A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (IT)

PROGRAMME

CONDUCTED AT

YOLAS CONSULTANTS

LIMITED No 5,Ogbeha Road, G.R.A, Ilorin, Kwara State,

Nigeria.

WRITTEN BY

ABDULMUMEEN SOLAHUDEEN

OMONIYI

SUBMITTED TO

YOLAS CONSULTANTS LTD. ENGINEERS & PLANNERS NO 5, OGBEHA ROAD, GRA,

ILORIN.

P.O BOX 1672, ILORIN,

KWARA STATE.

ABSTRACT

The Industrial Training (I.T) programme enables students to go out and

gain more practical knowledge of what they have been taught in school and to

acquire industry based skills.

Office work procedure covering introduction to work ethics,

architectural and structural drawing was explained with the relevant signs and

symbols representing various items on such drawing.

Site work for the period of training was undertaken at the rehabilitation

of general hospital, Ilorin. The project consist of the renovation of about forty

pre-existing building, the construction of a four new buildings, road and

drainage works, as well as external electrification and landscaping of the

premises.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise is due to almighty Allah for his kind gesture, love,

protection, wisdom, guidance, endurance and the privilege given to me to

undertake the program successfully and as well as keeping me alive after

the training.

My profound gratitude goes to the Chairman of Yolas Consultant

Limited; Engr. Yusuf OlarewajuSagaya, with the staffs; Pro. Jimoh, Engr.

Aduagba,Engr. Oyeleke, Engr. Abdulkareem, Engr. Alaba, Chief

Ajewole, Engr. Timothy, Engr. Alamoyo, Engr. Ladi, Engr.

Abdulrasheed, Architect Abdulraufand others for their readiness to

provide appropriate support towards the successful completion of the I.T

program. May almighty God continue to be with them, bless and favour

them abundantly till the end of their life time.

My appreciation also goes to my beloved Grandfather Alh.

MuhalimSoliuand to my lovely parents, Alh.& Alhaja Abdulmumeen for

their moral, spiritual and financial assistance before, during and after the

programme may Allah grant them long life with good health so that they

can reap the fruit of their labour (Amen).

Finally, I appreciate the support of everyone that had contributed in

one way or the other towards the success of this programme, may

Almighty Allah bless and grant you success in your entire endeavor

(amen).

DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to Almighty Allah, the giver of all inspiration,

wisdom and understanding and also to our noble Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W),

May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him (AMEN).

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page pages

Abstract i

Acknowledgement ii

Dedication iii

Content iv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0. Introduction 1

1.1. Location and Brief historical background of Yolas Consultants 1-2

Limited

1.2. Aims and objective of I.T 2

1.3. Scope of the report 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0. Introduction to General Arrangement (GA) 4

2.1. Engineering Analysis 4-5

2.2. Engineering Design 5-7

CHAPTER THREE

3.0. The relevant experience gained in the field of Study 8

3.1. 0ffice work 8-9

3.2. Site work 9-

14

3.3 Test of concrete 14-

15

3.4 The experience gained during the time of construction field 15

3.5 Problem encountered during this programme on site 15

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. Conclusion 16

References 17

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The industrial training (I.T) programme is designed to acquaint students

with the practical or hands-on knowledge of the past, present and the future. By

the past, it affords the student an opportunity to witness practically what they

have read in books i.e the reality of the 100% assumption of the theories. It also

affords students the current knowledge of what the field works is all about,

getting familiar with new advancement in technology. The future refers to

foreknowledge of what should be expected when he/she begins to practice the

profession.

Furthermore, it avails the students an opportunity to learn inter-and intra

personal relationship, administrative skills, site management identification of

equipment among other opportunities.

This report entails some of the experience I was able to acquire in my

short period of attachment.

1.1 LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF

YOLAS CONSULTANTS LIMITED

The head office of Yolas Consultants Limited opened on 10th

January,

1980. It is presently situated at No5 Ogbeha Road, G.R.A, Ilorin, Kwara State,

Nigeria.

YOLAS CONSULTANTS was established and registered by Engr.

Yusuf Olanrewaju Sagaya in 1980 as an organization under the Business Act

code 1968 and COREN. YOLAS is capable of providing multi – disciplinary

consultancy services in the field of engineering, design, planning, and quality

management. YOLAS CONSULTANTS provides services in the following

major fields of specialization.

DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES (Residential buildings,

Industrial buildings, Commercial buildings, Hospital etc.)

TRANSPORTATION STUDIES, PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENT (Roads, Harbors, Airports, Bridges, etc.)

WATER DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE (Studies, Designs

from source to Distribution of Dams and Associated Structures,

Irrigation and Water Resources Management).

MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING WORKS (Study, Planning and Design

of Infrastructure, Water and Waste Disposal Systems, Sewage and other

Infrastructural Facilities).

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT (Roads, Buildings)

Mechanical, Electrical, and Civil Engineering Project supervision.

The organization strives to consult with experience and integrity in

many fields of engineering and offer services which combine a broad technical

background with view, to protecting the interest of client and ensuring superior

engineering work at reasonable cost. The company endeavors to diligently

meet the needs of clients in both the public and private sectors using the latest

and the most advanced techniques in engineering.

The company utilizes inputs from its vast reservoir of talents as at when

required. The search for additional inputs are not restricted to Nigeria alone,

but extended to foreign counterpart when it is absolutely necessary.

This explains why YOLAS CONSULTANTS is able to accept and

successfully execute a wide range of engineering services.

1.2 THE OBJECTIVES OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRANNING

PROGGRAME INCLUDE:

It gives student the opportunity of putting some of their skills in to

practices.

It Provides students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge in

real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and

practice.

It Exposes students to handling of equipment and machinery that may

not be readily available in their institutions of learning.

It serves as a link between student and industry.

It enables student to interpret some technical terms more easily.

It provides student the opportunity to prepare for employment after

graduation.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE REPORT

The scope of this report is basically to present in details, the various

activities carried out by me at Yolas Consultants Limited, both the site work

and office work as well as provide the general background knowledge about

the aspects of Civil Engineering applied while undergoing the I.T programme.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

The general arrangement drawing shows the combination of all

structural elements like beam, slab, column, foundation layout, etc. Layout

drawings, commonly known as general arrangement drawing (or GA) are

developed over a period of time and coordinated from dimensional information

provided by the architect, engineer and specialists. The dimensions should be

checked and approved before commencing the detailing of reinforcement.

General Arrangement (GA) drawings must be fully dimensioned, with

sufficient sections and details, and should show or reference all necessary

service ducts, provisions for ducts and cast fittings.

METHODS OF PREPARING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

DRAWINGS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Projects vary in size and complexity. It is important to select a scale that

will enable the final drawing to be read with clarity and relative ease. Large

floor areas can be spread over several drawings and linked and referenced by

means of key plans. Local complexities, such as staircases, can be isolated and

referenced to a larger scale drawing.

2.1 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Engineering analysis strictly refers to the examination of the various

engineering components in a certain system operating on a small, medium, or

large-scale basis. Engineering is a significant stream of science and hence this

type of an analysis should never fail to include a scientific approach. The

analysis is mainly conducted to assess the state of functioning of a particular

machine or system that has been engineered with technologies to serve a

variety of human purposes. The utility of any machine or system is determined

by its ability to meet the needs and demands of man and his work environment

and the analysis should, hence, be focused on the essentialities of the

corresponding approach of engineering.

The nature of the engineering analysis should be such that it includes the

process of data collection, observation, and drawing of inferences in a

sequential manner, as is the case for any scientific analysis. The components

should be thoroughly studied and analysis done on the basis of the standard

theories and general rules of engineering that are universally applicable and

acceptable as well. An engineering analysis is often performed before the

launch of a certain product as well, for the manufacturing company and the

distributors, creditors, shareholders and also the potential clients to be assured

that the respective system has been engineered well according to the

requirements and as per the conventions of the respective approach.

The basic requirement of any successful engineering analysis is to

ensure that it is strictly based on theories and not on any assumptions or

estimates.

The analysis should thoroughly involve the study of the various parts

and components of a particular system.

Data should be collected properly as any error might cause severe

damage to the system and should be represented clearly for future

reference.

Engineering analyses should be very deep in approach to ensure the

detection of any faults present in the system, since the lack of

recognition of such problems may lead to serious problems for the

concerned parties.

2.2 ENGINEERING DESIGN

Most engineering designs can be classified as inventions-devices or

systems that are created by human effort and did not exist before or are

improvements over existing devices or systems. Inventions, or designs, do not

suddenly appear from nowhere. They are the result of bringing together

technologies to meet human needs or to solve problems.

Sometimes a design is the result of someone trying to do a task more

quickly or efficiently. Design activity occurs over a period of time and requires

a step-by-step methodology.

Engineers are described primarily as problem solvers. What

distinguishes design from other types of problem solving is the nature of both

the problem and the solution. Design problems are open ended in nature, which

means they have more than one correct solution. The result or solution to a

design problem is a system that possesses specified properties.

Solving design problems is often an iterative process: As the solution to

a design problem evolves, are find himself continually refining the design.

While implementing the solution to a design problem, it may be discovered that

the solution developed is unsafe, too expensive, or will not work. are then

"goes back to the drawing board" and modify the solution until it meets the

requirements. Design activity is therefore cyclic or iterative in nature, whereas

analysis problem solving is primarily sequential.

The solution to a design problem does not suddenly appear in a vacuum.

A good solution requires a methodology or process. There are probably as

many processes of design as there are engineers. Therefore, this lesson does not

present a rigid "cookbook" approach to design but presents a general

application of the five-step problem-solving methodology associated with the

designprocess. The process described here is general, and you can adapt it to

the particular problem you are trying to solve.

THE DESIGN PROCESS

The basic five-step process usually used in a problem-solving works for

design problems as well. Since design problems are usually defined more

vaguely and have a multitude of correct answers, the process may require

backtracking and iteration. Solving a design problem is a contingent process

and the solution is subject to unforeseen complications and changes as it

develops.

The five steps used for solving design problems are:

1. Problem definition: This usually involves a list of the product or

customer requirements and specially information about product functions

and features among other things.

2. Date gathering: A survey regarding the availability of similar

products in the market should be performed at this stage.

3. Possible solutions: Once the details of the design are clearly

identified, the design team with inputs from test, manufacturing, and

marketing teams generates multiple alternatives to achieve the goals and

the requirements of the design.

4. Analyze and select best option: Considering cost, safety, and other

criteria for selection, the more promising alternatives are selected for

further analysis.

5. Test and implement the solution: A prototype of the design is constructed

and functional tests are performed to verify and possibly modify the

design.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE RELEVANT EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THE FIELD OF

STUDY

The work experience gained from the 12 mouths I.T programme was

based on the various kinds of services, rendered by Yolas consultants Ltd. done

in the office and on site. These were listed are part of table of contents which

was discussed one after the other.

3.1 OFFICE WORK

Office work involved an introduction to work ethics, structural design,

architectural and structural drawing. In view of these, relevant signs and

symbols representing various items on such drawing were explained.

Furthermore the use of computer drafting and designing software were

subsequently taught. This software includes, AutoCAD, Orion, RCD etc.

In the course of the introduction to architectural and structural drawing

the following building types based on given criteria were identified;

TYPE OF BUILDINGS

In terms of structural framing, a building can be categorized as:

(a) A framed building and

(b) A non-framed building

Framed Buildings

A framed building consists of slabs carried by the beams, which are in

turn supported by the columns. The columns transmit the load through the

foundation to the soil. For all practical purposes, any building exceeding two-

storeys must necessarily be framed irrespective of all foundation soil bearing

strata. In the framing operation, the load path must be considered as well as the

wind-resisting elements.

Non-framed building

A non-framed building is a building that is supported on load bearing

walls and they are limited to two-storeys only (that is, with rooms at ground

floor and one suspended floor). When a building is to be of three storeys or

more, there is the tendency for the lower walls to crumble under load. Hence,

such buildings must necessarily be framed. On the other hand, a bungalow or

two-storey buildings to be built on a marshy soil must be framed since the

foundation would be either a raft foundation or a pad foundation. A building on

load bearing wall means implies that the loads are transferred through the load

bearing walls to the foundation structure. Such walls should have good strength

and preferably machine molded with number of blocks per bag ranging

between 25 and 30. The sand should be sharp and not too coarse. Very coarse

sharp sand can be mixed with ordinary sharp sand in the ratio of 3:1 in favour

of the coarse sharp sand. Experience has shown that very coarse sharp sand

develops early strength but relapses later. This is perhaps due to the tiny holes

which may have been created during molding.

3.2SITE WORK

Site work for the period of training was at the Rehabilitation of General

Hospital, Ilorin. The project consist of the renovation of about forty pre-

existing building, the construction of a few new buildings, road and drainage

works, as well as external electrification and landscaping of the premises.

To this end, a team of engineers were deployed from Yolas Consultants

Ltd. As Consultant to ensure adherence to design specifications

One of the newly constructed building was the hospital incinerator

which is a reinforced concrete building with dimensions 12.2m by 6.1m lined

with brick/red bricks to enable the structure withstand the heat form

combustion.

The construction of the changing room was also part of the newly

constructed building, the changing rooms consists of two changing areas (male

and female) with dimension 3.3m by 3.3m each and two toilets with dimension

1.2 by 3.075m. It was built for the incinerator workers’ use.

The training afforded the opportunity to partake in the supervision of the

concrete incinerator building as well as the changing room. In the course of

these new construction works; the following stages of work were identified and

carried out;

1. Site clearing: before the commencement of the construction works in

any site, it is necessary and essential to clear the top soil (vegetable soil) and

from the land upon which structure itself will stand.

2. Setting out: after the site clearance has completed the setting out of the

incinerator building was carried out to ensure uniform and accurate

measurement to mark point to the excavation on the ground by the uses of

pegs, line, nail, harmer and profile. There are three method of setting out which

are;

3:4:5 Method

Builder square

Theodolite

The uses of 3:5:5 method of setting was adopted for the incinerator

3. Excavation: after the setting out was completed, the excavation of the

entire setting out area was carried out to the depth of 1.2m. Thereafter the

leveling instrument was used to determine the spot height of excavation area to

ensure the same level was achieved at all points.

4. Iron work/reinforcement: the iron benders does the cutting, bending, and

arrangement of reinforcement depending on the directive of the site engineer

based on the structural detailing and drawing provided in the design.

Fig. 1 shows the arrangement, cutting and bending of reinforcement for RC

incinerator foundation base that in progress with the uses of Y12 @ 200 c/c top

and bottom. While Y16 bar is used for RC wall starter bar connected to

reinforcement of foundation.

a b

Fig. 2 shows the arrangement of reinforcement for R.C wall, with the uses of

Y16 @ 200 c/c for main bar while Y12 @ 200 c/c used for distribution bar.

a b

Fig. 3 shows the arrangement of reinforcement for Rib beam at roof slab, with

the uses 5y16 for the main bar while Y10 @ 200 c/c used for the stirrup.

Fig. 4 shows the placing of BRC wire mesh type A193 as top bar for the Roof

Slab.

5. Construction of formwork and scaffolding by the carpenters: In the

construction site under study in this report, the marine plywood form work was

used to cast RC building. These plywood formworks have been constructed by

the carpenters to the required dimensions and placed over the reinforcement

with the concrete cover. Besides the construction of formworks, the carpenters

also introduced bracing to support the formworks and also took the

responsibility of removing them with the formworks after casting.

Fig. 5 shows the construction of the panel used for formwork of RC building,

with the use of half inch thick marine plywood, with full length of 2.2m/1.2m

and 2/3 plank. The marine plywood was constructed in segment of four panels

of 600 each panel to the other.

6. The incinerator building was casted using concrete batch 1:2:4. Then the

changing room DPC was casted using concrete batch 1:2:4.

A vibrator machine was used to vibrate/disturb the concrete to eliminate

honeycomb.

Fig. 6 A vibrator machine

7. The changing room was constructed with blocks arranged to form walls

to a height of 3.3m in line with the architectural drawings.

At the incinerator, burnt/brick/red brick was laid in between the roof

beam to enable the structure withstands the heat from combustion.

Fig. 7. The changing room under construction.

a b

Fig. 8. Burnt brick/redbrick laid in between the roof beam

3.3 TEST OF CONCRETE

The following are some of the important tests conducted on concrete:

1. Slump test.

2. Compaction factor test.

3. Crushing strength test.

Crushing Strength Test wasadopted on site, Metallic molds of size 150

mm × 150 mm × 150 mm are used for casting concrete cubes. Before filling

mold, it was properly oiled on its inner surfaces, so that cubes can beeasily

separated. Fresh cube was filled with concrete to be tested in 3 layers and kept

in the room. After 24 hours, cube is removed from the mold and kept under

water for curing. After seven days of curing, cubes was tested in the

compression testing machine. In this test cubes was placed over the smooth

surface which was in contact with side plates of mold. The crushing load is

noted and crushing strength was found as load divided by surface area (150 ×

150 mm2).

Code specify the desirable strength of concrete for 3 days and 7 days for

quick assessment of strength of concrete.

Mold fill with concrete Crushing strength test Machine

3.4 The experience gained during the time of construction field includes:

Quality control of building construction.

Understanding how to interpret the both structural and architectural drawing

on site.

Understanding how to use the leveling instrument. ( Theodolite )

Understanding how to use the plum bomb.

Handling and organization of manpower (i.e. Labourers) for

construction activities.

3.5 Problem encountered during this programme on site

Inadequate safety equipment for the workers on site

Poor attention to time by site workers

Misunderstanding between the artisans resulting to stoppage of work on

site

Construction during raining season prone to work delay

Poor logistics/material management resulting in delay of work.

4.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, there were many things that I have experienced and

learned during the twelve month of my Industrial Training at Yolas Consultants

Limited. The whole training period was very interesting, instructive and

challenging.

Through this training I was able to gain new insights and more

comprehensive understanding about the real industry working condition and

practice. The twelve month placement also has provided me the opportunities

to develop and improve my functional skills. All of these valuable experiences

and knowledge that I have gained were not only acquired through the direct

involvement in task given but also through other aspect of the training such as

work observation, interaction with colleagues, superior, and other people

related to the field.

From what I have undergone, I am very sure that the industrial training

program has achieved its entire primary objectives. It also the best way to

prepare students to face the real working life. As a result of the program now I

am more confident to build my future career.

References

IStrutE/Concrete Society (2006), Standard Method of Detailing Structural

Concrete Design, 3rd

Edition United Kingdom.

Oyenuga V. (2004), Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Asros Ltd.,

Lagos.