Wighaman, =Paul F.:_ 3imme7man,_ Earl R.Pennsylvania s --Energy -Curriculum for SeCondaryGrades: -Industrial Arts.

INSTITUTION Penhsylvalia State Dept. of Education, Harrs,burj.-_SPONS AGENCY- Pennsylvania St_ate Governor!s-Energy ncil,

Harrisburg.0,8-DATE BO:

NOTE 146p.: =For related documents,, see '5E434 450-457.Contains photographs which may not reproduce well.

I'EDES PRICE HFOI/2C06 Plus Postage. ,DESCRIPTORS Building'Systems: *Energy; Environmental Education:

Heating: *Industrial Arts: *Power Technology:._ = = /

Solarsecondary, Education:Education *Shop Curriculum; Sol=

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Radiation: *Technological Advancement; Technologylternatire Energy Source

ABSTRACT. Compiled in this guide are/- 23 previously published

documents for use by secondary school indUstrial arts teachers whowapt-t-o-iirdarpio-nat_e_ energy studies into/their curricula.. Over- halfthe entries describe energy-related projects, such as-fireplaces,

i-solar-water-heaters-,-and-solar -r_oVens,--bther materi,als-presented--address the place of energy in, the /industrial arts curriculum.Photographs, charlts, and diagrams illustra.te many of the articles.,(W13

*******************ReprOductions,

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******************************t******** **********upplied byEDRS_arethe best that can be made

from the original document. **************************************************.(5

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE-TH4SU 5 DEFARTmENt OF NEACTHEPUCAT1ON & WE LFAR MATERIAL-HAS BEEN GRANTED BYENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF V

*EDUCATION_ av

THIS': DocumENT HAs WEFN OE-PRO..Rbucrb IRE4ACTLY. As ECE'lvp PI_ or es.ea

TA-E- PEraSON DE orae-,ANIZATIONTT RgIN'TSCW:JIEW Q14,CIPINIat

SYA TED -DO Akar NECESSARILY RERWE=SENT OE C AL t4AYiONAL-if.45.T.TpTE TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE;

AFORMATIONCENTERYERIO)

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Pennsylvania Department of Education 1980kirids Provided by Governor's Energy Council

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Commonwealth ofTlennsylvaniaj.Dick Thornburgh, Governor

Department of IducattonRobert.G..Scanlon, Secretary

Office of Basic EducationRohald H. Lewis, Commissioner'Francis J. Moran, Deputy Commissioner

Bureau of Curriculum ServicesDavid C. Campbell, Director

Health, Science and Technology DivisionIrvin Edgar, ChiefJohn J. McDermott, Senior Science Adviser.

Peinnsylv Ia Department of EducationP s. Box 9.11, 333 Market Street

Harrisburg, PA 17108

Paul F. %%Inman.ersville State College.

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CKNOWEED-MENTS-- '--(----- "t--"--'.

7 =

- - Translating Energy Into Power," C: David Gierke, NEeEP-Journal, Ckotb1'6r 1971 '"Is Solar -Power a Practical Splution?7,- I Charles Alexander, TerrinceR. ,',G4Stei _. Harry

, Thomason, Malcom_ Wells, Popular-Science. Building Manual, Spring-Stnnmer

Activities

"Electric Truck is Wind-Powered, Too." Edward Mciran 'Popular Science, AdvintureX iriAlternate_EnergyA'pril 1977.

\ m d

"Turn Your Fireplace into 'a FOrnacp,," Popular Science, October 1977... _

"Solar Assisted Heat: Pump," Edward Moran, PoPitiar SciencexAdveritures in Alternate Energy.-.1, .

Moran"Windmill on aBOom," Edward r-, Popular SciEnce- Adventuresinf_ATternate E-riergy7 7February1977. . .

Solar Heating Design and Construction, M. Filepas,-3. Chlebowski, E. nine, Central Dauphin - School-itrict,

"Five Solar Water Heaters You Can Budd", Edward Moran, Popular Science Adventures inAlternate Energy, May 1976.

L

"Solar Window", Edward Moran, opularScience Adventures in Alternate Energy.

"Si Power for SPac'e Heating," Edward Moran, Popular Science Adventures in Alternate Energy.

"Solar.Plus ,Wooditove `Heats His Water," Edward Moran,__Popukr, Science Adventures

, _ /! - -- I _

',ITS Opdate, the Newest Solar afing Erjuipme Richard-Ste

pler, Popular Science,' August 1977._

'6. ' i I -,- .. t v r

' .-- e

I C i"SOlar' Hornesteding- in a_'Bioiphere," E. F.,,Lin :_ y:Popnlar Science- Advehtures in Alternate -1-, _ ; , t, ,

,,:EnergY. _, ,--,

'Solar Oven The SPokestrzarz June-July 1978,.

e

71I _ '

"Focusing. Collectors. Heat a Northern l Gine' Edward Moran, Popyla; Science Adventures firAlternate Energy, Decernber 1976=_ v

cilar Pool- Heater-on .a Pedistal,"-E. F. Lindsley, Popular ScienCe Adventures in Alternate Energy:.

--"'"Solar Bubble Keeps'4 - -

Eriergy;Septerither

Rotor Dernons

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_ oPtilar- Sezence- Adventures U-CAlterriate---

s Wind Powe Martin Greenwald School Shop; May 1978.

6

INTENDED USE OF PUBLICATION

- The material published here is for the'use bf industrial arts-teachers= and should -ofs

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__their ongoing classes; Much of _the material fits natUrallI into a PoWer Technology 'cla: °Weyer,with a little work it can -be incorporated into other areasof industrial arts instruction.

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This publication -is a part of 'a larger publication that encompasses all subject areas ineducation. It is intended to be used in the upper grades and is tb emphasize-the importance ofconserving energy for our society. All 'students must be made aware of its importance and theindustrial art eacher can-play a major role in thii effort

Consider the mformatibn provided here as suggested material for building a progrant for theconservation of energy. Try to make use -of the suggested projects as they appear, and build-on-theseideas as studentsgam.knowledge o energy. .

Industrial arts has educational_value for all pupils in.the elementary and sedandary school, providingexperiences that 'are progressively intensive in accordance with pupil maturity: The industrial artsprogram is a sequence of exploratory experiences to .assist in the de'velopment of -insights intotechnology and the attainment of otaupational literacy: Industrial- arts provides vocationalorientation. exppriences through its labbratory skills and also has the unique ability to acquaint-students -with a variety of career options and possibilities.

In Pennsylvania the -industrial arts program is a broad based area of study in andtechnology:

an integral part of the total educational program, industrial arts will aid students in acquiring acomprehension of industrial, technOlogy, career potential and proper use ,of aten rough -.manipulative actions and research experienes with a variety of tools, Materials, prone- es aidproducts of industry, students have the .oppOrtunity to develop a self;concept in relation tochanging requirements for participation in an industrial and technological culture,

Industrial -arts has a special contribution to make to the total educational program. While industrialarts utilizes 'and contributes to the goals of education in pieparation for life, its interrelationshipswith other disciplineS - .provides substance to vocational educatiem as well a career educationconcepts. Furthermore, industrial arts provides unique opportunities forsstudents to participate inrealistic experiences in the production of goods, or the rendepring of services, through the effectiveuse of people, methods,-machines, money, management; and marketing. Students study the effectsof industrial technOlogi upon all elements of society. Industrial arts must stand, upon thedemonstrated values for which if is especially adapted;.and should be integrated with the othersubject-areas inthe-development-ofthe total-educational process_

0Purposes

The purposes of _industrial arts in Pennsylvania aconsistent with the goals of quality education inthe Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

To provide a sound program, of industrial arts, clear and realistic objectives are essential. Thefollowing statements.of purpose are unique -to industrial arts prpgrams in Pennsylvania. A properlyplanned and coordinated Industrial Arts Program should:

.Devel p technological literacy in a technological society one must be abmunicate in the language of industry; technology and science.

to coin-

Develop an understanding of the place of industry in our society - Industry is a con-structive, dynamic force in the world today, It-is them-esponsibility of the school toprovide opportunities for each student to understand this force. Industrial arts provideslearning activities by which,students acquire knowledge and performance skills.

Discover and develop student talents related to technologiel,- the industrial arts pro-

_ gram should assist students:in discovering and developing their' aleutst Industrial arts-helps 'students identify' special abilities through manipulative research experiences.

Develop.-=problem solvink abilities related to the use df tools. materials, processes andprothicts - the problem solving approach in industrial arts involves creative thinking andgjvesStudents oPPortUnitiq to apply principles of planning-and design Constructive

clmiques, industrial processes; scientific principles and mathematical computations-are applied to achieve solutions to problems- =

Develop skill in the safe use of hand and power tools =Industrial arts provicl6s plannine,construction and productioh activities which enable students to aequfre industrial andtechnical skills.- These activities offer opportunities to::clevelop hand and power toolskills commensuratt with the mental and physical maturity of the student:

Content

Industrial arts is a multi-disciplinary presentation of knowledge, skills-,-_and- attitudes acquired bystudents. Three common areas required for a'aninimal Program wouldlleI,Clesignated as industrial

-materials, power technology, and-visual communications---, =

Industrial Materials --is a study of physical materials as tand how these materials are transformed through_exconstruction- into consumable products. Activities o

.nmental to proper conservation, expementation,

heir-natural environmenton abrication-nanufaCturing andaroup prpvide experiences funda-

rig, use and analysis of materials.

Power Technology - is the study of energy and its application to such fields as communi-cations, transportation and rnanufactming.

Visual Communications.- as the process of communicating through sight. Visual communi-_-cations includes studies ..in graphic arts, photography and drafthg. 0

These areas are to be taught as general laboratory experiences with multiple teaching methods beingused in an effort to individdalize instruction. Wide use of instructional media and methods,appropriate in laboratory experiences, are encouraged. Students should be taught in small, groups oras indiyiduals; therefore teaching materials must be developed and available to students according toneed. A personnel /management system should be used in all laboratories for the develqpment of thehuman relations' *eats of the program. Mini-courses should be available for students who desirespecific _expgriences, a'rid scheduling should be flekible enough to permit courses of varying

ration.

Industrial Arts Education is --a phase of education that h4 the unique responsibilitk to proyidestudents with the capability; to undfirstand and Manipulate _modern day indUstrial technology. It isthe subject area in the school that deals with tho.industnal technological society and the problemsand benefits of these technologies, The fundamental., goal of-industrial- arts is to proVide,eachindividual- with the capability to make relevant judgments, to(think-effeCtivelyi to_ make Value-.

chdicei to communicate, ideas and to:a:se able to efficiently use technology for the individnal'sbenefit- variety of life troles (family, occupational, recreational, etc.) and to use theseknowledge s and skills abdutindustrial technology.

, _ , --This imper was developed in cooperation with the Industrial Arts Association of Pennsylvania and___

the Pennsylvania Department Of Education. ._

John T. Feckk, President Industrial Arts MsOciation of Pennsylvania

Earl R. Zfmmennan Senior Program Adviser for Industrial Arts 7 PenOsylvania_Repartment of Education

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RevisedQctober 19, 1978

--POWER-TECHNOLOGY

RIME MOVERS AND ENERGY SOURCES

UBJECT MATTER FOR INDUSTRIAL ARTS

by-John J. Geil

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The TollOWing article isexcerpted:from an Unpublished master's thesis of the carne title, done,ent State University, :Ohio, June, 1967. Original sources_ are hereby grateftilly-acknoWledged.

Readers &siring further informationi_may contact the ICSU,Library or the author, Portions.of thiswork previously appeared in the NECEP-JOURNA.L, October 7 19763 and the conceptual is

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Tefleetedin-ENERGY-AND-TRANSPORTATION7POWERIMOchilat-Exploratioirof-Fethnology---,-,Seri6) Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs-, NJ 1976:

Dwindling resources and a-rigv:! role for industrial arts empfiasizea need `for: corn rehensiiecourses dealing with energy and-power: While the conversion of vast quantities of energy.into usableforms -of power cOnstitutes a-branch -technology that-is:fundamental-to the-American way of lifer

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only- a small 'percentage of students-enrolled in industtial arts courses have oppoftunities to study:complex energy/pbwer relationships. Many so -called powertechnology courses are in reality onlyautornotivgs or small engines comes, but American youth needs programs dealing with the entyeenergy -power picture. Research to identify a comprehenSjve body of subject matterifor -use in thestudy of power is king oVerdue.,Cornprehensive courses must be 'concerned Viithlracing the sourcesof energy and with the role Of prime movers which trangform energy into useful power;

The study from which this article was taken was abroad inquiry to determine past, -current"and future sources of energy and 'to trace .the historical deYehapment of primemovers. Rather thabbeing only theoretical-scientific in nature, the study was technical-culturak- No attempt was made toassign energy and power subject matter to school grade level. The study was a starting point-a bigpicture upon which to build comprehensive prograrns,

Energy sabrces d prime movm are fundamental bases for constrUction'Power technologycourses: In add_ iti6n to teaching the tethnology of power, 'there are pctssibilities for learningexperIenceg in the history Of technology, the concept_ of techilological flow, in the eyents ofhurriankind, the manifestatIons4of humaricreative spirit" rising to the conviction that there must be a,better way,-and the impact of manit:Personalities rarely found in our school history books.

INTRODUCTION,

The story of enemy and poWer is the story of the industrial might of America. A hundrtdyears agogonly 5 percent of the total power being consumed was produced by Mechanical means;95 percent was supplied by hiiman and animal power. Today approxrruately 9S percent of ourpower comes from mechanical sources. If industrial arts education is to reflect technology andindustry, the studies of powergeneration and utilizati must be included itr the curriculum.

The use Of! vast quantitieS- of energy ts- basic to :the IiirctiOning-of the entan,economy.-The United States- has:six =percent of the_-_world!s popidationi'hut.donsurnes 35 percent of the globalproduction of energy And materials. The per capita 'consumption of energy Was about six _trines-the world average.

ti

. .The use of energy is characteristic of any, highly industrialized nation: Industry in the'Linited--States accounts for two-fifths'of the total energy-cOnsumption2In'1975.aUtomobites, trueks, buses,,,ancLother.automotive transportgonsumed. about one - fifth. cif' total energy; aboutOne-half ofthat 'consume=d in industry. Modern householH consume. another one-fifth for healing, cooking, and,nil- operating _appliances_ Industry, -:transpoftation,':and-; hoUseholds.::together consume 'about,*four fifths of all energy used,' with the remaining 'fifth used by commercial -canderns,-- thegovernnint, -and agriculture. Converting_ these vast quantities of energy to usable forms of powerconstitu:es a branch of technohigy that is fundamental to the-American way of life.,

' But-While power and en6rgy are "basic :tiiithe AmerIean economy and tfie.lAriiprican way of._ ,.._...---,-life; the industrial arts has hot responded - fiade-qUately -to :lire-need_ for cbmprehensive

Power technology prcigrami; The USOE S:ehnritt/Pelley study of the mid- sixties revealed:that. only ,

2.7 percent of the students enrolled--i_n Indirstriat arts progranrs_ received instrucTion-in powermechanics :: The -true- picture of power technology instruction was probably eVen more bleak since-

-many (if not mott)_prorairis consisted of_na rawly zconceived_smalf_engines or autornotivesiourses.___4

Prime Movers'

Joseph W. Duffey in Power: Prime Mover of Teelfnology defined prime movers as . devices.that convert the dower of hutnanand'anfirial muscle running water, wind, heat. OF electricity into a._More. usable form of.energii: By subscribing to a definition such as this, it trnmediately becomesapparent that courses with. limited scope such as-small gasoline engines will fall- short of-the mark inproviding the education and experienciS needed by today's yduth. It isralso apParent that basic

= = thermodynamics-m-1_1st- be-a.-:-pait=of-the -program and that- studying-the-historical -develoPinent ofrprime movers will aid, in seeing where We are and where we Might be going.'

The complete study from which tliis material was taken is, summarized in the accompanyingchart, 'Figure I. It included external combustion engines, kinetic energy prime niovers, direct energyconversion-, electric it, and the so-called-aotie-sources. The following excerpt deals only withinternal combustion deifices and is;of necessity, shortened.

ERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Inteinnalicombustion engines fiarm,-in terms of quantity at least, the backbone of our powerneeds. Steam power is used to generate the tremendous: quantities of electricity we need, but theinternal combustion engine is the basic source of power for nearly all our transportation and otherrequirements, . .

Intenjal combustion engines are not efficient. They are generally noisy and plagued with_vibration...They emit noxious ,and_offensiv_e lumes_and are.often_short-lived. But the _versatility-andadaptability cifdfrese engines, especially in the reciprocating form, has literally transformed ourway of life. So common is the "gas ". engine that we take .it" Very much for granted until, for somereason, it fails to perform its jab.

Internal corribustiot engines are now made in many forms- reciprocating, rotary, turbine,ous methods of accomplishing

cterized by the fuel beingreaction, and rocket. They may be very small or vent large, with vaignition, cooling, and lubrication_ But they are all heat engines cburned rapidly inside the engine..

Reciprocating Engines

The reciprocating internal Combustion engine is perhaps the most familiar, form of power.Throughout we World, automobiles, trucks and other engine-driven conveyances transport peopleand goods., perform as regulatory and emergency vehicles and provide a freedom of movementundreamed of a century ago. The lto industry is one of the largest employers in the United StatesAlmost every family has a car, and the trend is to two or even three Even with the increasingcomplexity of automobiles, [he average Ameri,an feels he is something of an expert on cars. Thepopular "scientific" literature abounds with articles on the subject High aLhoolcis by the thousandsrepair, rebuild, Arid modify evt,i y thing twin Jalopies to lacing cars

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with Eugene Langer}, to produce a successful two-cycle engine. This engine'operated on atmosphericpressure and was similar in operation to Newcomenis original steam engine. While the engine washeavy and noisy, its efficiency Cvas twice that of the Lenoir engine. Approximately 5,000 unitswere produced starting in 1872.

Otto' was not satisfied, however, and returned to the pursuit of the four-cycle idea. His effortsthis time, due to his experience in _the field, were successful, and in 1876 he marketed an engineproducing three horsepower which ran at 180 revolutions per minute. It was so quiet in contrastto.the earlier engines that it became known as the "Otto Silent

engine Was. w superior to all othei existing mydek that it cki) dominated Llicindustry. By the time he died, over 30,00u engines bearing his natiu. were hi operation. sonic bong

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the mechanical system; to capture the energy of the burning fuel and transform it first-to reciprocating motion and finally to rotary action.

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Thermodynamically, rotary engines are similar to other internal combustion engines- -thedifferences lie in the ways of achieving engine action.' In -the Wankel engine, three:chambers areformed by the sides of the rotor arid the wall of the housing. The usual four-stroke cycle occurswith the simplicity and power stroke frequency of the two-stroke cycle.

In any one chamber, the' cycle beiins as an intake port is uncovered and fuel and air is drawnin by the action ot\the rotor in its housing_ As the rotor continues, the intake port is covered andcompression begins, followed by ignition Lombustion and, expansion tol the power strokeContinued motion ul the Foto! micovels [Ike exhaust port and the tutu, Is III positiou Lu Icpcat thesequ'ence nic three ehanibets expelienLe 111 oidet the same series ut events, thus thcic ate'dowel pubes fUl 1.,;e3J1 revolutiou of the two!

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The closed-cycle turb is the other major type, does not come_ into contact With theburnAng fuel but is heated in a heat exchanger,' passed through the turbine, cooled, and thenrecompressed and reheated in a closed system. Almost any type of fuel can be u§ed, including theheatcgenerated by nuclea, reactors_ Sometimes, both open- and closed-cycle principles are used.

Aircraft jet engin and turbo-pro ngm s are forms of gas turbines, but due to their highlypequitiect nature, they

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are usually considered separately from general types for stationitiy ma ntler vehicluar use

Systems

1 1111.1111CS dlc se L tIuI'I 11 11./11 II 111 11,E d1.1

111, ...11116L1Sti011 La 111bCr dila the turbine whiul, 1.1)11,,LIN 111. Idiciii ci .)1 llic ch11.1111gda, 3 Into inecha energy

J. 111 II., in ion it .0,4,, .,. _., ..h. 4 .. 1..., it .1.e ),..1 . . L.,

Lamed duck;ity v, [lie power tur-bnic In (lit c.... ,I,I. i1o,1 "1.: ,..uv.41 ts,lutti, 1, stilt' itic 111)1 gc14N.1b

41C made to and ;against °lades in a 111^1 1111e1 ViLi 3111111)1) 11) 111)11 II. d ,(C,11.1 li.1111144.; and heatclicigy 1 1[411 fut 1116.1 into ,nechai,i,;,1 .:iiergy Eh,: 'Lupin sli it il.d), I.e 1..oll,11c11 .1111 .14 1.0 d

6c1101-dio 4 1)1 A 86.11 Li dill ..lay be e,,11., III,: z..1,c,..1 ,,t i.)Lall,,L.

1,..,11

0,51111 I. 1 Ap1t,,,91.11, , n 11, ki

cine, 51).:C,iell attenitol, given 1, the inobl,41,3 , ()Wit rtie3) S C.II .1 1.1 1.), L. a.3 Jil 1h, 411,,,11 alalla, 1., 111111-1 the 111111111e

t. 11 11,..,d1

dilutel CX SS ail frolu th. cornpressoi

1,,.13 .1

,t)...t/iL L.. Ate 411111,111.,(Lly1

ENERGY ALTERNATIVES AND':THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL ARTS

by,Fran C Owens & Fhontas Pinelli

The Arab .yil embargo and the hardship and suffering, experienced during the wake oIt country's coldest winter of the twentieth century piovide additonal evidence and ,ieditality to the

belief -that this nation's traditional sources of energy will one day prove inadequate for meeting 11 Senergy needs, These recent experiences which are symptomatie Ailierica' steadily deft' iolaringenergy situation, necessitate the development of an atticinativc plan ol action against conditionswhiCh llii aten national sevnii ay ,,ontintred 1.) $ e0114)1111, glow tit and development, and the activeparticipatLoy tole 4,4 1.11c 11 S In wotiti atfllii, Solving, Allit:11, ptobiLin3 i,icsenta aiigolininotis itic Joint cliOils go,..141141,;1,t litt3,,c.03 and t.,tlttstty rile

dcadentic ..ommunity, and most turportalitly the American pcoptc will-king together L., help dev, lopa diveisliwic....1 ononly so that !intro., ciictg,,N. 1.)c

inteL he a11.miltillvc 13 es.on.Oillk, stagnaLi.. -in 'able ,,Bang, tit fkinc.iii an

hie _ yle

AA. .4 1.% A t, ilia A

,11 tO Oi.)1

I fat, loroori,,tior, will 1, :

1...AILIt.J.A and City li. milk .11 A

i.1.4 1141 ItIre A114k.3 an . Iltk.

yk.11 tk7411,JI Is A, 11,11 ,i,,1 IL .6!

knety With ine .111,441 till 6,4,11 s tit t.,1-11.; a ts,a1113"

Ilid4iatll,.1 all} a3 lllal pail 111 In.c t IWO! 41111, Itl,tut %IA, II 411,4 It 41 1,4111 Intl., .43 4114,1

technolog,,, coa 1 rake a majo. _citribut4,41 Ltiavaiti 1114 A;1,;411,,,1 of air t

a-

iing iL4) , ih,.

ti loph,,,:fit tat dit-11,..4,1, 111.11,1.A...41 .41, Ak.II A.11, Ai 1, ..ke_ 1, ad pi en. rgy

cstucation

IL, 1'.. I.1

d1 ,11 I 11,I

I?! ; , 1.1 ha ,1

k, iii.g 11

1 It:a t a

ills II . ,I I ,t

III

u A

60 l ENERGY CRISIS

50

40

30

20

10

01 ( r FT I 1

1950 55 60 65 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

Arab Oil Embargo

Imports

----U.S. Oil and 0a ConsumpLien

U.S. Oil and Gas Production

,1111,..:,._ .i , Pull ot,tanik.,1 il,,,,,,bi, (1,, I,.. 4.,..1,.,1. IA ILE . ,,l 81.

I11l1n.,,nlaLli.,1 4.1 11,1 elicrioy Lost apprtcAlnialcly 1;30 blillun Ili 1`,) /3 Ain! 1_1d , sii AI, And 11,1...M11,Iiiipect ori Alin_,IL.,d'., baldii, .:, ot payinclits It appropriate and 4111,e1 a...Lion , in Laki,;11, ..101114s4.1,

prodii,tIon kA4,I11..1 idt, 11R.il,d34:11 h.! ka/Oltl. 49 Albiji) Ili 19.1:0

1..51 EA,:,saa..a.l Lai1/1 l 4.1"/,

1I. t.4i. I

31h.

.la ttlil+ Of lla 1.:16. ,Itaa ) I . 1 111

11 I I . .14.1 14,1,161 a LI

LI - sour cs of +11 1111 11 '11,1 III 11 , L44;1,j) .1111.1,(1,1h 114.1 6.111.

,.,liaagi,;s will Li< tek1t.111,,4.1 tut tl1c, 111,,Vc !WM a 1)0.1 lit-alai ) a LilVa.

,1%

lAl,)1 ILI la 111100i 1,11AL LA

A i 1 ,

) W.: II 1,4.1 ,,,,,;., 4.1/II.L4I1 4.41 71 5 411,1414I111 .i Lit .L., ,i Inctinal IlliL O.:6 S k ) , 1 I , (1 ,i;

, [44[ .44 l4 t..1..6., alli 11,41 4441. III Alit IL;lial: [Ilk; t.l Ali r 1,A,._ ,,,A 1,1,,,,, . t,;,1 ,,,1 ,,,,t,;1.4 4 ..4., ..

,i,. , , / , 1) (213 U l,..1 I 9 /0 11,, 1,..:,..1c1. 1 1:1,,,6.1 A,11,.1.ilL ,I.,1114L.1 115 1,h...11, lc,1 ,,, , 1.1,.,111444 ,,ii.t 4,1 A..1 i1 aLI Cl, ,6) ultbi,1111.1Avii Will ..,...,tilliit ) Ii .; 51,11,411 _1 1114 ,Hill ...11..11,_ .)1

in, I ...11SLIAIPti )11 AIIICLL13, 4 5 peicent will Ill.iliiiliSh

111111bWmm -Changing values and reshaping attitudes toward energy will reciulie Ilinely of id 044..1infortridlicn Intelifell1,1g /a study of wind unergy Into exii.,tin9 power dlat..1 dim! 1.u,,,34g

10i±voliti 1/.15 uhdrigo Paato by Goo Qt, tie, :Jet

hare of All Energy Used in U.S.Today

tiC St:144414,44

ti y,11 kir IL, 4

1-1,..111 1. tilt. 1, 5 baz ;.1 t, 5t1 11111 .., ,

,, n _a 1,1114.6A ti 11,411a 14 -4,4141, [4,4 t.11.11164 ..4)111 a 44 t i 1,P a

1 1 1 1 1 1 11. A 1 ;.11 I t I C I 1 = I 1 1ily 11 11 . III 4 (1,0 1,,41, k.li 1 ,A

e tit,,Rily QUI (.11.. pal 4,,1 ,1 1111,tat1 1ai (lip 1 W.! 11i6

(1) Eli 11 , aw(41113 ti II 1a.11,,,11t1 altki /1atii,,a1 (.2) it 4. tAi .111

1,11e_ 311,, ply 1,, 1..=:4z.,..1 .LsAalk k liii11Oltf,1 144 i3a4.14

oin,,uttiptio,, winch 1. t14,t InkJe..mri, At a tlxcat of ,VI.3te1111 1.1(11111/111.16; (3) wutird wideaollb111111,111w1 13 113, "A LILL,. 31 HI .Cask, , , 1111141 WAAL' 11

414:5114)1.1, k I s.1,-,Nki. 111 14 ,..4111414.41, 41111 11,14:4 111 .11catk a4).4L414441 41,414 1)

13 a weiVklio wit tulaltohnitlp C11A C.* 44 .40:4 M-1410141 111, 14,, ;NIP) k 01.111 ,.11, 1 1-.-.44.413

.1,1, 1111)(1i)11 311 t 1111,11 it 1,1 ,i,ts,. It) tat ,1

,,11.3i4111,1t,,t1 all,1 ( 4 ii , ft 1.11, ot 1,;18+, A04 tP111,1 14 I 1111;.4

1.1 miov Ill .IL 1. 1 1. 4;101)

a 1 , ! , . 1 a i l ! ! , V l i t 11 1 1 41 % .1 111 s . 11-1 I s I ,1 .1.1b) . 11. i I .1 all'C. OtInaiy

. ;

Al II I

11. 1 I it

Ilin

1..11 t , .11. 1. 11

,4,1 1,

it , 11

.11 1 1

I, I

1

it i

it

which is less than 100 percent- secret, then, is to obtain from each energy system the highestrate of-efficiency which is possible for that system. According to Ross and Williams, sec /m(1efficierzcy is critical and imperative to any projections for energy conservation, In other words.potential energyi conservation should he based upon the performance of a system relative to thatwhich is possible for a given task_

aAny discussion of energy use and k.:onservation would have to in,lude the

energy for electrical generation. a function which cuts across the thrce end picvtou,lyjilentioned Because ofs,pe peaks and valleys caused by s'1,111,11 the Indust.' y

oveiage oh 5 I pcicill. of Its gonLAatIng uapaL:ity. Losses Ai OIL genci 11 411ii oicleAArIctty ale such that only 30 percent of [lie elleigy the

tic ,oliscivation oppottuilims IAA the utilities scelul

iStA6 ,1(1111 I,

,1111.1 ella 1,1111 II of

1. I

1, Ill. I k11 II 1 I

,1 f v.111, II fth :t1 I ki tit lik I ill,. 1, i. I ,t

dk. , I IC61 1,1 ll 11111 II .1 k

ti, .k. . ,Ill ,14, i 11,l1. ,ki, .1 I , I

a\Atavel.Ln_ss (2) -11,e ilk Itre.,1,1 .1. I , I li, Li., , It, .k 1.1,,

t),II. iul ti. , kl.. 1, .,, I ,ki 1.1,

1,1 II Ii 1 I,. ik .1 I, 1.. ,1 I 1111,,, .1 A, lit 71. 1 I I. 111 ,1 1

II I. 1. A,,

4

%N.., t, , 3)

it :11101 1,11.

1,1A4.1 1

k..

k I I

it

, l (I.

I, 1 I -1

I I I

i I

/. ^/ ,

1..11a1.1.

,oIlecting temperature and-atmospheric data On two dliterent collectpr panel de5igns tietta A aUlpt/filme. laykr1it ilyt1115d k.1(k.411c11 palt.1111ttllik With dpidiunlITIOItly

rrfs Note tr.al tenha are .0.1L1,..,,ted ,,r 5 gell(.11 plastic psilstl.at p.uvide los,11a110.1ro,the rem,. I ype AOr J.11. i Notei lomputtitkoiQ (1,,

!Wit tomi,etett,,, ,,,,111,1111k,r1 4,,,1 u,a1.0,1 vt;1.160 reri,,,e.er,ae valiJ. ..9 11,1,e Ay ia Jut L)e t_.) 0,1,12 LII,Oloey

1 I. ill`."` 1 411 I

1H 1: It ,(11 1i1t Ali. rr. 1 t..1.%11,1. 11.1i ,, if, 11.1.1

I 11, . id. I. 1 1111A+1,1 ^^ 11 a.. laI

II .11 aa III a 11,111. la I ;1

V t I th

11 1. ,1 1. 111 I.1 I/11 , _1 :111 ,{1

AA. . A. 1,,,, ..,1,

A: I. I . I../ At/ .1 1. , . it. I .

,

, 1 ... I.

I,. I ,.

I A.

^/

Lookino'Ahead:

Americans Will Use

More Enernv But rawth Rates Will Slow

Annual Consumutian

of rneroy

Hr plan

thermdl1

Increase 1n Use of Fuel s(Annual%Averaoes)

HouseholdsqcxsZaTMIWa b 41

C.7.3 21

Comerce1407 /0t- 9%1990-850-0.6%

Industry19e5 /0a==zzi 4,Z11980 85==.253.-/.%

II Onayoeteth.,,

1980 - Me] 0 5%

Ly qt.s196?

1980 89===111 1%

Ovtl. eye reicope. ted Vo client. cry 2 ,Jwct ,g11 yfd v II, 19C0COrupdr'Cy -.1th I 5 ,.erc..

y 1," ,Yb5

I

1..1.. 1 1...1 '1 k.ls pi Ai,: , II .1.1. ,i . ..I. .1., .I.1, ii

it .../,, I I1 i i f i ,1 ,. I. , ,,, ,

1,,l(,;.11) k,,,, 11,.,,1 ..I ./ r ,, ,I12 , II.1,11._ i I t .

, ,tIIIJi .., 11.1._ li1,..1 6 , I , 1 1,, t, 1, . ,it. II 11:14;y I.,. ,1,, l' I'11111.1.,1 IC ,A II ICIlt,), all,t I li:-,1.; ig..li 4 i.ik)ki Ii 111.111 tin. i (.111(1

, ,.111 Lk. 111411,t1 I , 11 1,1 1,1.41 a.... HI .i.,,I.,, i,111,,Lt ,,,_ vs, I. IIOng,,,ee, rig proo"k t ale to k---) prou,,:cd thi,,,,igh L.A. ,11111,, 111(1:,)

( I,.,,11 4.. li

/. I til .1 I ,,,I

1 Ili W. .1,,,,1

I, .,..,4 , 1,1i,,,itilli (hill

i1

t., I, ,11 It't,t'.,

i6.1111 .,.1, III, I 11

.111111 14 ,

, )1 4 ,1 I I.i

i i 1 ,I I I

1

,!.011 ,1 Ii

11 1 I1,.I.J. 1 ,1 11 1! II 111,1 .11 1i I, ,I I t

"(1/

, I I I , 1111 1 1, ,111

I , , ..it . , 11 1 .11 I 1.. , i,.4, 41 ,41 1. ....1 , 11 i. I ' 1 11 i 1. 1 .11

1i)

InterrItv

PaSsencler

Air Condition. 12.5',

Refricoration 7.6%wdter Heatin9 7.6;

.4

.4.

I 1

. 1 4 1

I ,4

.1 .4

1,

. I I ,

444,41 ,

I t ,

. 4 4 . . 4 I 4 , 1

I

I I ,

111 I

I 4 I. 4.

11 1 , I . . 1 1 1 1 3 .

I 4., I 111 ,44 .,

,4 4. I 1 44, 1 II

, 1.1, . ,I4 441, 1 4 III .44

441, ..1411,, I. 1 IA+, . it

441 , 4. I 11.4; 444 r, it 111.4, 1 it . 1111 i l di.. _

, I, I. .4 1,1 Al 11,11111 i I 1 11,1',,11.

..i 1 , _ 1 4,4. I,

41, 4441,. I,1 I, I. 41 1 114414,

,441., 441 1 11,1 .1 . 1,,11 I 1.-1 1, ...1 .4 I ,,,,I. 11161 1111,11

.1 1.14. II. 14 11 1.1 .111.111, 4, ,7.11 13

114I . Az./ 11 1 At 11)1) and kit 11 11,1 3,144

. 3 I 11. I .41 1I,, I al., .4 , 144 114,1 01 .1,141,11,41,1

40- 11 II11, 11,4, ,.2 LI I .141 /

44 1 ,1,, 1 ..4. 1,

I 4. 1d1'44, ,

I 11

11

The Occu Aspect

'Industrial arts as de tin Public Law 94482 has the responsibilio of assisting indiYidualsin making inrormed and meal inglul occupational choices. Occupations in ener124, policularly, in theelecori power industry, are expi eted to increase about as fast as the itIera'ge`or all industries-through mid 1980's However. any new occupations and open s in the field of energy areApceted to occur with the expan:oon and development ot alicioate soul, e:, All ,:m_ig, Student:,'pled occupational informati,ni and oticntation to the broad.spe,:trum ot ipations wit li exist inthus most tinpol (ant aspc, I. ul ]1). icly

t111k.lt1aikAk:,

(..I IkAt, , )14111)- ill' cr,d16.. gt A.16 :,11111a\i,111.fS .t141

kisji,,s.Icki pait of du Atli, .6) Atkin ait th,IllsitILtt;di aft:3 .all ttl,ll a I Liakalti, a 1,,J:a11,,It 1,,akisa:a111, atl,,a ft PA %N ill

.1,411,,,6,, I ,

11k.

1'1,401/J111 ;

U

V.1,1:111,

tt,

Greater Los Angeles Area Energy Symposi Our Natio 961 EneFgy,ProbleinsCreating EnergyChoices for the Future, May 19, 1976, Vol. I1. North Hollywood', Oulifornia. Western PeriodicalsCompany, 1976.

Campbell, Paul C, anal 1 t11els. ln School Energy Education: An Analysis Current Status andFurure Needs; Fiteigy and Po el Jouretal (Mara 1977 20. 3 4

Lii AtssocId(1,1tk 1' 1/

.. I 1401I11an

t,, ,t)etini AIL I ..1C11.,:i

A tioh.d , k(A(AA.IA A

piA 1 A 1 tic t 11.W411,1 hiafyil ,1,111a) /))

- The author is a- curriculum co ee,member of the National Educational Council -onEnergy and Power '(NEC-Ep), w= qse members are engaged- in ;the 'deverapnient of a nationalcurticulum:niodel:- BasmajianT "as -been- conducting similar activities ginia Polytechnic

stituteand has been writing a cou. e prograrir on.,Enerii and Pow

,

This Article represents a course outline derived from the flow charts as publikfiejd in the April,1976 is-sue:of 'Energy,'& .P01,yerlijumal, Page 25.-It is'hoped that this article Will give further details =

.

and guidelines-,to: scliO01-administraiorS and edueators-as lol the- scdpe_ and magnitude of an Energy, _

,-, , . , ____ , _, . _

-and_ Polker program; -!'--_.-- -.- _-,-:-: z.-,-.- 1,-; . -_-_. _- ' r --0 -__ .,.. ,

, ___ ...__ _,. .,. ._,, , r

Tifeenergy TelatethsociaVecOnornicind_ politlear-up.heav -Is in U.S. and world wide have,de i'le:V1,-diruen-Siari-`-and;;;n7lir reitiarlil5dilig7f &Ufa- -Taitairily , ill& m` oscimportan

--_ ,concern is.- prepa students of today fir the- energy condit ons that-Will exist tomorrow.

: .:-_ -, i . - .. . l ,

, The ,Nation's edergyArernarictlfor the future and the declining 'supply 'of fossil-fuels indicate_.. -_- __,

clearly kneed, for a 'new emphasis on alternate energy systeMsFederal, Industrial or Research- --='Agencies--_cOndficting anenergy:analysisiall' agree or(orymatter .;. the ultimate solution:of U.S.energy- shortagel-2:lepends.7_ on-T-thet,-deVelciPment----of--alternatefenqgY sources.;Urc_ eS.--Fori--this --ie l

education has t4- play An- important:-role_ inxthe -transition from traditional povVer_techno gypro&Ins that are essentially small engincprotrariiiihtollibseinclusive of dlleimite enerkk sources;,,-

The student needs to be able to relate new energy sources tadevices-thaf_can prodacepower.Additionally, ithe must develop an awareness of the emerging occupationi in thig -field-A wellplanned curriculum with the proper hardward and_ software will be the:beginning of a transitionalperiod of growth asIthe student developsnewcareer awareness. It imperatiVethat a curdculurn'bestructured Modularly and with continuity. lie-ft-nisi be able to follow .the prograirNhrough various

= levels and achieve_the prescribed competeney levels. No doubt an Energy and Power Curriculummodel must offer the student an awareness orientaribn, exploration and preparation-sequence.

It is hoped that the following model can serve as-a basis for the above objectives and assisteducators and adininistrators in making their. decisions as how best to serve the needs of the

,

students and the nation.

-

SOUReESCONVER-

- SIGN

-DEVICES

`TRANS

MISSION

CHART`

The above: energy -flow_ chart indicates the interrelationship which exists between energysources, conversion devices, transmission, storage and controls. In order -for the student to developtotal energy ..awueness for energy and power, in a given area of t laboratory he must be able toexplore the various sources_ of energy_ and the cen-responding.conversion systems. Upon producingpoWer, the student certainly must be aware of the various methods by which power is transtrutted

STORAGE

CONTROLS

-"GEOTHERMAL GRAVITATIONAL NUCLEAR CHEMICAL FOSSIL SOLAR

Tidal .

Fission

Fusion

Electrical

anal

Radiant

ElsIERGY'sopREEs-

PRIMATiY ENERGY SOURCES

Liquid'

Solid

:Thermal

Electricity

Photosynthesis

Hydro ,

The above chart indicates the primary energy sources which haye the greatest potential in the

21

=---7,-- development- of-U.S.-- alternate- energy - supplies, - There. are secondary_sources Whig4.are deliendent_onthe primary source.-Theie are not listed-in-cc the major emphasis during thenest twenty five yearswill-KS plated. on the above listed energy The student'sawareness and, exploration-must be

. - ,

directed towards,:the primary.SOUrces of energy::Nevi*emerging-oecup'gtioni and careers that are adirect result of the. development of these energy sources must be brouibf to the student's attention:-

ENERGY SOURCES4

A. The-Natiire of Energy_ and Power

Concept of EnergyDefinition ofinergy, work and powerRelationshicitetween different forms of energy

Fossil Fuels

1. Historif of fossil fuels utilization2. Formation of fosSil fuels

. The availability of fossil fuels in the U.S.' and the world4. ConinniptIOn of fossil fuels for transportation, commercial;

purposes5. Production Of power from-fossil fuels-.o. Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels7. Fossil Fuels as chemical raw materials8. Environmental Impact9.

C. Radioactive Materials

Nature of the atom2. Explanation:of nuclear reactions (fission and filsian)3.. How a nuclear reaction can be used to pmduce power

t4. Uranium mining5 __Availability of uranium in the W,6. The advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy7. The role Of nuclear-ffels in the utility indu-stry-8. Environmental Impact9. Career opportunities

D. Hydro

Hydro Power, its history and originAvailabilityHow it can be used to produce`power

4. Applications - for induitrial use'5. Advantages and disadvantages of itsuseo. The role of hydro power stations for the generation of electricity

7. Environiftental Impact`8.. Career Opportunities

Explanation of Solar Power-Historical utilization . ': '..4It§appjications-for heating and air conditioning -,

. Its advantages and disadvaritageS as an alternate source-ofenergy05. The role of sOlar power in thefutUre6. Environniental Inipact7. Career Opportunities'--

F. Wind

I . Explanation_of how the winds are produced_ 2. _ History of their use

3. Power generation-from WindAdvantages and disadvantage,s

_

5. The role of wind power for the nation's future energy needs6 Environmental Impact

:eer Op_portunities__

5.

Description of geothermal ;energy sourceLocation of geinherrnal energy sourcesPower production of geothermal sourcesAdvantages and disadvantagesThe role of geothermal Tower for the nation's future energy needs .

Environniental Impact. .

Career Opportunities

4

ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Traditionally the internal combustion engine has been the prime mover of the transArtationindustry and this sector consumes approximately 25% of the ,oil in the United States. The nation is92% dependent on fossil fuel% yet these are the very sources= that are depleting rapidly. Greaterawareness and emphasis should be placed on alternate energy sources and 'conversion devices whichcould. reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. The student mu%t develop an awareness and-explorevarious methods of power conversion systems. New career opportunities must be sighted wherethese industries are growing rapidly.

.

RECIPROCATING 2 & 4 CYCLE SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

HISTORICAL-DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES*

SAFETY IN THE LABOR ATORY

TWO AND FOUR STROKE (CYCLE) ENGINES

Fundamental Mechanics of 2 & +Cycle Engines

Learning the Components and Subsystems of 2 and 4 Cycle 'Engines ,(a) , Piston & Rings

(b) Carburetor and Power Control(c) Connecting Rod

Wrist'Crarikkhaft and Crank GearCamshaft and Cam GearEngine :Main Ilirarings : =

.Cylinder Heads-Valves --;:1

Rocket Arms and LiftersSpark PlugPoints and Condenser

'High -Voltage CoilIgnition_Power SourceFlywheel

(p) Engine Block-

D. ,- OPERATION OF 2 ti:4CYCLE ENGINES

1. Starting Systems(a) RopgStart(0) Recoil Start(c) Starter Motors

Operation(a) Start up Procedures(b)_. 'Operating Controls

E. = POWER CONTROL

_ 1. Function of a Carburetor2. Principles of operation of Venturi type Carburetors3. Air/FuelMixture Ratio4. Various types of Carburetors

(a) Float _

(b) Diaphram(c) Overflow

5.- Filters--

IGNITION

Types of ignition systems(a) Battery -Coil.(b) Magneto

2. Definition of ignition timing3. How to Read Ignition Timing4. How to Vary Ignition Timing5. Relaitionship of Piston position to spark plug fm6. Effect of Ignition Timing on Engine Power

COMPRESSION

Definition of Compression Ratio

ow to Vatif Compression Ratio _Effect of Compression katio on Engirie-PoWer

-_ Effect of Compre. S.sion Ratio On-EnginefExhauit-=---

COOLING SYSTEM-, =

_ Need for Engine CoolingTykes of Cooling(a) Air CoOling _

(b) Water Cooling

LUBRICATION

Need for-LubricationTypes of Lubrication Systems(a) Splash(1:) Spray(c) Pressure

Dynamometers

Connecting Engines fo Dynam9meters. Definition of Torque and Iforsepower

-3. Operating Principles of Electric DynamornetersOperating Principles ofllydraulic Dynamometers

5. Operating Principles of Prony Brank Dynamometers6. Operation of Electric Dyn arnometer/Generators

(a) Starting Mode(b) ,Loading the Engine-(c) Electric Power Generation

Performance of 4 Cycle Engines

I. Measiiring Horsepower Output2. Factors affecting POW& Output

L. Perforri alice of 2 Cycle Engines

Measuring Horsepower OutputComparisons of 2 & 4 Cycle Engines

Applications

Single CylinderMulti-Cylinder

Environmental Aspects

1. Emissions of 4 Cycle Engines2. Emissions of 2 Cycle Engines

Career Opportunities, -=

--RECIPROCATING-2 & 4 YCLE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENG

Historical Developme- t_of Diesel Engines.

Safety in the Laboratory

Operating Principles of 4 Cycle Diesel Engines

Operating Principles of 2 Cycle Dieu' Engines

Fuel Injection systems Diesel Engines

Common Rail SystemJerk Pump System

Fuel Injectors

1. VariablePiatori-Stop Type2. -Variable-Lifter Type3. Bosch Type

=

Diesel Fuel r

Combustion Process in a Diesel Engine

Operation of a Diesel Engine

Cold Startarm Start

Power Control

oading and Power easurement

Conhecting Engine to Dynamome erTorque(a) Definition(b) How it is MeasuredHorsepower(a) Definition(b) How it is Calculated

4. Efficiency

Performance

1. How Throttling is Achieved2. Relationship of Air/Fuel Ratio nd Load3. Relationship of Injector Timing and Power Output

27

_ Fuel System ---a Injector

(b ) = --Injection Pump`Cylinder and Head-

___Coinparison of Diesel and Spark IgnzttonEngines

Applications

Single Cylinder..Multi-Cylinder

Envirprimental Aspects

I. Emissions of_Diese2. Comilarison withISpark Ignition Engines and its Effect-

on Environment

P. Career Opportunities

Ill ROTARY ENGINES

A Historical nackgrodnil of Rotary Engihesand Comparison toReciprocating Engines

Safety in the Laboratory

The Wankel Engine

Fundamental Principles-Of OperationL Identifying the. Comppnents and Subsystems_

(a) Rotor and Seals(b) Carburetor and Power Control(c) Mainshaft and Eccentric(d)o Housing.(e) Side. Plates(f) Flywheel(g) Spark Plug

'(h) Magneto

Power Control in Rotary Engines

Function of Carburetor2. Principles of Carburetor Operation3. Air/Fuel Mixture Ratio4. Types of Carl3uretors

(a) Float(b) Dia(c) Overflow

28

nfiecting-Enne to Dynamometer-2. peration of Ertgine.

(a) Cold Start(b) .Warm Start

Throttle ControlOperation of Electrie Dynarnometer/Gendrator(a) Principles of Operation(b) Starting Mode-(c) Loading the Engine(d) Electric Power Generation

4. Operatitin of a Pydraulic Dynarnta eter--

'aivr Mea sUreMents.

Torque--7

(b)_-: How it, is measuredHorsepowe(a)-

,Definition

(b) HOw it is calculated3. .EffiCiency

Fuels and Mixture4

1.' Connecting _flow meters2. Definition of Air/Fuel Mixtures3. Efteet of Mixtures on Engine Po*er4. Effect of Various Fuels on Engine Power5. Efficiency .

Comparison o °tau and Reciprocating Engines

I. Applications

Single_RotOrMulti-rotor

Etzvironiner4m1 Aspects

1.. Emissions °Maury EnginesComparison With Reciprocating Engines and its EffectOne the Environment

Career Opportunities

29

-

AL COMBUSTION ENG

_TURBINE GENERAirO r

±Fundamental Priddiples_of open "Cycle Steam:Turbines.

Safety in the Laboratorys

Components and Subsystems of Steam

Steam Generating System`(a) Heat Source and Controls--(1?)'s Boiler(c) Pre hater Coald) Superb ter'e) Ste:' xhaust

Energy Co ersion SystemsTurbine WheelElectrical Gemrato

. S3Tein Loa:dr'(a) Fixed .Resistors(b) Variable Resistors

pow r Output-

How to Measure PoWer 0 putHow to Vary Power OutpuRelationship of Output Pow and Load

4_ Relationship of OutPut,Power and Input Steam Pressure -.

Applications

F. Environmental Aspects

reer Opportunities,

RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINES

A. Fundamental Principles o Open Cycle Reciprocating Steam.Engines .

Safety in the LaboratoryA -

Components and Subsystems of Reciprocating Steam Engines

"Steam Generating SystemEnergyConversion System(a) Piston-Cylinder(b) Valve Train(c) Connecting 'Rod(d) Crankshaft(e) --Flywheel

_ 7

EnvironmentallAspects

E Ciireer Opportunities

'

7F 77t., 7t

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION

NUCLEAR REACTION AS HEAT SOURCE

,:- IT. SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATORS:

A. Fundamental Principles of a Closed Loop Steam Cycle

Components and SubsySterid 'of a Nuclear Power Generation System_

- _

_

. =

_ = I. Stearn Ge-netating:System . . -

-(a) -7-Reactor and:Confral Rcids:Superheat It§ Control .

(c) Condenser(d) Reheater System(e) Water Pumps and Controls.

Z. Energy-eonveksion Systems ,(a) Turbine Wheel _

(V) Electrical Generator3: System Loads-

(a) Fixed'Resistors(b) Variable Reststors

13; C Pulver Output

I. How to Measure Output Power1 How to Vary Output Power

= ,RelationtliliS of Otitilat.Powee,-gnd LoadRelationship of Output Power and Input Steam Pressure

E. Envirbninental Aspects

Career Opportunities

SOLAR ENERGY

Introduction to Solar Radiation as a Direct Source of Energy

Geogsaphic Distribution of Solar Energy Input,

Solar Flux at Varidus Parts of4he Day and Night Cycle

fety in the Laboratory

Solar-Electric Generator;

Eupdammtal principlesof bperation of SiliCon SolarCellsComponents and Subsystenis of a Solar-Electric Generator_

_ ources of EnergyL Natural - un2 Artificial Density Lamp --Energy ConVersion-SysteMsI . -Silicon Solar Celt Array2 _Other, CrystSystem Loadg

Resistors2. Batteries3. 3 Electro-Me anical

wer Output, Solar Electric' Generatorsa_ Uow to Measure the Oufput Power

,floVv_to Mary the Output Power,Relationsh1of Output ?aver and LoadRelatiAiriiVof Oigiiiitt'dAr-and -Light Density

:Relationship_of Output Power-and Distance_frornLight Sour9e

ApPlications,Environmental AspectsCareer Opportunities'

al System

FundsysComponents and systerns-of a sqlar- tl erir al system=.a. Energy ConverSibit

_I Solar-Collector _

(a) Types of Collectors(b) Insulation(c)- Paint Selection(d) GI* CoveringPlumbing Syiten-W!(a) 'Pumps:(b) Tubing-Fittings

l principles of operation df solar thermal

Operation-and ControlsApplicatiOns

_ Environmental-Aspects 'Career OpportUnities

D POWER

Introduction -_

B Safety in- hei:Labbfatory

PowerWind P Gefleiation

Fundamental principles of operation.of-a-wwkpovegenerator" -Components and subsystenks,of a wind power generatoa. Energy ConverSign tein

1".;" Windinill types2. Mechanical Drives3. ' Electric GeneratorSyStein LoadsL Resistors'

atteriesOutput Power(a) -Ylow_to Measure the Output Power

Ow to Vary the Output PowerJO Relationship of Output Power and Load(d) Relationship of.CtuiOut Power and Wind

Velocity

a

Applications

Environmental Aspects

Opportunities

HYDRO PO

in luction Pldwing Water as a Source of Enet

Safety in t le Laboratory

HYdko` Electric Power Generation

Fundamental pnnc, es of operation of a Hydro-ElectricGentritorComponents and subsystems of a Hydro-Electric Generator

Y

a. Water System1 Supply and controls

Discharge

FUEL

I RARSPOrt I

b. Energy Conversion Systems1. Types of nozzles2. Types of turbine wheels3. Electric generator

c. System Loads1. Resistors2. Electro-mechanical

Output Powera. How to Measure the Output Powerb. How to Vary the Output Powercl Relationship of Output Power and Loadd. Relationship of Output Power and Input Water

Pressure

D, Applications

Environmental A3pe

Career Opportunities

ILA LLIK11,A1

1

CURRENT

T,,MAGNET 1,,

UFA! hi

LrAtuAwIttANSMISSI,04

Jut ,...441It

VARIOUS METHODS OF ENERGY& POWER TRANSMISSION

The power transmission industry has long been concerned with the cost of power distributionespecially when the primary' supply or energy is at long distances from the point of distribution.The primary method of transmitting power has been through solid conductors through alternatingcurrent.

Solar__ energy transmission from outer space has seriously been considered as a means ofuninterrupted power through microwave beams_ The industrial applications of microwaves andlasers have been established and are the most rapidly growing areas. Student awateness andexploration in the laboratory must highlight new emerging technologies and careers

MECHANICAL ENERGY I.KANSMISSION

titatuft.. th: vclop nier Sash 14.2. t.,..A

die Lat./01...4ton

I82

3 Wolk4 Speeu

(d) I

()J)

2 Ocala3 13,11.

(a)

(b) t'/Ai(c) Vee(d)

)

II ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION

or Baekgro Id of Ele4triciti, and Itcilse

Safety in the Laboratory

C Fundaments of Electricity

n of-Electric Current(a) Matter y.

(b) Atomic Structure(c) Electron flow(d) Conductors and lnsu rs

CircuitsDe tinitionlawsPowerPuvvcr GiontrukMethod ofEileigy Stuidge

*1

' 11-,tA, --1 V\ CI IIar1a11113,1

( ,1,

(1 ) \'.11V .

Hydraulic PumpsTramstrassion Fluid Energy

Basic Types2. ComPonnts and their functions3. Flow rates

Basic Hydraulic System components

Pipes2. Connectors3. Filters4 Control Vdlve5 Actuators

(d) Liu(b) Rota ly

c) Scala7 1 ype

(a) S.,fica(b) Paralki

Is .

I. re,

aFti-

U1 (SI -114 &Sit 1(4,1 IN

t

PipesConnectors..Filters

4. Control Valves5. , Actuators

(a) Linear(b) Rotary

6. Water Separators

comparison to Hydraulic Systems

Response timePower DensityTank energy storage

A pplica iuris

Etivirottutc

Career Opporitirtitie.s

AcUUSI'lk, LAILK(iY 1 kA i

hi( f,,a,t. 114,14 F.,

I.,

1.

.ter,

outpunelltS 411d 31.1by4Li 1;. .1 ,i II A,

( ) I ower Supply(2) S04116: 1

by/ Reception systel,Sy.t.-au l.Qad3

I lt 4,3111t.:111011i I .

1iCa.,111C111011L -11!1RG111134,11131111) Ai Iat1a.1111I1C,I

Kelrltl.,I13I11p ..I 1.., cIvca )c) ,ri;1trsu3lutLte x,1,1 ciRtia1.1.1113hip of rc..,ci'vc,traitamItici a 141 ic,,civcirhc, a 1 in tiI,,v I.,

D. Applications

Environmental Aspects

Career Opportunities

'VI. LASER ENERGY TRANSMISSION

A. Introduction to Lasers and Their Uses

Safety in the Laboratory

Laser Thin_ ssion Systems

Fundamental principles of Opei411011 ur Id ci citc.i6)transTissian systemsCo rents and subsysten,a ni tian.nlissicnsystem(a) Power Source(b) Energy transmi lull 3ysicAAA

1 Power Su2 LaserE.neA6y reception ay

(d) System loads1 fansizils&1011

(a) Measurement l., A..(b) Measurement of received vci

(e) Relating the input power to out,(d) Relating power ict.eived 41bLc,/,

and receivert_i Relating pow untii..

and receiverAl) The efteet ot Ai.

(g) 10 c.3

11+

Al, t41144 i. i AI

VIA! L. LtIL

I/I

8if 5.011,1 I

2. Components and subsy terns of a microwave transmissionsystem(a) Energy transmission

I. power supply2. microwave transmitter

(b) Energy reception system(c) System LoadsEnergy transmission(a) Measurement of transmitted power(b) How to vary transmission power(c) Measurement of received power(d) Relationship of power transmitted and power reset(e) Power variation due to angle between transmitter

and receiver(I) Power variation due to distance between tian6inittoi

and receiver(g) The effect of various ubata,l, di, 1,.(h) Transmission losses

D. Applications

Envi runrrrental :4 )pc, I)

Carecl

ENERGY CONTROLAND STORAGE

CONTROLS

MECHANICAL ELLCTRICAL 1 MECHANICAL[

KINEI IL,I

ri (WNW icub-tAsHESSED

I1

IPOTENTIAL

STORAGE

It ELECTRICAL LH

I [

1HE RPM

I I I

INDUCTORS [ ELECTRO-CHEMICAI

I 1 Fu" i

ILAVAC.ITORI

EAVI 1 AI KAM II I

1-141rn,

IA II-IAA. A 1 A1.11 hAPI ALIA. I k ..1

1...

A 0.111 .1iurc ens tut lni de:1`4okla I Unit; MILLS. , I I

tint' _ .1. illy the ,1 ail cic% Ws, PUS Ilk t)i pl.lt litOf hew types 01 znergy sty rage systems. UhL studdni must hi able tt, tievelor, su 11 a ,,kher,:,ss and

variona ot e.neigy stprage in a labo.aioi CC.

111113( (1C tuglilig,htcki and brought to the student's attention

A As

4

c.

.1

di AI ,

(II)

Mechanical Energy(a) 'Flywheels(b) Position gravitational(c) Spring tension compression(d) Compressed gasses

3. Thermal(a) Hot Mass(b) Evaporation condensation(c) Fusion solidificationChemical

Fuels(b) Batteries

L) .4 p /iltcultutt

nentai -13pc

Opf_

11 EN LK (A)141 I

LF.. tiOtt t,/ 1-,,.

(l}

t tit .t

1r 1

141

I

(h) Ear al;

. I

CURRICULUM-GUIDELINE FOR ENERGYSOURCES AND CONVERSION DEVICES

Part I

ByDr. Leonard Sterry and

NECEP Curriculum Committee Members

Gerald AnsonellisVahan BasmajianEugene Bower

I Iii s,..pc, of Lt.,: hublem

John Murphytierbert SeigelPaul

NiA II. pah, .1...inio,mation pertaining to the development 01 blier,y lid Pow, it,,gimilL Sin, e th, s&lt)je.. s othioad st.,opc, dild depth It wilt Lic dIVIded Into two pall,

lit 1%441 I II, 014, 114. t. Ii .. 4,

A,. MI the .71 ALA,1,3141, 111,11 1,7.4 11 a

W01.1 ol t1111t.,:

1, 110W 111.7,3, 111101.e7.1 le y011.1 . .44 14. .1 4 ..1111 I It ,

and k.ittkie,ttly by ,ciatt 1,t ,.

I, 1. .7, 1, ,..7 t. 4..L

4, 1...164e,filS 2 5 .441 .1 1 4,

111111tC iii,La07,111t,4-=3

.41 I

II, , ,.. ,b,, 11,1., 4 I , .1 ,, ., .,

1 . 0 ;,1 Ill .,_. 'tit; 1 .t.. ,.1 1 ,, ..e,i, I , , . 14 14 , 1 11 i I ii. 1 i 1 4 i 1; 4 1 1:

a,.111711,L3L LI,at ci.,-,16y t. 4. t AL .14414, 1 .1.4,1 V itt ,,i it ..,1 11,,I4,, 1,,,bit II , ii,.t.,1,14.,1 3111g cAktcl..L. 11- dointui

1i 11.8,k 11 k 1 )1441111a111;11 i 1,13 4

1 I. 414, , ,L,

7,61;3, 8.

, .11e' , Litt, I

I'

4.

IV LA I

.11,104, 1 , 1,, 11,,

1, 71, 3 171,1, 4, 77,

1 .

I .

t . , .

. i.':, H., .1,, ,% L. I I,

_ , , , , I t t i 4 , 4 , 1 thc C,A.111, . I t t l i i ; , ,

,,

1 , , 1 1 I l l . i , .,-,

.

t 31.

7

:

4 t

,.,1,1 ,1 ., ., 3,01. 77N 111) 111,11 7...1 .0171711 3 7 ( 1,.,,).1 , , 1 . E ) t, . 7 11. ,11, ... 1,,, ,7 , 17111 7. 7..47117:

Ill. I 1,7 il 04 47.1 ,11 ,41, . ,,,.1,;18,} 1.1. 117,7. ,7 1 il .1, 1 11111 I I I .1 41 1111,1

+/...4_1. t ill, , El 1411 I, Ally 1114,1434, .41 411,4 ,a, .41 44 ,14,. ,7 7 4 ki 4.1L,..1.1) 1,71 17., 111

ANNED SPACE STATIONOREiTiNo THE EARTH

-EA 11 TH ORBITING

THE SUN

/,,_.E1,,AL ar A,E5rlir CARP',

t IC,IIHE 1. 11LI...1 El tuVV 1.11 gKI

G.,c,iby ill 1141i i,ii A ii; I 1 111 k . 411 I_t ale( CI) lcdLiS (U a ik,i3oileCi 1111n11h1 II -.. I i1i3 b h., J. it

it Will cc riIhniy izlitel the physiobluiogii2a1 hotwill also be Tectccl Ruin such conditions thereby decrcaSiag the ilinount ati,1

.7.11 5 .1,1 . UAL ,4 i .1;1

5.; v ;no. 1111. IIItE,t L/C chpu.., LI ilia ,V.,LJ,1 L111 1.11 ,Nk Jb 13 1 tlik; 4./1 113

find tk./1111 tlicy LE. C L11/11j 1.011 ..;Al Eli (1./ t3 n71 ./11, 1 3i1.1 I, CS, L. (1 u1_.1 1I :.,.,

IrtztLoti3 And tic,w ..morg1/ ca.) be st,,te,i mid k uti,IL lieu

11,1 ..111 c11.

Jilt! a+ Ail, II I /. 1. 1.: a/ (1 n.1 t., . jilt' 11, 1 , 1,1. 1

114.;i1 .11;igy atIll. t..:.3 L. LI 113( /./1e.1 1 1./1........1 1.1 , l i I,: El I. i I1 I; I 11 ,I .1 A.,. . .II1,11,4, .I.L.z, I . h L3 , C ,01. ,14,..t6 A,1.11(1 111.11 I. 1L11 .a1.10II , III t ii I.,. 1,. IC , 1 :1,_ It0110,1/A10 1ft iA hilt 4, 1.1,1t1..5 111../ E, ,..1..41141/114- 3. n.l AAA .All ..Alt lli . I I a ,...li,ii.iit . I,1 II

i 4 1 i 1.1 1 t

II. It 1 ..,}1 Li a ,,, .. I, r,1 i ik 11. ,, , i I li . I .11 511 .

pi ..kti , z A. 114. it 1, .,.., A itt . II it . . I . .III,Li,;iii,,,IAL 14 1, .J.bz. I II,', t. I .ail . li (t,,',' . I I : ,.i. 11111 -,1 I.. I. 1

A1 iU A AAI

,:,,Ic,Ig3,, L If ,'CI An kic l4 G..

44

Another important element is to claSsify the energy conversion devices so that the studentcan point out the basic differences for each classification, For example, internal comb.ustion enginesoperate on a different principle if compared to external combustion engirrts. The folio vparameters characterize the energy conversion device

I. Operating PrinciplePerformance

Efficiency4 Emissioro

Uses and ApplicationsCost of Operation

7. AvailabilityAdaptability to theenviionincia

IL 15 3111310113 111,11. 1.1../1.1VC1M011 31101.11t1 lake 111..1t...; Nltll 111g11 L-71n1..1,111)

11.11 11111111111.1ffl 1.11. t;1111:3,3.1011

It l 1

"11,1 11,nt...1111,31,in 114. 11..11Q, ....1 ...141; .1. L1

and with ppr*c, the f..'].1,08) 1, .l i1 , 1(1 6 gkLv..;1.al

parameters ,.;)u.sidered

4

I ,1

A11.11't .t il/ 1(.1

. .11. 3 ',,,11141 d , L.id 111,. , I .1 1

Bell l all tii ki 11 L., LI .1 I, 3

tidlt.i.111k)113 ./3111 .11 III, 11,1 111...:1C1IL (3 I 1. ,11L.,

111. 111,141 iLt11 L/Lii st, ALL 13 d413)11, 1 . L.

,1.1 i. fat en. ig .A./111,11 ibC.11i1t3 14,1. ,1,1..nt Lk/ ate, t11111 1/,1s1,1..;.

.11 k 1.1 14.,11(,11 a, 1 (II,

1 110; .1 11. .. t ..1.1 ..1

. UL. J L..)fti:s t1 )111 ILO, .31111 411.!1116, Iti, 1 1,1111 1111. . 1 k t r

u, , 11,1 ()

Wit 10 ,106; , 1111.114 k .41

I :1111.

IIE IE.)

.it1 1..Ist3

14 L 1 .i,L

(11.14: 311111

spN-

SOLAR

GRAVITATIONAL

RADIANT

IIDAL

ilYL/fito

IIIERMAItifCTRIC.MeCHANiL-

01?prATt,.

(-01,0,NA slii

,.

a., )1i Ihei c two t)" a I,. ./.,q011,,L6 have .30 , at IOLA

rarloc. Cornpiession IgTlll11.11 erl,pnes are ft) tc ho ,his I Lrgc: 1,

Rt)(al Vibik.)11 C116,111c., ha vl; 110 L Lcc.41 1aL,1, It. ,AItIL I,\1 1a I

the cas., with 1ecipmc.4ting

2111011 )111, i I \,I11 g i 111 0

I

41."1 I . 01 ,.). aa,,I A 1 MI III,

1,01)1143.1, ki 4,t1 1/ ,k3J. 13 10111 Al

,, I 1 i l I,

133 133,3 3. 3 I I 1 I I , ,

44111i1.ut4 .ii tl116,3111+. , .3,1111 VVI1 II ;10 .)1 .3 Al, 1 III

,

It ..II 1 .1 Is',1

I.a,,,LI AL =3,/ Eit.;1, 14,. aii. II A 11

I ilk , 1 akAo, , hog I, .o ,,,, , 111,1k , ,,

40

There are many other varieties of energy converters. Exceptng the hydro-turbines, the restare in experimental stages. Fuel cells, thamionic, solar and others presently produce a smallfraction of the needed power. However, the future development of alternate sources, of energy isdirected towards fhe exotic types_ Solar, Geothermal.. Hydro and`MHD generators show II e reatestpotential in power generation. .

GOT tieotmAi Lv1kAvi A 1 IONAL

.1

,1.1, t

iC1.1 /I t., g, 4 .1

tl ,: -1g 119A I. l

1.

411 41 ill,L it 4,1 ',I, t. 11

,:rgs i.1,7 ,( I. t al, 1 I /1 if

i i i k k 1 I . 1..1B)

TEAR Ltitmet..AL

. I

I

Sul APt

The,

, III I, 11,, 1,1

1 1, 4,1

10ItAROX.

CONY. DV=

FIGURE St ENERGY CONVERSION D IC S

FIGURE 6L, CATEGORIZATION OFENERGY TRANSMISSION METHODS

CONTROLS

- -!.ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL. <

POTENTIAL

FLOW CHART INDICATING ENERGY CONTROLS & STORAGE

FIGURE 7;

CHEMICAL

LIQUID:SOLIDS

49

5014f1 OVEN.

The sun -is a vestresarvoir_of slree",.enaigy. which comes to us as sunlight solar oven makes`use o, -

this energy and, through scientific principles of heat retention, raises the temperature to a pointwhere food can betaked. = - -

ANGULAR POSIT IONOF SIDE PANELS

120

INSERT. GLASS:BEFORE ATTACHING

Go-Tram

TOP AND BOTTOMSIDE REFLECTOR - REFLECTOR PANELS

PANEL _ , MAKE I EACHMAKE 2

17-17

ILLUSTRATING 'SEAL .AND '-:;ANGLE REINFORCING

AROUND GLASS.

SEALING 'COMP

GLASS

GALV. ANGLEAND METAL -.FASTENER-

1HINGE AND SLOT

, OPPOSITE -HANDI ON NO, 2 PANEL' I

1

1

1I HINGE AND SLOTOPPOSITE HAND.

1 7 OK NO. 2 PANEL

1

50

Alternate Designinste6d of uding one piece of metal to form back and sidthey may be made separately.

Sheet Metal screws may be used instead of machirlscrewe.

Aluminum may be substituted for the galvanized sheetsteel and tin plate.

_- - - _ _ -

Detail Drawing

_

I 13.

ALL FOLD I _

LINES 1 L-_

111

I-6i -I-64-4 T

19

POLO ALLAROUND r

54:

POLOLINE _ -

J

MITER 30."

Is LAYOUT OFBOTTOM

. .

SEND445'.

ILLUSTRATING OVENDOOR REAR SNOWING FLANOE5

r

Bill of Materials1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x191/2 inches

square, base..1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x223/4 inches

_

wide x 54 inches .lohg,, back,.top, and sides fabrication1- Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x 13 inches

square, false bottom1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage-x.9½ inches

wide x 141/2-inches long, door1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x3/4 inches

wide x 2834 inches long, tojiand tides, door insert strip1 Piece galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage x 1% inches

-wide-x 12.34 inches long; bottom, door insert strip2 pieces galvanized sheet steel, No. 26 gage-x 13A inches

wide x 18 inches long, glass support2 Pieces tin plate, No. 25 gage x 17 inches wide x 221/2

inches long, top and bottom reflector panels2 Pieces tin plate, No. 25 gage x 171/2 inches wide x 22

inches long, side reflector panels1 Piece Fiberglas insulation. 1 inch thick x 24 inches

x-96-inches long

1 Piece glass, double thickness,inches long

2 Pieces band iron, V8 inch thicklong door clamps

4 Fair strap hinges, 1 inch x 4 in3 Sash pulls1 Piece steel safety chain, No. 15 Nails, No. 6 penny2 Sash handles

40 Machine screws, No. 6 x 32 xhead, With nuts

1 Machine screws, No. 4-x 48 xhead, with nut

16 -Tinner's rivetsDuco cementFlat Black paintSolderSealing compoundHeavy white thread

173A inches wide x 221/4

x 3A inch wide x2 inches

ch

/0 x 9 feet long

inch long, round-

inchlong, round-

51

- -

-,-a .-,Saaa, _ a->-- a _ =

aasa:s

ENERGY CO VERSION TECHNOLOGY 1 -.. ,.

/- Industrial Arts Education:

gvolving eContemporary Program From a Traditional Base

TRANSIATING-ENERgY INTO-POWER

_ Students in Action

_ -Molt of the articles- concerning energy ! edudation deal with, the -philosophy of energy -

education programs, the identification of the scope of the field, and the formidtion of goals andObjectives, Sneh articles are not much help to a teacher who is operating in an automotive, 'smallengine or power mechanics program within a school district-Which is on austerity. The problems of

-.. _.

implementing energy educatiOn.in such cases are many, but can be condensed to money, facilities'--aIi-d eciiiipirferirlf the-teacherand-theadininistration-arededicated;--conterned-abbut-the-future:and ------:

enthusia-stic, a solution maybe arrived at within eiisting conditions._

. .. ,

At West Seneca East- Senior High School (West Seneca Central School System; a suburb of,Buffalo, N.Y.) an Energy conversion Technology program has been operating for the past seven

,years. From a very meager beginning, the program Has advanced with very little monetary support

- to the-Positiontof-eicellence-ai reflected--hy=tlie -perldnnanae- of7=the-energy.-eduCation- students:- ----=,-Numerous -competition victories by the students in local American Society of Mechanical Engineers(A.S.M:E.) sponsored_ events plus first place finishes in the local Science -Congress competitidris--in lecture-demonstration for the past two years point out this success.

.

West Seneca East is the only high school to' be funded by the Federal Energy Research andDevelopritent Administration (E.R.D.A.) for work on alternate Energy systems in the forthcoming -SCORE ERA II intercollegiate competition. The student group's proposal was ranked 5th from the80 proposals received for grant request review.

Over the years, many of the -energy technology studpnts =have- gone -on to-college and:specialized- 'in energy-environmental related careers. They havf obtained scholarships which havedemonstrated their exceptional ability and dedication in the area of energy related matters,including the Westinghouse Science Talent Search scholarship, which is competitive on the nationallevel. - =

52

Power t Technol

ii Tickotco

Zr'

-111111

_

One ii -s'eii,fifr Indlirfin-lthardi in the 1.61,-;`7716---One (lescrtho the meanthe of Power Tecluitthis,9%

rThree_ Of the students,. placed__ in: the_ top,;00 percent -,of the National- Maierials Jiandling _

competition, which was .held in -ChicagO.h- last SPrizig. Who We-re there_ competitors? ProfesSbrs ofengineering, practi&ingerigineers and college engineefing-studenti.- -

....I , k

_The. procedures to achieve this success are introduced in this article, but space Will'lot permit 'reports on how tO construct, on Mow budget, specific projeCts such as small dynamornete

, _ ,

human horsepower- dynamometers, lime -propagation demonStrators,' atmospheric engineSconcentrating

.solar collectors - electric generating wind turbines. -- -_

,

Few teachers are lucky enough to have bond issue or-CaPital Outlay monies to finance the.

necessary equipment for the energy laboratory. The' majority] must operatein existing faciliiitswhich are designed -_ for other subjects, mechanics, small engine repair) and on yearlydepartmental budgets, which are ridiculouslylow.

.-19 American S ciety of Mechanical Engineers(A..S.M.E..) winning "efficiency vehicle".student Vince Kuntz.

The secret is to identify the. field of energy conversion technology and formulate yourphilosophy, based upon the rationale of Industrial Arts education. Industrial Arts, in its broadestconcept; is really general education, and belongs in the academic high school; for all students. Sucha rationale of Industrial Arts applied to energy education is a good case for convincing yourdepartment chairman, the schoOl administrators and the Board of Education of the value of atechnological study of energy and power. Traditional auto mechanics courses may not meet thneeds of the students for entry into the new and emerging energy/poWer occupations. Just such a-presentation to the Board of Education in 1968, explaining why an energy program was needed.over that of the existing auto mechanics course, gave initial support to the West Seneca East High

-School program. . ,

The W.A.S.F. team's 12' diameter electric gen-, erasing wind turbine, tinder construrtion.,

SL"_

Western' New _York engineering contpetitionnerJames:CaPece begins an official nut with hismaterials handling entry:

The key word any presentation is preparation. Be certain that you know the philosophy ofIndUstrial Arts. Be sure youihave the self conviction and rationale for an .energy program logically

.

deriVed. List-the-course goals and objectives. Organize a- topical-outline which-descrihei-the majorareas to be-taught. Show the length of the -program: -18 -weeks,-36 -weeks,- etc. Include anexplanation describing how the course is going to be conducted. Later based upon administrativeapproval of your propoial, this sane description can be used by the guidance department to, tellprospectivestudefits about the new energy technology program.

A comprehensive energy prbgram should be based- upon the concepts and princiPleiapproach, through testing and experimentation. Such a program has little time to concern studentswith maintenance and repair of 1aboratOiy energy systems ,or engines. Mechanics training can beobtained at the local vocational center, which specifically deals with these matters. Yet, reality an

.energy technology course, at the high school, articulates well with the vocational center. Havingfuture vocational students receive the advanced conceptual education and basic_ skills greatlyenhances their manipulative competencies if they select further study in mechanics training. Thisprogram also provides excellent preparation for entry into post-secondary technical- and highereducation studies.

With surprisingly little difficulty, the Board of Education enthusiastically approved ourcurriculum request. In addition, the Board sent a directive to our other high school advising similarcuniculum-change=action-This-same 'program-was'bitedas being-the number one automotive-course --in New York state several years prior:

54

National. Inalerials-handling_ ennan4 the_egecarrying tt tc %ihei.,.LeJt_ti, right." Itilarh-Titylor. Russ Fnll Ind-James Capec.

The curriculum change thairld energy concepts progressed slowly. However, change iscontinually-taking place.-The lack of funding forced the development of-instructional apparatus andequipment as part_ of the lab prOgram. At first, small engines (model airplane engines and: Iawnmower types) were used to obtain necessary activities: These. were supplemented by experimentsStith expansion (heated pistons), the utilization of measuring instruments; calibration of flow petersor measuring _energy input flow rates), displacement, compression ratio, valve timing oft a

our-stroke cycle engine, and model Vehicles. The application of energy systems to -models closelyepicts full scale concepts and _principles. The testing of these model vehicles (model rockets,

lanes; land vehicles and hydro machines) provides students-with a feet for performance.

Each semester one new piece of 'or a- new activity is added to the program.Practicing teachers know that _withouiwithout adequate activities, _the best theoretical programS will die.

Inter-class competition helps, with the a portant mOtiVational problem. Some of these'

paper airplane design contest for performancea. duration of flight .

b., -longest-(distance) flight

a.. -x. ..., '.--,...,...--,-,-, C 7, .- t''--% ', 54:, '.'

="

poweredland -

, for obtaininithetgreatest lineal distance from-h-standard, =

.1

= - energy source (mousetrap spring)3. , materials handling contest

--' -_ ,- - a. delivering a marble along a horizontal string and depositing it 'in a containernthe shorteit periodOf time. : 4

F

' 4. materials handling contest - ---.

._

--a. --- delivering a raw egi m a machine of student design which is powered by standard -

rubber bands,toa solid wall (252et away from start) in the shortest period of, , r

5. solid propellant rocket car contest=. a. with limited materials designing a model land car powered by a rocket

engine (Estes- Co.) which- can travel a prescribed straight line course 'qn a .

guide wire (ZOO' or more) in the shortest period of time

The obvious question relates to where many of the materials and supplies can be obtained -ifthere arenci,monies.-Here-ard sonie-exaniples:,..--

1. When' building :an Automated-S ery Atniospheric ;engine there was a_need for anatural gas' flow Meter of considerable accuracy A telephone call fo National Fuel Gas resulted in

-

eir donatiOn of :a $60000 laboratoryinstr*nent to our program.-

56

11.

,

Energy-Techitology students-pose-with-ning science and engineering project.v. TeacherGierke shares in their triumph.

When lOoking- f o r a = method- to corporate; wind en in bin. conrse' -' the Federal-- government' helped with its income tax write -off for donations made to educationalinstitations-policy.-This opportunity was 'presented -tor a lOcal farrnerwho gladly took ,advantage of this by,donating a 46 year old water pumping mill,whichthe 'students restored andAs currintlY standing onits 30' tower for ekperimenfation purposes.

'40-

r3: Our 8' diameter, concentrating solar colletor. required many= materials. A call to the

local division of Hooker Chemical -resulted in the donatiOn,of 20 gallons of polyester resin. A localplastics fabricating company donated tools, materials and expert supervisionIO the project.

:--Help' needed during the design phase of the Flame Propagation demonstratorproject. A call to- our local electric -utility company resulted in the yrgineering and. materials needed.

' .41t

. Many Of the machPies and experiments -which populate our lab are constructed' as anindireerresult of the leacher s imaginative nature for trying not to throw out anything which Mightbe_ used later__Salvagediterns_Trom_surphisinclude_rocket_components_to_junked_computers._ _

6: The greatestaccorriplishment of,the program occurred this school year With the help,-of our tip, ary-,- our energy technology'laboratoryl- has raised just over $5,000 in cash, equipment,materials arid services for our students' entry in the national alternate energy competition.

-By contactinglocaLindustries and service organizations (Lions and Kiwanis Clubs) thenames_____and addresses Were obtain id for potential donors to whom a prbject prospectus could be Ont. Over60 of these descriptive bulletins were sent out with the request that the student representatives andteacher be allowed-to give a` slidepresentation and talk lb their Membership.-

After tiir 'weeks, follow -up phone calls were made to the recipients of out bulletins to see ifthey had received the rnaterial.-As mentioned earlier, the responSe:was most gratifying/One-third of

.those contacted donated something to our energy cause; The local West Seneca Kiwanis Club andNational Fuel Gas each donated $500 00 and represent our largest: contributors Each contributorwas sent-a thank you-letter--which-eontained the-signatures ofll Wind and-Solar Power (W,A,S,13)Members. They will also receive regular student edited progress report's showing how their donationsare being utilized.

Many of the 'program accompliShments described above relate- directly to public relations.When a program and students do something worth mentioning, write a short article; include aphotograph, and submit this to the local newspaper: If your school system has a newsletter whichgoes out to the taxpaying public, include your noteworthy energy article.

When the community sees that the schools are teaching for the future with applications toreal world problema by motivated., enthusiastic students, many problems -which seemedinsurmountable will begin to fade.

Keep in touch- with your district- administrator in charge of curriculum, for any state orFederal, grants which :ma; become available. In a dynamic and current area such as energy, attentionis demanded for any well thOught-out and carefully written proposals.

The energy teacher must keep current of the leatest publications, as something new happensost every day. Some excellent sourcesinclude-

57

e Frublicationi: (ask ito'be adlied.tt:; their -mailing

,Resources, -Resources for the Future.175 Massaehuseqs Avenue N.W.-

,..Washington, D.C. 0036

Petroleum' Today.-Circulation DeparirnenP. O. Box 441Detroit, Michigan 48231

PPG Products-..fublic Relations'One Gateway Circle

-_,Pititsbrirgh,,PA _15222

Insulation ReporterNational Min-6ralNo l'Ini4lation Assn.382 Springfield Ave.Summit, N.J. 07901

-E.A.R.S. Cataloguenvirohniental Acticin Reprint- Service'

2239 EastorColfax 'AvenueDenVer,. Colorado 80206

Energy Reporter.- Federal:EnergyA, amt

.nistration.:Citizen NewsletterFederal Energy Administration \Washington,D.C...20461

The Texaco Star135 East 41st StreetNew York, N.Y. 10017

Power From OilMetropolitan Petroleurrr Co.380 Madison AvenueNew York, N.Y. 10017

AerospaceAerospace Industries Assn.1725 DeSales St. N.W.Washington, D.C. 20036

ChernecologyManufacturing Chemists Assn.1825 C onnecticut

----Completely reconditioned-8' diameter ,water punzpAve N.W.

Mg windmill. Students spent their summer in the Washington, D.C. 20009Energy Technology Loh to complete the work.

58 J

--7-2!-";2f -_--

tees of vertical file information._

free pamphleti, posters, etc.)

TipS ori.Savink EnergyCouncil of getter BUsiness Bureaus, Inc1150 17th St., N.W,Washington, D.C. -20036

arilyn Edwards

Energy Activity GuideAnnePark Project on Energy Interpretation

atit;nal Recreation-and Park_ Assn.1601 li&ith'KentSt._

VA 22209t-_Public Information;-- NASA Windmill Project

=_._NASA Lewis .

Clevelin%1, Ohio '44135Infonication on-windpoi,verLos AlarnosScientifia Labora oryAttn: BalcOmb.=

-Los Ardmos; New Mekico 87544

Solar Energy:: Geothermal Energy; How: to eon-duct-4n Energy Addit,-SOlarCollector- ManufactfiringBidlettn.-Careers in Eitergy _Industries

. .

InformatiCin Dissemination RtanchERDA HeadignarteisAttn:_R__Turnipseed.20-Massachusetts Ave., N.W.Washington, D.C. 20545

Information on windpowermOrican Wind Energy Assn.

21243 Grand River--_Xletroit, Michigan 48219

Info rriatiorron energy-and-power-Enviromnental_Action _

1346 Co'nnecticut Ave., N.W. irWashington, D.C. 20036

School Energy ContestsRegion T,:vo26 Federal PlazaNew York, N.Y. 10007

Information on solar energySandia LaboratoriesPublic Information DivisionAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87115 A

=

thr '11`,1 c,P. feta,/ h,itheh, whir "1711 hii whiuh tee, ft, (

r,A1 q u, +iiirioihd inr r rnl ia!hlte elicrut ogitri + +l? I N.

59

=44 .--

.

agatines..which'rekulariy feature articles on energy:-

Alternative Source's oftnergyRoiite 2°,13Ox 90AMilaig, Minn. '56353-"

_

(Cost $5..00 fora one year subscription. -,4 issues)

Methanix IllustratedrPopular Mechanics

Popular SeienceScienceScience NewsSoientific American

Wind-Power Digest--54.468 CR 31

. Bristol, Indiana- 46507

(Cost S6.00 for a one year subscription -- 4 issues),

Books for a basic energy collection in a school library:.Danielsi Farrington, Direct--Use,of the Sun'± Energy New _ _

_ .

Ballantine, 1964. ($1.95) .---

Although ritten-thirteen years agb, this book is.still generally acclaimed as the bestAn -the- -field, from a layrnan.'s point if view. Semi - technical in nattire,and loaded with practical, home-build

1projects, Direet -Use of the Sfm's Energy is a must for the alfirnate energies library.

U.S. Department of Energy

A-Nation-A-Plan for Lnergy-Research, Development, and DemonstratCreating Energy Choices for the Future, 1976. Volume IThe Plan. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.($2.00)

This publication outlines the official position of the government on energy - related matters.An enlightening section concerns = itself with the roles of the private and public sectors, the Federalagencies and of E.R.D.A. with.the national energy, problem and the nature of Its solution.

Chapters include: 1) The Plan, 2) Budget, 3) Implementing the Plan, 4) Developing the Plan.Special note should be made that there is an executive summary included, which precisely deicribesthe key points of the book. A must for serious investigation.

Friend, Gil and David MOrris. Kilowatt Counter: Milaca,Alternative Sources of Energy Magazine, 1975. ($2.00)

As stated on the cover of this publication, the included material (34 pages) is, A consumers'guide to energy concepts, quantities, and uses: It is written -in nontechnical terms, aimed at the

---,layman- who - =is interested-in-learning -more -about energy- and-Poweri--as-it-is-re lated-to-his everydaylife. There is an interesting quiz at the end of this booklet, entitled, Testing your energy awareness.

60

_ - -

Eriergy,Eleetric-PoWer and Man. Fraticisccil-Boyd and Fraser,---1974._ ($9.95)

_T-he _best reference found to date on electric energy-and:4re- biAineisVf -its generation. Thetext thor6 covers the _technology (in sareltively simple terms); economics and environmentalconsiderations --inVolved.-An excellent section= deals with our cod ryes future energy -requirementsand the derriarids-which.will be placed on the power

National 8ciende Teachers-Assn. Energy - Environmentwide. Washington.: -NSTA, 1975. ($2.00)

ThiS excellent resource listS the-folldwing:

1. Readings- .for _teachers-,. -

RealiiWor 5-9, 8- 2)Guide to filing and audio /visual materials-Guide energy-environment curriculum materials

5. Sources of information and materials6. 9uide to goVernment documents -7. Keeping cun-ent: Bibliographic and subject terms

This valuabe guide' contains literally hunderedg of sources ofprofessional section.

free materials

National Scice Teachers Assn. Energy - Enviro era Source Book.Washington: NSTA, 1975. (54.00)

A mutt" for the

This source is loaded with well organized, up to date materials inclu ing many tables andgraphs'assembled from the nation!s leading authorities on energy and the_environment;

L -companion `to the Material Gnide, especially chapters in Jude Evidence of aCrisis; Energy Production and the- EnvironMent,. Energy; What it is, ..What it DOs, and TheExponential Century.

Reynolds, William C. Energy: From Nature to Man. New York: McGraw-Hn1974. ($10.00)

An. excellent source, (on the teacher's level) which was developed for use in a course aboutenergy and energy technorogy, aimed' primarily towards .-non-engineering students. High schoolscience, and matlidmatics seems adequate preparation for. comprehension.

Especially good chapters include: The Big Picture - an Overflow; Mechanics it all StartsHere, Heat and Other Things, Flow System Energetics.

Probably the best dissertation ever read on the Second Law of Thermodynamics anis given in the chapter on heat. Highly recommended.

Scientific American. Energy and Power San Francisco: W. H. Freemanand Co., 1971. (33.95)

Besides having the most concise statement concerning the energy-power predicament in itsForword, Energy and Power contains eleven original works by prominent authors in the field, such

as M. King Hubbert and Earl Cook, who have been widely quoted for the past several years.

The chapters in this book were first published in the September 1971 issue of ScientificAmerican, which was the twenty-second in the series ofsingle-topic issues published annually by the

magazine.

State of t"Iurltla Depaiinient ut Adminhitation A Holidiall'NGuide to Solar Energy Cape Canaveral, Ha Florida SoialEneigy Center 1975 t Approx ost. $

,euldi.tfrs to L 1,41,1,, kWh. 1..1 11111. i I si

Lieutist knows and what the public knows aboi,i. solar , 11,.tgy I.dS bten 1'11L.1 1, tiolt /31;

written to reduce this information gal)

tit!, I. I, Oilt.,1,, SALIAL 11111A8i11.1i1./ii OR, [ii A . .1 . 11 .4

11r, 1116 111,4I/t/II.N AA! (t cMIA-t tall :11.1A A ,I11,1

,c,.(1, .1A ,011C:171116 I1 I LIR; ,111,t

he butt.. ti. A.. I. J .) .1. 0, tg1.

....expert. Di h t.a/h.:1 slic 13,11.+:1: 41 , 1lin...,

Lukik

ENERGY CONSERVATION

L.4R POWER :PRACTICAL

DR. CHARLES ALEXANDER:

'By 1985.more than halfof all new homeswill be heated andcooled by the stn.'

The energy crisis elf the last two years has generated a ii.ompleNity of tlr )blems the mostplessmg of whh.:h ,cntel Humid the scald' tot ail ,.111,C111A1VC 1t.) 11..)(V.311 fuels Many divetse solutionshave becn ploposed. Elltle the IlloSt prakAlcal the Lath/anon ut the Dowel

11111

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for using solar energy is quite simple, Most significant problems are in the area of refinements in

mass production and in construction techniques. However, we expect these problems to be 'solVeli.

shortly.

Partial results of three major studies funded by the National Science Foundation show that

about two-thirds of all new buildings are potential solar candidates., This amounts to approximately

4o. million buildings by the yea 2000.

Our clwll mdependenthan half of the new homes bei

y agrees with these projections We expect that by 1985, morewilt will be heated and cooled by the rays or the sun Obviously,

then solar energy is a useful energy source, and we no lunge' need to ask when we move

toward the utilication ut solar Ltneigy, fur we have already ,riteled the Sohn Age

Aar& , it. -witit 11, !tr.. r, of Electrit,..1 ,

_Slat. Cht. )4.,,4,,,g)t it. .,/ , i" r/1 the universe.. )k.!

task grotg,

TEHRLNCL K CASIEK.

'Using sofas powci,a homeowner canin effect. his own utilityto, as long ashe owns the l4us3C

Until 1c=c.Jilly ..

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his home by factory-trained dealers. Flecan become, in effect, his own utility fort'gstong as he ownsthe house. Sun power is a fuel that belongs to all of us, and one that no ioun can embargo.

My company, Energy Systems Inc., started a research program over a year ago that hasresulted in the solar collector panel we are now producing. Out collector has an eight-pass aluminumfin absorber with copper tubing to pipe the heated water to the storage tank. The collector isenclosed in an aluminum frame and covered with two layers of tempered glass. We have brokenground on a manufacuting plant in San Diego that will be able to turn out up to 1.000 Allectotpanels every `tight -hour shift. One day's produ,tion could tarnish the energy needed to supply 250families with up to 90 percent of their hot water needs for yeais to come. In othci worg, eachday's output will produce enough aill1111111111 say,: (tic 111111 e.1 SluLe tu1,11I i 5 to 18million Btu's of energy each day which would otherwise have to come folio oncentional luck

/1.111 LA. 1.11 d1,1 .1 .1. . 4., .

,_.....,ts, aidi.)11....allons Ill (Lc L.)fis,.iiiel need_ 11,4111 111 LI. il//, C111 1..k c11111

low - interest loans. the Lnergy Corise ration aid Conversion r. et of si, in the Agfadite,tion A few SLaLe 11105i, fIcjtably t-lotid,, ua,.e made 51c...a 111

but S i.ippoti 1LV11, lllc te,lclal s.ovi.; ilL;a1 i1cA.;1 (.111.; 1.11111g ri, 111,,s1 Jo Is

11.,)15; a. El4C g1JvC111.114;IdatippoL1 ,11 1s.vkL

lee, LI ,

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Ali II.

PRODUCTS THAT HARNESS THE SUN

Typical solar systems circulate water or some other medium through collectors, usuallyplaced on a roof. Sunlight striking the collectors heats the water to 100-200 demes. Pipes conductthe water to a storage tant,-where heat is extracted from the water to supply part of the energyrequired by domestic heating and cooling equipment. (Because it cannot store enough energy duringprolonged sunless periods, a solar system will not fully satisfy a bitilding's heating and coolingneeds,) Many of the principles involved in harnessing the sun arF, neither new nor highly technical.But until the oil crisis, the public was apathetic about solar research. But few major manufacturersare producing residential solar equipment at this time. For the most part. they are leaving thefield to local firms, On these pages we -show a selection of solar products Be aware thatthe solar industry today compares with the auto indttsti y early in ati&centray when small inaaineshops 'wilt and sold experimental cars for wh h;.1 their mconJusivi. pertormank e data

the l-cdeuat Department of Consuffic, tvains pin, ha., ly ot,olat eytttt,lr rlt L1I be wary of exaggerated pertormance claims

asz-11.-1

said

,..t,.1 al. .1 A, i , 0 ,,1,

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tit in.. III addition to otlicis Ilsta,I .,411 ti11,,wing I, di..s alt.; SyAcitis Salk DILL, , PF(

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Edmund S,Aentifk, Bh..imgkun. N.J. Must $oldi .ystLiiia use Ile ,,fate xu11 k,L..ls tihc II, LID:

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mil has a I testi I leiis that the d I 1111,,1 ./101 h 11411,1 IL

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solar-heated water circulates in a closed loop, it can be treated with 'corrosion inhibitors and withantifreeze to permit the collector to function in winter. Solar Research, Granada Hills, Calif,packages a system like this, which includes two PPG collectors, $2-gal. tank, heat exchanger, pump,and electric controls. Universal Solar Systems, Ocala, Fla., markets a similar assembly. Seen in adisplay model, it uses five solar receptors (collectors) made of flat vinyl coils, through whichheat-transfer fluid circulates. It costs about $1,300. Sol-Therm, New York,- N.Y offers anopen-loop system that has no moving pans. Sunlight heats water in the 'collectors, 'reducing itsdensity and making it rise into the tank, where it can be drawn off. Incoming cold watci sinks tothe bottom of the tank and into.the collectors to finish the cycle.-the system must be chained iiifreezing weather. Say Heater, is another open-loop system From Fred Rice, Van Nuys, ('alit itemploys cylindrical modules that serve as both collectors and storage vescls L4,11 Illoduk holds Igal of water The system's curved surface affords maximum exposure to the sun's ,hangiug angle

tr

SOLAR FURNACE

Most solar systems use water as a heat-transfer medium. A solar furnace, as its name implies,uses air. The furnace seen here was developed by International Solarthermics Corp., Nederland,Colo., and is being made by several manufacturers, including Solar-Aire. White Bear Lake, Minn.,and Solar Power, Glenside, Pa. It is freestanding and totally compatible with existing forcedwarm-air .heating, systems. So it adapts to heating remodeling as easily as to new construction.Like other solar space heaters, it is an euxiliary system, deSigned to supply most of a home's heatingneeds but not all, Study the drawings: Aluminum collectors on the side of the A-fraine structure,absorb solar energy, which is intensified by a horizontal reflector on the ground. Air warmed by thecollectors transfers its heat to a storage battery composed of stones Air tweed through the stonesby a blower becomes hot and enters conventional ductwork to heat rooms 'The stone storagebattet y call ictaln enough heat to warm the average house suttieierilly tot three to five sitillcss days

-a4;;Lexe,-

POOL HEATING

Several companies offer pool-heating systems that in operation resemble the domestichot-water systems described on the preceding page. These companies include Burke Rubber, SanJose, Calif., and Fafco, Redwood City, Calif., reported on in previous issues, Here we show towother approaches to pool heating, L. M. Dearing Associates, Studio City, Ca lif,, developed the SolarPool Blanket. Transparent and =only. 3/16' thick, the blanket contains thousands of encapsulated aircells between two flexible plastic sheets. It traps about two-thirds of the solar energy that strikes it.°vent a period of several sunny days it can raise and maintain pool-water temperatures 10 to 15degrees without pumping or auxiliary heating It also conserves water and chemicals and minimizesheat loss. One persog can fold or roll it up. Cate.1 Mfg Co., Moinovia, Calif iiiakes SolafLike the blanket, tgey transfer solar energy to a pool and ieduk;e the loss of Ilea( LlicffilLals, andwater through evaporation 1-hey have 5' dtaiiictcis aic made or plastic alikt easily but ',allalso be left in the water while (tic 1)001 I Iii use 1'01 L)( results (he) :31101414i )VCI 011111liesillik4Ed)

L$Ail) thuds of Ow pool's surta...e raise 1Cg10

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DO-1T-YOURSELF SYSTEMS

The installation of a simple solar-heating system is primarily a plumbing project-one that ahandy homeowner can do himself. The domestic water-heating systems described on a precedingpage, for instance, do not require great skill to assemble, Seen here are systenisspecalically gearedto the do-it-yourself market. The Solarator collectors are the heart of a system available from Fun &

MadisOli Heights, Mich. They were developed by Professors Conan E. Fisher and Edward J.Konopka, sell for about $40 each, and reportedly' have been used in more than 15.000 1111,1114itions,Instructions available from the company tell how to use the collectors in various applications,from pool heating to space heating The drawing shows how to tie them into d hot-wateisystem. jardenway Laboratories, Charlotte, Vt is marketing a compact sySteill tut people whowant to test the potential ut solar energy without making a 1110j01 in it Calk:kJ S,/4.1/PlOtic'er 41(hlel 22 the system about S250 It ,:onsht. of a 'N6' 5,01 K lc, A(ele0.11, pkwip 2(1 of nylon intnnE and ,k11111C...ilt14 1'..)11 th,lil Ai1 v atc,consiei it to tal4 .;oil unit to heal suliAll rooms, oi Lailion_s-n.editor amid publisher or Solar Energy Digest. Sall 1,1cgo (...dit 13 ...ilk:A nig a )() thatcontains plans and specifications for building Ills 114:A

amid heat Jolliest', waft' and swill ling poolsEdnIondsoncs own house. The booklet Costs $25

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TWO IN ONE: A HOME AND A SOLAR COLLECTOR

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prOjc4.(1.1 be titic;c1 with IOUvei:, ,i 1,;1 4111 cizJOSe41 1.)4J11.14)11 ie,1 11111114r L14ya 14t LA.,. k sunlight 'Is Iif toithIA 4,11., I. .

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. South-facing facade, reveals the successful joining of a traditional Cape Cod extei'ior Oi-ith an

array of solar collector panels mounted on the roof. Clapboards sheathe the structure. SiidlTd-ecprovides outdoor living space. Contemporary light-tilled living room, opposite, is two stories:highwith a glazed gable end and a game loft. Decorator was interiors by Priscilla of Hartford.

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i.nost solar sysftii iitiL heat water (0 at leapt 100a York heat own') Ella( c .tract heat from vo.t1.,.:, tha,

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, 1,!lits air link).,1 4..)11 "Ott kill 1 ii t

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-7,TRADITION-AbAPTED-TONEW, TECHNOLOGY 1'

- Combining tractitional 'styling with'Ispice-age technology, this Cape Cod Awned by r. and.-:`..Williarri.P. Ward:Of-Quechee Lake-,:Vt has.a solar' heating system teamed with a hea pump.-

at .plate,:collectors-ori ,the-. south-roof trap-tiolr--energy, to- ,heat -;the water. in-3he -cldsdd,--_ . rcuit

_- system. The-warm -water returns-kJ a 2,00,Q-gal-.- st6rage' tank below the first floor. Hot wate froni- ,_ _the = tank flows..to the heat pump. The -heat pump works like an air coUditioner.-Herei-inst _ad of --:_=-7--

' -egtraetitig heit7froni inabni'air,;_ina releasing it outdoors, it extracts.heat- from the tanIC,of-Avaterand distributes it through forced -air duets.: In summer, the heat; pump's refrigerant loop can _bereversed to supply central, air eonditionitIg. The,system was designed by Sol-It:Fedi of Hartford,\IX,ivitich designs and markets co_mpletely'integrated solar heating'systerns.,...

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TO RESIN ALTERNATE ENERGY

c TruCk is Wild-powered too,

Ety Edward' Morgan .

One day last fall, Michael Hackleman and -a coup16 of his co-workers at a Californiacooperative called 'Earthmind ..hefted a 460-pound wind .turbine. onto the back of Oxi theirhome-built -electric truck Michael flipped a switch, andrOx trundled off silently to a remote site,whpre a 47-footLtall octahe ro tower stood waiting to be topped -off . They unloaded the turbine,'plugged -their 32-kOlt.tOdis .-a socket' on the froittiof the truck,, and soom-had 'the windmillmounted and churning ou power". Power that would` later be fed backto Ox in a happy energysymbiosis.'-

arthmind is one of uiany: self-sliffioient ertergy-r0earch groups that are beginning to trotAmerica srlandicape in this fuel-shOrt era. Such communities shard a-, common faith with DrY"pfsinow-technology,,ruggedly individualistic sofutions: to the energy, crisis

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PHOTOS Bt VACS A NAUMANN

Ear d's electric truck (left) ishan auier for farma, kits, or remotework sites. Check local laws. to seewhether such a vehicle would be street-legal It's versatile, drawing current fromwindmill, in background of photo. above,-

.11 I' as A rywall as from standard batte charger..

Upper left Michael Hackleman runs ,his32-volt drill dircictly off the truck, using

' it as a remote -generator.- (Don't runconventional AC tools or applianceswithout an inverter, however.) In wiringdiagram below, batteries are wired inseries. Earthrnlnd is contemplating add=ing metro batteries to the.truek, wired Inparallel, to increase capacity.

,-FWD-NEUTRAL-REV=BYPASS SWITCHSTRIPSOTOR

FAST

FIELDRESISTIVE

COILSSLOW _0- 0

ACCELERATOR = 36-VOLT BATTERY BANK

FECAL ACTION

PS has featured eleetric cars in this series before #Feb. '76; Apr. '76'; -like those two, theEarthmind- truck has a limited range and Speed due 'to the realities of battery storage. But thatshouldn't be much of a Prbblem for wworkhorse application on a farm' or remote -site:

._, . -

'Ox -was-originally' an industrial true rescued: from the rust heap in -a Goodwill yard in',California's affluent Orange County the original.price was $200, but, relates. Hackleman, we notedthe fact That the batteriei were very evidently dead, so we talked them down to $9.5.

.Thetnick's motor had-a series field rated at '24 volts, 41 amps, and 1.5 hp at 1700 rpm. Thisprovided a lot of torqueiliiit didn't permit the luxury,of regenerative braking,' which would putenergy back into the batten Th'e oil-bath gearbox and gear ratio limited the vehicle to a -top speed_

1 of about 10 mph This fact, plus the ample truck prompted Earthmind to adapt it for use as autility vehicle instead of trying to turn-it into a passenger car. .

-

Adapttns the (vehicle

Hackman tore oil the cuMbersome, top-heavy front cab and. replaced it with a frameassembly welded togeth r of thin-wall electric conduit bolted to the front end. This frame w Sdesigned to protect . driver and. passengers as-well as the control-linkages (accelerator, brake, dsteering). -Utt

.er, roof, siding; and windshield will-be added to this support, which becomes

something to hang onto in rough terrain.

-A hank of used, six-volt, 180-ainp-hour-truck batteries noW-serves-asthe-power-storageUrn. Standird golf-cart battefies will be installed at replacement time, however: As an ".added

ovation, Earthrnind is contemplating, adding two moresix,volt batteries to the bank to createtwo sets of 24 volts in parallel. In this manner, says Hackleman, wedouble our capacity, or, in otherwOrds, cut the rate of discharge of any one battery in half. Therefore, the extra weight (about sixpercent more) is justified by thi-bverall increase in efficiency -of power transfer, by the increasedlife of batteries, and a lower voltage at the Motor.

LtPAccele' ation is simple and straightforward, using a pedal-type switch. The-farther the pedal isdepressed, the fewer the number of resistance cdils that areln series with the motor and thereforethe greater the spied pf the motor..

. .Hackleman admits that this type of contik5Lhaglirawbacks: At low spee it wastes poWer by,

dissipating heat, and it develops. Very little. As a solution, he suggests solenoid-switching.,---.

controls, which won -14 take power from traps therapy varfing the number of batteries hooked inseries to. the motor:But another .'problem ari§es:-'charging batteries: that have been unequally

- discharged.

An electronic _chopper Control is the only_ real answer to efficient electric- vehicle circuits,Hackleman concludes,_but the-expense is' prohibitive for the average- persOn.i_

Yoking tip tcrQls-

lights, and appliances "can be yoked onto Ox via a household all receptacle' thatHackleman mounted on the front, of the vehicle.'Earthmind's tools, of course, can work directlyfrom the 30-40 VDC drawn from the windmill, or froM current stored in Ox's batteris. We simplydrive to, wherever we need power and plug our 32-volt saw or drill directly into' outlet, saysHackleman. Vinverterackleman. (To operate conventional tools, they use an invert rated at HO AC.) And it's just aseasy to hook up electrodes across the battery for arc-welding.

Into the future-

We've come to think of Ox as being a process, not a product, says Hackleman. Future plans..include a monitor panel to displayyoltage and current and switches for horn and lights.

Hackleman, who is research director at Earthmind, has written Electric Vehicles: Design andBuild-Nsour4n, which-should ile-on sale this monthr(Two-of-his-earlier-publicaticinsinclude-Windand- Wind pruner and jhe Romebuilt:_Wind-Generld Electricity Handbook) -The electric-vehiclebook (160pp. is $6.50, -check payable, o Earthmn ;address below

To inquire about these books, or to ask a specific question about the Ox electric truck; send astamped, self-addressed envelope to: Michael Hackleman, c/o Earthmind,- 524-6 Boyer Rd., Mariposa,Calif.-95338.

7

-

7 --TURN -YOUR-FiRE7PtACEINTO4A7FUtiNA-CE'

.Your-__fireplace--wastes about-80 percent of the-heat, it produces.' It's pulley up the chimney 7--

and replaced by cold air suctioned in from the outside.

'''Souti-ieastern-SOlar Systerns, Inc. (4705LJ Bakers Ferry Rd., Atlanta, Ga, 30336) says you can'increase efficiency with its new fireplace heat-extraction systemso you ,use 50 percent 'of the heatyour fireplace produces. The system ,has a box-channel steel grate that draws heat frOin the ffre.Wa puiriped through the grate transfers the heat- to your existing fOreed-air orhot-water system.He distribution to any or- all rooms is-controlled by thermostate or blower: Becausejill of thesystem's piping is stainless steel, or copper, it can also be converted to heat. potable water in yourhome

.

Operation.of the fireplace system is completely automatic:A sensor detects the fire when it's)

lit and actuates the circulating pump: When the fire-dies down and ther s no longer any usable beatthe pump shuts-Itself off.

Originally designed as a backup for sol-ar-heated homes, the heat extractor is now_ being._-=

offered-asla-primary-heating-systemAllyoulre---willing-to.xhop a:sizable-store of=firwoodtrAvoould,- save up to 98 percent of your fuel bills,. the manufacturer claims. The system collects enough heat. , .

in four hours to heat the average home for an entire day.

Total cost or the system is 5699, plus installation. Extra piping and labor generally run about$300, but instructions are included for installing J the system yourself. It's guaranteed. for` five

t --.-y_earsSoutheastcrn-saysit should last--20.NancY-Smith-- ---- -----

and Cynthia-EdneySOLAR - ASSISTED HEAT PUMP=

By Edward Moran

Belfast, where this hour is located, is o northwestern New York's Cold shoulder--thf.7.007degree-day blizzardy tract abutting Lakes-Erie and Ontario. Last winter, the Edneys spent anaverageof 85 cents a day to stay warm in ie1128-sq.-ft. houle they built themselvs with selectedpr ssional

r

Th house, complete with $7200 worth Of solar arid wood-heat equipment, cost Dave andrnthia Edney-about $25 a square foot. Thas? the going rate: for a lot of solar collectors these days,

like the-ones in the worldis most advanced horize..Dave, a mechanical engineer, and Cynthia, achemist, are Convinded--that- a well-designed-energy -efficient house is not an impoisible dream for

--young couples (he s-30i--shes-.28)...

So how did the Enneys--end up heating their home- for $26 in -January of That Winter of '77?By a judicious mix of domestic technologies, 'both in overall disign and in the heating system itself.The house is a single-floor ranch style with wo bedrooms and a family room l't's slab-ongrade,except for an excavated 12-by-12-ft. baseme ; a 24--by-30-ft. garage/shop is attac d.

The walls of the house (post-and-bearn construction, with no,inter forload-bearing 110 are`-six - inches !thick. The roof, nearly flat to 'maintain an insulating snow load in winter, has aluminumsheeting to reflect heat in summer. And it's got six inches of insulation. Grape vines plated aroundthe Wegt-facing porch (great-grandma _knew how to keep her cool) reduce heat gain on summerafternoons. The ga ge- and:Shop are-on the _north side to area from harsh winds.A closed-door policy aid old but oftforgotten trick, zones heat ,into living areas in Winter: Thefamily room, for ex mple, is self-contained, with wood stove and spring water for use underextreme comditions.

There are three major components to Ole Edneys' heating system: a York solar-assisted heat

81

Dave Edney monitors _all gauges andmotets twice a day. for continuous-per-,forrrianco' data Edney reports solar.

collector efficiency averages 6Q peThe -280-sq.-ft. aluminum 'trickle .colectaf dwarfs Cynthia Edney. Fleat pumrk(shove) is capped with insulated duct."Prping at roar brings water to -arid from'.water-heating coil in fireplace.-:

-n

pump; the flat-plate trickle collector that supplies the pump- and a backup -fireplace; complete wioutside venting and water heating coil.

The ptimpheat extracts heat from the solar-heated water and supPlies that eaat ht to the-forced-air sustem using a refrigeration cycle. The process is reversible provide-cooling in summer,When water temperatures are between .45 degrees and 85 degrees;-thy heat pumpcomeS-91-_line.Above 85 -degrees; the house is heated. directly by water through a radiatoi in the forced-air ductsee diagram); belbW 45 degrees, the fireplace auxiliary heat...

The ,fireplace is equipped with heavy metal doors that can be clOsed for good draft control,Air, preheated around the firebox supplements the heat pump; and water from the coil is pumped tothe solar storage tank to replenish the supply; or can beused foridomestic hot water. The fireplace.supplied abOut 16 percent. of the total heat requireinents last winter. Its combustion air is suppliedfrom the outside, a sensible setup: Why waste indoor air.you've paid to heat when the -fire couldjust as well withcolder air?.

a -The -rlrain7down collector on the, south wall is corrugated aluminum sheet painted flat black

and double-glazed with acrYlic, with four. inches of Styrofoam insulation' behind Water trickles over_

the -280;54.41, collector at a rate of 25- gpni and flows into a belbw-groui3d 1500-gal. concrete tank-that provides andtit two dayi' storage;

The Edneys- estimate- that it would-- have cost $284 to heat their hotise _with- anelectrical-resistance system last winter. This gires us a-system CO.P. (coef icient:o performance) of

;:approximately 2.33, they say.

. The table baloW indicates performance' data for the last heating season. To ask a specificquestion, send a stamped return envelope to the Edneys, c/o_ Belfast Specialties Co., P.O. Box. 501,Belfast, N.Y. 14711.

Performance data 1976,1977

. Dec. 87.5 6,799.360 84 26.79Jan. 128.5- 7,823,360 1528 80 28:96Feb. 141.1 5.002,240 '977 96 28.50Mai.. 145.3 .3,527,680 680. 100 21M5

-Apr. 72.4 + 2.370.560 463 ='100. 16.72'House heatless et 10' -5120 Btu/degreeday. ,

7TOtal hOUrS of aursiliary heat required, dividedby hours in month

3Figured frorn electric meters on-heatff-purnp'and- water pump; and froth -hour meters.bayed on electric rate per .kilowatt hour

'Reflective .altiminum covers were installedon April 13.- when storage - temperature.reached 145. System iiVis shut dowit from-this'point, except for the heat.pump, Coverswill he in place until early October: heat willhe provided from storage or from the fire.place until then.

a 83

Stepban Sieradzki:__MINDMILL ON A BOOl

- By Edward-Moran

Someday in the 'not -distant future, Steve Sieradzki hopes to his i&dmill along on afishing trip: A flexible tower similarIp the-one pictured hire will b ountedrin the roof of hisvan. When he arrives at his favorite fighing.spot, he'll raise the 10-foot prop skyward and fill ballasttanki with water_to stabiliie it The- power zeneratedL400 watts m a 15-rr5Ph windwill be used tocool the beer and cook the fish, he saysquite an pnergyaving angle.

Although Sieradzki hasn't yet built this mobile unit, he has created a novel DIY windmill atFairdealing, Mo., home. -Unlike most rigs it's not mountedcon a fixed tower, but on a 'flexible

boom that rises and falls with the windfor safety efficiency, and ease of maintenance.

Fle?dble-boorn wind-mill is designed tolean!' in high winds,praventing dangerouspverspinoidg, The pro-peller assembly canalso be brought 'clownto the around for easiermaintenanceUnit:511sassembles easily Rfor A

storage and moving. Ir-ventor Sieradzki plans Bto mount smaer me-bile unit atop his iian.

15" PULLEY

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= = Anyone who's-ever handled a spinning windmill, from the tiny water-pumpers on the plainsto the gaint NASA/ERDAUbb- at Sandusky, knows the importance of speed control 'A rigtrieriPitself toRieces if the blades oversPin hustrong wind. And laster doesn't always mean better whenit-comei-to_generating power. Further, nMinting.the propeller atop a 20- to 60-foot mast means the

--rnilltender has to shinny Up-to dizzying-heights every time anything needs attention.

Why not bring the prop down to the grtnind, and solve both problems? SieraclzkireaSonid. .

So he designed a windmill oil a boom like that-of a hoisting crane and balanced it by counterweig#ts'(here", rocks in wooden boxes), so- that the prop is\ lifted to its maximum height and automaticallyadjusts to face wind.-

. "I use very light construction- braced by steel cables and mounted on a base similar inoperation to art antiaircraft gun mount," he says. "In fact, a German 88rimi-mo-unt would make anexcellenfbase for a 50400t boom"

When the Wind Blows

The tower is ahnost vertical in winds up to,a preset limit (say 25 mph) and the -propfaces squarely into the wind.. Above this limit, however, the wind overcomes the counterweights -andpushes the boom

over) ipedownwind and closer to the ground. This tilting of the shaft reduces the area. .. ._ .

of the spinning propeller that faces the wind, thereby preventing rpm from exceeding dangerouslimits. Pressure on the structure is also reduced, permitting lighter construction. '

ent rigid towers, the inventor points out, must be designed to takelhe highest wind force.

for their area-a force that occurs rarely-or never. When' such a blast does come, Sieradzki's Prop willbe lowered to within 10 feet of the ground,- where it will -stay until reset at its operating height afterthe storm-a further protection-to the equipment.

=

7Built principally of recycled materials, the windmill-on-a-boom cost Sieradzki about $75. Heobtained the alternator from a junked car, and used shock absorbers from an old truck to cushionthe boom' and prevent it -from -slunming into the swing-limiting stops. For the drive belt, he

- recornmencls_using round 'polytirethane belting_becausei` 's ex..tremely tough, yet elastic enough- to,_,keep the "belt under proper tension.

A store-bought propeller can be costly; Sieradzki made his of 0.032' fiberglass sheet.- Itweight but 3. 1/2 lb, a boon because it keeps the rig from becoming top-heavy and makes the prop

esponsive to changes in wind conditions- One warning if you decide to build a windmillof this ty eIA prbp spinning at 300 rpm isa lethtl weapon; you won't want it to come down closerthan .10 feet to the ground, hence the swing-limiting stops mentioned earlier.

Generating Electricity

Sieradzki' primary goal was to test a novel design, and he admits that the power output ofthe, device could stand improvement. By:using a 5:1 stepup belt drive, he obtains 200 watts at 12volts in a 15-mph wind.

The generator is located near the lower end of he boom ; power is'transmitted fron3 the propan -removed via slip rings at the base.

Steve Sieradzki plans to make finiher refinements of his concept (when he's not working on a

_

salar-powered engine that also occupies -much:.`of his tune) : He thinks his idea can be adapted..tolarg. &scale-- ipPlicitionii:stich.as inPO-pidared Ii where there might-lie-desthetit-clbjections"tu-rigidtowers; he envisions an arraY of invisibie_windmills that could be deployed automatically at night oyduring=higlf-winds:

. ,

TO ask a specific question, send. a:stamped return envelope to Stephan Sieradzki P, O. Box81, Fairdealing, Mo. 63939.

, . _ _ _ _ _

=

86

if

= _ _

-INTRODUCTION_ _r -_

_

Central DaUphin School District initiated a-TrieW program in-theitindustrial AyteDepartrrient=

=An September, 1975.

I - 1-Under the direction of Mr. Lou Reda; Industrial Arts Department Head, Mr. Wm Morris,

'Supervisor of Secondary Education,-Dr. John Hine, Curriculum Development, Mr. W.- H. Bitile,'Principal of C.D. East Jr. High School and Mr. Mike Filepas, Industrial Arts Instructor at East

Jrjfigh-,-.1,the-pilotprograrn -was-Started.

The students designed, built and installed a solar heating unit at East Jr; High: :-

Filepas, a graduate student at Penn State University, is doing his masters thesis on The Design.and%Constraction of a Solar Heating Unit for 40 degree Latitade. After two years of research, a lowcost .solar unit was designed and built The students at East Jr High and two students from theDauphin County Vo-Tech School (former students of Mr. FilepaSes) worked on the unit.

Wit the help pf- Mi. Ed Hine-, Electricity and Drafting Instructor at East Jr. and Mr. JohnWrote and et-up a test programat-II-reit SehooLThe program

went ve/y well and in three months the unit was completed and installed in Filepas's-hom.

Paul Wigharnan anktwo-Jnernbers-Of the Governor's Energy Council made ,a visit 'to EastJr. igh and met with Mr.Bifile ard Mr. Filepas to see the solar' unit and its workings To _theirknowledge, this was the first school district in Pennsylvania to actually build an 1-install a7selar unit.

The students were, very excited-about the whole project and iricorporatecl what they learnedin geography, earth science and industrial arts to build the unit.

Once installed, the unit was monitored, 18 hrs. a day, seven days, a week for-one yearJoAnn Filepas (wife of Mike) and his family.

Materials were cheap and industry was more. than 'willing to help. Pittsburgh Plate Glassdonated the glass and was very helpful by sending tehcnical information to the school.

Central Dauphin-Administration-gave their support and -Mr. Mortis -and Dr.--jblin-Hines supported the programi all- the way. Without -the support of the principal; Mr. W. H. Biftle,working with his industrial arts department, the project wouldn't have been completed.'

The secbnd year tit- the' program is, now into full swing. This year other possible designs arebeing considered by the studbnts and Ed Hine and his electricity students are working on-a newelectrical system.

Lou ,Reda, -Department' Headand Dr. Hines are in the process of looking into state or federalfunds.

John Chlebowski has students, welding and fabricating sheet metal in his metals area and iswriting a new curriculum for the solar application of metals.

Any interested persons may write to Dr. John Hines, Curriculum Development, or Mr. CouReda:Industrial Arts Department Head, Central Dauphin School District, 600 Rutherford Road,Harrisburg, PA 17109 fOr any information you rkay need' pertaining to So. lar Heating for Industrial

. .

-Mi ke Fdepass

fi

87

_ `,P.-- - AAA , ,,. '- K.---::'-...:1-.,-_- s_

- - . ---..- -,,,,-:,--...,,.......,.:-..,-,-,-, 1:--_,44:, - -- - -,----"--- .,-,--- 7 _V"

SOLAR HEATER §UPPLIES _--.7-_-_ c_-....;,.., -

- _ -

3' tans of P.P.G. Quick Dry Zinc Chromate Primer; 1 Quart Wrought Iron Black*

'_-2x8x8N --c-,-

r-,A -- , 4x8x1 Styrofoam, -___ - .

,-._-___

'.'fY4 '; Sheets 20 dnaie At -ix61-g 9.89,each- - ,.: : , -,--

,---

V-,: Insulation (3, I/2' Co frig Fiberglass Angle Mild Steel -1/8xixt @ :26 -28' classiti! ft. shebts)

r- 2 '- Quarts Alkyd Epoxy Enamel

p? c-

% 5 Roll's of 6xI5 insulation

3/4 Plywood Sheeti_(T&G)

TubesVinyl Caulking.

2-31t Reducers (i .09 each)

-I Fasco Mdl. 648S Fan

I 21,99 Fasco Mdl. 663 Fan _

1/2"x61x4'

gorbf Venting Hose (4" DiL)

. 'Box 10"x20': Air Filters

Extension. pipe; IReducer 2 Plástic4"-T.

6 Ton 4A Stone (Limestone)

Mdl. 648S Faso Fan

88

4,

A

- _

=

`.?

IFItEPAS SOLAR COLLECTOR ATAg s_

=

_

AIR _

DATE TIME AMR. TEMP. (OLL. TEMP. Into HOUSE 'WEATHER

2-20-76 11;30 A.M.:. . 40? -- 156° '-- 85* =- Sunny1:01)-P.M. 400 --' -, 120° 92*., . _._

12:00 Midnight- 29* .- -52* 70°-- Night

- . ,-,-2-23-76 -1-2:30 P.M. 28.-. 140° - 72* -Cloudy.

2 . 0--25-76 1:00P.M. ; 64° , 1-90* c 9CP- , Sunny .- .

2-26r76 12:30 P.M. __ ---64* 209° --- -- 867 Sunny2-27-76 . 7:20-A.M. 49* X . 72°

001.: P- M - .2-2876 : .. 60° , 164* -- 122-- Sunny6:00 P.M.--, -_ Sr --'-' '74° -_ ' 88°.. r:7-

1 1 tO0 P.M. .---36,--- . X =. _ 86- . Night ,-

.r. 2-29-76 91:3d AIM. . 39° -X-r- -. _ 804 -- Cloirdy

. 1930 P'.14. 44° - -=X 88° - if Night. .

- .

-11:30 A.M.. -. _- 40 . 170* -. :122°-- Sunny= .

---= 1:00 A.M-. .- 39* - 83* Night i -' : --_- _3-1776, ----MO P.M. _______-- , 49_?-_ -___ . ----a : 3- --, - 867:- ---- ----Night: -7- '---.._ . ....

3-2:76 , }:30 P.M; , . 38° , X _. -- 72b _

.. Rain,,.

3-3-76 8:45 A.M.'. 3''' -2 . -- X - 60* Rain2:40 P.M., . . 38*-- .. - X _ _

: 62* , _ Rain3-5-76 .6:10 PM. 56* X . : 4 700 Rain -.

3-6-76 10:00 A.M. :' 38* - 100° 8-0* .. Sunn11-:30 AM.- ' , - 42° X '90 -' Sunn

,

-: 11:45A.M. 1 :47* -.' X -- _ 102* Sunny2:00 P,M... 42° 108-* . c Sunny5.00'PA4t---_. 42* ------ 90- .-,-===g4. 'c-- -.- Sunny

377-76 _ 11:00_A.M. - .. 40'7' 149* ---. .. 11.0* -. Sunny,11:00 P.M. 40° ; ' X ' TO* Dark

r3-8:76 5:00.P.M. , - 40°.- 80* Daik3-10-76, :5:00 P.M. ' 38* , .- :-.-. X

, 4? . Dark3-11:76 1:00 P.M. 42° , , - -'-- 170' 120° Sunny

, -- 3:00 P.M. 40° . 90* _- 90* Sunny

3-13-76 12:30 P.M. -- 500 X . 100° . Sunny- 3-22-76 1:00-P.M. -- .-- 40* . -. X 110? , - , Sunny

3-23-76 1:00 P.M. 50° ' X -_,,..,100* Sunny

6

0

s.-,COLLECTOR TEMP for -AUGUST/SEPT./0

18271867 -

17°170°200°2007.200°225°

-76 _ 2:00 P.M. 80°2-76 3:00 P.M. 86°

1 i-76 12:00 MN.: 8e9-21-76 .12:00 Noon ' 68°9-22-76 12:00 Noon 60°10-18-76 12:00 Noon 41.°

10-19-76 .12:00 Noon 47°10-28-76 12:00 Noon 38°10-29-76 12:00 Noon 50°

Sunny. SunnySunny_SunnySunny

s..S.unnySunny-Sunny- .1

NOTE:Orr ran: 2; fein the collectors wasas in October and higher than in August.

90

SUPPOR11 FRAME, BAFFLE and-DIJCT WORK ONSTRUCTION

Metals Area

FRAMECONSTRUCTIO14'

MATERIAL:

118 ux I '-'x l!' Angle Iron.,.

--The following outline inefudes:7

Frocedures,and egpment needed

.Mini demo ations that are conducted at each- --dep. assc struction progresses .-it -

- -

IV

M surement arid layout of all necessary lennecessary_

Proper use of ruler, try square,layout dye atfZ--s-Z-fiber

utting stock

Pover hacksaw demons

Deburrin _ _

ation

ProPer use of file and file card

Layout, of all necessary drilled holeg

,Same tools as in plus center punch

Drilling of all.necesary holes

Drill press and electric handdrill demonstration

Weld lap joints

VII Assembly of frame

a. -M jo_rile nonstFation incorPorating'Welding,riveting, an d clamping

VIII Apply finish

prayarid`brush painting demoti

20 Guage Ralf-Hard Aluminum Sheet=

The follOwing outline includes

Procedure and equipment heeded_

i-demonstrations that iire-condticidd-at eachstep.as construction progresses-

I 'rutting sleet stock =to required sizes

Squaring shear demonstration

eburring:

-a. Proper Use of file, file card and emery cloth

Layout of all neces sary-drilled holes oi' both duct work and baffles

V Drilling

V

VI

Demonstrate layout tools-

a. Demonstrate drill press and electric hand drill

Layout of all necessary folds, bends and cuts on duct work and baffles

Develop grid assemble all ductwork

Demonstrate sheet metal benderpop riveting

VII Develop baffles Msemble to reflector face

VIII Prepaint all metal surfaces before final assembly

Zinc chromate

IX Fasten duct work into reflector frame

92

SOLAR HEATING COLLECTOR

CONSTRUCTION and FABRICATION

ystem)

Construct collector frame

measure and cut framing material to length two 2x8x8's and two 2x8x4's

fasten collector frame with glue and 16d -nails .

(Weldwood_Plastia_Resin_Glue)' _

c, ue and fasten 1/4"x4ix81- plywood tes the collector frame.

Cut stringers for collector glass -two 3/4"xl "x4: andtwo 3/4"xl "x8'

Construct solar` unit base using 211x10"x10's with 2x10 joists 16" o.c.

a. till the collector base with 2 inches of polystyrene insulation-and 6 1/2" of fiberglass -insulation. The floor of the base is 3/4"- tongue and groove plyWood 'subflooriiig.

Place ,the collector on the be and fasten the, collector -to -the 55- degree collector frame..

Using heavy duty aluminu foil; cover the inside of the collector and the back of thecollector unit.

lace 4" of polystyrene insulation inside the collector box and cover tie insulation with 20gauge aluminum, primed with one coat of zinc chromate and two coats of flat back epoxypaint. CAUTION: The \AL2 collector base, should be tnade from two pieces of AL2)overlapped to allow for c6 traetion and expansion. --T

The stringer should now be )aced over the alurninum holding the AL2 in place.

Cut holes in, the AL2 and collector back to allow hot air to eh-alike from the collector to the"storage area. Duct work is now put in position.

Place one layer of 1/4' glass on-the stringer and caut

10 The second stringer is now placed in pdsition andstringer.

_e second layer cif glass is placed on this .

The back and ends of the storage unit are made from 2"x4"x8' frames and 1/4" exterior firplywp

2. Insular the Pack and 'ends with 3 1/2" fiberglass insulation and cover with 1/4" plywood.

13. Cover the interior of the storage unitand reflect heat back teitlie stones.

heavy duty AL2 foil to stop ultraviolet radiation

Monartiltelebtria-nwtors-and=eamplet_, 15'1- -\--yr 9 19--

istône to'widim 24\ to the top oHhe

1

9

v, " This. lilitieniay-ble: abocre:groUnd insulatea /with _fit;erglais-._insulatiein _And ;plastic,: be-finT be, ',,_-'installed under the ground blow the frost Ifil.e.

'' ' 11 ---e-= 9-7 -._ - 9-4- '-..9_ 99 79.--_-91- --___ -S:,7 , i --__: - 7-= 1......a1V-i-kr-,...--7,....9 ,.....-999:ka-79--.19;`9,-'9,1,9-99.99,9999-99i9s99.-4r99,79.9. 9s-91-9 -- 9 -9-7

, 7 l .1 9 _ _

a

= _

_

=

-- =,=_ A

94,

,,,,..__ ,_ ,.,t_ , ,:.-,,,\p,__ L,: _,_.,...:_-__ :- ,--

: . A,, . .,- -1,,,____ ..-: - ,. ',,,

,- .

a r

- a

s -; `. 5--,S

.t? - -

=

-1

=

9-

- 7 - 9 - --F

. ..,

.

= '

k

9

_

THEORY OF OPERATION

,

e solar heater control:consists of five main partL They are the p&Wer supply, the switching . -;cfrcuits, the control cirCuits; the temperature sensors and theblowe

The polar Supply is a tripleunit providing ',-5 volts at 100 MA, +7 volts at 2kand +9 volts at,,

+9v altsIA; All three Suppliessare ,electroniCally regulated and hive a common ground-. the '-5 volfs is used, ,:..,

or._ the 'negative 'supply of the:ICS.- The +7 volts is used for -the Positive s-upply Zif the IC's-and therelay 'Circiiits, The +9 voltauyfily feeds the bridge circuits and also suppliesIthe ttmer. =---

Che .bridge circuits consist of the_ five (calibrate -controls, _the = fiye thermistors and twoi.-

on-board' resistors Bridge, circuits were chosen because of thek, high sensitivity. The britlge_tirciiits,-7-feed-thieelecomparaterS-611-the -eontrol---boardr-The-three=cOmparators,contfollhe-relay:Switchea=,

: arid a-special timer. The timer is activated 'when.the solar collectors are much,'warrher-than the-heatI 1 ....-

stbrage' areas. This causesjthe,blOwers to oscillate on4nd-off aboiit once very five,seeOnds;T1

.Prevents the extreme heat differenee -froin crackfrig the collector's _ass-

, -,--.---,

I,' :

The switching, circuits -acre simply =an interface between the low power thermisters andegrated-eircuitsi-and theiligh-power blowers,They include three power relays, three relaY_drivers__1__

and associated circuitry and the manual power controls and indicaters`on the front panel.Triabs'`cOuld'have been usedin place,of relays, but relays were chosen for-the sake of simplicity.

'f- The blowers fare- all of the squirrel cage.type and all but oneare mounted inside the collector.The' one that is not mounted, inside the 'collector is mounted inside the house where it can pull thehear from the collector to 'inside the' building: There is 'also an auxiliary blower which can only beturned on manually:-Thiw,blower is used. when the operator wishes a faster air circulation inside thecollector.

This .unit plugs directly into a standard 110 -1 20 volt -A. C. outlet and draws less th 000_

watts with all blowers running.

t

_

ELEeT PARTS LIST ,

Part Number

C191e003, 105

C102, 104

Part

2000mf 25v Electrolytic'capacitor,

100mf 25v Electrolytic capacitor_

C106 200mf 15v hlectnilytic capacitor

C201, 202,20.5, 20& 1600mf_15vElectrolytic, capaci

O3 = 5mf 15v Electrolytic capacitor_

D102-106

07-

,DIOS

D109

F31 1

002

1301,302

1303-305

K201

K301-303

O101

.01mf lkv ditc capacitor.

0 PTV 2A Silic9n Rectifier

50,PIV IA Silicon Rictifier

5.6V 1/2W Z9ner Diode

11.5V 1/2W Zener Diode

9.1V, 1/2W Z ner. Diode

Fuse IOA Slow-Blo

Fuse lA

S.C. Min. Bay. Inc. Pilot Lamp (120 MB)

S.C. Min. Bay. Neon Pilot Lamp (NE 51)

Relay 6V coil SPST LA contacts

25A

ECG =129 trinsitor.

9-

0102, 10S

Q201

Q301-303

Fart Number

201 202, 204 Integra ed circuit ECG 910, 1147 0

1 202 NE-555V

R102 i 270R- 1/2W. 10%. ,.. .

103 680r .1./2W 10%

04 1200i :1/2W-107.,_

RI 05, 106 1000r:1/2W10%

R201,202,205, 208

R203- 180Kr1/2W 10%

204 1001(1-.02W 10%,

R206, 207 _3000r 1/2W 5%

03 47Kr, 1/2W 0%

8304 1Meg-go ten tiome er 2W- linear taper

11

R305-309 3500r potentiometer 2W linear taper

8301, 303,304 Toggle Switch SPST 15A contacts

S302 Toggle SWitch SPST 3A contacts

5305 Toggle Switch DPST 15.E contacts

T301 Transformer 12.GV C.T. 2A

302

Th301-305

s:1A

Thermistor 3000r cold

97

QUANTITY

=

Miscellaneous Items

Fuss Holder-3AG Panel Mjunt

SIngle Con;

Green lens,

n *Bay.-Panel Mount Lampholder

2 Amber lens

Red lens

rug terminal strip

2 lug terminal strip

1 4 lug terminal r

-6.1ug terminal

30 ft. 6 cond. 20.guag chlble

(C1 ft. 4 cond. 14 guage ca

. 50 ft.

50 ft.

Sin e cond_14 guage hook-up_wire

Single cond. 20 guage hook-up wire

Power Supply Circuit Board

Computor Circuit Board

Hardware, assorted

-Heatsink drilled for one TOT3

Heatsink drilled for

Thermostat

Eq-OCK DIAGRAM

7NASWITCHING CIRCUIT BLOWERS

CONTROJ_-TEMPER-=-

ATVRESENSORS

33= PARTS pIAGRAMS 2 _-all- parts actual size except where noted

-

SiliconRectifier

PilotLamp

integratedCircuit

Therrnistor-(2 times actual size)

TerminalStrip

inted -

CircuitBoard(% actual size)

99

- 1 -

FIVE SOLAR WATER HEATERS YOU CAN BUILD-= N

\a-. By Edward Moran-, :' --_ --:- :- .---

_7- _ _il"-- ---,.. _ _. -_,_-- ,- - __- -__ -_!

_-_- Ken Herrington, the evolution of a systertr:-:- .

77 1-

Ken Herrington just cantf-say no when it conies to homegrown energy. When we featured .

fireplace heater in this senes ',ye werent' aware that we'd net up with an avid craftsman whO isturning his- ranchson a northern California hilltop into a veritabte atternaie-energy-.lab.- .

--i, -. .Over the months, we' 'e 'been fed dozens of_photos- (Herrington is a topnotch industrial

-- 4photographer) of solar pool heaters, solar greenhouses, solar -water heaters, storage tanks, piping,

. _ heat exchangers-each,device carefully built and tested by this do-it-yourselfer.

. We asked Herrington to show sTpulans for an inexpensive,.__edsy4o,build collector that atypical homeowner could Olt together with. a few tools and a little spare time Materials for thecollector shownp Photo I", cost exactly $160- 3,-WhOlesale-_ askimbly takes a few_ hOurs. . . .

f .

- -

This model is by-no means Herrington's first nision; and we re sure it ,w-on't be his last; hesees solar research as an evolving process, and is always making innovations His first 4-by-8collector, built last year, was little more than a plywood box with a flat metal plate to which coppertubing had been soldered Later, he added fillets of heat-transfer cement to- improve performance.Then heCirne-tiv with the idea that's the basis for the-- collector-described here: Instead of merely:soldering pipes to a flat plate, he reasoned, why not firsf nestle them in V-shaped groves?. , 7

At first, he used, individual ships of metal, crimped V's down the center, then screwed themtogether (phosos 5 and 6). A much simpler method is shown in photo 4:?Yriu can ask a sheet-metalshop tePpunch out a 24-guage sheet to the-specsgiven in our drawing.

100 j

.

v

drawi6g

7Nurnber and spacing of V_ grooves copper; 16 sets of vpper..return bends el' To form a tray for the piping, globcan be varied (cprnpare drawing and, arid and plywood (optional) beddboard stripi;lo frat headboard

HOT ,WATilF OUT TO 'tiOijar PfiriIMATE0

Eljet.ingF VA6Vt

HAT-EXCHFF4e

TA NK.NO gab.

FTWR IN

(Mime,,EQ7011.1

FLOyf

.ir =WAY_OK VA6vt

igataimme.

Diagram shows possible setup, linkingthree.4-by-8 solar. panels Into a Conven-tional hot-water system for backup.Check valves permit solar collectors tobe bypassed at night or on cloudy gays,when you'd draw on stored, water. Pros,sure-relief valve Is necessary to preventdamage -In case of steam buildup. Formost American climates, heat-exchangesystem is recommended.

The original plywood bolt has 'given way to one made front steant-expanded polystyrene(beadboa.0), which costs about $10 for a 4- by-8 -by-1 1/2" panel (Herrington also recommendsCplotexis Technifoarn, slightly- more expensive, but more durable ) Edging for the box is a I

1/2"-wide strip (cut from another headboard panel) glued around the perimeter 'Nee photo 2). Aninch of fibirglass insulation (photo 3), avoids any danger of the beadboard melting due to the heatof the pipes.

The 4-by-8 ske was cho -0 Lake Ai-vtnl Lw; 411.1iltlard

ill 10' lengths, which can easily be cut to three 80" lengths Willi rcturii bends or sticct ells added(photb 4 drill 5), the piping assembly should just,stitig into the beadboard box (photo 7). Beforeinserting, though, clean all surfaces thoroughly with soap and water, then covet with a flat blaelcpaint.

I WI, avealll 1.1.1.1tIC tlotttlle 64141116 Is 1, 1.1- ,I1111=11. 1I ,11.1 111.

eonvcctive heat loss nio8, etfr ,.sty-ely irl cold, 4reas lie .i.es will. I .l lilt:

fiberglass cover (,025" thick) : bolting it in a i,-anie ot= l ly wood sir lrs a1 .1 scaliltb it withbutyl-rubber silicone:

L'ulleCtOr

the cl1a6A4J11 la 11,-.41,...pA,),Ide hot water Mr a typical liou.sch 1d 1 iu. 0. ti I it

you have th4..:spaeea ttlo-es iliOunt them ., ,.11e ..11

Summer heating or hyt at,' 111 lily .1111tate t, it, ,,,tsupply all my needs. Winter is a different matter; i need.4t least 9(1 I) IOU ay It of collector

tietlingturt USCa the Itc,it t. . loop Eal 111:111,- u i1101, 11i.i.days and at night Also since lie uses a water conditiouLr to ,,.st aild foa k ,la IR 11

Heating System Condittonekl he inust keep his tap water separate flt,tit the w .ter Is l ffinped

throlig,h the system_

102

Performance

in winter, the preheated Water may leave the heat exchanger at 95 degrees; on a sunny.

summer day, it might be as high as 130 degrees_ Space doesn't permit us to detail all the carefulmonitoring Ken Herrington has made on hiS system. He would rather err on the side of e'aution, sointent is he on not making any unwarranted claims,

Some figures he sent us for the middle of Feblualy are insti the During a week iii win...11daytime temperatures ranged from 50 degrees Eo 01 degrees, he lepolts tank tenipeiatines ipse by40 degrees, to 50 degrees each day, when the Nola' .3ysiciii was working (holt' 80 degices I21degrees the first day, from 100 degrees tO I I. 11113 wort S 11{11 O./ a tliCall lrf180 Btu per hour per square foot ocollector.

Idata arc h.., ,

wain mole 111101111,1tWii Scud to K411 ici , 2 !II I St 0.,1,1,.1want to ask a specific qu.estion (hee) in, lad,: a stamp, d n.01111 1

1'2 11 ) ii

J. DON FIELD, ROOFI:00P -TRICKLE' COLLECTOR

Not to be outdone by Ken Herrington's elaborate system, a Roanoke, Va., experimenter,working independently from previous PS articles, has also been Otecking out solar water heating.

Photo and diagrams illustrate the 42-sq.-ft. aluminum collectors that Field installed on hisdue-south-facing roof more than a year ago. It's a trickle collector: Water flows directly over acorrugated- aluminum surface backed by a slab of insulation_ (At press time, Field reports somesuccess with a new copper-tube collector he built recently )

Materials for the aluminum unit cosi Field about 11300 tic tkliutla average savings of$7 (150 to 165 kw shaved off his power bills) so payback time is about tour years.

.

As with Herrington's system, this setup need a heat -exchange". If an aluminum eollectot is

used, it's a good idea to mix Iii water inhibitors to ievent oriusion Field retains his electric waterheater as a backlip.

I t iblt

It" 11.. 104. I ,. . 3

culiveulelice of using standard cut lumbei A uasic box Is first mime oy naihri& 2-by -4's 10 a shed of

4 by 8 by 1/2 plywood Next, add a 1 1/2" thi.A !aye' of insulation Initially. Field usedStyrofoam, but now recoilluiends using

Atop the inaulation goes uu ,411.,1111111 11, 1116 pc.0,1114;(1 11dt 1,1a.,h A

. tor pan at the lower and leads to a s/4- PVC than, !inc.-The aiitire collector is co aed withdouble strength window glass

Arid l'161...1 II Il . ,)l,

Mien ..mbient temperuture was 42 degices Fahrenht.It tie N rs able to beat the 11, e gaiizmsflom 35 degrees to 120 degrees in 90 minutes.

1L4

Q1.11LE.EITIRENOT,.... WINO

ALow127.1,-.1101-

Be HyALLAN.r6ATE

1A22622,1COLLECTOR

w,,womnepACEIR

.37ELCTO

of.4111QC.F

R-gToAOErA.K

COLO wATEN

eet6E,WATEff

NEE6Ec

wATER.EATEA

anERaNOvi KG,-;g

E %CH

e8YERHE.TER

TRA

10,

A,E2 T1T A 1,/12

TOCAE

41.0 ck.I 1,.,e - A

AmEas.,,,A

VVE1142, p Od up 10 roofTOp C011.26101 11$ tl ,I,.klss) b0lwiion two sheets Of corrugated alue11,.oro tiiagrarn abo

et,ow3 11..d101,41,hangvr .411L1 tie 11, with bailt,up heater

riAttl<A.0

PUMP

61:d111: ..11.1.1)16:1: 1),1: I I i .11 pit.11111111 ;1 sheet u. ht 4k Mule 110. 1./ We/ tfIC IL .11 1..11t111t. vili4il OCINA,.:, .1 hi II,

AA 1,34 1., 11,..1 11

si,)rage 1s 41-1u L,IsvoLr heti mide 1,10-g .11011 t Ti it 1% st 1 b

plywood oodtcd 111,,CIA,A33 I1t..1 Wi 111),,...1

, 1

t,,.41.1;11. ..41,11 11;411 a1,1-,,. \-,111

Islt.413 y ioft.1111 I 411C1 he J. LIded to ,.14 3t mil pol) ;01) I ,lic., tit I tli, I Ito, 11131 ,1=

picycnt It, Aks F' .)I a I Cal etc .hditget (d'. V li.:A kg} i WI till iligil t .II N 01 i 1 ,,, 1).44 1)11_15: 3 .1,111u11.,;11

III (tic 1..11k, 1.1.4.3 1)I,.;1,.:,,Atc,.,1 vv,Atet (tIC,. ctit .13111%, Cle,11., 11,-111.1 III .11 11..

...,1. 44.-.411012.21.i1.... .1,81 i .1 111.1 11).1 E,11: 1,1 ..1 111,,1 A., ,,,A1

anzi 12ebruary, wit!. tL.! ne Ai copper c,Ilector d1l(IC(1 N17i1 n (1(,111)1e,1 the )fli;,, ) 131, iitiernoontailk afisi.,,1 9() gi,_, I,; I ;() ,1,,h,, , 111..4 1-1211-',3b 27 tc,,,pciat ,1-611 ,:) _I I I.. 1 .., I,

10 2.,

110 ,NELL, CIRCULATING-AIR COLLECT°

4,111 .1.4 I I .1 .1. hiss ..1.1 It.41111 111,; vs411.11

t ,milt i ht bd., /0

;Igi.)timl 1.11.4118

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p

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PII ,1 I.1

RON HANNIVIG: ROOFTOP

Wh-at started as a do-it-yourself project two years ago has since blossomed into a full-timesolar distributorship for Ron Hannivig. The tank/collector module described here is the originalhomemade (iersion that anybody can-try.

Tank and collector are exposed on the roof, so it's ['latch for Hannivig's Florida climate_(For o der locations, use the heat-exchanger systems, such as Herrinston's or Field's.)

this system wrks on the therMosiphofi principle, thusp,e, i_us eliminating the need 101 a 1..11,,,111a1111g

pump As water in the collector is heated, it expands, rises, and passed into the storage tank Densercord water then fills,the collector, and the cycle continues as long as the,sun keeps shining._

Note that the photo shows 40-gallon tanks. one standing and one lying I ocal buildinginadc this setup more practical, thidugh the di awing shows a* singe vci 06,11 tank, whidi 0111 L/C

a full 80 gallons, or as big, as the system can handle

#rliCS. ( uSL ,p1 , 011,, i, 1.11,41. I 1/ L...111 L111,1 11.

,11.,11dsed off- the -shelf for $150 Ebtlitth Led k/ay-ba....k tune it about ii.ici; years 11. rs

that dung% the balmy Hulicki summer, his system Lan provide np 1,1 95 percein iiis

, but water requilements up 11-1 05 perc.ent'

LorolruL 11tl /1 the wook.1 11.41111; tug A," ay (1 1.411,1S) .1 1414

1 1/'. 01 umoiglit, met: goal Eel 111411 4,..01_41C.1 1.111)111V, $.3C dlag,.1111)140-i,1/401111,41C(1 411C11.1101,11111.A.1 011

tUp (J1 the urethane in the device shown, sand was drouncl the pipit fin neat transfer (seedetail) d11,-.1 sprayed With a stucco binding agent Assembly was that udiiiied flat blak Yinally. 1/4"float glass Was S111.:0111,0,1a1cd 1...) the sides the 11a111e b.,t an el ten.,tive tight glaLtity,Pressi,ne-ri. het ..ilve is a must

Pc/ fl.r /11,11/. II.11.111,1g 1 1.... , .11. LAA 1.4 di 1 I i in .4 I

.)t,ii-neated water generally availiblt. at 135 neagre.m 140 degree; ft .e .

11..11AIA, 1,

A t 1 a .t1k.1,1,14; fla

nac if

PETER WEST, THROUGH-T E-WALL COLLECTOR

Why .11141w full 1,111. 111 t.h..,1141,(1 )..,4.4 I 1., .411141e1 heatel .44

1,, z, turpi4;111e,11 11.411431llvc pI4 ZICtits,11 !LAC

system from March through Novembvr it vitcatl(-1 Lome on the Detavdarc coapilmc, where theMeal, annual stinshille 14,14115 about 2600 ad 4,110S..11 Otte.,.. 01 ,1,11 11141.:11

air 1 lic sy31111 I IRA LIcCZA: Ill Out lackilig a

, .b.,111 Iil if,. --Apt. 1,411, A [I.A s.',114;1 111=11. 3 .11)1,1,1W,:,1 ,11

34;1/C.',1 ilL,14.,4/C 1114 4,1114;4.4t41i

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b AI t.1.4 Ali. .44 I I 1 1,.

1

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LI., Au, III 1,1 dl 11 pat,' 1 tld. t 11. 1, I 11.444 111111 lit '11,1 11 '14ii.A 14 !41 ,ill 4441 1,1 AWL I. I1 411 ti) I .4.1 1'411.11 be , .1, kl 1111 1,,

1,141 1,,.11 and ., ,41(11 .t II .,,1,L11. 10 gall, . 1111. t J.N

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1 (hal 1114 )

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108

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14., 1 .73 11114,41ALI 1, 111 ;.1 11 r III 1, II ,i11,1 3 11.11 111,1±, 114.1, 1.1111;

.1 ,111.1

Solar Water Heating: tips, forgetting started

Even if you've read this month's" cover story, and have been religiously following PS's heavyCoverage of solar energy, you might still hive some doubts you'd like resolved before you take theplunge. It's not surprising that many people are taking a wait-and-see attitude: The industry-is new,claims and counterclaims are flying fast, and sometimes it's hard to separate the charlatan twill thehonest entrepreneur.

Consul:tier awarelicss Is the key, whether yuu14 building a aystid 4,1al.11 LW_ Als

components off the shelf Check out some of the books and periodicals in iity Alternate EnergyBookshelf (listing PS. Jan.) Learn what the solar rv,acaidieocpctts are saying, find out what kind ofperlorniaii,,e can icasoilably be eXpcctcd bum a aulal you bainbooLicilby a fast-talking salesman mukng, outlandish t;1411115

4

i lag t J.)

1'414 1..et 1

p),;;, Bk,, , n13 .1 ),;), t iiical 111,tt all 9, 1,;/1,)1111,11, 4, I,. a

111,c aril llg 111t way Mc Btlicati ,,I Lilailda,, la a, I. clywhlh la 1a .0,n, being , 101 .111,111. 1111.i3 It (01

1111 St kir Heat ins alt.! in/hug , 1164E4. 0., ullatAc. Etyl

$1 90 ate final siaild,rd is b,,und to iesemble this intetini Tepoli Iii 411x111 146171 ,.t 1'1)tt iitt litalso lo. a1 Vey, loinneul 1"),,i),), 1,1 SEL111t1d11,1J fun l c.nEliI6 Solar ,t tots 1,,,1 11,,,,I,11Stotage.

11. li 4 I Ai) ,. I ..i 1 a 1 i

1,,,..41 g out ilibtth .neou, 111,1clik. ti),ti;lly Au. ti..+,uut 1 .31.,i 44AtJiAll i I: , 11)(11/ .,1 1,1 ii

,I 61 n ii .ii ),aill it kill. )ft)A Gni I at/Solt/ea t,1 lil lia1131,:1 1111=i111,11, 11L,

411 tie +1,1 11111, 1 111 t I 1 ,1,

1 ,/pp,) a .11) 5111 IL

.i,110,1.3 all,' 11 at1,.+.; t.. 1...111011111s', tat pp11141,11 Etil Ms.! trial, 1,1, all . 1 -.51.111 .1

,...)17Pel 1.5 .0311it . 11,,1 s.kJI11 6,, 1 ci ;1i 1, 4,1 111114 I)) 11,. 411

1,N the 1111, 4,l lit I 11.1,,,d' 11

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till 5

11; Eli. , I 1, .11 , 1 , 1

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a lc ,way 21i G.k 3 t, 1, C1111,1i .7.1 trl If it,1111.kk AO, , 4i,:i 111111,

LILL. kmks.11L_... ()Ur 11VC k 4;11 ''k I)C."111=.1Ei; I f 1E11 Va111)11. 111)1, 1,1 23 111,1 4(.11

1i

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1. lie A, But.I1 dam Alm!

109

I

BILL RANKINS AND DAVID WILSON, SOLAR WINDOW

This month's energy project is a natural, for the do-it-yourselfer who would prefer toexperiment with a basic solar device before talking some of the complete systems featured here inprevious months.

A solar wiijdo requires neither an ERDA contract, nor a master plumber is easilyassembled on a Saturday afternoon, and isan ideal heating supplement for locations that don'tpermit a permanent array of rooftop collectorsapartment houses, for example.

There's no provision for heat storage, so the window is useful as a daylllm, atippicilic;,*but outlet temperatures on sunny days average between 100 and 120 degrees, report Bill Rankinsand David Wilson. Air is circulated through the unit by iiitural convection, although blower,thermostat, or automatic dampers could be added,

The air-flow diagram shows how cool air is heated in the insulated tutigLie 01 111; Lottc.:,tuathou itSCS through the lip into the house The collector automatically pulls in colder ail to replace itIf you use a fan to force-feed the air through the collector, says Wilson, you will movt, a greaterquantity of air, but will have a lower temperatuie provided by the heating process.

lcrrirrtri

As with any conc,,tuf, ttic Solat wlintuvs, (JCL 0.114_;illa 1, (hc (tilt 1

t he wthdOw that leceives the most stiNhie the time is we obvious 4,,Altdida(C, 1,1,1t becanscof tte portability of the solar window, you could insjall several of them, to capture moreFurthermore, by adjusting the base support, you could adapt the collector to sea,onal angles ofsolar incidence- without too much difficulty lhe unit cal( be an,fto.ed to the giouud lust ailed in a

ti;otid-story window 0\ er a putZ,11 roof or attadied to a shelf, as 1.1 W 1111.1W

be.

Collector attaches to existing sill; it's from window (photo, upper right) Is

supported by specially built frameor not appreciably impaired. You can evenby roof below upstairs window. View adapt the device for a storm window

110

I

Assembly details

Actual dimensions will vary, of course, dependin&on each window sash, but the thickness ofthe insulation and glazing given here has worked well for Rankins and Wilson. Before you start toassemble the collector, paint all wood parts )1,11 sides) with two Loais of ma door rano. or sparvarnish. Ma Jce a box first, by cutting I x4's at a 7 1/2 degree angle arid making a hockey stick byattaching the two pieces with a metal strip Add the top hp and mid on the bottom haidboardsheet, plus the end piece

1\4,11 tA30,:tititi) ittrtt Ilk.: the litt.tt tt tt . .tt t i tt..1 1,t ,it tt.itttht.;titti Ott: 13,1..0 al, ,t1,,t11,4ti.,It cltatitt, b ,1r.-111/4 1 Ili l f,111..:1 theheatobsorbing surface on a 1/8" nardboard shc,:t itiat is fitted 1 3/4" over the hartlooaro bottom(.-reating the lower ...old air 611,ntliel) Kankto.s and Wilson nos; a 23" %kid,. bt.;,...ttott t)I 2 3/4" tibetglassinsulation butt with Its 1.tatt paper backing painted bl,A, k h.c.y ae, rric.1 ihis ball at Cat II cud with5,..teett ,tittAtl itt,1 3/4 ins It) have &An ,,i1 Mk (.1sheet metal dui path( that

I kinoirrx.1% vrrItti Jr A Lay, , , t 11 I L it 1111.1,io .Arid

L., i1x.,;, ix, Oa 41111 it , a I t1a1r, 11,k1 xrur)111. v let1 lies ,rile,! it 1161,1 a1..1 tat 1..(1 it kitty, It Moult., tit, .1 tcit ttrt 1, It 3/4 aria [lit 1.1141111k,s1

at a1 die> .advise v 11111,]lii.i 1hr, rxxrr, 11,C1r.[x, 11,1,111,6 111,1 11,6 ..111.._1,A

Alkil51.1,1,6 II, ,lie %All he evapoiao.A1 by the snit and will out hoax us e ores,

, An added bonus: When the wind blows, the plastic cover ripples slightly, creating a naturalpump to move the air through the collector, says Wilson.

ailing the collector

When you install the coileetui in the window, the hot au utak( al the loom lutist he eitittzthorizontal or pitched upwards tut proper air rlow. Add a rain ,t ()vet, an,.i seal any leaks bctweciicollectoi and ftatne with duct tape and insuldtton To prevent revelscL' c011VeCLIoll at night of oncloudy days, make two snug Wilily, wood doors to plug up the intake and outiet If y.,tt are

inounthig the LI rUUt bCliCath a Window bolt L. t with angle hia,s, any hol,: c.at. bequickly tepattited with tat li the ..ollet;t0r is moved

\ dilcalt/II dli. 1,,,..11.,.te t-or e,p,,riiiph, \NIL,. .,,,gc.,,, ,..,,,,, IL., ,,,, 1.,, hill, ba,,,,,,,,it whidow With a gi,,,Ind ilo.,1 win,!,a

h..11111iL., ..11%1 11,,,,, 111,,1 .1 ,, I --I IL

,, Isle VklAll 11141.) 1111131.1a LIAPI.a h R1 A1llil....:1.51(111L,A1 Ali .a0.11 ,:j F. I d IL, t I.

tiSis;Z.LItoit .IdOkii OR. t LAI A .N1,1hIpk:%1 I, hit II IdiJAL k

Bo?, 1 l I 1*A 1 I

Vc. .1

E. PAUL MINK, SUN POWER FORSPACE HEATING

By Edward Moran4

Paul Mink is every exeption to the rule Few home tiers who pct into solar energy Install d

total sit:lee-heating system from the start. Many picici to cl.lreritncnt Willi aIt cknicillaiywater heating system before tackling illOie ConiplcA piojeLt.l.

1,1( , 1,1 ti.., N14431.4.1 1,1 ti. .1oil a navolabk. cast -west Paul 1V1,.14, a,I,1

array ut 14 solar \-ollectorb a. rosy ,ubuihali 10,11up. Tidily gallons of a 5000 v4 ,l t !,tullttccisululwn flow trout the collectol): to a heat exchanga in the ha...inent, watcs In an adjoiningmanlinoill )50 Aallon lank lickALcd klavciy hollci and faiiicilwz, i\inti, is Ih.tt hi,system will k_ht his hei,ting tills in halt maybe mot.: this winter

inventor Mink assembles contactors inhie work.innp (above) Below bni.,:on30 AFiks4F,

t .1.1correcs pitch of0.1 be blybriied sate:- All ,-einderieiie eveileLio the al all

ov BOIL EF

, L.., I iito8,Di. 1., , mit 1

bek k.,,1

110

l haven't tapped my faucet water into the system yet, he told, rnewith a sigh..Haven't had thetime_ That project is plahned for later this year. as is a plan to air-condition the Mipk home withwater:from a.deep well.' .

The solar project is really the most visible elemcnt of all all out cuelgy couseivatioh uldnBefore he lifted a solar thumb, Mink reinforced attic insulation with Styrofoam; added storin doorsand windows; outside-vented his furnace, even painted his white ho Se a icdwood hoe foi gieotel

heat absorption These pielhuinary steps cost him about SI50 The .4`01a,- project cost about s3opo,but Mink figures 'a payback of sevcAl yea's based ou a piojeLted annual saving of $400 in fuel oil.

LL.h.11 0 L. v _ t ..,1 ittleJ wll1, .,1,..,,t,el ,)t 1 -

ttIggyh,h1,,.:LI 4'' WI It2 ant! ioldcd ovel 1111 I1 edges :.,.,ealeu with

,i11,011 ruhuy, 111is Licalcd oi Ltivcit,pc flit_ fluid hall, and of ,o.11actreat lilt_ titclal plat, atop 4 I!

,F of fib, til111

it I. All 11/It% , ,[ k .) are 1' 1 k vf/11 /1/4, it I .1h111

th1,11,14 t,ely, e. klik LI. /1 auk. ,iii iVli!!I. ,L1lat,,1 the s,llel,ly

inalittol 1 v. ill, hhilt. all 11, 1 II, on,! th

\ II. /I / . A/ / .1111i ./1,1i /1. I 11,1 Ito 11.

ail ICI I Ili) 1\,11.11, h , /1/1/11 .1t0411,1, //1141 N. ril, Lift .11)143/IL

1.ot/t t :,atinflu, k, ii, 1I , bei it k)I iikkAk I .., ill ill, 41111

tit.% Allis- NN .111i t. 1,. 1111,N 111x, 1.1ilt,11 IL .iftat!It,:ti IL,: lit v lilt .iti,) of311.,1,.. I a1kiiiiktIL.1..old I 'Ai, v tt6ilt

,,uL, 1.1.1 41 IL I 1,, Atict , /1 Nit,,;(1kki to II, at, AI I .)ly 11112 n,,; 11,, A/

pit 11. .11kIlii . I ,.11,1,1i I A ci 11.11.0, 1, 1111/u 11.kb/A

111 e I ,..gl

,

I .1

f I

NORBERT KLE PSOLAR POOLHEATER ON A PEDESTAL

By E. F. Lindsley

For the-c-ast three seasons, Norbert Klemp has been heating his ,l $- by -36. =foot swimming.poolwith an extremely rygged and compact home-built solar heater. Unusual?.,Not these days: Promptedin part by recent restrictions or gas and electric heaters in many. localities: _ re and more poolowners,are aiming toward solar energy.

In this southern Wisconsin ch 01,- SW al,., MetuolialDay through Laboi'Day, a Solar heater can Jual,c evoling Swint llalltca all alt14,1.1Ve OpLIOn, and mayeven extend the swimming season.

Kleil its unp typifies what ta. t,c cl,,,lc al 1,,,,,, ,,,sl aild v,I li %..1.). Simpi, ,ollittuckcion.Niaiolials cost him about $100, half -pt that °nig lot t,,vo I I 0-vult solenoid water vriVeS and anAutomatt re-sensin device 'n .1ce valves lliag1111) d11,,t wares flow 411111:1 throughthe collector 1 around Lt depeupang Ott the avallahtlit} 0 t skAal heat isle valvcs 4Pe activatedaUtomatik.ally, so shoe's no need td pa uo,..II aiteuito., t ttla sysiLin other tLian fur ihnittalmaintenance.

Nicilly a tA41..., tut ust 1p4tta 1, 1,1. 11.,1 tAttrtrle..top la&pole, The bubt'Ie is apla.tn s1.3/1161,, dome and the In, JC, is k53atiy

polyvinylchloride piping 134 feet in length. Some experimenters Neter copper piping because of itssupdrior heat - transfer capabilities and its icsIstance lu einitivinnentd Joindgcplastic piping, he had to use more of it to ,ompensao.: loi Its iclattvely pool thomal ularacte,isik,s

changos in sin locatior, Ir ti 1,11t r1.

to,' friVdiltOr '<temp points to tarn detore sensor on plywood panel taaa Fittar end plumb,dg JOWL Ala tIOVVII tAa

low Two solanui.1 VdIV0h or,a In he( Ateyratta,, valve (tibOvo hand) the Other asa hypsas In Ike( output lrt,0 (t,. (Ight ofhondl 4p,ifid 1., asnsor On ,,b(((.I

..A4A,,,A,,

,-- ;

sKyLiorii _

134: or -colc..EDI. rayc RIPE

4

_ 11 LT ER

GIUNCIEDPLUG

. ,_ Choice of.rhateriais. is,,hOwever ,tess critical_ here, thair -fora domestic hot-water br,spaceTheating

collector, because optimum pOol temperatures (75 degrees to 80 digrees Fahrenheit) are much*-2 lower than for other applications. if 'you.. do use plastic, you've got to be extra careful about

:maintaining _a constant water flow when using the solar mode. Stagnant water Can freeze on .a coldday- or boil and _rupture the pipes on an extremely hot day. .You can -avoid these probles bydraining the collector when shutting down the solar modeas at night or in winter. Klemp'i system'accomplishes this automatically, of-course.'

--The freestanding, mast-mounted collector makes it easier for a pool owner to take fulladvantage of_the sun's rayg,.especially if he doeSn!t.have a south-facing roof, or patio cover. Since heuses his pool .during the summer months, Klemp tilts his collector 30 degrees from horizontal.

is adjustable as the azimuth changes; It would be tilted more nearly .'veritical in winter.

long as collector' temperature remains belOW -100 degrees Fahrenheit, the filter pumpcorks as normal,-moving:water through the solenoi&con.trolled bypass valve into the pool. But once

the temperature sensors record 100 degrees, the byPass..valve,autornatically Closes and -the returnvalve from' the:collector opens '(see- diagram). The-Solafmode is activated intermittently, depending

on_temperature.

it was still: winter when} visited Klemp to ,take- these photos, but he assures me his heaterdoes A good. job during the swim season,-,that his pool'1Vas cOnsistently-warmer than others in toWn,

by at least:5 degrees.

TO.10ca specific question, send 'a stamped-; return enitelopotCreek Rd., Grafton, Wis. 53024. .

Norbert 'Klern0;-4806-W:-Cedar----

Sr:Edward' Moran

s:Whiter,;as_tenipdrhtiireg sank below zero in .1s1eW_Iersey, O. W. Wood sauntered down to

basement, W-ciod 'info-a-Potbelly stove: Before king; hot

water-, began flowing into his cubical 7itofige tankwater-that had been heated, by both solar andwood. _7

_Twa''ileirs ago Woodembined- these- tiko',7,-altertiate sources: of energy: into--a neat. and._

2

compact' package-that has cut_ his family's -oil 'consiimption by nearli-'30 pef;centt-135_1eprints and_

her -data_are directlY from the inventor (see address at end of t_ article).

tein cOintonents:, __

The, -Wood ground7motinted Solar collector and a siOve'ind storage tank,that take up,:dnly30 square 'feet in the basement (set'photos). All of the liot water required bywee- adults runs through thesystem, says Wood: On the average;--the solar iystem heats 10,000,

potinde(1200 gal.) _of water, each month formerly heated by an oilLfired- space-heating' furnace.

SOLARCOLLECTOR

'CR

14-0T WATERTO EXISTING

1:1EATER!

Dual 1 water;haatIng syStIsis -combines -

solar `collection- with wood baCkup. In .- 'photo at left, vinyl-glazed collector is.

-mounted at ground level to avoid prob., - ._ - lern of' inappropriate roof :pitch. Mainte7-

_ co-__ =FROM _,

L® -WATER nonce Is simplified, too. In photo at right,

, STREET,inventor Wood chocks storage tank; at

.- his left Is_patbellY stove capped with?WHouscHoLD diator (enclosectIn fiberglass.lined'gel:,

LOOP-Varilied-irtin-box). Two - inch -thick Styrofoam insulation is pressed into pities' bo.'

FLy tween all tank risers: Heated stove we-

f.[Ph..J

i w- la..0.. La. ter and heated collector water merge Otit.

_ side tank and enter tank via pipe throughri ri

-_ lid: 'This permits air to enter_collector`andand inlet drain -down wheh required.

I

I -

v V Valves can be manually adjusted to shin...1 ,-1 off woedstove loop on warrk,sunny,days.

cbs.PER- ..1I

Backup -heater might still be required,'7 ,V7-corL : 7---i, depending7 on' viiirinte- a-hirain-fariefor

houtehol waterSYSTEM DIAGRAMSOLAR / wOOOSToVE

p-== UNiTINSULATED PREHEATING. TANK.

t VINYL LINED PLYWOOD)

T he w0 o d booster is especially useful when the solar unit is Linable to supply hot water on its,

'min-br-clOiiirdaYibltrrietholdisfielkOn'(Nov'aber-throuil February) In theSenenthi; , --:-

Wood tells me, as little as -15 pounds of wood meets the',,:iideds of 2 1/2 days., . :: , -. 4

Low-builget collector -- ,- ,s...

' _- Wood says his 32q.-ft. collector gives him 'about IVO Btuh per square foot. Highly efficientufactured collectors can do better, but not at ,15- per square foor, which_ is how much Wood

spent= on fnaterials: Aaa the-collector is mounted at ground leVel, which eliminates the need for' costly4nd heat4osing-piping

-

4

ThCcollector is -designed to, drain down when the sun isn't shining, but the system can be - -

adapted to permit Useof antifreeze solution. (Note the closed domestic,water loop in the diagram.)"- A .. .

---*--=,_

,.--- Theframe'-----isf----ply'woodit edged-withLpinWto,---Whieh-'inth4hick-Styrofoirn-has-been--:-pot-glued. Four 60-ft. toils of ,,3/8' 0:d. copper tubing are required for the- colleetor;" they're - ,s

- initalled at a slight pitch so water will drain down easily. The eight-foot mit to the basement storage '-_

tank is 5/8' garden hose wrapped in-fiberglass and vinyl. - '--P' - ,

... ,

-,,

, Wood recommends' assembling the collector with glue, C clamps, and screws instead of nails.--,,---To enhance-heat-absorption-Ae-coVered-the-entire-surface;with cement-(two-80-1b.-kags of-Sakrete --,:-

.,, should do the job,' he says), and ,painted it flat black.

. . _ ._ _ ____ - -, ,

-. Glissi-is. excellent 'as-a cOvering'. Wood believes, but expensive.-Instead, he uses a sheet ofclear vinyl five-mil thick. To prevent the cover from sagging in the min, he,glued some wood spacers-to the cement surface. . .

.

_Storage tank

Wood's 'vinyl-lined plywood tank holds 3000 -pounds (ab9u)50 ial.) of water when full.ed water from solar-collectOr and wood stove= enters- through the 1i4 (see diagram): -Heat. is

transferred to the domestic loop via a copper heat,exchange coil suspended in the tank.-Because ofthe considerable water pressure on all sides,- Wood recommends using plenty of wood..Screws in

. construction. And the vinyl inner lining 'Must be completely waterproof. (A swimming-pooltechnician might be able to handle this part of the job.) Finally, a pump was installed 10 drawfrom the bottom (coldest) section of the tank. Total cost for tank construction was $312. Usedcopperpiping would have reduced this expenditure, claims Wood.

Wood-burning booster===

A potbelly stove with a cast-iron-radiator- mounted on top- completes,O. W. Wood's heating. system. (A water-jacketed stove would work too, he claims) For -Safety, 'Wood first pressure-tested

the radiator, and installed 112' fiberglass insulation on the radiator enclosure.

To order plans, send $25 in check or money order to O. W. Wood, 82 Church St., LibertyCorner, NJ 07938. To ask a specific question (free), enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope.

=

..." --==

''' ''''''''''--''''''--7--r2.='''''''''''-'7.1 :?:-.'-f:-.-- '' '-':-II-1- '.:'' : P SI tq , , tal 1 E :=l, THE NEWEST :''' = .--7:-'7!-'''-7=---2:=%_---st:';----7-_ --=',------'-'-'- ----- -',--

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Suddenly, it -seemS -everyone's talking abetIC-S-tin Poivef. If Makes newspaper headli-negland, _ _

--:,,- rjlelevinionApecials.--ven your next-door ,neighbor may be talking about -putting solar- collectors on

- - _

- Why- Suddenly? Much of the interest was sparked by the btutal Winter of 1976-17, which -7shocked many -Americans with its record high heating WIN: Perhaps the catalyst was Provided byPresident Carter's proposal for solar tax:Credits- included' hi. his energy message last April In any

,cage,' the -ptibliegAnierest in solar, energy l -is ar an all-time, high.'4..And -a record number of_

mani4acturers are now able to provide the most reliable' and economical solar-heating equipment

--

liig gercoi1panies are now Producing solarhard ware The names should pe familiar:

= -_

_ -

AptRETURN

MINGLE-SHEETPILAZINa=

SOLARCOLLEcTORS

HEA:PASSOPLE-S PLATS

'erigerfoL.AssINSULATION

THERNIALoorgoon

, AIRRETURN

2 - igo-AceITHERNOEITAT

co-6C-It' AIRr-

4-r1

. - ,-- , ---- --=, -- ---- .,--- - ----=, --,- ,r -- ------, -1---Acorn Sunweva 420 Energy System Is_

HOTWATrRflUPRLV Vi4RA4 AIR designed_ fbr company's factory-builthomes, -_ garages. Copper tubes- _ areclamped to aluminum absorber plate in -,

' ' 4-by-20-ft.- collectors; glazing Is fiber-_ glass-reinforced plastic. Untreated wa-

ter is pumped through collectors to vinyl-lined -plywood storage tank; collectorsselffdrain In subfreezing temperatures.Installed cost of complete six-ponel($20-sq.-ft.) system: $7200.

VENT INSULATED--STORM:1E

--, IISKTID2

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DO V -==

11

WATER I/2-HPPUMP

r211200/DiKLmw

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119

55

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LQW.IROt..1,-,--....,ISOLATE,-,_THE-ABSORSERt7._ __:, -7",:- -._-,----.'SOL.-AR COLLECTORS----'....--,-7i:T'"---_' GLASS- ,:' --' PLATE FROM OTHER METALS , - _ = -. '._ -:1 - -2-, :-._ I-- SEE-- GET- LEFT I-

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,-:-_En-EEL ABSORDER PLAT -._ iNSULATiON -- .,WRAPS AROUND COPPER ,"Lew -mimes US-"

-r- Lennox Solairmatel spacb- and water- -- _-,-- heating system uses transfer fluid to-car- r

ry heat from-collectors to epaae-heatIng, :- ---------'coll. storage ta9k; and water healer. .

;:--13aPkup Is oil- or 'gas-fired Lennox NI.- r i

-nace or heat pump, plus water heater.-;,; ,- -t-

---Coliector' steeke-absor er late Acetail,, ---- --

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AuxiLIAFtvi tubes and sealed with solder,fillei. Cam. , ,- : . , _ - -

,- _ FURNICE E'XPANSIONplate systdm will be offered .later,_this . _ HOT-WATER -.-1-' - -AUXILIARY_

year; hot-water system (available:90w)- HEAT EXCHANGER : WATER HEATER- . .TANK -

costs from $1200 to $3000, Installed. . SPACE-HEATING COIL .. HEAT EXCHA.

_ --

1 MI

ReLEAGE-8EXCESS

- SOLAR HEATDRAGE -

PUMP

,

Iowa-based Lennox Industries, in 'cooperation with Honeywell, will market

OER

a- complete1-Solar-heatinepackage-(see-drawing)-throUgh-Lennox's 6000 dealersokldready,available:i

hot-water system (average installed cost $1500). A dealer-trainini program covering the design,- installation, and servicing of solarLheatilig systems began this summer.

General -Electric, which-initiaLlY offered a flat-plate -colleeior with its solar-assistedheat-pump system (see drawing)( has now developed an advanced evacuated-tube collector: GEplans to have the units in produelion at its Valley Forge plantabOtit the time. you .read this. r-

. . ITT's Fluid Handling Division offers pumps, heat exchangers,, and valves for solar heating, -systems. The company also provides a design manual to help contractors and engineers plan solar 4D-

-- projeats. .

Glass manutacturersOwens-Illinois and Libbey-Ownes-Fordare joining rival PPG in thesolar- fluid. 0-I is pdtting its Sunpak evacuated-tube collector on the market this hear. (see lastmonth's _cover story ,for a description 0 tow prototype systems). LOF has taken a more

. . conventional approach With its Sun Panela double-glazed flat-plate collector.4

. Westinghouse's new Solar Heating and Cooling Division offers a solar-asOsted air-to-air heatPump, using air-type. collectors made by Sunworks (see drawing). Al Weinsth, division manager,says a system costs about $10,000.

. And giant automaker GM, through its Harrison Radiator Division,. plans to develop and

market solar hot-water system in 1978.0

. New, small companies Are introducing some of the most exciting innovations, however:

. Daystar Corp., founded only two years ago, has developed a flat-plate 'Collector thatfeatures' an- ultrathiri-polymerstnicture-between -the-cover-glass-and -absorber--plate.--It-both.enhanceasolar transmission, says Daystar, and reduces heat loss due to radiation and Convection. At least oneindependent engineering fimr rates Daystar's collector above all others tested.

120 :2--/

-A"; new idea in Control- stems complete' prepackaging. _Ecosol Ltd; offal- anenergy:recovery '-system that includes -Tpumps,r-valves,-.7,electronic, controls, an air handler,- And abackup heat pump in a unit that very -much:researblesa conventional oil-or gas-fired furnace. That's-no accident. New trades are not going to be iNstalling solar heating- systems says EcoSol vice-president ,Bruce Aodin. We w ted a_ unit that would bejainiliar to electricians, plumbers, andheating contractors Price of Eco ol's model 101,system: $3900 to $4200.

0DOMEISTie - - BOUT H-PACINO .r.o.re A OLEEB_.j'i4DFF-WATF-sS ANKT :-N _ S Roor TLIEIC V TN,

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. :. ':-:''' --::'-.-: .: -,:,:-.::.-7-.-------------(= Soler input for G.E.'s solar-assisted niat-Onrnp.sys7:-,,,-,

_HEA-rip-ro u tern is provided by company`sneliv TC100---evecuated,..:-',AND-ooL IN°, cdit..e ._ : bibevollectors.-:Enon:167eq.7ft,:onlle0orgonsiSts.of,10 -.-,-

.. .-.._-, ..' '''' : '-.-"',..:!-' ' .7 _ :. -,:tglass -,tnbest(481rk,lenO) rneunted!over-,siuminUrn reSOLAR HEAT..-:' :_. .-- ,,,-..T ., .

XCI.-iANOSR flector-:'Heat4ransfer' fluid .. circulates In ...two' copper -----:,-..j --. , -., _ , . . - ,: ' ".- ' ,- ---_,,inbeSinleanh.gless!tubelineet,above).--.G:Egys there._,..-. ---,.-.7-.._ .--- -:- fitt, .. . . .,...-.: ,.. ..

OLAR EXPANSION NI w--o-Ufd be no fluid leakage '-if glass tube were broken.pniTur-o-owN---rANK,,_.,- -7-'; ' , C.Ornpany,,sayS:..TC-100 supplies almost double ',the .-- t

enerdy70t,WflatOlete nollectoPrice:"abbut.$20/SO ft.. .

And Minnesota-based Sun-source Systems Corp. has developed a black-liguid systemthecollector structure itself is traiisparent extruded plastic with a reflective backing, a blackenedheat-transfer fluid is the absorber.

Meanwhile, some companies are expanding their lines of. solar systems and components:

. PPG, which offered a Baseline solar collector with an aluminum absorber plate two yearsago,. now -offers three different models standard collectors with copper or aluminum absorberplates; a Poll Plus collector for swimming-pool or domestic-Water heating; and a box-type collector

f .

for higher-temperature spice-heating purposes.

Grumman, the aerospace company, has been marketing solar space-and water-heatingsystems since late 1975 'see Solar. Water Heaters You Can Buy Now, May "76'. The company'sSunstream collectors were originally all-aluminum; now there's a version with copper tubing (seedrawing).

Solaron, maker of the air-type space-heating system first reported .in our March '75 coverstory; -now--offers -a-domestic. -hot-weer- system also with--air-as- the heat-transfer- med i um- (see ----drawing). Solaron reports that it now has distributors in 42 states.

121

unworks; a _small independent 'company two years ago,. has since been purchased by..TEnthbne-divisiciri of Akarco.-In addition JoitSlall-coPperliquid=type:SolectOr coilector, the:company.-

now has an air versiom-

Revere; another' company -coveted our March '75 issue, has_ introduced its Sun Pridewater-heating system, as well as a new T e-in-Strip collector absorber plate (see drawings), Revere

'offers c011eciorS -both nevi- co struction -and retrofitting,7 Plus a special 'collector -fOr-swimming-pool heating.

About :a year ago, State Industries, the water7heater mantifacturer, introduced 1 solar-. water-heating system that featured two aluminum collectors, Dow Coming's silicon heat-transfer

fluid, an 82-gallon storage tank with backup electric element, plus controls. Price: $1895. A'second-generation Model recently unveiled uses a porcelin- and enameWinished steel absOrber platewith distilled water as the heat-transfer fluid. If temperaturies drop below freezing, and air pumpforces the water out of the collector. Price_ of the new system, which carries a 1© -year warranty.:$895.

Rho Sigma; a company that specializes in solar controls, has introduced a ,proportional,control which, instead of merely providing -all-on or all-off control of solar collection, turns theheat-transfer fluid on and. off gradually, according to the temperature differential between;Collectors and storage. Thii has advantages on days-Of low insolation, 'claims Rho SigMa 5 president

---'RObat-Sehleginger.ooLAR COLLECTOR4 e =" DET RELOW) . OLVOOL

PILL POINT.

iSc INSVALVE ROULATI

PUMP

STORAGE FGAQCUITH"G'TANK DOUEI LS -yboLLE,T0R-

GLAZED FANGL .A TEMPERED GLASS r:

Solaron has added anair -type hot-water

-system to its line ofsolar products. Thereare no freeze-up orcorrosion problemswith this type of sys-tem, which uses wa-ter pump, blower, air-to-water heat ex-

,changer. Price, about$11.00.

Ratiireilatiiiffers Sun Pride; a complete voter-heatingsystem with a glycoliv.rater heat-transfer fluid. Price ofcomponents, including two collectors and a storage tankis $950, The company estimates ifistalled price of $1500.

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INSULATION

122

MANIFOLD MANIFOLD PORTC TYPICAL I

Solar, builders_

The housing industry is hardly-talcing-secend place-in all this activity:

-Acorn Structures, the_ precut-home company, manufactwes a complete solar space- and,water-heating.system designed to fit its line of contemporafy homes (see drawing

. American Timber Homes has commissioned DonalaWatson (architect-for our March '75cover home) to deSign two solar-house packageS. The Solartran- liomes Sunworks deflectors for

,

spade and water heating, plus a greenhouse for passive solarleating.=

_ . Stanmar,- another maker of precut houses, says it will: custom - design solar homes for iClients, using off-the-shelf hardware.

. A California builder; Blue Skies Radiant Homes, recently sold out its`firs solar subdivision._ce range of the home§f-537'900-ro-$46:4007---

MI this activity adds up to some impressive statistics:

In the March '75 issue, PS listed 33 manufacturers of solar equipment ;a recent survey by PSstaffers revealed nearly 200 companies-too many, in fact, for a complete listing in this issue. (Toet our co Py -of the PS Solar Marnifa-ctUrer-sl-Iridex, see-the la-st-p-ai-a-giapli-of

Solir-collector production; which totaled 136,000 square feet in 1974, reached nearly two -million square_ feet in 1976, Richard Stoll, with the Federal Energy Administration's Task Force forSolar COmmercialization; estimates -that more than four million square feet will roll off theassembly lines in 1977; Those figures do not include low-temperature (under 100 degreesFahrenheit)'collectors for swimming-pool heating. According to Stoll, 3.875 million square feet-ofthis type of collector alone were manufactured in 1976.

And earlierlhis -year : arvard's William A. Shurcliff issued the 13th and final edition of his,

Solar-Heated Buildings: A rief Survey. Shurcliff says-he's quitting now because the number ofsolar-heated,buildinks is incr asing so fast. and duplicate designs are becoming increasingly common.Shurcliff's survey shows that by the end of 1971 here .were 24 such structures in the U.S. By theend of 1976; the number had climbed to 286. "The number of solar-heated buildings completed in .

the U.S. in 1976r-namely 146-exceeds the total number completed in all preceding years-namelya 40," he adds.

A

Federal. state, and loco. action

Government participation and encouragement is proceeding apace, hough not with the vigorsome solar-advocates would like to:see.

-

While no legislation to benefit solar installations has been enacted at the federal level yet, atleast 35 states have already passed or ape considering solar-related laws. TheSF range fromproperty-and sales4ax exclusions _to so-called sun-rights laws. The latter would 'prevent yourneighbor from planting a tree or building a fence or other -.structure that would shade a solarcollector already installed on your property. (The city of Los Alamos, NM, has the first such

-ordinancef Which-prohibits-casting-a shadow on a solar' collector between 9 -Lin. and

=

Fecteral agenciei are stepping up their solar-proMotion programs ERDA recently added SO= =

_projects---to, 32 -already- ielectedi-in a five-year sOlar-deMonstration program-for nonresidentialbuildings HUD- has just announced -granti in its third-cycle residential dernOnstration program. .

=

Grants in cycles one and two went to projects involving more than 1500 housing units.'"

's business? ; s

.{ r-, -7

In a word: booming. Grumman's .16e Dawson described it recently as unreal=-one of ourdealers in upstate New York just -sold solar systems for three homes, a library, and a medicalbuilding in one week. At =last count Grumman had-more than 70 dealers in 24 states and eanada.

-

G.E. 'says it has already sold out its' prOduclion of evacuated-tithe collectors through the endOf this year. And that -was before the company had even beguir, making them.

--" Bill Heidrich of Revere says that inthe first quarter of 1977 business doubled over the same.

penod 1976.------Heidnch-sees-a-growing-nUmber-of-commencal-and-mdustnaHnstallations:"Initially, all our systems went into residential c" nstniction; now we're installing the,equipment in

'schools and hospitalk," he says. ,

Ray Williamson, Solaronis marketing administratoi, says that the company sold more solargear in the second quarter of this year than it did in allot 1976. "If we didn't have access to extra

, manufacturing capability;" says-Williamson, "we couldn't keep up with demand.11_________

And the price?.

The initial investment in solar hardware is substantially higher than that for conventionalspace- and water-heating equipment, A typical solar water-heating system-With two or threecollectors,- storage -tank, and contr011v-will run =fiom-$1000 to-la little over $20000, installed. Addspace 'heating, with more collectors' and larger. storage, and you're in the $500 to $10,000-plusbracket.

Charles -Pesko, Daystar's, marketing manager, says that :a present fuel prices Daystar's solar_equipment has a payback period of eight to 10 years. (That's the time it takes file] savings to coverthe cost, of the solar hardware.) Daystar's prices: $2000 'for a water-heating system; $8000 for aspace- and water-heating system with 210 sq: ft. of solar collectors. "We really need to get thepayback' period` down to under five years to geeinto the mass market," says Pesko. "Now-honestly-we're selling to an elite, first-on-the-block type of market."

auT-

TYPICALDUCTING

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=

Grumman's Sunstrearn division offers Finplank, a collector Sunwork, maker of all-copper liquld-type collector, alsowith copper flow tubes locked into aluminum absorber plate offers on air-tyPe model. which the company recommends for

Price of 27-sq.-ft. model 60F collector: 3300. Origi- space heating. Absorber is selectively coated copper sheet.nal model 60A, with aluminum absorber! 9275. Collector (3 by 7 ft.) costs 012-14 a square foot.

ACRYLICCOYER

ALUMINUM,Aasoneen IS

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124I

John Dixon,r_df,Dixon Energy-Systems, a New En and-bised solar manufacturer, puts it thissway sOlar !space ,lieatinek.,northern =climates is,notr._ yet _cost-effective.,'Solar_witer-heating,.however, is much..betteri- and that payback periods- of the order of 10=years are

i_reasonable. Claikns of much shorter paYback,Peritls,' we think, are simply wishful thinking and willnot be_ realized;lintil 'oil and electritity pnces_ ha increased considerably. This, of course, is Velikely tp happen Over the next decade or so, and then solar-enemy will be very cost-effective.

Dixon feels that solar equipment isn't 'going to come down-_ in price, however: "Themanufacturer of collector's is largely a matter of cost of materials, not labor. The installation, ofcourse, is labor - intensive. But we don't expect thatithe materials used, in solar collectors aregoing to-get less expeniive. Nor do we expect the cost of installation to decrease. Rather, all these costs are

ely to increase along with noranil inflatiOn: ,

Two recent government- sponsored- reports reflect the' consensus, on the present state of solareconomics:

In a study prepared for ERDA, THE Mitre Co.

dicatd that solar could already compete.with eleairic -.heating in New York and in 12 other ci les-including Atlanta, -LOs Angeles,' and '-Seattle. But Mitre concluded thatsolar.would be cOrripetitive-Witli oil and gas-only if-the cost ofinstalling the solar equipment was reduced 50 percent, or if these conventional fuels rise in price,

A dOiriPuteftear=n- -fro-in-the Ural-fail of New Mexico predictS thatsolar will-be-cheaperthan---Oil dr-gas M states',by 1985. In a study prepared for Congress' Joint gconarnic Committee; theteam alsci Concluded that solar is already cheaper than electric heat for new homes in 30 states.

Should you ko solar?

Some factors to- consider -before you opt for solar: your space-and water-heatingrequirements; climatic zone; availability of sunshine; present fuel costs and, what they're likely to bein 10 years-if that fuel is still available; means of financing the solar equipment (a high-interest loancould cut deeply into any prbjectes savings); and whether there's a suitable location for solarcollectors and other equiprgent- on your home or property. Asmed with these facts-(the sourceslisted at the end of this article will help you determine them), you're ready to talk to dealers andget quotes On vstems.

To get your copy of the PS Solar Manufacturers' Index, send a stamped, self-addreisedenvelope to: Solar Index, Popular Science, 380 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017.

Have a question on solar heating you want answered fast? You cari dial the National SolarHeating and Cooling. Center toll-free: (800) 523-2929; in Pennsylvania, call (800) 462-2983.

Buying Solar, a booklet put out by the FEA, will help you decide if solar will Work for you.t's1-1.85 -from 'the- Superintend ent-o 1-Do cuin ents Govt Prin ting-Office;- Washington,;

20402. (stock no. 041-018-00120-4).

125

nerg-y: The Solar Prospect, by Dehts Hayes, ought to fire:up even.the' solar pessimist. The .

-= booklet =is $2 froin-thei --Warla.kat :i776 ,MassAdhusetts''Ave .; NW,t,Na,shington,-DC 20036k..,- ,

(Worldwatch Paper 11).

Designing and Building a Solar House, by Donald NAtson. This well3kustrated book-is $8 95tc_=(paper); $12.95 (hard cover) from Garden Way Publishing'', Charlotte, Vt. 05445.-

"Home-Book by Bruce Anderson (see review in Shop Talk, 'Jan. 17 J.-$7.50 fromCheshinkBooks, Church Hill, Harrisville, NH 03450.

= Solai:,Heated Elnildin& A Brief Survey, :13th --ed., by Shurcliff. Capsuledescriptions of the .ficlar 'heating systems in 319 bid ntabroad. $12 fro Wm.ShUrcliff,.19 Appleton' St., Cambridge, Mass. 02138.

Economic Analysis of -Solar--Water =and -Space 'fearing. Div. of Solar Energy, ERDA,1-1.85,Superintendeni of Documents,- US Govt. Printing Office, Wash" gton, DC 20402' (no.

060-000-00038-7).

-The 1977 SUN ,,Catalog,, a 126-page catalog of solar components from various manufacturers.$2 from Solar Usage Now, Box 306, Bascom,' Ohio 44809.

126

o lar basics

- A solar - heating system consists of collegtors', water tank or rock pile_heatingrand /orinterconnecting, Pipes _and /or ductwork, blowers,-confrots (differential therrhostats,

i _sensors), .-. plu auxiliary heat source (s as, or electric fuinace or heat pump. Thb latter are

,,,, ,-.

need auge.riorYfair gating system; supply 100 percent ofyOur needs and be economicallycompeti e with ciitcfentiOiral;"sditrces,r-Mostcsysterns aim for 50:- to-'-'75 percent of total heating

_ ____ . ._ . with` . _

requirements.' (If a.SOfilfht-arrig system were designed to supply all your heating requrremerits in--',' the coldest monthg, it would be oversized for the balance of the heating season.) -4.`

The -heart of any, solar heating system is the collector; most oftdn, these are - flat -platecollectors-glaA- or plastic-covered boxes that contain a ,-metal absorber plate-usually copper,aluminum, or steel, or a eqmbination of these metals: Other types of solar collectors include --

evacuated-tube collectots.

The sun's raySlieat up -the eoector's abSbrber plate, and a heatttransfer medium-a-1141dd or..air-carries off this heat for heating either space or water directly; or to fictrage for, later' ukeLlzat fhight

--- or during cloudy weather. ,.An insulated pile of rocks is th storage maim m air type- systems a

,water tank stores heat

. in liquid systems- A variation --. is the system 'developed by Dr. Harry E. Thomason, Which uses a-combinatioq-rOckfbcd'and7watek tank--_40S;7:Marf-2.74%,ThelYsterns-:are..'hivally= c.apable- of 'Wiringenough heat to carry lhOuse through_ three -to five days of cloudy weather before the auxiliary

=

_a=

_heatino. systerrn comes on _ .

How much -collector you'll need dePends on how much -space (or water) you plan to heat.Rules'of -thumb: Colleetorarea shoulitequal one- third to one-half the siluare footage of the space to'

-. E be heated; of one square. foot of .collector for every gallon of water fale heated daily.

,-,-.- i Air systems, xvhjle.not. subject of the leaking, freezing, And eorrosion problems of the liquidsystems; do require- ulkier storage (rocks require.up to twice. he volume.. to hold thesame amount.,. .

of-heat:as- water); -also, ductwork- takes up much. more spade than piping. -These may'be- primary ---considerations in retrofit installations And air. systemS.are not as well suited as liquid Systems for

1heating domestic watery (Sol on, however,- claims, to have overcome this diiadvantage with itsdomestic system. : .

,

?'

Liquid- syste deal with freeze-hp .problems in one of twoI 7

-The, colkctors ardgall exposed pipes automat icallY_drain when thelefreezing:-

r,. The .heattransferfluid contauk..? arrtifr ge#, cos asp5ciapiquid. with a low freaing point.Dow Corning, for example, claims that its silicon-based fluid prevent& freezing, boiling, andcorrosion problems It , can operate; says -Row, from = 0 .degrees Fahrenheit to +600 degree'sFahrenheit.

4differential thermostat keeps -a solar system -working-coll6cting heat when the sun's

shining, and storing it whqn it s''not.- Thisdevice-turns on a pump or blower when a sensor mounted,. the 'aollectdis Inditates-that -thecollectors' aie hotter tban-storage,'When the collectors -are-cookr

thah,storage; the differential therrnostate stops the circulation until the next suiviy day.

127

KRUSCHKE, SOLAR HOMESTEADINGA BICiSPHE

'By F. F. Lindsley-

The house is not handsome !_but Dave Krdschke didrktiy to make it so' uated here in;fhesand country 'north-c4ntralWiiconsin, it is, a succeisfulf-ind interesting - experiment :in--energyliomsteading7A's indoor enviroment that features solar heating arid indooeVegetable,:gardineing,

.- even in wintertime. ,- '

The day f walked in,to-tht Idrig'' w,Iiui ing (64 by nine feet ) ,was a typical spring day for.-"s areanot, cold, but not pleasantly warm either. When I went through the- heat-tra .eittrande,-e'ciiatkielfa;.inug warm_th and caught the lush-aroma of growing things. I- savk '55-gallon -:

_ = .,,, ..-_,, , metir.druins, filled with five tons of water, sIde by side near the garden plot. Dave Krischke-calls-,,

,the_set-40,his_b_fosphet!e: ,=-_ = -- ; z-- _ _,...._Kruschke made the house as simple and as,til ed as he could ItVotf-pole _cOnstruction (6x6

timbers) with plenty of insulation: six inches tWfooki!Otis foUr- inthis-'of'f6am in the exteriorplyWood w11s,,The house rests on a 3 1/2-ineh COhcrae. slab with two inches of foam insulationunderneath. Along the south edge- of .the--: tab_ runs the 4 1/2-foot-wide gardening trench, foam-

,

insulated on bottom and sides, and,-illed wi arth.

The sun supplies halfr

Sun_ligl l f growing_ and heating _streams through-the loWer 5 1/2-63ot section -of the south-wall, which= is made of a double layer of four7rhil polyethylene sheeting over 42 2x2 trtits, A gOod

_ deal of _solar _enegineerhig 'went :into KrusChke's design. He estimates that this 1108 =square feetf uth-wall lleutor proMes.hiqome'with,sotn$:23-million Btu, annually. After calculging heat

losseiciie deieriniried=that the only supplextettline.at he'd need could be providedby a wood stove.a

,r'-ixterior -viitat'aiiOwa the..sloblhg, of as. serves as a solar: collector for both heat-:.

aothirgr:( jtretcli of ,aobill wall that ihg and growing food. ,- . : ,

.

1 28

_

;

--; _ _

=

-Dave Kroachia wetereVogetables In indoor trough bedide__polyethylene south wall d Water tilled metal drums store heat:

-...,t , =

= The stove output is calculated at 2:4! million Btu' per year; at 45 percent efficiency, Kruschkepeedsabout 54-million Btu of wood 'fuel, The sun, therefore, provides about half his total heating needs.

-

As the sun -setr- watc he k_ e-devised: to -prevent the day's heat ,,f7escaping back to the outside. Fle-_-spaps two-inch-thick foam paneIs in_ to_ place against the sIGpJIginner_ face i: of Wall,: A _ short wooden_ arm, sprung by a scr'en-door hinge; _kicks_ up against

top of each partel-tOItecUre it for ihe;iight:.,Not .perfectly _airtight,- but fairly y snug an_d_ e_f_fective, says-.

=

Storing the h-eat--

At first, Kruschke had no means-Of storing heat, and the houselended to overheat during theday and tool off rapidly at night, As a' SalutiRN he installed those 21 water-filled-drums, Whichabsoi-61soTe of the daytime heat And releaseit more 'slowly at night (Even so, the house must stillbeyentifated during the day The, drums can store- about .100,000 Rti; but Kruschke admits theirinefficieny: They are not -interconnected, and theivater in them doesn't Circulate.-

_ -,: 'Kruscl-ilce itigs It this way On a day with good suriShinei the water in the barxels would; by

- .

evening, be about a1:legrees at the bottom, 75 degrees in the middle, and A little over 85 at

- don't wake up freezing. -1t s also nice in the sprin ime, he adds, when the water temperature falls

.. .,tcie UV.' In'lanuary, this is not enough to get you thrbughlhe night, but if the fire ittel out, we :

It's-extreTely slowly below 701clegrees.,--,. -..-._tr .

_

Doilarpand-caittsavings,- _

.._ . _Translating all this into enesgy,saliggs- is not as simple as Davel. kes it sOuria.-- lie says: We

:. _. .

- burn a litter wood in'OL-tober, a little in -!NtiVember, quite a lot in the iie3kthife months; a little inei.. -arkch, and -almost none in April. He estimatei that be's saved $101'. in *fuel- oil over last

..

year-dquivalent, he says, to 6 in natural gas and $249 ectricity. This suggests to me that hisinsulatioir mUst be very effective. Even without the 25-mill '.n-Btu solar assist, his heating b41 would

. ,--------4-have-beeri-:ve -sinaltICinkchkeliasn't=-8Y-tlie-WAY,--pligegra-Valifebb-the-vegetableSThe grew ark,

_ .consUmed.-*

4.

_-=

So e after thoughts

I have conflicting feelings about the project. True, the hou-se was inexpensive to heat andinexpensive to build (the overall $13/sq. ft. costs includes 5 1/2 acres, well, septic tank, andNumbing). Still, I was oppressed by the lack of window space, the single entrance d9or, the absenceof a garage anct, shop spaCe. I am especially, dubious about a,heating,systern that doesn't tend itself.Of course, even the pioneers knew that windows waste heat, that doors cause drafts.

Nicely drawn plans for this biosphere are being offered for $3.95; order thDave Kruschke at Route 2, Box 34A, Wild Rose, Wis. 54984.

directly from

klso, a frined of Kruschke, formerly with the nearby Windworks alternatenergy researchgroup, wants to hear from other homesteaders who are working along similar lines_ Sendinformation to Steve Harischel, Box 85, Route 4, Waupaca, Wis, 54981_

13

K. D. TENTARELLI: FOCUSING COLLECTORSHEAT A NORTHERN HOME

By Edward Moran

Even during frigid New Hampshire winters, the sun can be commandeered into providing intop vidinglow-cost heat and hot water: So says Ken Tentarelli, 'this month's- self-taught solardo-it-yourselfer_ He devised a setup that includes motor-driven focusing collectors, thermostaticcontrols, and three-tank water storage. The system provides hot water for domestic andswimming-pool use, as well as space heating for a basement family room.

Motorqciriven collectors

Most rooftop collectors in use nowadays cite Llie flat l,lutc vailuty lotDIY er to assemble in his garage workshop.

But Tentarelli advanced another step of two, lie tell he needed a Alcatel .on.,entiation ot.sunlight in his northern climate (latitude 48. deglees), so. he built and installed an array ofsemicircular reflectors that aim sunlight even more directly on the water-bearing copper piping.These reflectors can be pivoted by a small mow* to change their angle seasonally according to thesun's azimuth Total expenditures for the collector: only $3 per square foot. [Our October coverstory details some of the principles rentarelli used in his coile..tor design

This is a closed loop system. A ]0/t) watkniatitiiree4,_ sonnioo 1.1;

LOlktors and transfers heat to the pot,.rble water loop in the triple storage tank Gee diagram).

Tentarelli used 1/2" copper tubing in the collectors, for added thermal efticie

LAT DEAriArDIR0-MIL SuNerrE

DOUBLE LAYER13/4° SPACE

BETWEEN

54, 5t e.

E5at LARNTA10

FOeueiteg GOOloe400 a employ SetTlIL.INAJIA. farlect,f1 3 made ,t1flashing tu aim sunight onto copper pipi.ig (above) Gear k.otoi (I tishown) pivots raflectors to adjust to sun's akimuth float rA,JIAting Rut.Insulated tank (right) warms baseman! room

y he soldered

A,A,PcoLLCDTDR

,iiCE DETAILAT LEFT

II NOT wazI

D.FIEG1r=IE ATDIAT.

1

.5 C.)5t4-1- !FRE,

,1551-5.6 I

it I, ,5tAy

, 051

SECO, ,

TANKI .00 0A.

WATER I

131

I6--oz. copper strips around tile pipes, then sprayed all surfaces h Iligh-te petature flat blackpaintthe variety that's used for barbecues.

To make the reflectors, he bent _aluminum flashing into a semicircular shape, and made a

trough by gluing and nailing wooden strips along its length. He glued a d screwed plywood bracesto the ends, and hung the reflectors on the pipes (see diagram) so they can be rotated as needed.Lengths of twine serve as drive cables to the Airborne Sales motor,

Tests show collector temper, tures jumped by 2) degrees when the e[letatul3 were awas worried about oxidation of the flashing, Tentarelli told me, so 1 CApe inlented with test strips,too; chrome- plated aluminum, nietalliLed Mylar, even kitchen alumin foil When I opened

upithe collectors mouths later, l found none of them had deteriorated

The collectors are double-glahed. l wo ltialwall'a 40 mil Sunhte

were nailed to the plywood framework that houses the plumbing (see photo). Before nailing thesheets down, Tentarelli spread beads of sili, on rubber between sheet and frame to achieve awatertight seal The glaking doesn't sag even Linde' an cc anti snow lOad he reports

tfuSetlient Ituruge tik.3

Down below, Wal.,1 r3 314)i,,..1 l.a.,1,S 1 _16... I

...tuStAt 15-gallon tanks art shbilictg...d to a IladCd IOU gallu.t g..ivalthed steel ink dial ft 'tacit

enclosed in a urethanc-iiisuLaed LadIllb, 1 h.; 'Jinn, y tank 4,01.441113 the aialficcLs-lbv.,tct I that

circulates in the collector loop at a fat:: .;f ttrin gallons per intinitc 1 he Acwittddly tank containschlorinated watel: It stores heat and dasscs it to the let liary t.ntk that .;an l.e connect,.] manually aseither a domestic water r'preheater ot a atvittlrnil,g poui heat,' l ent,rclu toed the intittitankapproach as a failsafe niecharnsin If cum:A the priinall 01 twiialy tank ,Ining. a lk.dk it will

overflow into the secondary tank an.' not ...ontaininatc t11,nte3tIt., ,,'aLci Heat In the

sciA)ridary tan!, is Ly natural lei dyllaillin " he says "I have in as Jedteinlieratine dill ei ...-414.03 as giLdt d5 Id dch. e b4;.t' cen p1111. ii) and se....c.,,da,y rbw

La .41

.),411G4; pump is St /11ti.1 411 difIL r 1 I -S ,i1 1,) 1,1 3

degrevs TI,e Lone vive is cAticitiely napt) nt it int vein. tilt.. ,1,,tion in Int. into loop 1/11..11

132

the pump is off. Withoii this valve, water could thermosiphon back up to the collectors at night,and gained heat would be lost.

Savings

Tentarelli estimates his system has saved him an average of 200 kwh per month over the pastyear. At 5¢ per kwh, that adds up to about $120. He's-been able to save.an additional $80 inpropane for his above-ground swimming pool; last June, the family enjoyed frolicking in 82 degreesolar-heated water.

To ask a specifk question, scud aWoodside Dr., Atkinson, NH 03811

e11, Solt °d[1t1le eel cnvclupc to K. l) 1 cntdrulli,

DINH KHANH: SOLAR BUBBLE KEEPS HIS WATER WARM.'

By Edward Moran

Dinh Khanh is no novice when it comes to energy conservation. In his native Vietnam, he

helped edit a UN publication (called, coincidentially, Popular Science) that promoted energyalternatives for- that Oil-short nation. After moving to Florida two years ago, he translated -along-standing interest in thermodynamics into a workable and attractive solar water heater for hishoine. And lie's working on an innovative alternative-vehicle project that we hope to tell you aboutin an, upcoming issue.

Khanh.i.s heater is different from the rooftop-trim:cited flat-plate panel that's -currently themost common type of solar collector [see Five solar water heaters you can build, PS, May').Instead of pumping his water through yards of convoluted piping, Khalth does what conics logicallyin his mild climate: He butts a 66-gallon water tank against the south wall of his home (sec photoand drawing), encloses it within an insulated bubble, and achieves water temperatures that arc,nothing to shiver at.

Materials cost about $180, and atter a )(cat -tation, the healer Ilan savcd ih,than Half of their water-heating bills. 'this Sc1111111CJ says Khaub, 1 f1it63ee an

/TO

th ti..A t.... A 4

A144 a rays from sunrise to sunset (on lidlt of its ate i oi whcn pia ,cd'ou A u.ur4.It 6011.11

tilted according to latitude. Calculating tilt anble la 511..pk, In6ttly aJd 10 Jeg,c,;:i of outlatitude (The drawing shows a 45 degree angle of in lination, which is about 15 degiccs more thanthe latitude of Gainesville, Fla )

111. .,,a. ,4 _.,1 4.4 1

4. 411C114 II -6 teeth. 144314)4 144 14.114 ilitf :41 1,1i1.,11,(III a111 tie 1614..3 t,IIi41.2,; 4, ,./,1 II

I Ik I .1 A.

kl. 6 -

G14 y f111 L.I1 i,UPdik 1,14k.U.111ei kilat 61('l-N ltc . 11;11,1 1 a

AALit 4ER

411.4ILECTIVL

SURFACE

LA LAM., .toFRAMEVORK

LATER (TO°

(

,

Insulated, enclosed 68-gallon tank Is butted against the south wan of house.

reasonable temperature rise and heat retention thrdiigh the night. I recommend using oo gallonor 42-gallon tanks that have diameters between 16 and 20 inches."

The bubble's. framework is a sandwich, with aluminum on top (tor 1,11,.,,tion 12 6agalvanized steel on the bottom, and fiberglass in between. The almainnin, placed four inchc., belowthe tank, is polished, and gives a concentrating ratio of about L5. The box's ends are formedwith two 2x4 strips of pine. Insulation fur the tank's end caps is provided by two inches offiberglass.and one inch of Styrofoam cut to shape and glued with a rubber adhesive.

tip,

ll lake aull,c, to 61,114.1 _ 1 11

al.A11/ giCater piovid,d by plastics manulacturers When screwing the Plexiglas ill 11,1.e A: largeishera with i +4bber cushions, and drill oversized holes in order to prevent cracking

Ills II.; inA null is 4%; wik; _I a icIaLlvc.1), 1.111,1 04,111.11c4 11 ,11141,11.4 .1i t)..,

M1CCIIY, withut a heat exchanger. Ktianh feels that its usefulness coulu bc extei Jed 11 l.01,1er

areas if another layer of Plexiglas were added. (lie hasn't tried this. however; pal -paps 11 morenortherly experimenter might test this out and shale his of tier findings in a future article )

then, poses no problem, Khanli tells on that it would 141,k; malty had walrtll.t t65 gallons of waterabout five days with no .un at i.11 and art ambient f.rriptrature or

degrees Fahrenheit Even if this happened, the would Itavk, room to expand because at the

top of the tank, an air bubble is left above the outlet orifice, which is located at the center of hetank and not the highest spot (see drawing'.)

Performance data

Proof thatthe Khanh heater can be a workable unit for millions of households is suggested bythe following data Even on a bad day last winter, when outside-air temperatures ranged from 25degrees-65 degrees, the solar tank supplied 90 degree water to the series -connected electric waterheater, which raised it to a preset 110 degree level. Even after a night of subfreezing temperatures,the water in the tank remained at a comfortable 80 degrees overnight. And there have been dayswhen the water temperatures reached 110 degrees in midafternoon, rendering the conventionalheater superfluous.

Things get even better in wanner wearti,i ...lib 31/11116 Kilii1111 s 116dt1;1 was Lea L. d ul SmitttCommunity 'College in Gainesville. Over a two-week period in April, daytime water temperaturesaveraged between 135 degrees and 140 degrees, and nighttime readings slipped below 105 degreesonly onceto register 98 degrees.

To take full advantage of thc, solar supply. low A., I 11

tawily bathe, in the evening, when temperatui6s are highest Al.& as a step toward,:unservation of resources, they have tlulited then daily ousuniption of hot water to the 6u gallonspro Wed by the tankabout ont;-third less than that used by the typical 141111):

I 0 a a

1 _111 11;11,1,C (111111C

send .Fla 3 2001

.1 1 1 L.

S' ROTOR DEMONSTRATES WIND POWER

By Martin Greenwald

Wind energy will play a significant role in future power generating schemes. The number ofColleges and universities offering courses in wind energy machine construction, repair, andinsulation continues to increase as-people become more aware of the possibilities of on-site windgenerators.

We have developed prototype wind generators for inclusion in an alternate energy devicescurriculum within the secondary school industrial arts laboratory. The design, construction, andevaluation of such devices provides students with various learning opportunities, includingindividual or group working conditions. Problem solving situations are encouraged with each designundertaken. Materials for this type of project are readily available, often at either minimal or nocost.

Designs. Most wind energy devices are either horixontal or vertical axis chine dependingon the axis of rotation of the blades, or rotor assembly. Vertical axis devices are generally lesscomplicated to fabricate than horizontal axis models. Of various vertical axis designs, the Savonius,

- or S rotor, configuration is simp16, yet efticient, for extracting useable quantities of powei from thewind. Depending on its size and complexity, the machine can either perform work, as in pumpingwater, or generate electricity.

fhe Savonius design was develo1.cd llic 4,181> 19203 h S_y 1 _avOlitn 04-41

40iniander. He discovered that if two hall-,ylintleiz faciis in opposite airctions we,e mounted ona vertical spindle, the airflow through one would spill into the other, making the rotor assemblyspin rapidly. The shape of the resulting airfoil and airflow path resemblettkrie letter S, hence theshort form of the name.

Fig. 2 - The top bearing and gen-erator drive mechanism for asmall Savonius rotor.

Fig. 1 This small three-stackrotor configuration drives a smalldc generator.

Fig. 3A full-size generator; theunit drives an automobile alter-nator to charge a email bank ofstorage batteries.

137

Fig. 1 shows a three-stack S rotor configuration. The rotors, constructed of two No. 10 cans,are placed one on the other. The cans have been split, in half, with the two halves offsetapproximately one-third their diameter to establish the airflow pattern necessary for rotation.Each stack is offset 120 degrees from the central axis of the machine to provide the proper aircatching surface as the windmill rotates.

The center spindle is of 5/16" brass, silver soldered to each of the rotors. The top and bottombearnings (in this case autoclave roller bearings) are welded into the top and bottom angle -iron

..! frames. A Slot-car Fig. 2ris attached to the top frame and is driven-by the rotation of the rotor

Akf

Fig. 4 Discarded throw-out bearings and a motor-cycle chain drive provide a 1:10 power ratio.

Fig. 6G&vanized shim steelrotor; steel 'drill rods radiatingfrom the axis maintain Shape.

Fig. 5This small rotor usesshaped aluminum sheet vanes.

138 L 10

Fig. 7Close-up of top aide of drive shaft showsmounting detail -of bearing assembly made fromcast-off automobile axle hubs.

c

assembly. The motor is a permanent magnet dc generator, and when connected to a milliarnmeterwill register current output in direct relationship to either an increase or decrease in wind velocity.The combination of lightweight and efficient bearing surfaces enables the machine to respond tosubtle changes in wind velocity, thus demonstrating the S rotor principle while functioning as anefficient electric anemometer.

Oh a larger scale. The full-size electrical generating S rotor (Fig. 3) is designed to withstandsignificant amounts of centrifugal. force built up by the rotor in high winds. The umt frv,to-oik isconstructed from 6" x. 6" oak, fastened with hand-cut dado joints drawn together with 1Q lagbolts. Resorcinal adhesive increases the strength of all jointed structural members

Itic rt tors ale three 30 gal oil drums 4avvil )11 halt on Lilt; pullatic c.4Cnla, adw tiotolla similar to Fig I Platforms. constructed horn 3/4" ('1) exterior plywood and .ealed with ..:.po,Ny

resin and two coats of oil base extesiot ciiaiiicl yli pla,;cd between cat i Ntd,k of _motis fastened to the platforms with 6" I. brackets and 5/16" ..utornotiile grade machine bolts.

is 1 I /L pip., I ffil, diJ L60111163 4,, 011"/ (111.Icdilicd 4,...k.C1)1. the pipe Inc Lot A 53 A 14 V dtikuniAlve 41torliaLoi 1,01,16 .4

motorcycle chain drive inek.hantsili ith p tali° Of .10 ditc,natui vccd (Fig 4) Sid)ida,,1automotive ignition and diarging 11,,tni,) Is tis:d 1,)1 We battery charging cuLtili. onipletcdunit is anchored 24" in the ground and g.tycd at tow p,.lnta with 5/16" galvalth ,d 3tzd alt i.itl

Operating pi, va,ltng winch (A 1 2 I 5' ,111,11 ,tib unit Nth plood,;c, thl,;(0dtc ,Ita)gca 1111411 bank of al.t0110611C ag.; La1.1,;11,s awl Jc.liv1 ;1 :AMU lent 1..0.,i Lc/ up, talc snail powelEk.Oia and lights

0

weld...d to th, top b1,11 bAto, . . A, , II h g 1, I At ,111,1

Gearing ab..semoly are Lt, Pig I

3 1414; thZitA 0}' s ;, 44 l , , . , 1 4, v.,1,t 4.0 -44,1

Is I d4).Cd LI I 4" ,ILLLc I 314, :1 anti,; 1 1, t11, .g

a.)loi.sol,i,: 114 (I-16 I) I1i,i 111),,, . 1161

used to rt..1 the altern.dor uriv oatte. y ta. gini; c.rcuit

.141f.

II hi,. 3 Is