greek baths and bathing culture

neW discOVeries and aPPrOaches

edited by

sandra k. lucore and Monika trümper

Peeters

leuven - Paris - Walpole, Ma

2013

cOntents

sandra k. lucOre and MOnika trüMPeracknowledgments

MOnika trüMPerintroduction

adrian stähliWomen bathingDisplaying Female Attractiveness on Greek Vases

rebecca FleMMingbaths and bathing in greek Medicine

MOnika trüMPerurban context of greek Public baths

Fikret k. Yegülthermal Matters: intersected legacies of the greek and roman baths and bathing culture

Vassilis tsiOlisthe baths at Fregellae and the transition from Balaneion to Balneum

giOVanna grecO and carMelO di nicuOlOthe hellenistic baths at Velia

Maria teresa iannelli and FrancescO cutericaulonia – Monasterace Marina: hellenistic baths in the building near the ‘casamatta’

claudiO sabbiOnea newly identified greek bath building at locri epizefiri

sandra k. lucOrebathing in hieronian sicily

daniele naPOlitani and ken saitOarchimedes and the baths: not Only One eureka

christian russenbergera new bathtub with hypocaust in Peristyle house 2 at Monte iato

POlYxeni adaM-Velenithe hellenistic Balaneion at the roman Forum of thessaloniki

eManuele grecO and PaOlO Vittithe bath complex in hephaistia (lemnos)

cOrnelia röMerthe greek baths in the Fayum at euhemeria and theadelphia: a Preliminary report

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thibaud FOurnet and bérangère redOnheating systems of greek bathsNew Evidence from Egypt

thibaud FOurnetMap: location of greek Public baths

MOnika trüMPercatalog of greek bathsIntroduction

thibaud FOurnet, sandra k. lucOre, bérangère redOn, MOnika trüMPercatalog

bibliography

list of contributors

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Individual immersion bathtubs with hypocaustheating can be considered a particularly sophisti-cated feature of Hellenistic domestic architecturein Sicily. So far, only two isolated examples areknown, notably from the House of the ArchedCistern in Morgantina1 and Peristyle House 1 atMonte Iato.2 An important addition to this smallcorpus was provided by the 40th excavation cam-paign of the Archaeological Institute of the Univer -sity of Zurich at Monte Iato. An additional heatedimmersion bathtub was identified and partiallyexcavated in Peristyle House 2, located about 50 mto the west of Peristyle House 1 (figs 1-4)**. Inaddition to the known extensive bath suites inPeri style Houses 1 and E2,3 this new complexprovides further evidence of private luxurybathing that was obviously particularly welldeveloped in Hellenistic Iaitas. Furthermore, thenew discovery emphasizes once again Sicily’simportant role in the development of a remark-ably sophisticated bathing culture that would sig-nificantly influence its Roman counterpart.4

For a better understanding of the architecturalcontext of the newly discovered bathing facility, Iwill first briefly summarize the state of researchon Peristyle House 2.

DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE OF PERISTYLE HOUSE 2

Peristyle House 2 was identified in 1988. System -atic exploration of this house, which was buriedunder deep fills and covered by medieval struc-tures, started in 1992.5 Compared to the nearby,fully excavated Peristyle House 1, the surface areaof Peristyle House 2 is considerably larger and its

layout is more intricate. It includes a main sectionin the west (26.5 x 22 m) and a secondary part inthe east, which is 27 m wide, while the north-south dimensions are not yet fully known (figs 1,4). As is the case with Peristyle House 1, the north -ern part of the western main section was cut intothe sandstone rock in order to establish a homo-geneous floor level for the entire house. By con-trast, the secondary eastern section was built ona higher terrace, some 1.60 m above the main sec-tion. Whether this eastern part was also providedwith a single uniform floor level has not yet beendetermined. Because of the sloping terrain, thenorthern area of the main section is much betterpreserved than the southern zone. Furthermore,since the northern area had been covered by an -cient fills of up to 4 m in height, it largely escapedmedieval encroachments.

West Section

The main section centers around a rectangular,north-south oriented peristyle courtyard with 14columns (fig. 1: 2) and is accessible from the mainentrance at the south. A corridor-like vestibule (1)leads from the street to the south portico of thecolonnaded courtyard. To the east, the vestibule isflanked by a large room (13), which has a separateentrance from the street and thus most likely servedas a shop or workshop. A similar function can beassigned to the adjacent Room 12 although itsbadly preserved walls did not allow for the secureidentification of a separate entrance. To the west,the vestibule is bordered by a large andron (3) thatwas accessible from an exedra (4) and which,

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A New Bathtub with Hypocaust in PeristyleHouse 2 at Monte Iato

Christian Russenberger

Abstract

In the summer of 2010, a heated individual immersion bathtub was discovered in Peristyle House 2 at MonteIato. This excellently preserved bathtub, the southern part of which has been excavated so far, is situated in theeastern part of the house (room 19), originally used as a secondary service section. Since the south and westwalls of the bathtub are inclined, it may have served as a communal bathing facility. The bathtub was heatedby a simple hypocaust system that could be operated from the western adjacent room. According to finds fromthe destruction debris of the bathtub, the bathing facility functioned until the abandonment of the house in themid 1st century CE. It has yet to remain open, however, when the bathtub was constructed during the at least200 years of use of this house.*

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together with the exedra and a smaller andron (5),constitute a suite of three interconnected rooms(‘Dreiraumgruppe’). While the exedra was pavedwith a white mosaic, the floor of the southernandron (3) was decorated with opus signinum andthat of the northern pendant (5) with white limepavement. A third andron (7), provided with anoff-center door, flanked by two windows, opensoff to the north of the peristyle courtyard. Its flooris covered with a fully preserved opus signinumpavement. To the west of this andron is located alarge corner room (6) that is decorated with acoarse, irregularly made mosaic that slopes sig-nificantly towards the south. The function of thisroom cannot be determined. Numerous fragmentsof complex stucco decorations were found in theandrones 5 and 7 as well as in the porticoes of theperistyle. Of the northeast area of the main sec-tion only parts of the walls are known so far.

That at least part of the main section had a sec-ond story is obvious from numerous fragments ofupper story pavements that were found in thefills of andrones 5 and 7. Since only few remainsof the stone architecture of the courtyard havebeen recovered so far, the peristyle cannot yet bereconstructed. However, the northwest corner col-umn of the Doric ground floor order is entirelypreserved, including the capital (lower diameter0.50 m; 3.82 m high).6

East Section

The existence of an additional section in the eastbecame known only in 2008, when investigations

in the area of Room 8 brought to light the northand south walls of Room 15.7 These walls startfrom the eastern outer wall of the main section andare aligned with the north and south walls ofRooms 7 and 8. The relationship between the mainsection of the house and the newly identified east-ern part cannot yet be determined because onlythe upper elevations of the north and south wallsof Room 15 have been uncovered so far; thus, thecrucial connection between the walls of Room 15and those of Room 8 cannot yet be evaluated. Intheory, the eastern and western sections couldhave been constructed sequentially. It is most like -ly, however, that both parts were built contem-poraneously, in one single building phase. Severalfeatures suggest that the eastern part served pre-dominantly as a service section. In contrast to thecurrently known rooms of the western section,the rooms to the east that have been explored atleast partially (16-18) were not decorated with wallplaster or permanent pavements. Furthermore,the fill of Room 16 yielded two unfluted, roughlysmoothed column drums of narrow diameter, anda small capital was found in a medieval context inthis area.8 These architectural elements most likelybelonged to the modest colonnade of a courtyard,analogous to the situation in Peristyle House 1,where the simple architecture of the secondaryservice courtyard could be reconstructed almostentirely:9 the column elements discovered therecompare closely, regarding both dimensions andrudimentary finish, with the newly found archi-tectural elements from the eastern section ofPeristyle House 2. The find situation of the column

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Fig. 2. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: stone plan of trench 427 with bathtub in Room 19 (state 2010).

elements suggests that Room 16 was the northernportico of the secondary courtyard. Therefore itcame as a surprise when an Ionic column basewas found in the fill in the northeast corner of thealleged Portico 16 (figs 2, 5).10 This base is verywell worked and represents a rarely documentedPeloponnesian type. This find raises the questionwhether the secondary section, in opposition towhat was suggested by the modest Doric columnsand unplastered walls, also included areas withhighly refined architecture, for example in theupper story.

Bathtub in Room 19

The trial trenches that were carried out in 2009and 2010 in the northeast area of the secondarysection aimed at determining the building’s east-west extension, so that future excavation andrestoration activities could be better planned(trenches 425 and 427; figs 1-2, 5).11 The easternouter wall of the building was identified only in2010 (trench 427; figs 2, 5). The wall in question islocated in the excavation area of the archaic court-

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Fig. 5. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2, east section:trenches 425 and 427, from west.

Fig. 3. Monte Iato: overview from west; west quarterwith Peristyle House 2 (foreground), late archaiccourtyard house (middle), and Peristyle House 1 withtemple of Aphrodite (background).

Fig. 4. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: west sectionwith peristyle courtyard, overview from northwest (inforeground Room 6).

yard house; while it had been discovered alreadyin 2003, its significance was not recognized then.The bathtub that will be examined in the follow-ing discussion was also discovered in trench 427.Since this trench did not aim at investigating thedecoration of the room, the bathtub, which wasonly partially uncovered during the excavation,

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Fig. 6. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: bathtub inRoom 19 with praefurnium in Room 17, from west

Fig. 7. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: bathtub inRoom 19 with inclined south wall, from north.

Fig. 9. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: bathtub inRoom 19 with praefurnium in Room 17, from west.

Fig. 8. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: praefurnium inRoom 17 with north-south rock-cut channel, from north.

was reburied at the end of the campaign for rea-sons of conservation. A detailed exploration ofthe bathtub and other decorative elements of theroom is planned for a later date, in the context ofthe above-mentioned comprehensive excavationand restoration activities.

The bathtub was installed in the southwest cor-ner of Room 19, of which only the east-west ex -tension (5.40 m) is known so far (fig. 2). To date,only the south part of the excellently preservedbathtub has been uncovered, built against thesouth wall of Room 19 (figs 2, 5-9). The bathtubconsists of a basin with level floor, a vertical wallin the east and inclined walls in the south and thewest (fig. 9).12 Whether the east-west extension of1.30 m corresponds to the length or width of thebathtub cannot yet be assessed.13 The interior ofthe bathtub is lined with a grayish-white hydraulicplaster. The east wall includes a small round open-ing, directly above the bottom of the bathtub,which originally served as a drain, but was laterclosed with a mortar plug (figs 6, 9).14 The easternlimit of the bathtub consists of a narrow wall (0.31m wide), the uppermost layer of which includes asquare brick, visible at the edge of the trench (fig.

7). The upper surface of this brick is covered withthe same hydraulic plaster as the interior of thebathtub. If this brick formed the upper border ofthe bathtub, the depth of the tub would havebeen about 0.54-0.57 m. Since the ancient destruc-tion debris to the east of the bathtub (in Room 19)could not yet be explored for reasons of conser-vation, the exterior configuration of the bathtubcannot be determined now. Remains of finishedwhite stucco on the south wall of Room 19 showthat this room was plastered, in contrast to theother, so far uncovered parts of the eastern sec-tion of Peristyle House 2. The fill of the bathtubalso yielded fragments of this wall plaster, clearlydistinct from the grayish hydraulic stucco rich inceramic fragments that lined the bathtub. Further -more, some white stucco fragments show regular,flute-like indentations on their surfaces.15 Thenumber of these fragments is not yet sufficient fora conclusive reconstruction; thus, it must remainopen whether these fragments belonged to small-sized stucco columns of an elaborate wall systemor some other decorative architectural feature.

The bathtub was heated from the adjacent largeRoom 17 to the west (figs 2, 5-6, 8-9). Here, a firing

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Fig. 10. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: iron strigil, V 2895 (length: 14.5 cm).

Fig. 11. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 2: fragment of an iron object, V 2896 (length: 15.2 cm).

chamber was found that is cut into the rock andpartially lined with small stones. The chamber

leads into the hypocaust that runs under the entirearea of the bathtub in its east-west extension. Asfar as is visible, the ceiling of the hypocaust con-sists of one or rather several slabs (ca 0.10 mthick) of volcanic stone (fig. 9). Superimposed isthe mortar layer of the bathtub that includes inthe matrix small fragments of tile. Although novoussoir stones were found in the debris, it islikely that the firing chamber was covered withan arch.16 The preserved supports of this arch,which border the chamber in the south and north,consist of horizontally stacked rectangular bricks.Of the northern continuation of the partition wallbetween Rooms 17 and 19, only a short stretchcould be uncovered so far. To the west of the fir-ing chamber is a channel that is cut into the sand-stone rock (figs 8-9) and that widens towards thewest; it may have served for the installation of abellows.17 Remarkably, the surface of the rock inthe area immediately in front of the heating cham-ber provides no traces of burning and was not cov-ered with a layer of ash or charcoal. This suggests

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Fig. 12. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 1: bathtub inRoom 21, from east.

Fig. 13. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 1: heating channelof the bathtub in Room 21, with chimney, from north.

Fig. 14. Monte Iato, Peristyle House 1: praefurniumwith frame of bellows in Room 20, from north.

that the rock-cut channel was provided with acover which was constantly cleaned until the aban -donment of the complex. To this alleged covermay have belonged the fragment of an iron sheet

that was fixed with an iron peg to the surface ofthe worked rock at the northern border of thechannel (fig. 9). Immediately to the west of this fea-

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Fig. 15. Monte Iato, Peristyle House E2: stone plan of the bath suite in the east part of the house.

Fig. 16. Monte Iato, Peristyle House E2: bathroom 4with gap in the pavement for a bathtub, from north. Fig. 17. Monte Iato, Peristyle House E2: room 5, iden-

tified as kitchen and praefurnium, from southwest.

ture, another channel was cut into the sandstonerock (fig. 8). It runs north to south and continuesunder the south wall of room 17 into room 16where its cover slabs are still visible. In contrastto the area immediately in front of the praefur -nium, the channel running north-south and its im -mediate surroundings yielded a strongly carbo -niferous stratum. The latter included some objectsfrom the building’s last phase of use, among themfragments of cooking ware, which suggest thatfire in this area was, not unexpectedly, used forbathing as well as cooking purposes.18

Interpretation of the so far uncovered parts ofthe new bathtub at Monte Iato does not excludethe possibility that it was conceived for communaluse. A close parallel for inclined walls is, for ex -ample, provided by the two heated communal im -mersion pools of the Republican Baths in Pompeii,whose curved walls provided comfortable backrests for seated bathers.19 If the south wall of thebathtub of Peristyle House 2 served as the backrest, the width of the bathtub (1.30 m) would havebeen unusually large for a private bathing facility.The above-mentioned bathtubs in Peristyle House1 at Monte Iato and the House of the Arched Cis -tern in Morgantina are much narrower.20 This alsoapplies to other built bathtubs without hypocausts,notably the examples from the Republican villasat Ciampino21 and Sperlonga (Villa Prato)22 andfrom the Peristyle House of Moltone near Tolve(Basilicata).23 By contrast, if the west wall servedas the comfortably curved backrest of a large com-munal pool the inclined south wall would be dif-ficult to explain.24 Furthermore, it can be added thatthe position of the praefurnium is not necessarilyindicative for the orientation of the bathtub: domes -tic bathtubs were heated differently, the praefur -nium being located at one of the short sides (e.g.Monte Iato Peristyle House 1) or in various posi-tions at one of the long sides (e.g. MorgantinaHouse of the Arched Cistern and presumablyMonte Iato Peristyle House E2); communal immer -sion pools in Greek public baths were common lyheated from one of the short sides, however.

The destruction debris found in the bathtuband its immediate surroundings yielded severalsignificant finds that were most likely used inconnection with the bathing facility in Room 19.First, the fragment of an iron strigil was found inthe interior of the bathtub (fig. 10).25 Second,another iron object came from the bathtub; theobject’s precise function, however, cannot bedetermined (fig. 11).26 It ends in a ring or a fork,and its handle has a spherical enlargement. Third,fragments of various glass unguent jars were

recovered from the bathtub and its surround-ings.27

The presence of the strigil and the fragments ofunguent jars indicates that the bathing facilitywas used until the abandonment of the buildingin the middle of the 1st century CE.28 This is alsosuggested by the excellent state of preservation ofthe entire complex, which seems almost ready foruse today. By contrast, there is little evidence fordetermining the construction date of the bathtub.Some general indications only are provided bythe history of the entire house, which, however,is also not sufficiently known. The first phase ofthe building cannot be dated before 250 BCE,when earlier residential structures, some consid-erable portion of which has been uncovered to thewest of Peristyle House 2, were abandoned andthus gave space for later constructions (fig. 1).29

But possibly construction began significantlylater, namely in the second quarter of the 2nd cen-tury BCE. At this point, the older residentialstructures to the west were covered with a mas-sive fill that included sandstone rock chunks mixedwith older habitation debris, which may haveresulted from digging the foundation trenches forPeristyle House 2.30 The bathtub, however, wasmost likely not constructed in the first phase ofthe house but rather was added later. This is sug-gested by, among other things, the blocking of apassageway between Rooms 18 and 19 thatwould have been too wide for a bathroom (0.96m; fig. 2).31 Thus, only a broad chronologicalframe can be given for a preliminary dating of thebathtub, which extends from the late 3rd or mid2nd century BCE to the early Imperial period.

As far as is assessable, the conception of theheating installation of the bathtub largely corre-sponds to its counterpart in the bath suite of Peri -style House 1 (figs 12-14) where a hypocaust sys-tem for the direct heating of a built bathtub wasconstructed in the 2nd century BCE.32 Of this com-plex, the frame of the bellows, the vaulted firingchamber and the heating channel with chimneyare fully preserved. This heating system wasalready abandoned in the 1st century BCE whenthe heated bathtub was replaced by a newunheated bathtub that was filled manually withhot water.

In addition to Peristyle House 1, the bath suiteof Peristyle House E2 in the east quarter of Iaitasmay also have been provided with a similar bath -ing form (fig. 15).33 This bath suite included sev-eral rooms, among them a laconicum (2). In itseasternmost room (4) a rectangular gap in thepavement (ca 1.78 x 0.94 m) was discovered that

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originally accommodated a bathtub, which was,however, removed before the abandonment of thehouse (fig. 16). This bathtub was possibly heatedfrom the adjacent room to the south (5) whichserved simultaneously as kitchen and praefurnium(figs. 15, 17).34 When the heating installation wasremodeled, the lower part of the opening in thesouth wall was blocked, as a result of which theoriginal design of this installation, which mayalso have included a hypocaust system, can nolonger be determined.35

As far as can be ascertained, the simple con-ception of the heating systems in Peristyle Houses1 and 2 of Iaitas largely parallels the much largerhypocaust systems of various public baths in Sicily(Gela, Megara Hyblaea, Morgantina, Syracuse)that were built in the 3rd century BCE.36 A similarbath that also dates to the early Hellenistic periodwas recently excavated in Kaulonia in Calabria.37

The location of the bathing facility of PeristyleHouse 2 in the area of the presumed service court -yard is, in general, not surprising. It is surprising,however, that, in contrast to the situation in Peri -style Houses 1 and E2, this bath was not closelyconnected to the large prestigious peristyle court-yard of the house (fig. 1: 2), but was instead builtat a significant distance from this courtyard.38 Thispuzzling condition can only be fully assessedwhen the layout and history of the house are bet-ter known. In theory, the bathtub could havebelonged to a bath complex that was built whenthe house was subdivided into two independentliving units. Alternatively, the bathing facility mayhave been conceived for commercial or public useand thus may have required an independentaccess from the street. In this context, the discov-ery of the high quality Ionic column base in Room16 should be mentioned again, as a feature thatsuggests that the eastern section also includedprestigious refined architecture.

NOTES

* I would like to thank Sandra Lucore and MonikaTrümper for giving me the opportunity to present thenew bathtub from Monte Iato in this volume.Furthermore, for constant support and excellent col-laboration I am greatly indebted to Francesca Spataforafrom the Soprintendenza BBCC in Palermo, toChristoph Reusser and the Zurich excavation team ofthe 2009 and 2010 campaigns, as well as the workersfrom San Cipirello and San Giuseppe Iato.

** All figures and plans: Zurich Ietas excavations.1 Sjöqvist 1962, 139-140 pl. 33 fig. 19; Trümper 2010, 536-

537 figs 12-15.2 Dalcher 1994, 35-39.3 See infra n. 33.

4 See Lucore 2009a; this volume; Trümper 2009, esp. 162;2010, esp. 542.

5 For a brief overview of Peristyle House 2, see Fuchs1997 (state of research in 1996) and Isler 2000 (state ofresearch in 1999). For results of later excavation cam-paigns, see the regularly published preliminary reportsin Antike Kunst (most recently Reusser et al. 2011, 82-87) and Sicilia Archeologica (most recently Isler 2006, 9figs 61-66). For Hellenistic domestic architecture ofMonte Iato and western Sicily in general, see mostrecently Isler 2010.

6 For the capital (inv. no. A 1647) see Isler 2009, 103 pl.18, 4. For the column drums, which were found earlier,see Fuchs 1997, 46-47.

7 Isler 2009, 104.8 Reusser et. al. 2010, 122 pl. 22, 8-9.9 Dalcher 1994, 52, 66, 69 pls 19-20, 76-77.10 Inv. no A 1688: Reusser et al. 2011, 83-84 pl. 18, 3.11 Claudio Baldi was responsible for supervising the trial

trenches. For the results of trenches 425 and 427, seeReusser et al. 2010, 120-123 fig. 2 pl. 22, 8-9; Reusser etal. 2011, 82-87 fig. 4 pl. 18, 1-6.

12 While the eastern wall is entirely preserved, the west-ern wall has a large gap in the southwest corner wherethe praefurnium was located. The arch of the praefurniumis also not preserved at this point.

13 Cf. infra n. 19. 14 The function of this opening cannot be securely assessed;

while the inclination of the bottom of the bathtubtowards west and north speaks against the function ofthis opening as a drain, it is questionable whether thisinclination was part of the original design.

15 Inv. no P 113-115.16 Cf. the arch of the praefurnium of the bathtub in

Peristyle House 1 (fig. 14); Dalcher 1994, 35-39 pls 11-14. The preserved upper surfaces of the walls suggestthat the voussoir stones of the bathtub of PeristyleHouse 2 were robbed.

17 A similar channel or depression, albeit dug much deeper,was found at the beginning of the firing chamber of thebathtub in Peristyle House 1, and it may also havehoused a bellows (fig. 14); Dalcher 1994, 35-36 pls 11;12, 3, 5.

18 The situation is comparable in the bath suite of Peri -style House E2 in the east quarter, where the heatingroom of the bath was simultaneously used as kitchen(Isler 2004a, 82); see also infra n. 33.

19 Trümper 2009, 143 figs 1c, 12. If the new bathing facilityin Monte Iato served for communal bathing, its denom-ination as ‘bathtub’ would be inappropriate; instead, itshould rather be called ‘communal or collective immer-sion pool’. Since the precise function of the bathingfacility currently cannot be securely determined, thedenomination ‘bathtub’ is maintained here for easierreference.

20 See supra n. 1-2. The bathtub of Peristyle House 1 atMonte Iato, however, must have been wider in its orig-inal state (Dalcher 1994, 37-38). The preserved bordersof the original pavement and stucco decoration (fig. 12)do not indicate the clear width of the bathtub, however,which was, in any case, less than 1.00 m.

21 de Rossi 1979, 64-65 figs. 63-64; Lafon 1991, 112-114 figs18-19; Broise 1994, 28 fig. 14; Broise and Lafon 2001, 89-90 figs 142-143.

22 Lafon 1991, 102-114 figs 5. 10, 13-15; Broise and Lafon2001, 79-91 fig. 129, 132, 136-140, 289, 292-295; Trümper2010, 535 figs 8-9.

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23 Russo Tagliente 1992, 173-81 fig. 106, 269-70; Trümper2010, 537-38 figs. 16-17.

24 An excellent comparison for inclined short sides is pro-vided by the built bathtub in the Villa of Ciampino; seesupra n. 21. For a communal immersion pool with twoadjacent inclined walls, cf. the pool in the female sec-tion of the Baths at Fregellae (second phase): its backwall is slightly curved, whereas the short wall next tothe praefurnium seems to have a straight incline; seeTsiolis in this volume, fig. 9. While the south wall of thebathtub in Monte Iato seems to have had a straightincline from bottom to top, the west wall is not suffi-ciently excavated in order to assess the nature of itsincline (with or without curve).

25 Inv. no V 2895; Reusser et al. 2011, 85 pl. 18, 4.26 Inv. V 2896; Reusser et al. 2011, 85-86 pl. 18, 5.27 Reusser et al. 2011, 86. Particularly remarkable is the lip

fragment of a core-formed alabastron with thread deco-ration that dates to the late Hellenistic or early Imperialperiod. Inv. no G 1279 (Reusser et al. 2011, 86 pl. 18, 6).

28 For the date of the destruction or rather abandonmentof Peristyle House 2 in the years shortly after 40 CE, seemost recently Reusser et al. 2010, 122; Reusser et al.2011, 86-87 n. 106. The conclusive dating finds recov-ered so far suggest that the eastern and western sec-tions were abandoned at the same time. The range ofterra sigillata finds accords with that from PeristyleHouse 1; see Hedinger 1999.

29 For the date of the abandonment of the older residen-tial structures to the west of Peristyle House 2, seeReusser et al. 2010, 128-129; Russenberger 2010; Reusseret al. 2011, 93-94.

30 For dating the embankment fill, see Reusser et al. 2010,123-125; Reusser et al. 2011, 88. It must be emphasized,however, that dating evidence is preliminary so far and,above all, not necessarily conclusive for the eastern sec-tion of the house. Stratigraphic investigations of founda-tion trenches or floor fills have not yet been carried out.

31 Furthermore, the white stucco on the south wall ofroom 19 covers the blocked passageway betweenrooms 18 and 19 and thus was most likely appliedwhen the bathtub was constructed.

32 Dalcher 1994, 35-39.33 Isler 2004a, 81-82 pl. 11, 2; 2004b, 26-27 figs 58-60. For

the other rooms of this bath suite, see Isler 2000, 92-93fig. 29 pl. 18; 2001, 261-64 figs 3-6; Bürge 2001.

34 See also supra n. 18.35 It can be assumed that, before the destruction of the

house, the gap in the pavement housed a terracottabathtub. This does not, however, exclude the existenceof an earlier built bathtub which may have corre-sponded to the older heating system.

36 DeLaine 1989; Broise 1994; Lucore 2009a; in this vol-ume; Trümper 2009, esp. 142-143, 151-154, 168 tables 6-7. See also Hoffmann 1999, 79-82; Fagan 2001, 414-417.Hoffmann and Fagan assume that the large pools withhypocaust systems did not serve for communal immer-sion baths, but only for heating water that was usedelsewhere; against this, however, Lucore 2009a; in thisvolume; Trümper 2009, 142-143.

37 See Iannelli 2010; Iannelli and Cuteri in this volume.38 For the location of bathing facilities in Hellenistic

houses at the intersection of the refined reception areaand the service section, see Trümper 2010, 538-540, 544.

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adaM-Veleni, POlYXeni director, archaeological Museum in thessaloniki pveleni@culture.gr

cuteri, FrancescO a. Professor of Medieval archaeology, Mediterrane-francesco.cuteri@libero.it an university of reggio calabria

di nicuOlO, carMelO archaeologist and Phd candidate, italian school ofcarmelo.dinicuolo@beniculturali.it archaeology at athens

FleMMing, rebecca university senior lecturer in ancient history andref33@cam.ac.uk Fellow of Jesus college, university of cambridge

FOurnet, thibaud architect and researcher ir2 cnrs; director Frenchthibaud.fournet@gmail.com institute of the near east, amman

grecO, eManuele director, italian school of archaeology at athensdirettore@scuoladiatene.it

grecO, giOVanna Professor, scuola di specializzazione in archeolo-giogreco@unina.it gia, university of naples

iannelli, Maria teresa director of archaeology, soprintendenza per iiannellis@libero.it beni archeologici della calabria

lucOre, sandra k. independent scholar, Ph.d. from bryn Mawr col-sandra_lucore@yahoo.com lege

naPOlitani, Pier daniele Professor, department of Mathematics, university,napolita@dm.unipi.it of Pisa

redOn, bérangère scientific Member of the French institute of Orien-berangere.redon@gmail.com tal archaeology, cairo

röMer, cOrnelia Professor, german archaeological institute, cairocorneliaromer@rocketmail.com

russenberger, christian researcher and lecturer, archaeological insti-russenberger@archinst.uzh.ch tute, university of Zurich

sabbiOne, claudiO independent scholar, formerly director, nationalc.sabbione@virgilio.it archaeological Museum of locri

saitO, ken Professor, school of humanities and social sciences,ken.saito@hs.osakafu-u.ac.jp Osaka Prefecture university

stähli, adrian Professor, department of classics, harvard uni-staehli@fas.harvard.edu versity

trüMPer, MOnika associate Professor, department of classics, uni-truemper@email.unc.edu versity of north carolina at chapel hill

list of contributors

350

tsiOlis, Vassilis Professor, department of history, university oftsiolis@uclm.es castilla-la Mancha

Vitti, PaOlO architect and researcher, italian school of archae-pauvitti@gmail.com ology at athens

Yegül, Fikret Professor, department of history of art and archi-fyegul@gmail.com tecture, university of california santa barbara