A History of Storm Surges

Storm Surge Disasters – The Current Situation

1. Since 2004: six storm surges and six tsunamis

2. Storm surges more frequent than tsunamis

3. Coastal residents are not well protected or informed about

evacuation

4. Storm surge damage depends on geographical and social conditions

Recent Storm Surge Field Surveys (Professor Shibayama)

* (Construction of Cyclone Shelters (1970: 400,000, 1991: 140,000))

** 2.5 - 3.0m in Manhattan. Around 4.0m in Staten Island.

Year Disaster Location Deaths

2005 Hurricane Katrina USA 1,200

2007 Cyclone Sidr Bangladesh *5,100

2008 Cyclone Nargis (unpredicted)

Myanmar 138,000

2012 Hurricane Sandy USA **170

(USA 80)

2013 Typhoon Yolanda Philippines 7,300

A Selected History of Storm Surge Disasters

* (In Bangladesh: 1970: 400,000, 1991: 140,000, 2007: 5,100)

Year Location Deaths

1917 - Tokyo bay 1,127

1953 The Netherlands 6,000

1959 - Ise bay Typhoon 4,697

1999 Shiranui, Kumamoto 12

2005 Hurricane Katrina 1,200

2007 Cyclone Sidr* 5,100

2008 Cyclone Nargis 138,000

2012 Hurricane Sandy 170

2013 Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) 7,300

Components of a Storm Surge

- 8.0

- 0.0

- 4.0

- -4.0

- -8.0

Tsunami Height (m)

Max : 3.3m

Min : -6.0m

Fault

<Tsunami> <Storm Surge>

Typhoon,

Hurricane,

Cyclone

Fig .Hurricane Katrina (2005) Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in 2013

Tsunami and Storm Surge Comparison

(1) Wave (Run-up)

(3) Pressure Surge

(4) Tide

Components of a Storm Surge

2. Wind Driven Surge with Wave

Typhoon, Cyclone, Hurricane

Wind

Coast levee or Dike

(2) Wind Driven Surge

Run-up height

Inundation height

Predicted Tide Level without a Storm Surge

Inundation depth

Storm Surge Inundation Height, Depth and Run-up Height

Storm Surge Yolanda

Field Survey: Storm Surge Yolanda (Haiyan) – Dec, 2013

Waseda University Group:

Prof. Shibayama (Team Leader)

Dr. Mikami, Mr. Oyama, Mr. Nakamura

Prof. Matsumaru [Toyo University]

Dr. Takagi [Tokyo Institute Technology]

Dr. Esteban [The University of Tokyo]

Dr. Thao [Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology]

De La Salle University:

Dr. de Leon

University of the Philippines:

Mr. Valenzuela

Storm Surge Yolanda: About Typhoon Yolanda

Time of Generation: 2013-11-04 00:00 UTC

Time of Disappearance: 2013-11-11 06:00 UTC

Minimum Pressure: 895 hPa

Maximum Wind Speed: 64.3 m/s

Victims: 6300

Unknowns: 1061

Track Data: Japan Meteorological Agency website [http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/besttrack.html]

Topography: The GEBCO Digital Atlas published by the British Oceanographic Data Centre on behalf of IOC and IHO, 2003

Cebu island

Samar island

Leyte island

Storm Surge Yolanda: Topography of the Disaster Area


Palo

Tacloban City

Tanauan Tolosa

Dulag

Abuyog

Javier

MacArthur

Santa Rita

Basey

Marabut

Lawaan

Balangiga

Giporlos

Quinapondan

General MacArthur

Hernani

Salcedo

Mercedes

Guiuan

Mayorga

Storm Surge Yolanda: Leyte and Samar Islands, Philippines

Leyte Bay Outer Ocean

Storm Surge Yolanda: Cities and Municipality Dead and Missing

Province City/Municipality Population Dead Missing %

Leyte Tacloban City 221,174 2,524 594 1.41 %

Palo 62,727 1,089 292 2.20 %

Tanauan 50,119 1,252 754 4.00 %

Samar Basey 50,423 194 38 0.46 %

Eastern

Samar Guiuan 47,037 106 16 0.26 %

Hernani 8,070 72 4 0.94 %

1

2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9

a

b

c

d e

f

g

Leyte

Samar

Measured storm surge height (m)

Storm Surge Yolanda: Measured Storm Surge Height

Shibayama et al., 2014

Storm Surge Yolanda: Distribution of Storm Surge Height


Storm Surge Yolanda: Survey Points

1

2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9

a

b

c

d e

f

g

Leyte

Samar

Measured storm surge height (m)

Shibayama et al., 2014

Surge height：4.31m (350m from the shoreline)

Storm Surge Yolanda: Survey Results – Alejandro Hotel, Tacloban City

YouTube stills courtesy of Mr. Josh Morgerman, iCyclone [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wrgrJwYdy8]

The family watch themselves on YouTube after

the field survey team located them in the Philippines.

Flood height：6.10m (100m from

the shoreline)

Empty oil tanks are transported

150m inland

Storm Surge Yolanda: Survey Results – Edible Oil Mfg., Tanauan

Leyte

Samar

2012/02/23

2013/11/10

Map Data: Google Earth, Image © Digital Globe 2016


Flood height：6.10m (100m from

the shoreline)

Empty oil tanks are transported

150m inland

Storm Surge Yolanda: Survey Results – Edible Oil Mfg., Tanauan

Leyte

Samar



2012/02/23

2013/11/10

Storm Surge Simulation Model

Storm Surge Simulation

Typhoon Simulation

SWAN (Booji et al., 1999)

WXtide (Flater, 1998)

TC-Bogus (Hsiao et al., 2010)

WRF (Skamarock et al, 2008)

FVCOM (Chen et al., 2003)

Result of Storm Surge

Weather Research

and Forecasting

1&2

1. Wind velocity

2. Atmospheric pressure

1

Unstructured Grid, Finite Volume Community

Ocean Model

Third-generation wave model for coastal regions

Storm Surge Yolanda: Typhoon Yolanda Simulation

Animation created using Vapor [www.vapor.ucar.edu]

Storm Surge Simulation

a

b

c

d e

f

g

Comparison of model results and measured values

Storm Surge Yolanda: Simulation Model Results for Tacloban, Leyte Island

Observation points near Tacloban

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0:0

0

2:0

0

4:0

0

6:0

0

8:0

0

10

:00

12

:00

14

:00

16

:00

18

:00

20

:00

22

:00

0:0

0

2:0

0

4:0

0

6:0

0

8:0

0

10

:00

12

:00

14

:00

16

:00

18

:00

20

:00

22

:00

0:0

0

Tacloban Water Level (m, PHT)

FVCOM+Xtide+setup (m)

@Tacloban City Hall

実測値 (PAGASA提供,m)

実測痕跡高（m）

11/7 11/8 11/9

Measured by a tide gauge (PAGASA, m) Data from water marks (Shibayama et al., 2014)

Storm Surge Yolanda: Simulation Model and Water Marks Comparison

Su

rge

He

igh

t (m

) Comparison of water mark height and simulation calculations in Leyte Bay

Nakamura et al., 2015

Simulated (m)

Measured (m)

Simulated (m)

Measured (m)

Storm Surge Yolanda: Field Survey Summary

1. Leyte Gulf: >5m (max: 7m in Tacloban)

2. Severe damage where surge heights were >3 m

3. Rapid change of the wind direction resulted in high water levels.

Water levels first lowered then rapidly increased.

4. Local residents understanding and awareness was low. Need for

evacuation not understood.

Storm Surge Katrina

Field Survey: Storm Surge Katrina – Nov. 28-Dec. 2, 2005

Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) Team:


Prof. Yasuda, Prof. Kojima, Dr. Tajima, Dr. Kato, Dr. Nobuoka, Dr. Yasuda,

Mr. Tamagawa

Storm Surge Katrina: The Route of Hurricane Katrina

30

Storm Surge Katrina: The Katrina Track

New Orleans

Katrina Track

Gulf Shores

Mobile

Biloxi Waveland

Storm Surge Katrina: Damage Caused by Waves in Gulf Port

250m from the coastline damage was remarkable

5.80m 9.58m

94.90m

Gulf Coast

106.60m

472.92m

4.20m 9.16m

0.60m

0.025m

233.70m

B-1 B-2 B-4

B-3 239.22m

About 250m

Gulf Port

Storm Surge Katrina: Facts from Live Video in Waveland

• The storm surge came to Waveland at 9:40 a.m.

• After 20 minutes the water level raised to roof height.

• At 13:30, the water level was less than 1m inside.

• At 15:15, no water was inside, but outside the water level was at car

door height.

• At 16:00, the water had totally receded.

• The storm surge lasted 5-6 hours.

• The major disaster occurred in the first 3 hours.

Storm Surge Katrina: Storm Surge Activity

• Storm surge like a flood accompanied with small waves

• Disaster depended on flow level and flow velocity

Police Station

Fire Station

City Government Office

Location of the house where the video was recorded

Flood direction

10 km

2 – 4 m

4 – 6 m

6 – 8 m

Ground Level (m)

© OpenStreetMap contributors

< 2 m

A A

B

Storm Surge Katrina: Survey Points – Ground Level Difference in Biloxi

Storm Surge Katrina: Survey Points – Aerial View in Biloxi

A B

Ground level differs by 1m

Photo: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [http://www.noaa.gov/]

Storm Surge Katrina: Local Differences in Damage – Map

Wave & Wind

Y

Ocean Springs

Biloxi

Deer Island

X

Y

Storm Surge Katrina: Local Differences in Damage – Aerial View in Biloxi

X

Photos: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [http://www.noaa.gov/]

Storm Surge Katrina: Local Differences in Damage – Ground Level

X

Y

Photos: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [http://www.noaa.gov/]

1. Count the number of houses in each section

2. Estimate the number of houses washed out from the foundation

3. Compute the percentage of fully damaged

4. The rate is high outside of the bay area

Storm Surge Katrina: Spatial Distribution of Damages

Photo: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [http://www.noaa.gov/]

Storm Surge Katrina: Field Survey Summary

1. The disaster site was comparable to south Sri Lanka/Banda Ache after

the Indian Ocean tsunami

2. High momentum water came suddenly causing damage

3. Wind waves caused more damage than water inundation

4. Differences with Japanese disasters:

How land is used / population density in coastal areas

Central and local government policy is different. Local government

is uniform

Storm Surge Sidr

Field Survey: Storm Surge Sidr – 26-28 Dec, 2007

Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) Team:

Prof. Shibayama (Team Leader), Dr. Tajima, Dr. Kakinuma, Dr. Nobuoka,

Dr. Yasuda

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Dr. Ahsan, Dr. Rahman, Dr. Islam

Elev. (m) 0 - 3

> 300 75 - 300 30 - 75 10 - 30 3 - 10

1115 12:00

1115 18:00

1116 0:00

Chittagong

Burguna

Barisal

Dahka

Bagerhat

Patakuhali Bhola

Kuakata

Storm Surge Sidr: Topography of Bangladesh and Route of Cyclone Sidr

Data: JTWC best track [http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/] Topography: The GEBCO Digital Atlas published by the British Oceanographic Data Centre on behalf of IOC and IHO, 2003

Storm Surge Sidr: Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge Distribution

Tasnim et al., 2014

Dates

Dec 26 Dec 27 Dec 28

2.9m

3.6m

6.2m

6.6m 3.5m

3.4m

3.9m

6.8m

8.2m

5.6m 9.6m

4.2m

4.7m

Storm Surge Sidr: Survey Routes

Storm Surge Sidr: Storm Surge Height from Baleshwar River

Distance from River

Height from river surface (height from the ground)

Storm Surge Sidr: Cyclone Shelter

Storm Surge Sidr: Evacuation Shelter

Storm Surge Sidr: View of River from Cyclone Shelter

Storm Surge Sidr: Observations from the Cyclone Shelter

1. The first wave reached the river bank

2. The second wave flooded over the bank

3. The third (bore-like) wave reached the shelter

3.8m

0.59m

Dates

Dec 26 Dec 27 Dec 28

2.9m

3.6m

6.2m

6.6m 3.5m

3.4m

3.9m

6.8m

8.2m

5.6m 9.6m

4.2m

4.7m

Storm Surge Sidr: Survey Routes

West Kuakata Kuakata

Alipur

90m

Hajipur

330m

9.6 m

6.5 m

2.2 m 2.3 m

5.6 m

4.7 m

Storm Surge Sidr: Surge Heights in Kuakata

Map Data Google Earth, Image © 2016 CNES/Astrium, Image © 2016 TerraMetrics, Image © 2016 DigitalGlobe

690m

Artificial Embankment (Coastal Dike)

Washed out sand dune A (~8000m3)

Front-line of sand dune with vegetation

tall pine trees

Pine trees were washed away with sand dune B

shoreline

No inundation

sandy beach

Storm Surge Sidr: Survey Points in Kuakata

137m

Shelter

Fisherman’s house

Kiosk was blown away (~55m)

Shoreline

Coastal Dike M.S.L.+5m

Storm Surge Sidr: Measured Points in West Kuakata

The coastal side was eroded but the top was intact

Storm Surge Sidr: Coastal Dike Erosion in West Kuakata (Facing West)

Storm Surge Sidr: Field Survey Summary

1. Eroded embankments along the river were not effective

2. Dikes along the coast significantly reduced damage

3. Many people witnessed bore-like waves. Counter measures should

account for these type of waves.

4. Shelters saved a significant number of lives

5. The number of shelters should be increased

Storm Surge Nargis

Field Survey: Storm Surge Nargis – 11-15 May, 2008

Members


Dr. Takagi, Ms. Ngun Hnu

[in cooperation with the Irrigation Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (Myanmar)]

Map Data Google Earth, Image © 2015 TerraMetrics, Image Landsat, Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO

Storm Surge Nargis: Previous Disasters in Bangladesh and Myanmar

• Caution, Warning System

• Information Network

• Disaster Education

Reason for Decrease

Bangladesh

Myanmar

Nargis May, 2008 4 138,000 ≥2,000,000

• Construction of Cyclone Shelters

Cyclone Year SSHS

Category Deaths &

Unknowns Total

Sufferers

Bola Nov, 1970 3 - 3 500,000 3,648,000

1991 Cyclone

Apr, 1991 5 138,868 15,000,000

SIDR Nov, 2007 4 5,100 8,923,259

Storm Surge Nargis: Cyclone Landings in Myanmar

Cyclone Date Deaths &

Unknowns Sufferers

Cyclone 196510 Oct. 23, 1965 100 500,000

Cyclone 196702 May 16, 1967 100 130,200

Cyclone 196712 Oct., 23, 1967 178 -

Cyclone 196801 May 10, 1968 1,070 90,000

Cyclone 197503 May 7, 1975 - -

Cyclone 198201 May 4, 1982 - -

Cyclone 199201 May 19, 1992 - -

Cyclone 199402 May 2, 1994 - -

Cyclone MALA April, 19, 2006 22 -

Cyclone NARGIS May 12, 2008 138,000 ≥2,000,000

Storm Surge Nargis: Previous Cyclone Routes (1945-1979)

1970-1979

Myanmar

Bangladesh

India

Myanmar

Bangladesh

India

1945-1959

Myanmar

Bangladesh

India

1960-1969

Track data: JTWC [http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/] & Chu et al., 2002

Storm Surge Nargis: Previous Cyclone Routes (1980-2007)

1980-1989 1990-1999

2000-2007

Myanmar

Bangladesh

India Myanmar

Bangladesh

India

Myanmar

Bangladesh

India

Track data: JTWC [http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/] & Chu et al., 2002

Storm Surge Nargis: Route of Cyclone Nargis

Limited cyclones in Myanmar compared to Bangladesh, (two per decade). 1) Nargis passed through the south coast of Myanmar 2) In the south coast of Myanmar, there is a continental shelf, like the shelf in Bangladesh. ⇒Both of these conditions caused a high storm surge.

Myanmar

Bangladesh

Anderman Sea

Data: Japan Meteorological Agency website [http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/besttrack.html]


Storm Surge Nargis: Route of Cyclone Nargis

Map Data Google Earth, Image © 2015 TerraMetrics, Image Landsat, Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO

Storm Surge Nargis: Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge Distribution

FVCOM simulation (wind and pressure surge) for Nargis

Tasnim and Shibayama (2014)

Storm Surge Nargis: Surge Height (Including Tidal Correction)

Inundation Height (before tidal correction)

Map Data Google Earth, Image © 2016 TerraMetrics, Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, Image Landsat

Storm Surge Nargis: Survey Point A: Ferry boat pier in Yangon

Testimony

Water level raised up to 1.2m above the bank

Boats were carried to the bank

Water level continued to be high for around 4 days

Map Data Google Earth, Image Landsat, Image © 2015 TerraMetrics

Storm Surge Nargis: Survey Point A – Water Height

12 May

14 May

Storm Surge Nargis: Survey Point G: Bago River, South Bank

Testimony

(43km from the river mouth)

The water level was almost at the maximum flood level

Boats were carried to the shore

High water continued for 4-5 hours

Nobody tried to cross the bridge during nor after the storm

Map Data Google Earth, Image © 2015 DigitalGlobe, Image © 2015 TerraMetrics, Image © 2015 CNES/Astrium

Storm Surge Nargis: Survey Point G – Water Height

4.33m

Storm Surge Nargis: Survey Point H: A House in Thilewa Port

Testimony

(27km from the river mouth)

The storm surge came through an irrigation channel, 25cm above the road surface

Residents evacuated to a temple

It took 18 hours for the water level to decrease

Map Data Google Earth, Image © 2015 DigitalGlobe, Image © 2015 TerraMetrics, Image © 2015 CNES/Astrium

Simulation

Nonlinear Long Wave Equation

(2 Levels Model)

Storm Surge Nargis: Storm Surge Calculation

Continuity Equation

Finite Difference Theme:

Leap-frog Method

Yangon

Yangon

Simulation: Shibayama et al., 2009 Topography: The GEBCO Digital Atlas published by the British Oceanographic Data Centre on behalf of IOC and IHO, 2003

Two Dimensional Flood Calculation

Nonlinear Long Wave Equation + Continuity Equation

Boundary

Yangon

6km

2.5km

Storm Surge Nargis: Calculation of Local Flood

Map Data Google Earth, Image © 2015 DigitalGlobe

Google Earth Spline Interpolation

Legend

Spline of yangon_point

<VALUE>

-2.053717852

-2.053717851 - 0

0 - 3

3.000000001 - 6

6.000000001 - 9

9.000000001 - 12

12.00000001 - 15

15.00000001 - 19

19.00000001 - 35

ASTER30m Mesh Data

Legend


<VALUE>

-2.053717852

-2.053717851 - 0

0 - 3

3.000000001 - 6

6.000000001 - 9

9.000000001 - 12

12.00000001 - 15

15.00000001 - 19

19.00000001 - 35

SRTM90m mesh data

Rivers are not shown

Buildings and trees are included as ground height

Storm Surge Nargis: Creating a Local Topography


Legend


<VALUE>

-2.053717852

-2.053717851 - 0

0 - 3

3.000000001 - 6

6.000000001 - 9

9.000000001 - 12

12.00000001 - 15

15.00000001 - 19

19.00000001 - 35

1 2 3

1

2 3

Nargis surge + Maximum Tide in a year

Storm Surge Nargis: Calculation of Results – Case 1

Data: Shibayama et al., 2009 Map Data: Google Earth, Image © 2015 DigitalGlobe

Tidal changes had a big impact

Floods occur more than once

The flood spreads over a wide area when the cyclone lands

The flood depth is around 3m

Shelters necessary

Storm Surge Nargis: The Effects of Tidal Changes

Hill area: No flood

Low Buildings

High Concentrated Areas: Concrete structures with more than 3 floors


Storm Surge Nargis: Field Survey Summary

• Surge level changed according to the location, (Max height: Yangon 2m).

• Nargis storm surge level same as rainy season floods. Residents knew

where to evacuate.

• Even with a low surge level, houses were destroyed due to high

momentum and wind waves.

• The storm surge traveled through major rivers, branch rivers and

irrigation channels, and flooded over land.

• Yangon flood simulations provide an image of high tide flooding during

a storm surge.

Storm Surge Sandy

Field Survey: Storm Surge Sandy – 9-12 Dec, 2012

Members Prof. Shibayama (Team Leader)

Dr. Esteban, Dr. Mikami

Route of Sandy

New York

Sandy

Storm Surge Sandy: Route of Hurricane Sandy

The route is different from 1938 and 2011

Sandy’s route is the cause of the surge in NYC

1938 2011

Data Source：National Hurricane Center (NHC), 2012 [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/LILI.shtml] Topography: The GEBCO Digital Atlas published by the British Oceanographic Data Centre on behalf of IOC and IHO, 2003

Storm Surge Sandy: Recorded Water Level in Battery

Recorded water level in Battery (South Manhattan)

The highest water level in Battery (from Mean Sea Level (MSL)):

Sandy：3.50 m, Irene：2.11 m

The time of the high tide and high surge agrees

NOAA, 2012 [http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/]

Storm Surge Sandy: Observation Points

Pier 11

South Street Seaport

M

M

M

M Rector St

Bowling Green

Whitehall St

South Ferry

Storm Surge Sandy: Aerial View of South Part of Manhattan

Map Data © 2015 Google

2.62m

2.51m

2.68m 2.65m

2.59m

2.69m

2.87m 2.61m

2.82m

2.96m

Wall St.

Storm Surge Sandy: Flooding in Downtown

South Manhattan

2.5~3m along Fulton St. and Wall St. (200~300m from the shoreline)

No major damage to buildings

Pumping water from underground


Storm Surge Sandy: Water Intrusion into Subways

South Manhattan

Water Intrusion from three stations,

South Ferry, Whitehall St. and Rector St.

No storm surge barriers along the coastline

© OpenStreetMap contributors

Surge Height 2.57m

Substation Surge Height：1.32m

Storm Surge Sandy: Flood in Transformer Substation

Southeast Manhattan

The water depth in the substation was almost 1m. Flooded water intruded into the basement.

Surge Height 0.96m


Storm Surge Sandy: Flood in Staten Island

Storm surge height was almost 4m

New Dorp：4.03 m, 3.44 m, Prince’s Bay：4.22 m

Velocity of flooded water was high. Buildings were destroyed and local scour occurred

New Dorp (local scour)

Prince’s Bay (building destruction)

Map Data Google Earth, Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO

Let me remind you that during Hurricane Irene, these areas were put under a mandatory evacuation order. (Oct. 26, Mayor Bloomberg)

The MTA last suspended service during Tropical Storm Irene in August 2011, when it successfully helped people get to safety before the storm. (Oct. 26, mta.info)

Storm Surge Sandy: New York City Government Emergency Management

New York City Government

Zone A (low land areas) evacuation of residents

Suspension of subway and bus systems (one day before landing)

Experience of Hurricane Irene, 2011

Map based on NYC Emergency Management (2012): NYC Hazards: Hurricane Evacuation Zones

Zone A-C ⇒ Zone 1-6 Include an additional 600,000 New

Yorkers

Zone 1 370,000 Zone 1+2 620,000 Zone 1+2+3 1,020,000 Zone 1+2+3+4 1,470,000 Zone 1+2+3+4+5 2,230,000 Zone 1+2+3+4+5+6 2,990,000

Storm Surge Sandy: Updated Hurricane Evacuation Zones (June 2013)

Map based on NYC.GOV (2013) : [http://www.nyc.gov/html/oem/downloads/pdf/hurricane_map_english.pdf].

High risk

Low risk

Storm Surge Sandy: Field Survey Summary—Lessons for Tokyo

1. Storm Surge in high density urban area

2. Protecting underground spaces (subways, basements, underground

shopping) is very important both for New York City and Tokyo

3. New York's main countermeasure is evacuation

4. Tokyo’s main countermeasure is hardware (e.g. storm surge barrier)

5. Tokyo should have an evacuation plan like New York

Storm Surge in Nemuro

Field Survey: Storm Surge in Nemuro

Members Prof. Shibayama (Team Leader)

Dr. Mikami, Mr. Nakamura, Mr. Matsuba, Mr. Iwamoto, Mr. Maell, Ms. Jin,

Mr. Tatekoji and Mr. Tanokura

Storm Surge in Nemuro: Low Pressure, Rapid Development in Nemuro City

Many photographs were shared on social network services showing floods in the city due to the storm surge.

Map Data Google Earth, Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, Image © 2015 DigitalGlobe

12:00 JST 16th Dec. 2014

H

L

H H

L

L L

Figure 1: Weather charts from Dec. 16, 12:00 to Dec 17, 12:00. (JMA, 2014).

Figure 2: Weather chart on Dec 17, 6:00 am. (JMA, 2014).

Storm Surge in Nemuro: Weather Chart

Storm Surge in Nemuro: Storm Surge Height

2.16m

2.82m

Max. height in Nemuro city: 2.16 m

Max. height in Nemuro port: 2.82 m

Gradual down slope from the shore to the city center

Very shallow area inside of the port


Wind Velocity

Surge Height

Wind Velocity

Surge Height

Storm Surge in Nemuro: Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge Distribution

Surge Height and Wind Field (a) 17 Dec, 06:00, (b) 17 Dec, 09:00

Nakamura et al., 2015

Storm Surge in Nemuro: Field Survey Summary

1. The maximum surge height in Nemuro was 2.8m

2. Caused by a bomb low pressure system

3. Wind blowing from the east caused the water level to rise

4. Then wind from the north caused the water to surge inland

5. The location of Nemuro is susceptible to the effects of winds caused

by a bomb low pressure system

A History of Storm Surges - edX

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