ken on alfalfa in otherJ):1ftS of I li colillint , 01 only 27 l:t 1 eI' t routl)l tr in ;1 illIiportantdegree to the pollitialiou of :lfal f.1 in Itah. talthlouh .1 all 65 specieshave been collected i n this State r' in aut hern Idaho. IHlictusliUnt us Say was foumnid oni ~1 fa1) lf in l "t lh flor' tle fic t t ine in 1948.


Different species of wild bees seem to favor different crops. InOregon the species of bumble bees that visited red clover were notfound on Ladino clover. The bumble bees common on red cloverbelonged to only 4 or 5 species out of about 30 found in the State. Inone area surrounded by rocky hills, bumble bees were as abundant ashoney bees on Ladino clover, whereas in more intensely cultivated areasno bumble bees were found on this clover.

Wild Pollinating Insects Reared in Artificial Nests

Although the importance of the bumble bee and other wild pollinat-ing insects has long been recoglized, little has been done to rear anduse them under controlled conditions. Experiments with bumble beeshave given the most promise thus far. Of 54 artificial nests set out toattract bumble bee queens. lb were found and accepted by youngqueens. In six of the accepted nests, males and new queens were pro-duced. Colonies of Bombus huntii Greene were the largest. In themost populous of these nests 455 worker and male cells plus 156 queencells were found at the end of the season.

Shade, concealment, and good drainage appear to be favorable fac-tors for nest location. It is not necessary to place artificial nestsunderground. even for species that usually nest there. Attempts toinduce lle gachiile bees to nest in holes drilled in wooden slabs wereunsuccessful, as were attempts to transplant Noan melanderi Ckll.into an artificial soil environment.

Hybrid Queens Distributed for Testing

Now that the artificial insemination of honey bee queens is provingsatisfactory, beekeepers are showing much interest in the possibiit-of having hybrid bees that will prove as valuable to them as hybridcorn has proved to corn growers. This interest was greatly stimu-lated during the year when the Bureau. in cooperation with the HoneyBee Improvement Cooperative Association, began rearing and dis-tributing hybrid queens for testing purposes. About 1.200 queensrepresenting crosses of selected lines were distributed to beekeepersin various parts of the country. The program for 1049 called forthe distribution of about 2.500 queens, to be furnished in lots of notless than 25 to any one beekeeper at a price above the market and withthe provision that the Government be furnished certain reports oftheir performance. Sucl queens arie being reared and mated naturallyat an isolated mating station on Kelley's Island in Lake Erie.

New Insecticides Kill Only Field Bees

The bees that actually visit the dusted field are the only membersof a honey bee colony that are affected by certain new insecticidesapplied for the control of insect pests. In studies to determine theeffect of some of the new insecticides when applied for insect control,the only bees killed were those visiting the field within 2 days afterthe application. Parathion killed 40 pere1nt of the visitors, DDT28 percent, and chlordane 23 percent. Toxaphene killed only S and

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colony strength. This line had also been entirely resistant in 1947; theother had been 86 percent resistant, although all infected colonies hadrecovered by the end of the season. This is the twelfth season that thesetwo lines have been bred and tested in successive generations. Anotherline that had been tested similarly and showed 100 percent resistancein 1947 had become so weakened, apparently by inbreeding, thattests with it were discontinued in 1948.

Sulfathiazole for Treating American Foulbrood inExperimental Stage

Six colonies infected experimentally with American foulbrood in1946, and treated with sulfathiazole fed in sugar sirup in 1946 and1947, remained healthy in 1948 until July 21, when a slight recurrenceof the disease was noted in two of them.

Plastic Package-Bee Containers Withstand Shipping Tests

Six experimental transcontinental shipments of package bees in thenew plastic containers mentioned in last year's report were madefrom Davis. Calif.. to Beltsville, Mld., in cooperation with the UnitedAir Lines. Two of the shipments made the return trip to Davis. Allthe bees shipped with food in the containers survived well. One suchpackage crossed the continent three times with but 5 percent mor-talitv. A special food consisting of a sugar-sirup-agar jelly was sus-pended in a cloth bag. Some bees were shipped without food, butthey died. A few of the containers were damaged. 'These plastic con-tainers are smaller, lighter, and probably longer lasting than con-tainers of wood and screening now in use, but thus far they have beenmore costly to assemble and crate and less convenient to handle, par-t icularly to remove hitchhiking bees.

CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES

White-Pine Blister Rust

Improved methods aid ribes removalThe control of white-pine blister rust was aided byv increased use

of chemicals, the one-man eradication method, and contract procedurefor the removal of ribes. Chemical eradication of ribes is speedingup t he work on areas where hand grubbing is difficult. Methods ofapplication are constantly being improved. Power equipment isused successfully where it is feasible to broadcast large volumes oflow-cost sprays. A special back-pack sprayer has given good resultsin areas where selective treatment with small amounts of concentratedsolution is more practicable.

The ribes-infested area treated with chemicals in 1948 was abouttwice that treated the prev-ious year. In the sugar-pine section ofCalifornia about 3,000,000 Ribes roedil plants growing on 1.242 acreswere destroyed by spraying with 2,4-). In the western white-pine

51

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The blister rust control area comprises 27,500,000 acres. Over23,000,000 acres have been worked once, and 8,000,000 acres twice.Additional workings have been given to about 2,000,000 acres. About12,738,000 acres, or 46 percent of the control area, are on maiuteiance,4,000,000 acres are unworked, and 10,686,000 acres require additionalrework before they will reach a maintenance status.

The environs of 12 nurseries containing over 65,000,000 white pinesfor forest planting were reworked during the year, and 2,067 ribesbushes were removed from 6,153 acres. In addition, 68,702 infestedwhite pines, mostly in plantations, were saved by the cutting off ofdiseased parts. Cooperating State and local agencies provided fundsand services amounting to $673,000 for removal of ribes on State andprivate lands.

Rust spread in southern AppalachiansBlister rust was found for the first time on ribes in eight counties

in North Carolina and four in Tennessee. The range of the diseasewas thus extended about 50 miles southward and approximately 125miles westward in the southern Appalachians. The disease was re-ported on white pines for the first time from one additional countyeach in WTest Virginia, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. It is now presentthroughout most of the range of the commercial white-pine forests.In the sugar-pine region the spread of the rust has been retarded byelimination of infection centers. The diseased trees are destroyed andthe ribes within infecting range of the pines are removed.

Ribes sprayed with 2,4-D formulations by helicopterThe first tests of the helicopter for spraying ribes with ?,4-D were

made on the Sierra National Forest in California. A Bell model47B-3 equipped with a 44-nozzle boom was flown within 30 feet of theground at land elevations of 5,200 to 6,000 feet. The maximum sprayload carried was 20 gallons. In 54 flights 18 plots, totaling about 38acres, were sprayed with 575 gallons of various formulations anddosages at ground speeds of about 30 miles per hour. Observations 6weeks after treatment showed that the 2,4,-D ester in Diesel oil wasgenerally more toxic to ribes and associated brush than the water solu-tions of the esters or salts. Significant damage to Ribes roezli andR. nevadense and other susceptible plants was caused by 16 ounces ormore of 2,4-D acid per acre. Damage to ribes was spotty whereverthese plants were screened by other vegetation. In general, the ap-parent kill of ribes and susceptible brush is closely related to the dens-ity of the spray deposit. Most uniform coverage was obtained onplots where slope and ground obstructions permitted spraying fromopposite directions. Final results of the spray tests will be deter-mined when the plots are checked during the 1949 growing season.

Survey shows rust losses in western pine standsA survey was carried on to determine the white-pine stocking and

the damage from blister rust in reproduction and pole-size stands ofwestern white pine in the Inland Empire. About 1,000 miles of stripwere run on the survey. The results showed that the original stockingin these stands had been reduced by 25 percent from blister rust, leav-

53

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Average Annual Bushel and Dollar Losses by 6-Year Periods

BU. =

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Z ,

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1918-23

z -^C -o7

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1924-29

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1936-4 i

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1942-47

FIGURE 1.-RedBction in losses of wheat, oats. harley. and rye due tostein rust as control work has progressed.

Regulation of barberry planting stock strengthenedBoth foreign and domestic regulations controlling the movement

of barberry plants have been strengthened to prevent the distributionof off-type susceptible stock. In recent years increasing numbersof susceptible Berberis thumbergil hybrids were located in nurseriesand landscape plantilgs. Nurserymen were suffering losses from im-pure stock, and four-fifths of the area in the eradication States thathad been cleared of rust-spreading barberries was in danger of becon-ing reinfested with such bushes.

In one nur ery a vigorous red-leafed plant was taken from a blockof Japanese barberry, and a large number of plants of this so-calledimproved strain were propagated and sold without the knowledgethat it was a susceptible hybrid. This plant was used as a source ofcuttings, and in 194S the nursery had 2.700 vegetatively propagatedplants and 10.000 cuttings. Some of the bushes were infected withstem rust, and the disease had spread to wild grasses nearby. Thenurseryman had assumed that the original plant was inune to stemrust because it had been selected from the resistant Japanese barberrystock. All the stock was condemned and destroyed, but some of it hadbeen sold to nurseries and individuals in 19 States beforeits discovery.

Nurserymen are encouraged to grow only rust-resistant barberriesfor the trade and to remove all susceptible plants within and aroundtheir nurseries to prevent hybridization. They are responding favora-bly and cooperatively in this work.

During the year barberry bushes were removed from areas totaling25,390 square miles, of which 18,271 square miles was rework and 7,119initial work. Nearly 13,000.0)00 bar berrv bushes were destroyed on5,523 new and 1,757 reinfested properties in 225 counties.

33

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infection oi health elms. Mist bl owers, lydraulic sprayers, and ahelicopter were used in other areas to test methods and )DT formu-lations. Twig sam ples taken from these sprayed elms were exposedto bark beetles, and examined to determine the adequacy of nutialdeposits and residual DDT for preventinlg bark beetle feeding.Quantitative analyses of the I)I)T were made oi the samne samples. Anearly-spring application, with a hydraulic spra.yer, of a 2-percentDDT emulsion followed by a 1-percent I)I)T eniulsion gave con-sistently good results.

Continued attention was given to possible injury to elms and othertrees, to turf grasses, and to birds, fish, and other animals caused bythe application of large amounts of D)) and its solvents. Spidermites became abundant on the sprayed elms in the large test plot,apparently as a result of the spraying, and steps were taken to con-trol this secondary pest.

Inspection for Peach Diseases Protects Industry

Inspection of nurseries to prevent spread of the phony peach and

peach mosaic diseases was continued during 1949 in cooperation withState agencies.

In 14 States ?.300.000 trees in 239 nurseries and 415.000 orchard treeswithin a 1-mile radius of these nurseries were examined, as well as 35budwood sources with their 1-mile surroundings comprising ,.800trees. Beyond regulated areas an additional 188 nurseries producing7.936,000 nursery stock trees aid the :239,3.)00 orchard trees in theirenvirons were eXamined as a preca1ltionary measure.

In the peach mosaic area State certification was withheld from 35nurseries-from :2 because of disease on the nursery premises and from33 small nurseries because diseased trees remained on the propertyafter May 15. Four budwood sources were refused certification be-cause of local mosaic conditions. In the phony peach area one nurseryfailed to qualify.

During the calendar year 1948 nearly 40,000 orchards containingnearly 9,000,000 trees were examined in 186 counties in 15 States.Approximately 68.500 diseased trees were found in these orchards, andmore than 90 percent of them were promptly removed.

This program, begun in 1936. has prevented spread of these diseasesthrough nursery-stock channels. It has lowered the general orchardincidence of peach mosaic from 45,063 infected trees recorded in 1986to only 7,447 trees in 1948. The work has also greatl y reduced thephony disease as a serious orchard problem in all but two States. Ala-banma and Georgia, where special conditions appear to favor thisinfection.

Resurvey Fails To Reveal Citrus Canker in Texas

Reinspection of all citrus trees in Texas on or near properties uponwhich citrus canker has been found since 19:20 and the examination ofPoncirus trifolia ta hedges throughout eastern Texas were continuedthrough April 1949. Since this resurvey was begun ini September1947, crews have examined over 4.000( ,00(0 citrus trees, escaped plants,

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6 0- I '3HTI.TTH)V .*ID LI RILHYI(130 *IO 1(03I1 iV.V'CY


FOREIGN PLANT QUARANTINE ACTIVITIES

Further safeguards were put into effect during 1949 to strengthenour defenses against the invasion of injurious plant pests. The regu-lations governing the importation of nursery stock, plants, and seedswere revised to give more adequate protection against the introductionof such pests with plant propagating material.

The revision provides for the prohibition of additional specificplant material known to be subject to infestation or infection by cer-tain insect pests or plant diseases in the country of origin, and forthe growing of certain material under post-entry quarantine longenough to determine its apparent freedom from infestation or infec-tion with plant pests not discernible by port-of-entry inspection.The preflight clearance of aircraft destined to the mainland, whichhas proved so effective in Hawaii, was extended to domestic planesflying from Puerto Rico direct to the continental United States.Other Federal agencies, particularly the Bureau of Customs, the Im-migration and Naturalization Service, the Public Health Service,and the Departments of the Navy and the Air Force contributedmaterially to the program.

Carriers and Products Inspected

Plant quarantine activities at maritime ports of entry continuedon a high level during the year. Prohibited plant material was foundon 25 percent of the 43.000 vessels inspected. This material origi-nated in countries throughout the world, and much of it was found toharbor destructive plant pests. Although most of the arriving shipscame directly from foreign ports, there were 676 vessels from Hawaii,222 of which bore prohibited material, and 511 vessels from PuertoRico, 71 of which carried unauthorized material.

The prevention of the entry and spread of injurious plant pests withairborne traffic continued to be one of the most serious problems in theplant quarantine program. During the year more than 60,500 air-planes were inspected at 51 ports of entry, including 3,679 arrivalsfrom the mainland inspected in Hawaii. Approximately one out ofevery four planes inspected carried prohibited plant material which,if not intercepted, could have been transported to almost any point inthe United States within a matter of hours.

Importations of restricted plant materials under permit-particu-larly fruits, vegetables, cotton and cotton products, fibers, cereals,and plant propagating material-also continued to be heavy in 1949.Iore than 186.330,000 crates. boxes. bales, bushels, and other units

were inspected and safeguarded when necessary to eliminate the riskof introduction of injurious insects and plant diseases. In addition,millions of small lots of restricted plant material entered over the1\Mexican border which required inspection but were not recorded.Large quantities of fruits were imported from South Africa and Ar-gentina on the basis of refrigeration treatment, and there was anincreased interest in the importation of agricultural material by air,

59

\ ANNAL HIEPORTS OF DEPART.11ENT OF A(HICULTCHE, 1949

p art icularly of fruits and vegetables from MLexico and other Latin-AllieiCan COulltrles.

Not only are all )lanes inspected upon arrival ini Hawaii. but alsoall )lanes p)repari1ng to depart for the Im1ainilanld. Airplanes are alsot reate1 withI an aero )sol conitalinillg DI))T. The necessityv for this pro-

( dui re. especially for planes destined t( t le m1ia inland, was 'epeatedly(lemlonstrate( (urn g tlie )ast year bv thle fli(ling of li vinhg adults of

tlhe ori'i'1tal fruit fVl ill planes In1'ep)arig to (lep'art for the continentalI united St at es. ()f 4.031 )laIes gi Vel prefi iflt in-Ict ion and treat-Iient )rior to depl)a rtutire for the Imlainlland, 1 .6(5 would have trans-)orted unauthorized plant material had1 it not been I'emoveld at the)oilt of origin.()ver 34.0 00 automobile truiiks and )iece'( of hgagtrae. more than

twice the number in 1948, were inspected and sealed prior to de-parture for the continent on surface vessels. The (iscovery that theorienltal fruit flyv ocnasionally attacks blooms of Yan(a orchids madeit necessary to require treatment of the bloomiis prior to shipm1)I1ent.Almost 26,000 packages of cut flowers and leis were examined, 8.123of which were rejected and :35,500 permitt ted to move after treatment.Shipments of fruits and vegetables to the mainland totaled 860, ofwh1 ich 174 reqllired treatment before being certified.

I)uring the last quarter of the year preflight clearance of airplanesdestined to the mainland was also started in PIuerto Hico. ()f the 536planes inspected duii'ngl tiis bief )eriod 889 carried unauthorized

plant material. A total of 911 shipments of fruits and vejtetaldes werecEtil ed for IlloveIllent frl ellPrto Ilio t) tile c( )lOitliental U nited

St ate.Traf1C aCTO's te 11 i E i- n )rdn c( t cd1d11e11111d(1 I ll ert'as: Ill e t 1a1

7.5 million vehicles a1(d 2.5 million pieces of u)aggage were ipectedduring the year. About 3, i00 pullman alnl Isaenge' ('oachles fromMexico were also inspectel at border )orts. The safe'gua rdling oftraffic from Mexico is especially import anlt at tilis time because ofheavy infestat ionS of the cit rus )laekfly in that count'v. Ihe \allesarea, where infest nation is exceedinily hilv learv . is onlyv a ftw hours driveover paved higlhwavs from the impol)( )rtant citruiis-produc]'t n111 area ofthe Lower Rio G ra inle Valley.

1E Ii iinlb er of fIre ighlit (ars inspeted e11and en tereI du r ill thltle yeartotaled (;.0(l1 8. a (1e( case of S percentt r )im t 11e p) rev io( u is yea r. It wasnecessary to fI1uniiite 51it7 of these all'ss bt'to'e permit ing t hem1 toenter the I 'nitel "t;ates. I)Iriu the \ea'r a 1ie" railwa wa put intoo)erati111 connect ing the mujainilanitd of Mexico with ' lja (':ilifornia,

whih('l is beliE've( to be free fr'omuu several im'(por'tn 111t pests that occuri'(elS(ewh(e're ii Ax\IX('1. To'u sa fegi'tlard aiainst the mtiovemijelit of t huese'

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Mexico is inspected.

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More than 2.240,000 parcel-post packages were inspected duringthe year, and 2,800 were found to contain prohibited plant material.For various reasons it was necessary to divert 9,500 packages to otherports for handling, and 6,900 were released under permit after inspec-tion. Among the serious pests intercepted in foreign mails during theyear was the golden nematode. found in soil attached to the roots ofshamrocks from Ireland. In Hawaii over 365,000 parcel-post packageswere examined prior to dispatch to the mainland. 76,000 of which wereopened for inspection. More than 8,000 of the 105,000 parcel-postpackages examined in Puerto Rico before movement to the continentwere opened for inspection. The problem of safeguarding PuertoRican mail was increased when the Post Office Department begandispatching domestic parcel post by air on September 1, 1918.

During the year 670 lots of plants, seeds, and other propagatingmaterials were imported by the Department of Agriculture for scien-tific and experimental purposes. These plant materials were examinedand treated, if necessary, at the Washington. D. C., inspection house.When pest conditions so warranted, the plants were grown in detentionand inspected regularly to determine whether pests that were notdetectable at the time of original inspection had made their appear-ance. Final inspection prior to release was made of 3.132 lots of exoticplants grown by the Department under quarantine conditions.

Plant materials being grown at the plant introduction and propa-gating gardens of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricul-tural Engineering were also inspected regularly for the presence ofpests. Material distributed from the gardens at Coconut. Grove, Fla.,and Mandan, N. Dak., was inspected by State officials cooperatingwith this Bureau, while inspections at Chico. Calif.. were made jointlyby Bureau and State officials, and from the District of Columbia,Beltsville, Md., and Savannah, Ga., stations by Bureau inspectors.During the year 102,000 plants, 5,000 bud-sticks and cuttings, 133.000roots and tubers, and 400 lots of seeds were inspected prior to ship-ment from these gardens.

Plants and Pests Intercepted

The 135,300 interceptions of prohibited or restricted plants andplant products made in 1949 represented a decrease of about 1 percentfrom the preceding year. These materials were taken from baggage(89,900), from cargo (3,800), from mail (4.300). from quarters (14,-300), and from stores (23,000). Additional interceptions of plantmaterial were made by customs officers at Mexican and Canadianborder ports, where the traffic does not warrant the services of a plantquarantine inspector.

Interceptions of insects and plant diseases during the year totaled22,400. They included 9,370 lots of insects and 2,240 of plant diseasesin agricultural material imported for consumption and . 770 lots ofinsects and 1,300 of diseases in material entered for propagation. The

61

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61i6I '3I .13iI)THO)V :IO .L.\IC.T.HVd(! -1O .T.UO"H 'IVt'N \V ")

BUREAU OF ENTOMIOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGYAND PLANT QUARANTINE

Chief of Bureau-------------------------------------Associate ChiefAssistant Chief (Regulatory)Assistant Chief (Hesearch)Assistant Chief (Control)-----------------------------Assistant Chief (Administration)Special Assistant to the ChiefDivision of Finance and Business AdministrationDivision of Personnel--------------------------------Division of Insect Survey and Information--------------Division of Fruit Insect InvestigationsDivision of Fruit Fly Investigations--------------------Division of Mexican Fruit Fly Control------------------Division of Japanese Beetle Control--------------------Division of Forest Insect Investigations----------------_Division of Gypsy Moth Control------------------------Division of Plant Disease Control---------------------Division of Cereal and Forage Insect InvestigationsDivision of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investi-

gations---------------------------------------------Division of Cotton Insect Investigations----------------_Division of Pink Bollworm Control-----------------------Division of Bee Culture-------------------------------_Division of Insects Affecting lan and Animals-----------Division of Insect Identification-----------------------_Division of Foreign Parasite IntroductionDivision of Control InvestigationsDivision of Insecticide InvestigationsDivision of Foreign Plant QuarantineDivision of Domestic Plant QuarantineDivision of Grasshopper Control-----------------------Division of Golden Nematode Control-------------------

1 Succeeded by Ralph A. Sheals on Oct. 1, 1949.2 Died on Aug. 25, 1949, succeeded by Roy T. Richmond.

P. N. AnnandA. S. HoytS. A. RohwerF. C. Bishopp

WXV. L. PuphaniEdnund Stephens 1

H. L. HallerB. ConnorW. L. LefflerG. J. HaeusslerB. A. PorterA. C. BakerP. A. HoidaleE. G. BrewerF. C. CraigheadJ. M1. CorlissJ. F. MartinC. M1. Packard

W. H. WhiteR. W. HarnedL. F. CurlJ. I. HambletonE. F. KniplingC. F. W. MuesebeckC. P. ClausenC. P. ClausenR. C. RoarkE. R. SasscerB. I. Gaddis 'Claude WakelandH. L. Smith

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949

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3 1262 09236 6516

Report of the Chief Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

Documents

Transcript of Report of the Chief Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine