A CAD APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE UNDERGROUND MINE ...

A CAD APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE

UNDERGROUND MINE DESIGN ANC PLANNING;

A Thesis Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology

Ohio University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements f o r the Degree

blaster of Science

Chaluvadi K. Sridhar C

J u n e 1 9 8 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o

P r o f e s s o r P . K . C h a t t e r j e e f o r h i s v a l u a b l e g u i d a n c e and

c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t ic i sms .

The a u t h o r i s g r a t e f u l t o P r o f e s s o r D. E . Scheck

f o r h i s s u g g e s t i o n s a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t . The a u t h o r a l s o

w i s h e s t o t h a n k D r . Jay G u n a s e k a r a f o r h a v i n g c o n s e n t e d

t o s i t i n t h e d e f e n s e c o m m i t t e e .

TABLE O F CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE

L i s t o f f i g u r e s

INTRODUCTION

S t a t e m e n t o f t h e Problem

O b j e c t i v e s

Approach

S i g n i f i c a n c e

LITERATURE REVIEW

DESCRIPTION OF THE PACKAGE

I n t r o d u c t i o n

Design C r i t e r i a

Implementa t ion of t h e Design C r i t e r i a

Firmware r o u t i n e s of t h e TEKTRONIX 4107 t e r m i n a l

ANSI S c r e e n e d i t i n g

Developing t h e Algor i thm f o r t h e Room and P i l l a r d e s i g n

Developing t h e Algor i thm f o r Longwall and development d e s i g n

PAGE

iii

3 . 3 . 5 Developing t h e a l g o r i t h m f o r r e t r i e v i n g t h e q u a l i t y i n f o r m a t i o n

3.3.6 Developing t h e a l g o r i t h m f o r s c h e d u l i n g and s i m u l a t i n g d e s i g n e d room and p i l l a r , l o n g w a l l and development sect i o n s 2 2

3 .3 .7 Developing t h e i n t e r f a c e f o r p l o t t i n g t h e g r a p h i c s 2 5

3 .3 .8 Developing t h e module f o r d i r e c t o r y i n f o r m a t i o n 26

3 . 3 . 9 Developing t h e module f o r d i s p l a y i n g t h e room and p i 1 l a r p a r a m e t e r window 26

3.3.10 Developing t h e module f o r o v e r l a y s o f g r i d and i s o p a c h s 2 7

3 .3 .11 Developing t h e module f o r g u a r d i n g t h e program a g a i n s t wrong i n p u t s

APPLICATION

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

ii

LIST OF FIGURES

TITLE FIGURE PAGE

Underground Mine P l a n n i n g Sys tem

T h r e e S t a g e s o f P l a n n i n g

Sample o f a O p t i o n S c r e e n Menu

Sample o f a Des ign P a r a m e t e r I n p u t S c r e e n

Room a n d P i l l a r D e s i g n P a r a m e t e r Window

User s p e c i f i e d g r i d

Layout P l o t

Room and P i l l a r D e s i g n w i t h C o n s t a n t Dimens ions

Room a n d P i l l a r D e s i g n w i t h V a r y i n g Dimens i o n s

Room and P i l l a r Des ign w i t h Changed P i l l a r s

Room a n d P i l l a r D e s i g n i n a n i r r e g u l a r a r e a

Longwall Des ign I

Longwall Des ign I1

Longwall D e s i g n I11

Longwall D e s i g n i n a n i r r e g u l a r a r e a

Comple te Underground Mine P l a n

T o t a l S i m u l a t i o n o f Four S e c t i o n s

Simulation Results with a Specified Target Date

C h a p t e r I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 S t a t e m e n t -- o f t h e p r o b l e m

The p l a n n i n g o f a n unde rg round c o a l mine r e q u i r e s

a complex b l e n d o f t e c h n i c a l e x p e r t i s e , e x p e r i e n c e and

s u b j e c t i v e d e s i g n c r i t e r i a implemented by t h e min ing

e n g i n e e r . C u r r e n t l y t h e p r o c e d u r e i s l a r g e l y manual and

r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s o u r c e s t o g e n e r a t e a s i n g l e mine

p l a n . O f t e n t h r e e o r f o u r p e o p l e a r e a s s i g n e d t o work i n

t h e deve lopment o f a s i n g l e d r a f t l a y o u t . E v a l u a t i o n o f

t h e l a y o u t s i s a l s o t e d i o u s a s it r e q u i r e s many

r e p e t i t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n s . The e v a l u a t i o n of l a y o u t s

deve loped m a n u a l l y g e n e r a l l y a t t e m p t t o d e r i v e a s i n g l e

e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e s o l u t i o n . O p e r a t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s

i n undergraund c o a l min ing s u c h a s manpower, t i m e ,

equ ipmen t , e tc , d o n o t a l l o w t h e g e n e r a t i o n of more t h a n

one a l t e r n a t i v e l a y o u t . A s a r e s u l t , t h e f i r s t p l a n i s

g e n e r a l l y t h e o n l y o n e c o n s i d e r e d .

A l though r e c e n t a d v a n c e s i n compute r g r a p h i c s h a v e

p r o v i d e d t h e ha rdware n e c e s s a r y f o r d e v e l o p i n g and

e v a l u a t i n g mine p l a n s r a p i d l y , s o f t w a r e t h a t w i l l a 1 low

t h e mining e n g i n e e r t o make u s e o f t h e new t e c h n o l o g y i s

s l o w i n d e v e l o p i n g . The n e e d f o r s u c h s o f t w a r e p a c k a g e s

h a s been r e c o g n i z e d and acknowledged . ~t s e v e r a l

s e s s i o n s i n r e c e n t c o n f e r e n c e s o n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s of

compute r s i n t h e m i n i n g i n d u s t r y , t h e u s e s a n d b e n e f i t s

o f c o m p u t e r - a i d e d mine p l a n n i n g were d i s c u s s e d . However

t h e r e were few p a p e r s p r e s e n t e d t h a t r e f e r r e d t o a c t u a l

a p p l i c a t i o n s o f i n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c s t o unde rg round mine

p l a n n i n g .

The e m p h a s i s of t h i s s t u d y i s t o w a r d s t h e

deve lopment o f a c o m p l e t e l y i n t e g r a t e d compute r - a ided

unde rg round mine p l a n n i n g package t h a t i n t e g r a t e s

g e o l o g i c a l model l i n g , e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n and p l a n n i n g

s t r a t e g i e s w i t h i n t e r a c t i v e o n - s c r e e n g r a p h i c s

c a p a b i l i t i e s .

1 . 2 O b j e c t i v e s

The o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e o f t h e r e s e a r c h e f f o r t w a s

t o d e v e l o p a n i n t e g r a t e d c o m p u t e r - a i d e d u n d e r g r o u n d c o a l

mine d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e t h a t w i l l h e l p maximize c o a l

r e c o v e r y a t g r e a t l y r e d u c e d c o s t s . T h i s p r o c e d u r e would

a i d t h e m i n i n g e n g i n e e r t o d e v e l o p a t o t a l mine p l a n f rom

t h e c o n c e p t u a l d e s i g n s t a g e , t h e a n a l y s i s o f b o r e h o l e

d a t a , and t h e d r a f t i n g o f a l a y o u t t o t h e f i n a l working

mine p l a n , mine s c h e d u l e , s i m u l a t i o n a n d c o s t e v a l u a t i o n .

F i g u r e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s

p l a n n i n g a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e p r o p o s e d p a c k a g e .

T h e r e a r e t h r e e d i s t i n c t s t a g e s i n t h e mine

p l a n n i n g p r o c e d u r e a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g u r e 2 . Programs

f o r t h e f i r s t and t h e s e c o n d s t a g e , i . e . , g e o s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a l y s e s and r e s e r v e e s t i m a t i o n and d e s i g n i n g a mine

l a y o u t , a r e a l r e a d y a v a i l a b l e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a im o f

t h i s e f f o r t w a s d i r e c t e d t o t h e s e c o n d and t h i r d s t a g e s ,

i . e . room and p i l l a r s e c t i o n , d e s i g n i n g l o n g w a l l

s e c t i o n s and s i m u l a t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n e d s e c t i o n s w i t h t h e

g e o s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a b a s e .

The main f e a t u r e o f t h i s s u i t e o f p rograms i s t h e

i n t e r a c t i v e d e s i g n and d r a f t i n g p r o c e d u r e which a l l o w s

c o n t i n u o u s u p d a t i n g and r e f i n e m e n t o f t h e mine p l a n a s i t

i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d . The u s e r i s a b l e t o d e s i g n a l a y o u t

and t o p e r f o r m a d e t e r m i n i s t i c s i m u l a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e

t h e p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s o f d i f f e r e n t e x t r a c t i o n s t r a t e g i e s .

The d e s i g n l a y o u t i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a l o n g w a l l

and room and p i l l a r s i m u l a t i o n package t h a t makes u s e o f

b o r e h o l e d a t a and o t h e r c o a l sample and d r i l l i n g

i n f o r m a t i o n t o e v a l u a t e t h e l a y o u t . The economic

e v a l u a t i o n s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t l a y o u t s g i v e n by t h e

s i m u l a t i o n a r e u s e d t o se lec t t h e optimum l a y o u t .

i

UNMRGROUND MINE DRAFTING B PLANNING

DEFINE GRID

CHOOSE INPUT METHOO I. DATAFILE ( FOR RETRLVMI 2. JOYSTICK ( FOR NEW INPUT) u

ROOM B PILLAR PLANNING F- I

L W a DEVELOPMENT SIMULATION

REGRESSION VARIOGRAM

I ' ISOPACHS OF ASH. SULFUR. BTU. THICKNESS etC.

I SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR DOORS. FANS. St1AFTS. r FIR€ HYDRANT elc.

I

TABLE OUTPUT OF SIMULATION BY YEAR ALSO BY TARGET TIME J TONS t ALSO BY TARGET TONS1

PANELS AREA PROPERTY

I

BELT SIMULATION &

F i g . 1 U n d e r g r o u n d m i n e p l a n n i n g system

F i g . 2 T h r e e s t a g e s of p l a n n l n g

1 STAGE 1 GEUSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS &

RESERVE ESTI~YIIATIO~.~ L

I ';TP,GE 2 DESIGt-I LAYOVT &

SI h1U LAT IfJI'?

STAGE 3

f

I EJTEGRAT I(,lId OF GEQSTATI STICAL AfJD IltIII..IE

FtLAIIIN IPIG FRCGRAlX

1 . 3 Approach

The mine p l a n n i n g p rog rams were d e v e l o p e d on a

Micro-Vax I and a T e k t r o n i x 4107 c o l o r g r a p h i c s t e r m i n a l .

The programs were d e v e l o p e d i n t h r e e p h a s e s .

P h a s e 1:

Development -- o f - t h e T e k t r o n i x f i r m w a r e r o u t i n e s

The T e k t r o n i x c o l o r g r a p h i c s t e r m i n a l h a s t h e

c a p a b i l i t y o f Computer Aided D e s i g n ( C A D ) w o r k s t a t i o n .

The t e r m i n a l h a s a l a r g e number o f f i r m w a r e r o u t i n e s i n

i t s ROM, which a r e c a p a b l e o f c r e a t i n g windows, o v e r l a y s ,

s e g m e n t s , s t o r i n g images f o r m a n i p u l a t i o n s , e t c . . . A l l

t h e s e r o u t i n e s c a n b e a c c e s s e d t h r o u g h FORTRAN program

c a l l s t h r o u g h Escape s e q u e n c e s f rom t h e h o s t c o m p u t e r .

S i n c e , t h e mine p l a n n i n g package u s e s a l a r g e r number of

t h e s e f e a t u r e s , t h e e f f o r t i n t h e f i r s t p h a s e was

c o n c e n t r a t e d t o d e v e l o p t h e s e f i r m w a r e r o u t i n e s .

Phase 2 :

Development -- o f Mine p l a n n i n g Proqrams

I n t h i s p h a s e t h e p rog rams f o r d e s i g n i n g room and

p i l l a r s e c t i o n s , Longwall s e c t i o n s , s i m u l a t i o n and

s c h e d u l i n g 05 d e s i g n e d s e c t i o n s , c r e a t i o n of windows f o r

d i s p l a y i n g d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s , i n t e r f a c i n g t h e mine p l a n s

w i t h t h e g e o l o g i c a l d a t a b a s e , c r e a t i n g u s e r g r i d s and

o v e r l a y s were d e v e l o p e d . A l l t h e programs were d e v e l o p e d

w i t h e x t e n s i v e g r a p h i c c a p a b i l i t i e s .

Phase 3:

Development -- o f HELP program

VAX h e l p f a c i l i t i e s were used t o c r e a t e e x t e n s i v e

h e l p menus f o r t h e u s e r . The HELP menus were d e s i g n e d i n

two d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s , t h e t o p l e v e l c o n t a i n i n g t h e main

o p t i o n s of t h e mine p l a n n i n g s o f t w a r e and t h e second

l e v e l c o n t a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e v a r i o u s d e s i g n

p a r a m e t e r s .

1 . 4 S i g n i f i c a n c e

Computer-aided mine p l a n n i n g c a n au tomate many o f

t h e manual p r o c e d u r e s and c a l c u l a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n mine

p l a n n i n g t h u s a l l o w i n g many l a y o u t s and mining s t r a t e g i e s

t o be e v a l u a t e d and t h e optimum p l a n s e l e c t e d w i t h

c o n f i d e n c e . T h i s o p t i m i z i n g p l a n n i n g p r o c e d u r e a l s o

a l l o w s t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f mine pe r fo rmance c o n t i n u o u s l y

and c r i t i c a l l y , t h e r e b y h e l p i n g t o maximize r e t u r n on

i n v e s t m e n t .

CHAPTER 2

L i t e r a t u r e Review

Wr igh t ( 1 9 8 5 ) emphas ized t h e need f o r new

t e c h n o l o g y t o implement a t o t a l l y i n t e g r a t e d mine

p l a n n i n g p r o c e d u r e i n o p e r a t i n g mines . The a u t h o r

d i s c u s s e d t h e f e a t u r e s o f a u t o m a t e d mapping and computer -

a i d e d d e s i g n a s a p p l i e d t o mine mapping a n d s t a t e d t h a t

t h e c o n s t r a i n t i n u s i n g t h e s e h i g h l e v e l g r a p h i c s y s t e m s

i s t h e h i g h c o s t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e work s t a t i o n s

n e c e s s a r y t o implement them.

One of t h e e a r l i e s t e f f o r t s i n t h e a r e a of

compute r - a ided mine d e s i g n was r e p o r t e d by Hempenstal ,

J e f f e r y s and D a v i e s ( 1982 ) . The s t u d y was t h e

deve lopmen t o f a n unde rg round c o l l i e r y p l a n n i n g p a c k a g e .

The c o l l i e r y p l a n n i n g p r o c e d u r e s were d e v e l o p e d a s an

a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o m p u t e r i z e d seam d e p o s i t s and u s e r

o r i e n t e d mine p l a n n i n g s y s t e m (SUMPS). The package d i d

n o t i n c o r p o r a t e any g e o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e b o r e h o l e

i n f o r m a t i o n i n i t s l a y o u t d e s i g n and e v a l u a t i o n .

Deak ing , P u c k e t t and M a t t i , 1983 r e p o r t e d t h e

deve lopmen t of MINDRAFT which a l l o w e d p roposed mine

l a y o u t s and e x t e n s i o n s t o be g r a p h i c a l l y d i s p l a y e d .

B e n e f i t s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e of t h i s package

i n c l u d e d economy and s p e e d ( i n compar i son w i t h manual

m e t h o d s ) ; s e c t i o n s o f a mine p l a n c a n b e p r o d u c e d q u i c k l y

t o a n y s c a l e t h u s s a v i n g t h e r e s o u r c e s needed t o c r e a t e

them.

A c o a l mine s i m u l a t o r package t h a t u s e s a n

e f f e c t i v e v i d e o d i s p l a y w a s r e p o r t e d by Barczak ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

T h i s package d y n a m i c a l l y d i s p l a y e d t h e p r o g r e s s i o n of

e n t r i e s i n t o a room and p i 1 l a r s e c t i o n and t h e movement

and l o c a t i o n o f v a r i o u s e x t r a c t i o n e q u i p m e n t .

More r e c e n t l y , FRAPS ( F r i e n d l y Room and P i l l a r

S i m u l a t i o n ) w a s . d e v e l o p e d t o f a c i l i t a t e p l a n n i n g and

e v a l u a t e and improve p r o d u c t i v i t y and t h e movement and

l o c a t i o n of v a r i o u s e x t r a c t i o n equ ipmen t (Haycocks e t .

a l . , 1 9 8 4 ) .

K i m , Knudsen and B a a f i ( 1 9 8 0 ) r e p o r t e d a s h o r t

t e r m and l o n g t e r m c o a l mine p l a n n i n g p a c k a g e . The

r e p o r t emphas ized g r a p h i c p l o t s t o d e s i g n a t e room and

p i l l a r l o c a t i o n s a n d c u r r e n t and f u t u r e s a m p l i n g p o i n t s .

Ba rua and K i m ( 1 9 8 4 ) d i s c u s s e d a c o a l mine

p l a n n i n g p a c k a g e t h a t u t i l i z e d i n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c s . The

package makes u s e o f a s h o r t t e r m c o a l q u a l i t y p r e d i c t i o n

model . A d e l , Haycocks and Lucas ( 1 9 8 3 ) r e v i e w e d o v e r

s i x t e e n mine p l a n n i n g p rograms d e v e l o p e d a t V i r i g n i a

P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e and S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . The main

a r e a s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e : e x p l o r a t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n ,

c o s t i n g and s c h e d u l i n g , f a c e s i m u l a t i o n (FACESIM),

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d s u p p o r t e n g i n e e r i n g s e r v i c e s .

Topuz and Nasaf ( 1 9 8 5 ) , d i s c u s s e d t h e deve lopemnt

of CONSIM - a mine p l a n n i n g package . CONSIM was w r i t t e n

t o b e r u n on mic rocompute r s and i s e s s e n t i a l l y a

m o d i f i c a t i o n o f FACESIM. The CONSIM p a k c a g e d o e s n o t u s e

any i n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c d i s p l a y s t o a i d e t h e u s e r .

C h a t t e r j e e e t . a l . , ( 1 9 8 5 ) r e p o r t e d a h i g h l y

i n t e r a c t i v e mine p l a n n i n g and d r a f t i n g package d e s i g n e d

t o r u n on t h e Mac in tosh . Owing t o memory l i m i t a t i o n s o f

t h e Mac in tosh a g e o l o g i c a l d a t a b a s e w a s u n a b l e t o be

i n c l u d e d . I m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e program w e r e t h e

g e n e r a t i o n of d e t a i l e d s i m u l a t i o n r e p o r t s o f p r o d u c t i o n

by t a r g e t y e a r , t o n n a g e and l o n g w a l l p a n e l s .

C h a t t e r j e e , Scheck , S r i d h a r ( 1 9 8 6 ) , r e p o r t e d a

underground mine p l a n n i n g package i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e

g e o l o g i c a l d a t a b a s e , s c h e d u l i n g , o v e r l a y s o f i s o p a c h s and

u s e r g r i d . T h i s s y s t e m was d e s i g n e d t o work on a Micro-

Vax and a T e k t r o n i x 4 1 0 7 w o r k s t a t i o n .

The l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n t e r a c t i v e

g r a p h i c s i n unde rg round mine p l a n n i n g i s a n a r e a i n which

r e s e a r c h e r s a r e j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o i n v e s t t i m e and

r e s o u r c e s . Al though some r e c e n t r e p o r t s and p u b l i c a t i o n s

have c i t e d t h e u s e o f i n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c s , m o s t o f t h e s e

a r e r u d i m e n t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s o f g r a p h i c s s o f t w a r e . A l s o ,

t h e programs t h a t a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e have been

d e v e l o p e d i n a p i e c e meal f a s h i o n and g e n e r a l l y t h e r e

a p p e a r s t o have been no e f f o r t t o d e v e l o p a n i n t e g r a t e d

mine d e s i g n and p l a n n i n g package w i t h a g e o l o g i c a l d a t a

b a s e s y s t e m .

The compute r - a ided d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n

t h i s t h e s i s i s a c l e a r a t t e m p t t o overcome t h e c u r r e n t

s h o r t c o m i n g s of a v a i l a b l e mine d e s i g n s o f t w a r e . I t

i n c o r p o r a t e s many of t h e f e a t u r e s o u t l i n e d i n t h e

s i m u l a t i o n and d r a f t i n g p a k c a g e s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e above

r e v i e w . A d d i t i o n a l y , i t h a s t h e a b i l i t y t o r e l a t e t o a

g e o l o g i c a l d a t a b a s e and t h e e n t i r e program i s menu

d r i v e n w i t h i n t e r a c t i v e , r e f r e s h g r a p h i c s and map q u a l i t y

p l o t s a s o u t p u t .

CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE PACKAGE

3 .1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

A s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r , t h e a im o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o

p r o v i d e t h e m i n i n i g e n g i n e e r w i t h a mine d e s i g n s o f t w a r e

package which i s u s e r - f r i e n d l y and which w i l l h e l p him t o

d e s i g n and p l a n unde rg round mines w i t h e a s e and

c o n f i d e n c e . The programs would r e q u i r e t o b e d e v e l o p e d

i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e y c a n b e e a s i l y i n t e r f a c e d w i t h

f u t u r e programs i n t h e a r e a s of v e n t i l a t i o n , b e l t

s i m u l a t i o n a n d o t h e r a u x i l l i a r y mine s e r v i c e s .

3 . 2 Des ign C r i t e r i a

The d e s i g n c r i t e r i a f o r t h e p r o p o s e d p a c k a g e a r e a s

f o l l o w s :

i ) The s o f t w a r e mus t b e u s e r f r i e n d l y and h i g h l y

i n t e r a c t i v e s o t h a t t h e u s e r w i l l h a v e c o n t r o l

o v e r t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e package w i t h

p r o v i s i o n s t o u s e v a r i o u s i n p u t and o u t p u t

d e v i c e s .

i i) A t y p i c a l u s e r of t h i s package w i l l be

f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e underground mine p l a n n i n g ,

s c h e d u l i n g o f mining o p e r a t i o n s , g e o l o g i c a l

i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e c o a l seam and t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e mining r a t e s , mine

working c a l e n d e r and t h e e x c e p t i o n

i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s e c t i o n s .

i ii) The programs s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d i n a modular

f a s h i o n , s o t h a t p e o p l e w i t h d i f f e r e n t

e x p e r t i s e and background can work on s e l e c t i v e

modules which a r e r e l e v a n t t o t h e i r f i e l d of

e x p e r t i s e .

i v ) The s o f t w a r e must be r o b u s t s o t h a t any

a b s u r d i n p u t is i g n o r e d and t h e u s e r i s

i n s t r u c t e d t o c o r r e c t t h e i n p u t .

V ) Adequate o n - l i n e Help i n f o r m a t i o n t o u s e t h e

package , s h o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e u s e r .

v i ) Prompts f o r t h e i n p u t s s h o u l d b e a s s h o r t a s

p o s s i b l e . A t t h e same t i m e t h e s e s h o u l d be

c l e a r enough f o r t h e u s e r t o u n d e r s t a n d and

respond w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s e x p e c t e d .

v i i ) P r o v i s i o n s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d i n t h e

s o f t w a r e t o keep a l o g of t h e d i f f . e r e n t u s e r s

and t h e f i l e s t h e y have used o r c r e a t e d .

v i i i ) The programs s h o u l d b e d e v i c e i n d e p e n d e n t .

I f t o t a l independence i s n o t p o s s i b l e t h e r e

s h o u l d b e p r o v i s i o n s t o a d a p t t h e programs f o r

a p a r t i c u l a r d e v i c e .

i x ) The t e r m s o r v e r b a g e u s e d s h o u l d b e c o m p a t i b l e

t o mining p r a c t i c e u s a g e and v i s u a l a i d s i n

t h e form o f windows s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d f o r t h e

b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s d e s i g n

p a r a m e t e r s .

Implementa t ion d e s i g n c r i t e r i a

The d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n t h e development of t h e s o f t w a r e

f o r model ing t h e underground mine p l a n n i n g s o f t w a r e a r e :

i. Developing t h e f i rmware r o u t i n e s t o t a k e f u l l

a d v a n t a g e o f t h e T e k t r o n i x 4107 t e r m i n a l .

ii. Developing t h e s c r e e n e d i t i n g r o u t i n e s t o

h a n d l e a l l i n p u t / o u t p u t s t o and from t h e

program.

iii. Developing a l g o r i t h m f o r d e s i g n i n g t h e room and

p i l l a r s e c t i o n s .

J. v Developing a l g o r i t h m f o r d e s i g n i n g t h e Longwall

and development s e c t i o n s .

v. Developing t h e i n t e r f a c e f o r r e t r i e v i n g q u a l i t y

i n f o r m a t i o n from a g e o l o g i c a l g r i d .

v i . Developing t h e a l g o r i t h m f o r s c h e d u l i n g and

s i m u l a t i n g d e s i g n e d room & p i l l a r and l o n g w a l l

sect i o n s .

v i i . Developing t h e i n t e r f a c e f o r p l o t t i n g t h e

s c r e e n g r a p h i c s .

v i i i . Developing a d i r e c t o r y program f o r k e e p i n g a

log of t h e u s e r s .

i x . Developing window f o r d i s p l a y i n g t h e room and

p i l l a r p a r a m e t e r s .

x. Developing t h e o v e r l a y s o f g r i d and i s o p a c h s .

x i . Developing modules f o r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t wrong

~ n p u t s from t h e u s e r .

3 .3 .1 F i r m a r e r o u t i n e s o f t h e TEKTRONIX 4107 t e r m i n a l --

The t e k t r o n i x 4107 i s a s m a r t t e r m i n a l w i t h a 256K

b u i l t i n RAM and a number o f f i rmware r o u t i n e s which

r e s i d e o n t h e ROM. A l l t h e s e f i rmware r o u t i n e s c a n be

a c c e s s e d t h r o u g h two modes.

i ) SETUP mode

i i ) FORTRAN c a l l s

I n t h e SETUP mode, t h e u s e r p u t s t h e t e r m i n a l i n t o

SETUP mode and i s s u e s t h e command t h r o u g h t h e keyboard

( e . 9 . MOVE 200 200 w i l l move t h e beam t o t h e c o - o r d i n a t e

2 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) .

Through FORTRAN c a l l s , t h e commands t o t h e

t e r m i n a l a r e s e n t u s i n g e s c a p e s e q u e n c e s . The second

mode, namely t h e c a l l s t h r o u g h FORTRAN h a v e b e e n w i d e l y

u s e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e unde rg round mine p l a n n i n g

s o f t w a r e . Commands f o r d i v i d i n g t h e s c r e e n , a c c e s s i n g

t h e f i l l p a t t e r n s , c o l o r s , l i n e s t y l e s , key m a c r o s , e t c . .

a r e done t h r o u g h FORTRAN c a l l s .

3 .3 .2 ANSI S c r e e n e d i t i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e TEKTRONIX --

t e r m i n a l .

The T e k t r o n i x 4107 s u p p o r t s ANSI s c r e e n e d i t i n g , which

c a n b e u s e d t o c r e a t e s c r e e n menus t h r o u g h FORTRAN c a l l s .

D i f f e r e n t o p e r a t i o n s l i k e r e v e r s e v i d e o , h i g h l i g h t i n g ,

f l a s h i n g , c u r s o r c o n t r o l c a n b e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h FORTRAN

e s c a p e s e q u e n c e s . The menus c r e a t e d t h r o u g h t h i s mode

a r e e a s y t o r e a d and h e l p s i n p r e v e n t i n g e r r o r s and a l s o

s t a n d a r d i z e s t h e i n p u t s t o t h e program ( f i g . 3a & 3 b ) .

1 . BOUPY)ARV MFINITKM 2. VlEV DIRECTORY 3. CWIEGRID 4. CIIOOSE WUT METHOO 5. MMGE EXISTING LAYOUT 6. &wr#E MSIGNLAVOUT 7 . MSEM RooM 81 PUAR SECTlONS 8. OESlON LOlYOVAU & DEVELOPMENT SECTlONS 9. iZnREVE QUALITY HYORMATlOrO 10. SMULATnm aF Rbe , L'd AND MNaOeMWT SECTlONS 1 1 . ADDSMBOLS 12. F CIA. WTALWG 13. TERMNATE S€SSION

F i g . 3a Sample o f a o p t i o n s c r e e n menu

LOVERLEFT x - LWERLaT Y I

1 ~ . 0 0 UPPER RIGHT X - 1 aJOO.00 UPPER R W T V -

FOR DEFMKT VALUES PRESS lZETUlPN

F i g . 3b S a m p l e of d e s i g n parameter input s c r e e n

3.3.3 Developinq the alqorithm - - - for Room and Pillar

desiqn

The algorithm for designing the room and pillar

sections involves

- Identification of the area through four corner points

which have to be specified in a clock-wise direction

starting from the lower left hand corner.

- The main entry orientation has to be specified by the

user (can be any one of the four sides of the

identified area).

- The dimensions of the entry, pillar length, pillar

width, the staggering distance have to be specified.

- Any of the four sides of the designed pillars can be

altered through a change routine. This routine has

the capability to rotate the specified side of the

pillar through a specified angle. A single pillar, a

set of pillars or all the pillars can be changed.

- Pillars can be manually drawn using either the cursor

or through key-ins.

- Surveyor's information can be fed into the room &

pillar file and the pillar information can be

updated.

T h i s r o u t i n e f i r s t c o n s t r u c t s t h e main e n t r y l i n e s

p a r a l l e l t o one o f t h e f o u r s i d e s s p e c i f i e d by t h e u s e r .

L i n e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e main e n t r y a r e drawn a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e d i m e n s i o n s of t h e e n t r y and t h e p i l l a r l e n g t h .

These l i n e s a r e drawn t i l l t h e o t h e r end o f t h e s e c t i o n

i s r e a c h e d . The n e x t s t e p i s t o draw t h e c r o s s - c u t s

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p i l l a r l e n g t h and c r o s s - c u t w i d t h .

Once t h e main l i n e s and t h e c r o s s l i n e s a r e

c o n s t r u c t e d , t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n s o f t h e s e two se ts o f l i n e s

g i v e r ise t o f o u r c o r n e r s o f e a c h o f t h e p i l l a r s . I f a

s t a g g e r i n g d i s t a n c e i s s p e c i f i e d , t h e c r o s s - l i n e s a r e

o f f s e t by t h e s t a g g e r i n g d i s t a n c e on a l t e r n a t i v e main

l i n e s .

The User h a s t h e o p t i o n t o t r y o u t d i f f e r e n t

d e s i g n s by c h a n g i n g t h e v a r i o u s d i m e n s i o n s u n t i l a

s a t i s f a c t o r y d e s i g n i s c r e a t e d . T h i s d e s i g n c a n b e

s t o r e d i n a d a t a f i l e f o r f u t u r e u s e and a l s o f o r

s c h e d u l i n g and s i m u l a t i o n modules . The d a t a f i l e

c o n t a i n s t h e f o u r c o r n e r p o i n t s o f t h e a r e a , t h e number

of p i l l a r s , t h e c o r n e r p o i n t s o f e a c h o f t h e p i l l a r s , t h e

d i m e n s i o n s of t h e e n t r i e s , c r o s s - c u t , p i l l a r l e n g t h and

p i l l a r w i d t h .

3 . 3 . 4 . Deve lop inq t h e a l g o r i t h m f o r Longwall and

development d e s i g n .

This algorithm is very similar to the room and pillar

design algorithm. The algorithm involves

- Identification of the area for designing longwall

and development sections.

- Identification of the base line from which the

longwalls and the developments start.

- Orientation of the longwalls and developments from

the base line.

- Specification of the widths of the longwall faces and

the developments.

- Specification of whether the section should start

with a longwall or with the development.

The algorithm constructs lines from the base line

with the longwall/development widths and the orientation

angle. The algorithm computes the total area of the

section, the area utilized by the longwalls and

developments and the left over area.

The user has the option to change the widths and

the orientation for a more efficient design. The final

design can be stored in data file for future use and for

the simulation and scheduling module. This file contains

the four corner points of the area, the co-ordinates of

each of the longwall panles, and the development

s e c t i o n s .

3 . 3 . 5 D e v e l o p i n q - t h e a l q o r i t h m f o r r e t r e i v i n g the

q u a l i t y i n f o r m a t i o n .

T h i s a l g o r i t h m i n t e r f a c e s t h e mine p l a n n i n g

program t o t h e g e o l o g i c a l g r i d . The q u a l i t y i n f o r m a t i o n

of t h e c o a l ( t h i c k n e s s , s u l p h u r c o n t e n t , a s h c o n t e n t ,

e t c . . ) i s u s e d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n q u a n t i t i e s

a n d t h e t i m e i n v o l v e d i n m i n i n g a s p e c i f i e d s e c t i o n . The

d a t a i s s t o r e d i n a n i n d e x e d f i l e w i t h t h e x & y co-

o r d i n a t e s o f t h e c e n t e r o f t h e b l o c k s a s t h e i n d e x .

Whenever t h e r e i s a r e q u e s t f o r t h e q u a l i t y f rom t h e

s i m u l a t i o n / s c h e d u l i n g modu le , t h i s p rog ram s e a r c h e s f o r

t h e b l o c k s which f a l l w i t h i n t h e t a r g e t a r e a a n d s e n d s

b a c k t h e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e t o t h e r e q u e s t i n g module . An

e r r o r message i s e c h o e d i n c a s e i f t h e r e i s n o d a t a f o r

t h e r e q u e s t e d t a r g e t a r e a .

3 . 3 . 6 . D e v e l o p i n q a l q o r i t h m f o r s c h e d u l i n q and

s i m u l a t i n g d e s i q n e d - - room and p i l l a r , l o n g w a l l and

d e v e l o p m e n t s e c t i o n s .

The room a n d p i l l a r , l o n g w a l l and d e v e l o p m e n t

s e c t i o n s a r e d e s i g n e d u s i n g t h e p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d

a l g o r i t h m s . The n e x t s t a g e a f t e r t h i s d e s i g n i s t h e

s c h e d u l i n g and s i m u l a t i o n o f m i n i n g of t h e s e d e s i g n e d

a r e a s .

The vo lumes t o b e e x t r a c t e d a r e b a s e d o n t h e a r e a s

t o b e mined and t h e c o a l h e i g h t s i n v o l v e d . I n c a s e of

room and p i l l a r a d v a n c e m i n i n g , t h e a r e a t o b e mined i s

t h e e n t r i e s a r e a and t h e c r o s s c u t a r e a , m u l t i p l i e d by

t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e c o a l . The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e c o a l i s

o b t a i n e d f rom t h e g e o l o g i c a l d a t a b a s e , and t h e a r e a i s

computed f rom t h e d a t a f i l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e room and

p i l l a r s e c t i o n . R e t r e a t m i n i n g c a n a l s o b e s i m u l a t e d by

s p e c i f y i n g t h e p e r c e n t a g e e x t r a c t i o n o f t h e p i l l a r s .

I n c a s e o f l o n g w a l l s e c t i o n s t h e a r e a i s o b t a i n e d

f rom t h e d a t a f i l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s p e c i f i e d s e c t i o n .

The c o a l t h i c k n e s s i s o b t a i n e d f rom t h e g e o l o g i c a l g r i d .

The u s e r i n i t i a l l y c r e a t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r s e t s

o f d a t a f i l e s .

i . C a l e n d a r I n f o r m a t i o n : T h i s f i l e c o n t a i n s

t h e y e a r , month and t h e number of work ing d a y s i n t h a t

month . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s u s e d f o r a l l room a n d p i l l a r ,

l o n g w a l l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s e c t i o n s .

ii. S e c t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n : T h i s f i l e c o n t a i n s t h e

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e room a n d p i l l a r o r t h e l o n g w a l l

s e c t i o n s t o b e mined , t h e m i n i n g a d v a n c e r a t e o f t h e

s e c t i o n , t h e number o f s h i f t s / d a y and t h e c u t s / s h i f t .

iii . E x c e p t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n : The i n f o r m a t i o n

p r o v i d e d i n t h e s e c t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n f i l e i s a v e r a g e

i n f o r m a t i o n , and t h e e x c e p t i o n s wh ich m i g h t o c c u r d u r i n g

c e r t a i n p e r i o d s a r e s p e c i f i e d i n t h i s f i l e . T h i s f i l e

c o n t a i n s t h e y e a r , month , t h e number o f work ing d a y s , t h e

a d v a n c e r a t e , t h e s h i f t s / d a y and t h e c u t s / s h i f t

i n f o r m a t i o n .

i v . I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p i n f o r m a t i o n : Min ing o f e a c h

s e c t i o n s t a r t s e i t h e r on a s p e c i f e d d a t e o r i s r e l a t e d t o

o t h e r s e c t i o n s . T h i s f i l e c o n t a i n s t h e s e c t i o n

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , a c o d e f o r s p e c i f y i n g w h e t h e r t h e s e c t i o n

s t a r t s on a s p e c i f i e d d a t e o r i s s e q u e n t i a l t o a n o t h e r

s e c t i o n o r c o n c u r r e n t t o a n o t h e r s e c t i o n . I f t h e c o d e

i n d i c a t e s , u s e o f s t a r t i n g d a t e , a s t a r t i n g d a t e i s

s p e c i f i e d f o r t h a t s e c t i o n .

T h e s e f o u r d a t a f i l e s a r e i n d e x e d f i l e s . The f i r s t

f i l e namely t h e c a l e n d a r i n f o r m a t i o n f i l e i s i n d e x e d by

t h e y e a r a n d t h e month . The s e c t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n f i l e i s

i n d e x e d by t h e s e c t i o n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number . The

e x c e p t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n f i l e i s i n d e x e d by t h e s e c t i o n

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , t h e y e a r and t h e month. The

i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p f i l e i s i n d e x e d by t h e s e c t i o n

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number.

The d i r e c t i o n o f min ing i s s p e c i f e d i n b o t h t h e

c a s e s . The program g r a p h i c a l l y o u t p u t s month by month

p o s i t i o n o f min ing o f t h e s e c t i o n . Monthly P r o d u c t i o n

i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e t o n n a g e s , q u a l i t y o f t h e c o a l i s

p r o v i d e d f o r t h e s e c t i o n

3 . 3 . 7 Deve lop inq t h e i n t e r f a c e f o r p l o t t i n q t h e

g r a p h i c s .

The g r a p h i c a l o u t p u t a s p roduced by t h e TEK i s

n o t c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e H I p l o t t e r . A p l o t t e r d r i v e r was

d e v e l o p e d t o o b t a i n t h e p l o t s o f t h e d e s i g n e d l a y o u t s ,

and t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s .

The d r i v e r module c o n t a i n s s u b r o u t i n e s t o c r e a t e

a n ASCII f i l e w i t h DM/PL I11 i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r d r i v i n g t h e

p l o t t e r . These i n s t r u c t i o n s c o n s i s t o f a s i n g l e o r d u a l

c h a r a c t e r s , o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e f o l l o w e d by a d d i t i o n a l

i n f o r m a t i o n . Whenever a move o r draw command i s e x e c u t e d

on t h e s c r e e n a n e q u i v a l e n t p l o t t e r move and draw command

i s e x e c u t e d which i n t u r n c r e a t e s t h e n e c e s s a r y

i n s t r u c t i o n s i n t h e f i l e . R o u t i n e s have a l s o been

w r i t t e n t o w r i t e d i f f e r e n t s i z e s o f t e x t a t s p e c i f i e d

a n g l e s .

The draw and move r o u t i n e s have p r o v i s i o n s f o r

s c a l i n g t h e p l o t t e r o u t p u t . S i n c e t h e a v a i l a b l e co-

o r d i n a t e s f o r t h e p l o t t e r were from 0,O t o 10000, 10000

u n i t s and a l l t h e p l o t s a r e t r a n s f o r m e d t o f i t i n t o t h e s e

boundary l i m i t s .

A t t h e end o f t h e s e s s i o n , t h i s ASCII f i l e i s s e n t

t o t h e p l o t t e r , which i n t u r n i n t e r p r e t s t h e f i l e t o

g e n e r a t e t h e p l o t s . The f i l e s a r e s e n t t h r o u g h t h e

t e r m i n a l p o r t PO: t o t h e p l o t t e r a t a baud r a t e of 600 t o

t h e p l o t t e r .

Developinq t h e f o r d i r e c t o r y i n f o r m a t i o n

A d i r e c t o r y module i s e s s e n t i a l t o k e e p a l o g of

a l l t h e u s e r s . T h i s module has two l e v e l s of

d i r e c t o r i e s , t h e f i r s t l e v e l of t h e d i r e c t o r y s t o r e s t h e

names of t h e l a y o u t f i l e s and t h e i r v e r s i o n s . The second

l e v e l of t h e d i r e c t o r y c o n t a i n s t h e u s e r name, d a t e of

c r e a t i o n / m o d i f i c a t i o n , p l o t s c a l e s , and t h e boundary

d e f i n i t i o n .

3 - 3 . 9 . Developinq t h e module f o r d i s p l a y i n g - - t h e room

and p i l l a r p a r a m e t e r window.

The window f o r d i s p l a y i n g t h e room and p i l l a r

p a r a m e t e r s , t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p i l l a r [ a ] , t h e w i d t h o f

t h e p i l l a r [ c ] , t h e c r o s s c u t w i d t h [ c ] i s fo rmed a s a

segment 50 on t h e t e r m i n a l . T h i s window i s c r e a t e d w i t h

t h e s c r e e n T e k t r o n i x c o - o r d i n a t e s and a l w a y s a p p e a r s a t

t h e t o p r i g h t h a n d c o r n e r o f t h e s c r e e n i r r e s p e c t i v e o f

t h e b o u n d a r i e s u s e d i n t h e d r a f t i n g and d e s i g n p rog ram

( f i g . 4 ) .

3 . 3 . 1 0 . D e v e l o p i n g t h e module f o r o v e r l a y s o f q r i d 4 -

i s o p a c h .

The T e k t r o n i x 4107 h a s t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o d i v i d e

t h e p h y s i c a l s c r e e n i n t o a maximum of f o u r v i r t u a l

s c r e e n s . T h e s e v i r t u a l s c r e e n s c a n b e s w i t c h e d on and

o f f t h r o u g h e s c a p e commands. Wi th s i n g l e s c r e e n s i x t e e n

c o l o r s c a n b e o b t a i n e d , b u t w i t h d i v i s i o n o f t h e s c r e e n

i n t o f o u r v i r t u a l s c r e e n s , o n l y two c o l o r s ( b l a c k and

w h i t e ) c a n b e o b t a i n e d .

F o r t h e u n d e r g r o u n d mine p l a n n i n g s o f t w a r e , t h e

s c r e e n was d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e v i r t u a l s c r e e n s . The f i r s t

s c r e e n ( f o u r c o l o r s ) i s u s e d f o r d i s p l a y i n g t h e l a y o u t s ,

t h e s e c o n d s c r e e n ( b l a c k a n d w h i t e ) f o r t h e u s e r g r i d and

t h e t h i r d s c r e e n ( b l a c k a n d w h i t e ) f o r t h e i s o p a c h s .

The g r i d i s drawn w i t h t h e u s e r s p e c i f i e d o r i g i n

and t h e l e n g t h o f t h e g r i d a l o n g t h e x and y a x e s (fig. 5 )

The i s o p a c h s a r e drawn w i t h t h e d a t a f i l e s c r e a t e d

by t h e g e o l o g i c a l programs on t h e t h i r d v i r t u a l s c r e e n .

RetP PARAMETERS

B Ic

Fig. 4 Room and Pillar Design Parameter Window

3.3 .11 D e v e l o p i n g t h e module f o r g u a r d i n q

a q a i n s t wrong i n p u t s

A l l t h e n u m e r i c a l i n p u t f i r s t go t h r o u g h a

c h a r a c t e r i n p u t r o u t i n e . The c h a r a c t e r s t r i n g i s checked

f o r non numer i c v a l u e s . An e r r o r message i s r e t u r n e d i n

c a s e of a wrong i n p u t . The i n p u t s t h r o u g h t h e s c r e e n

menus a l s o go t h r o u g h t h e s e r o u t i n e s . I n t h e c a s e of

s c r e e n menus, t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e c u r s o r r e m a i n s

unchanged i n c a s e o f wrong i n p u t .

F i g . 5 User s p e c i f i e d g r i d

CHAPTER 4

APPLICATION

T h i s s e c t i o n o u t l i n e s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e

program.

The c e n t e r l i n e p l o t and t h e normal mine l a y o u t

p l o t g e n e r a t e d by t h e d r a f t i n g program ( f i g . 6 ) i s used

t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e room and p i l l a r d e s i g n , l o n g w a l l and

development d e s i g n and t h e s i m u l a t i o n / s c h e d u l i n g of t h e s e

d e s i g n e d s e c t i o n s .

The f i r s t s t e p i n room and p i l l a r d e s i g n i s t h e

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e f o u r c o r n e r p o i n t s of t h e s e c t i o n .

The c e n t e r nodes 1 and 4 have been i d e n t i f i e d t o be t h e

ex t reme p o i n t s of t h e s e c t i o n . Based on t h e s e two

c e n t e r nodes , t h e f o u r c o r n e r p o i n t s a r e g e n e r a t e d and

t h e a r e a f o r room and p i l l a r d e s i g n i s d e f i n e d . The

n e x t s t e p i s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e main e n t r y

o r i e n t a t i o n , and t h e l i n e 1-2 i d e n t i f i e s t h e main e n t r y

o r i e n t a t i o n . The p i l l a r l e n g t h ( 6 5 f t . ) , p i l l a r w i d t h

( 6 5 f t ) , c r o s s - c u t ( 2 0 f t ) and s t a g g e r i n g d i s t a n c e ( 2 0

f t ) i s d e f i n e d f o r d e s i g n . The s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r t h e

p i l l a r s i s n e x t d e f i n e d ( p o i n t 1 ) .

F i g . 6 L a y o u t p l o t

The p i l l a r s a r e g e n e r a t e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y f o r t h e

e n t i r e s e c t i o n and a l l t h e c o - o r d i n a t e s a r e s t o r e d f o r

f u t u r e u s e ( f o r s u r v e y o r u p d a t e a n d f o r

s i m u l a t i o n / s c h e d u l i n g ) ( f i g . 7 ) .

The u s e r h a s t h e c h o i c e t o se lec t t h e d i m e n s i o n s

o f e a c h o f t h e e n t r y a n d e a c h row o f t h e p i l l a r ( f i g . 8 ) .

Even t h o u g h i n i t i a l l y t h e p i l l a r s a r e d e s i g n e d t o

b e r e c t a n g u l a r , a n y o f t h e f o u r s i d e s o f t h e p i l l a r c a n

b e c h a n g e d t h r o u g h t h e c h a n g e o p t i o n . The u s e r s p e c i f i e s

t h e l i n e t o b e c h a n g e d and t h e o f f s e t o f t h e l i n e f rom

t h e c u r r e n t p o s i t i o n . The u s e r a l s o h a s t h e p r o v i s i o n t o

c h a n g e , o n e , a s e t o r a l l t h e p i l l a r s i n t h a t s e c t i o n

( f i g . 9 ) .

F i g u r e 10 shows a room a n d p i l l a r d e s i g n i n a

i r r e g u l a r a r e a .

The n e x t f i g u r e ( f i g . 11) i l l u s t r a t e s t h e l o n g w a l l

and t h e d e v e l o p m e n t d e s i g n . The u s e r s p e c i f i e s t h e f o u r

c o r n e r p o i n t s t h r o u g h t h e c e n t e r n o d e s ( n o d e s 2 , 3 , 8 ,

11) f o r a r e a i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . The n e x t s t e p i n t h e d e s i g n

p r o c e s s i s t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e b a s e l i n e . Base l i n e

1 - 4 h a s been c h o s e n w i t h l o n g w a l l f a c e s t a r t i n g f r o m

p o i n t 1. The o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e l o n g w a l l i s 90 d e g r e e s

i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e b a s e l i n e . The w i d t h of t h e l o n g w a l l

F i g . 7 Room a n d P i l l a r d e s i g n w i t h c o n s t a n t d i m e n s i o n s

Fig. 8 Room and pillar design with varying dimensions

Fig. 9 Room and pillar design with changed pillars

F i g . 11 Longwall design I

was chosen to be 800 ft. and the development width to be

250 ft. The area utilizations are shown below.

Longwall area = 73.3%

Development area = 22.9%

Left Over area = 3.8%

The next figure (fig. 12) shows a design in the

same area with different design parameters. The

orientation angle of 90 degrees, longwall face of 880 ft.

and the development width of 250 ft. The area

utilizations are given below.




The next figure (fig. 13) shows a design in the

same area with different base line and design parameters.

The orientation angle of 80 degrees, longwall face of 600

ft. and the development width of 250 ft. The area

utilizations are given below.




F i g . 1 2 Longwall d e s i g n I1

Figure 14 shows the longwall and development design in an

irregular area. The utilization figures in this are as

below. Line 1-2 was the base line. An orientation of

83 degrees, a face width of 700 and a development width

of 200 was chosen for the design.



Left over area = 25.4%

For both room and pillar design, longwall and

development design, the area can be of any odd four sided

polygon.

Figure 15 shows a complete layout of a underground

mine with room and pillar section and the longwall

sections.

The next stage in the planning process is the

simulation of the designed room and pillar, longwall and

development sections. User identifies the sections to be

simulated, and also specifies the starting dates and the

relationships of the different sections. The figure 16

shows the simulation of four sections, three room and

pillar and one longwall face. Each block represents one

I V I W V I CORL CO. NO. 5 PIT O C T . 1985

F i g . 1 5 Comple te Underground mine p l a n

Fig. 16 Total simulation of four sections

month o f a d v a n c e a n d h a s t h e month a n d t h e y e a r w r i t t e n

o n i t . Once a l l t h e s e c t i o n s h a v e b e e n s i m u l a t e d , t h e

u s e r c a n s p e c i f y a t a r g e t d a t e a n d c h e c k t h e a d v a n c e s o n

e a c h o f t h e s e c t i o n s ( f i g . 1 7 ) .

The s i m u l a t i o n u t i l i z e s d a t a f r o m t h e f o u r

d i f f e r e n t f i l e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r a n d

w i t h t h e g e o l o g i c a l g r i d . The g e o l o g i c a l g r i d c o n t a i n s

t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n .

c e n t e r c o a 1 a s h s u l p h u r m i n e a b l e X Y t h i c k n e s s c o n t e n t c o n t e n t t h i c k n e s s ....................................................

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 f t . 2% 2 . 1 % 7 . 5 f t

T a b l e s 1, 2 , 3 a , 3 b & 4 i l l u s t r a t e t h e t y p e of

o u t p u t f r o m t h e s i m u l a t i o n m o d u l e .

F i g . 1 7 S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s w i t h a s p e c i f i e d t a r g e t d a t e

&I*. w. t _ _ - . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * _ - ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - . ~ . . - - . --_____..____. S e C I I Y I Y )YL IYO ?LOOUCTIO* STARTIYO OATL TOHI/ E T O L l C O V C l l I ILLABLI .

UIS/*OYT* IU I~TS /OAV ~ S I W L A T K O - s n ~ n o c v . r~crom TIIICINCSS r r ) O L C l I _--___*_----__-_-*---------------------------------.----------.----------------------------------------------.-- .------------

woc udd 18 thou a#* .equ*nclal '. O p I k u u b

T a b l e 1

TABLE 2 DETAIL PANEL REPORT

PANEL 1: START DATE 85 8 1 2 .................................................................... ERODUCTION I N 1 , 0 0 0 ' s OF TONS

YEAR MONTH WORK TOTAL AVE/DAY IDLE DAYS SHIFTS

PANEL 1: FINISH DATE 8 6 1 2 5 TOTAL TONS PRODUCED = 3 6 1 . 8 * .

PANEL 2: START DATE 86 2 25 .................................................................... PRODUCTION I N 1 0 0 0 ' s OF TONS

YEAR MONTH WORK TOTAL AVE/DAY IDLE DAYS SHIFTS

PANEL 2: FINISH DATE 86 8 2 3 TOTAL TONS PRODUCED = 4 0 1 . 3 *

TONS x 1 , 0 0 0

Table 2

T a b l e 3a

Table 4

HELP :

The o n - l i n e HELP i s l i s t e d i n append ix A . The

u s e r h a s t o t y p e i n HELP ICAMPS t o a c t i v a t e t h e HELP

s e s s i o n . A l l t h e HELP i n f o r m a t i o n i s a r r a n g e d i n l e v e l s

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e program s t r u c t u r e . For t h e room and

p i l l a r d e s i g n t h e HELP i n f o r m a t i o n i s a r r a n g e d a s

f o l l o w s .

User t y p e s ICAMPS a t t h e Top ic? prompt.

e . g . TOPIC? icamps

C o n t r o l i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e second l e v e l of t h e

Help , where in t h e d i f f e r e n t o p t i o n s a v a i l a b l e f o r room

and p i l l a r d e s i g n s a r e d i s p l a y e d . The u s e r can s e l e c t

t h e s e n e x t l e v e l o p t i o n s by e n t e r i n g \ t o p i c a t t h e

S u b t o p i c ? prompt.

e . g . SUBTOPIC? /change

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

P r e s e n t methods o f e s t i m a t i n g c o a l r e s e r v e s and

q u a l i t y g e n e r a l l y c a n n o t a c c o u n t f o r t h e c o m p l e x i t i e s o f

a c t u a l d e p o s i t s . These c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e u s u a l l y o v e r

s i m p l i f i e d , t h u s making t h e i r r e s e r v e e s t i m a t e s q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t f r o m what i s a c t u a l l y a v a i l a b l e o r m i n e a b l e .

The p a c k a g e d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s s t u d y w i l l b e a s i g n i f i c a n t

a i d t o p l a n n e r s i n making t h e s e e s t i m a t e s more

r e a l i s t i c a l l y b a s e d o n g e o l o g y and o p e r a t i o n a l

i n f o r m a t i o n .

The mine d e s i g n a n d d r a f t i n g p rog rams d e v e l o p e d i n

t h i s s t u d y w i l l g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h e amount of r e s o u r c e s

u s e d i n g e n e r a t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e mine maps. The more

a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t c a n b e examined , t h e more l i k e l y w i l l

t h e o p t i m a l l a y o u t b e c h o s e n . T h i s s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e

w i l l a l l o w t h e p l a n n e r t o d e s i g n and d e v e l o p a more

e f f i c i e n t , p r o d u c t i v e mine .

The e v a l u a t i o n p rog ram w i l l p r o v i d e more a c c u r a t e

and d e t a i l e d r e p o r t s of p r o d u c t i v i t y , o p e r a t i o n a l and

o t h e r o u t p u t f rom t h e mine . The i n c r e a s e d a c c u r a c y w i l l

e l i m i n a t e o r m i n i m i z e t h e r i s k s i n v o l v e d i n i n v e s t i n g on

e x t e n s i o n o f e x i s t i n g mines o r a new min ing v e n t u r e . The

program w i l l p r o v i d e t h e d e c i s i o n maker a more a c c u r a t e

f o r e c a s t s o t h a t d e c i s i o n s c a n be made q u i c k l y and

e f f e c t i v e l y .

The u n i q u e s t r e n g t h o f t h e mine p l a n n i n g s y s t e m i s

t h a t i t c a n be used t o d e v e l o p and d e s i g n new mines and

a l s o c o n t r o l and s c h e d u l e e x i s t i n g mine o p e r a t i o n s . Mine

p l a n n i n g i n v o l v e s e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n o f l a y o u t s ,

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c o s t s , p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s and manpower

r e q u i r e m e n t s , s c h e d u l i n g of min ing o p e r a t i o n s t o meet

b o t h s e q u e n t i a l as w e l l a s c o n c u r r e n t e x t r a c t i o n . I t

r e q u i r e s t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f a mine p l a n and r e p o r t which

i n c l u d e s t h e t o n n a g e , q u a l i t y and c o s t i n f o r m a t i o n

n e c e s s a r y t o e v a l u a t e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o r t h e

p r o f i t a b i l i t y of t h e p r o p o s e d p l a n . T h i s program a l l o w s

an e x h a u s t i v e e x a m i n a t i o n and r e p o r t i n g of a l l t h e s e

f u n c t i o n s .

Mine l a y o u t s a r e a n e c e s s a r y i n p u t t o mine

p l a n n i n g . The need t o draw s e v e r a l l a y o u t s i s i m p l i c i t i n

d e t e r m i n i n g t h e optimum p l a n . But manual d rawing of

l a y o u t s i s l a b o r i n t e n s i v e and t e d i o u s and y e t , w i t h o u t

an e n g i n e e r i n g d rawing o f t h e l a y o u t , p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s

and l e v e l s c a n n o t be computed. Because c o n v e n t i o n a l

manual d e s i g n i s s o l a b o u r i n t e n s i v e o n l y one p l a n i s

examined and e x e c u t e d . The o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o c o n s i d e r

a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e p r e c l u d e d by t i m e and c o s t c o n s t r a i n t s .

I n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c s o f f e r s t h e o n l y f e a s i b l e s o l u t i o n

t o e x p e d i t e d e s i g n and p l a n n i n g p r o c e d u r e s and t o examine

many a l t e r n a t i v e min ing s t r a t e g i e s . Des ign and p l a n n i n g

e n g i n e e r s , s u r v e y o r s , and o t h e r t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h mine p r o d u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n w i l l

b e n e f i t f rom t h i s i n n o v a t i v e p r o c e d u r e .

Most min ing companies o p e r a t e w i t h v e r y l i m i t e d

e n g i n e e r i n g s t a f f . I n manual p l a n n i n g much of t h i s

scarce r e s o u r c e i s s p e n t on low l e v e l c o m p u t a t i o n s . T h i s

t i m e c o u l d b e s p e n t more p r o f i t a b l y on c r e a t i v e and i n -

d e p t h d e s i g n and a n a l y s i s .

Wi th compute r - a ided d e s i g n i t i s e a s y t o g e n e r a t e

p r o d u c t i o n and q u a l i t y estimates f o r management on s h o r t

n o t i c e . Management c a n q u i c k l y e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s of

c h a n g i n g p l a n s t h a t a r e b r o u g h t on by u n f o r e s e e n p rob lems

s u c h a s a b r u p t c h a n g e s i n g e o l o g y o r m a j o r equ ipmen t

f a i l u r e s . I t would r e q u i r e 2-3 weeks t o g e n e r a t e and

c r i t i c a l l y e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f a l o n g t e r m p l a n n i n g

change i f c o n v e n t i o n a l manual methods w e r e employed.

Computer -a ided d e s i g n e l i m i n a t e s most e r r o r s

i n d u c e d t h r o u g h manual d a t a e n t r y . G e o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n

i s v e r y e x t e n s i v e and s u b j e c t t o d i f f e r e n t

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . T h i s s y s t e m e x t r a c t s g e o l o g i c a l and

o t h e r r e l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o n d i r e c t l y f rom t h e u s e r ' s d a t a

b a s e s o t h a t t h e p l a n n i n g r e s u l t s a r e b o t h c o n s i s t e n t and

r e p r o d u c i a b l e .

Computer -a ided mine p l a n n i n g a l l o w s p l a n s t o be

q u i c k l y u p d a t e d . Only t h e a r e a s t h a t a r e a f f e c t e d by

min ing o r p l a n n i n g need t o b e r ed rawn .

The s c a l e of p l a n s c a n be m a n i p u l a t e d f r e e l y

a l l o w i n g l a r g e o r s m a l l p l a n s t o b e p l o t t e d f r o m t h e same

f i l e . En la rgemen t s o f s e l e c t e d a r e a s c a n b e drawn from

t h e b a s e p l a n f i l e .

I n c o n v e n t i o n a l manual methods it i s a l m o s t

i m p o s s i b l e t o c o l l e c t and c o l l a t e d i f f e r e n t p l a n n i n g

i n f o r m a t i o n i n one p l a c e i n o r d e r t o d e s i g n and d r a f t a

mine p l a n . F o r example , i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o i s o -

v a l u e s ( t h i c k n e s s , a s h , s u l f u r ) , g e o l o g i c a l d a t a ( r o o f

and f l o o r c o n d i t i o n s ) , p r o d u c t i o n ( r a t e s and l e v e l s ) ,

v e n t i l a t i o n ( p r e s s u r e and q u a n t i t y ) , a r e d i f f i c u l t t o

manua l ly i n t e g r a t e . I n manual p l a n n i n g t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n

i s examined s e q u e n t i a l l y and i n a p i e c e meal f a s h i o n .

T h i s program a l l o w s a l l t h e s e f e a t u r e s t o be examined

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a t t h e t i m e t h e p l a n i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d .

By law, mines must m a i n t a i n up t o d a t e maps of

mined o u t a r e a s . D e v i a t i o n f rom t h e p l a n must be

documented by c o n t i n u o u s l y s u r v e y i n g t h e a c t i v e working

areas and reflecting these measurements to update the

mine maps. Computerized mine drafting will accept the

surveyor's notes and automatically update the mine map

thus saving much time and eliminating opportunities for

manual error.

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

T h i s s t u d y was a imed a t d e v e l o p i n g a mine d e s i g n

a n d d r a f t i n g a i d f o r p l a n n i n g e n g i n e e r s i n t h e c o a l

i n d u s t r y . Such a p a c k a g e would g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h e t i m e

a n d e f f o r t r e q u i r e d t o d e v e l o p mine maps. T h i s r e d u c t i o n

would e n a b l e t h e g e n e r a t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n o f a number o f

a l t e r n a t i v e l a y o u t s .

The p a c k a g e d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s s t u d y i s a u s e r

f r i e n d l y i n t e r a c t i v e d e s i g n a n d d r a f t i n g p a c k a g e t h a t

a u t o m a t e s t h e p l a n n i n g and d e s i g n i n g of u n d e r g r o u n d

m i n e s . I t a l s o s u c c e s s f u l l y s i m u l a t e s t h e d e s i g n e d

I a y o u t p r o v i d i n g t h e u s e r w i t h t h e p r o d u c t i o n q u a n t i t i e s ,

q u a l i t y o f t h e c o a l and t h e t i m e s c a l e f o r t h e m i n i n g

a c t i v i t i e s . The program i n t e r f a c e s t o t h e g e o l o g i c a l

g r i d t o o b t a i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e c o a l seam. A l l

t h e g r a p h i c s which a p p e a r o n t h e s c r e e n c a n b e e a s i l y

p l o t t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t s c a l i n g f a c t o r s .

T h e r e a r e a d d i t i o n a l d e s i g n r o u t i n e s t h a t c o u l d b e

i n c l u d e d i n t h e p r e s e n t p a c k a g e t o i n c r e a s e i t s

v e r s a t i l i t y .

- I n t e r f a c i n g a v e n t i l a t i o n ne twork a n a l y s i s

program w i t h t h e l a y o u t program t o compute

p r e s s u r e / q u a n t i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s .

- I n c o r p o r a t i n g a b e l t s i m u l a t i o n program t o

d e s i g n and s i m u l a t e c o a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n

unde rg round mines .

- U s e o f p u l l down menus t o make t h e program more

u s e r f r i e n d l y .

- U s e o f a mouse o r a l i g h t pen i n s t e a d of t h e

c u r s o r f o r p o i n t i n g p u r p o s e s .

- C r e a t i n g windows f o r d i s p l a y i n g t h e v a r i o u s

t y p e s o f o p t i m i z i n g a n d d e s i g n c u r v e s f o r

d e s i g n p u r p o s e s .

The a d d i t i o n of t h e s e f e a t u r e s would g r e a t l y

i n c r e a s e t h e p a c k a g e ' s c a p a b i l i t i e s and r e n d e r manual

p l a n n i n g t o a minimum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A d e l , G . , Haycocks , C . , L u c a s , J . R . , 1 9 8 3 ,

Compute r a s s i s t e d c o a l m ine e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n .

P r o c e e d i n q s - o f - t h e F i r s t C o n f e r e n c e o n t h e Use o f - - - -

Compute rs i n t h e C o a l I n d u s t r y . U n i v e r s i t y o f W e s t

V i r g i n i a , p p 55-59, 1 9 8 3 .

B a r c z a k , T.M., 1 9 8 3 ,

V i d e o d i s p l a y o f u n d e r g r o u n d c o a l m ine s i m u l a t o r

d e s i g n e d f o r m i n i n g e n g i e e r s . P r o c e e d i n q s -- o f t h e F i r s t

C o n f e r e n c e - - - - on t h e Use o f Compu te r s i n t h e C o a l

I n d u s t r y . U n i v e r s i t y o f West V i r g i n i a , pp 24-34,

1983 .

B a r u a , S . L . , K i m , Y . C . , 1 9 8 4 ,

C o a l m i n e p l a n n i n g w i t h i n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c s . - The -- 1 8 t h

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium - o f APCOM. London, pp 191 -200 .

C h a t t e r j e e , P. K . , S c h e c k , D . E . , L i , B . S . , 1 9 8 5 ,

I n t e r a c t i v e u n d e r g r o u n d c o a l m i n e p l a n n i n g u s i n g a

M a c i n t o s h . P r o c e e d i n q s -- o f t h e Second C o n f e r e n c e o n t h e --

Use o f Compu te r s i n t h e C o a l I n d u s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f - - - -- -

Alabama, p p 193-202.

Chatterjee, P. K., Scheck, D. E., Sridhar, C. K., 1986,

Optimum Scheduling of room and pillar operations. - The

115th AIME annual meetinq, March.

Deakin, J. J., Puckett, G.A., Matti, H.B. 1983,

An underground mine plan drafting system, MINDRAFT.

Paper presented at a Mine Surveying seminar, Toowoomba,

Queensland, Australia, April 5th - April 8th, 1983.

Haycocks, C., Kumar, A., Unal, A., Osei-Agyemana, S.,

1984,

Interactive simulation for room and pillar mines. - The

18th International Symposium - of APCOM, London, pp 591-

597.

Hempenstall, J., Jefferys, J., Davies, L., 1982,

Colliery planning on a mini computer. Proceedinqs - of

the Australian Institue - of Mining and Metallurgy, No.

282, pp 65-70, June.

Kim, Y. C., Knudsen, H. P., Baffi, E.Y., 1980,

Application of conditional simulation to emmission

control strategy development. Report presented to the

Homer City Owners, Homer city, Pennsylvania, University

of Arizona.

Topuz, E., Nasuf, E., 1985,

CONSIM - An interactive micro-computer program for

c o n t i n u o u s m i n i n g s y s t e m s . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Second --

C o n f e r e n c e o n t h e U s e of C o m p u t e r s i n t h e C o a l - - - - - -

I n d u s t r y . U n i v e r s i t y o f A l a b a m a , p p 183-192 .

W r i g h t , K . W . , 1 9 8 5 ,

C o m p u t e r - a i d e d m a p p i n g a n d d e s i g n - T h e i r p o t e n t i a l f o r

m i n i n g u s e . M i n i n g E n q i n e e r i n g , V o l . 3 7 , No. 6 , pp

550-553, J u n e .

A P P E N D I X A

ICAMPS (Integrated Cowuter Aided Mlne Plannlng Software) I s a Menu driven prograr w l t h one naln program and fourteen modules.

IIOTE: TO OBTAIN THE INFORMATIOM ON AMY Of THE MODULES, TYPE THE CORRESPONDING TOPIC'S NAME.

" MRE IllFORflATIOM CAN BE OBTAINED 01 THOSE OPTIONS I N CAPITALS. THOSE MITH / IF FRONT ARE ACCESSED FROM SUBTOPICI, AND THE OTHERS ARE ACCESSED FRon TOPICI OPTIONS OF THE HELP SYSTEM.

The structure of the software I s shown below

I

I 1 1 1 1 I l l I l l I I I I I I I l l 4 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I l l 1 1 1 I I I I l l I I I I

B ~ A R Y : &ID i C ~ E E R-P I LY I SYMB : I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I

0 I Rf CTORY l MPUT STORE QUALITY $1 MU1 TERH I WATE

The m l n progta I s respoclslble o f In l t la l iz lng, sett ing up the nAlW MENU cow& and passing control t o an froa the MEMU commands as we1 1 as the fourteen bodules.

I BOUNDARY

This m u a l l m the user t o establish a current session wrk lng area definition. Four inputs from the user establishes the wrk lng area definit ion.

I. Lovcr l e f t Hsd X co-ordinate 2. Lower Left Hsnd Y co-ordinate 3. Upper Right Hand X co-ordlnate 4. Upper Right Hand Y co-ordinate

I DIRECTORY

This nodule keeps track o f the users, the f i l e s they have created, the date o f creation, r o d i f i c a t ion, p l o t scale, boundary def in i t ion, etch. Each t iae the user terainates a session he as an option t o update the di rectory info1 aat ion.

I GRID

Thls rodule sets up the user defined georetr ical grld, User specif ies the fo l lowing quantities.

I. X co-ord o f the ORIGIN 2. Y co-ord o f the ORIG IN 3. Length o f the g r i d along the X-axis I . Length o f the g r i d along the Y-axis

A 6RID i s drawn wi th t h i s Inforrat ion, by d iv id ing the length i n to 10 equal parts.

DEFAULTS: The Lower Le f t Hand cur ner o f the Eoundary de f i n i t i on i s used fo r the ORIGIN. The Upper Right Corner o f the Boundary i s used fo r determining the length along X-axis and Y-axis.

1 INPUT

This HENU allows the user to specify the input rethods. The f o l lowing options are provided f o r the user.

I I I I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I 1 I I I I

/OLD /KEY-BOARD /CURSOR /DIGITIZER TO-HAIN aenu

2 QUALIFIERS

Takes the user t o the DIRECTORY rodule f ron whlch he can select any o f the

already created f i l e s .

There are three scratch f i l e s X.DAT, Y.DAT, Z.DAT ~ h i c h are used for teaporari ly stor ing the layouts, without accessing the directory. Once the layout I s f i n a l ized, the f i l e s can be stored pervanently through the directory,

I I I I I I I

I I I I I

x.dat f z.dat f y. dat DIRECTORY

After the specif ied f i l e i s retreived, f i r s t the center l i n e p l o t i s drawn autoaatical ly from the o ld data. After the center l ine p l o t the fol lowing menu appears.

I I I I

I I I I

CHANGE I TO-HAIW layout I menu

CONTINUE with p l o t

This option i s used f o r creating new layouts. The user defines h i s layout (of ientat ion o f the drives, intersect Ions) through absolute co-ordinates.

This opt ion i s used f o r creating new layouts. The user defines h i s layout (or ientat ion o f the drives, intersect ions) through CURSOR key-ins.

Thls option i s not available yet (no d i g i t i z e r available yet).

I TO-MAIN

This opt ion takes the user back to the H A I N HENU.

Thls I s the second stage o f the p lo t operation.

This option, works on the center l lne p l o t and develops the to ta l layout u i t h drives, center nodes, etc...

There i s an option t o display the corner SNAP-OH points fo r ident i fy ing the areas fo r R-P or LY sections.

I SNAP-ON

These are nunbers used t o ident i fy the corners o f the drives, etc ... NOTE : I f there are large number o f center nodes i n a short distance, i t I s advisable not to use t h i s option. See AREA.

This option i s used t o change the designed layout. User has the option t o delete, add new drives, change dr ive widths, eliminate center nodes, change center node pos i t ion, etc.. .

CHANGE I I I I

I I l l 1 I I I I l l 8 I I I

I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 I I I

/ELIMINATE f /EXTEND I /CHANGE f VIEW I node f dr ive f paraaet paramet I

I I I I I I I I I 1 I

/INSERT CONTINUE TO-HA1 N node wi th p l o t menu

2 QUALIFIERS

A center node can be eliminated f roa the designed layout thorough t h i s option. The user specif ies the center node nlllber t o be deleted.

This option i s used fo r insert ing new center nodes between the ex is t ing center nodes. The inserted node becomes part o f the o l d drive. Or ive wldth, Junct lun wldth and function f lags ( NODE-fLAGS) must be specif led by the user.

Through t h i s option the user can extend the exist ing drives or create new junctions f roa the exist tng center nodes, thereby openeing up new drives. (NODES LAGS)

1 NODE-FLAGS

Each center node hag four f l a g parameters. These are I. Drive number, 2.Junction connectivity flag, 3. Drive width f lag and 4. Junction width f l ag as shown below.

MODE-FLAGS I I I

nunber 1 dr ive f I I

I I I

/JUNCTIOW /JUN-W I D f l ag

2 QUALIFIERS

The Drive nuder I s s i l lp ly a unique integer nunber assigned to a dr ive (roadway, entry..)to d ist inguish it from another drive. Drive nuaber associates a center node with a drive. A dr ive can be made up o f a n y center nodes.

1 . 5 f NODES DRIVE WUNBER I 1 1,2,3 I0 I 1 4,s 2 I 1 6,7,8 1

4 1 I I

NOTE: The te rh DRIVE i s used to designate an ENTRY or a ROADWAY

Junction f l a g defines the connectivity pattern o f two lntersectlng drives.

A f l a g o f '0' Indicates tha t there i s no junction a t that node point.

A f l a g between ' I ' and '99' indicates tha t there i s a new dr ive s tar t ing a t the node point

A f l a g greater than '100' indicates that the intersection i s formed by two ex is t lng drives

I . 5 f NODES JUNCTION

Each center node i s associated wi th a width parameter. This deterl ines the the width o f a dr ive a t tha t node.

See the dlagraa below:

. 7 1 MODES U l DTH 1 1,293 440 f 495 200 1 697 480 . 6 1 8,9,10 320

This parameter defines the openings a t the intersections. i f the node has no intersection then junction width i s 0. In the diagraa below, nodes 1,3,4 ,5,7,9 and 1 1 have no intersections, hence the junction width parameter i s zero for these nodes.

See the diagram below

I .8 I KOGES JUNC-Y I DTH I I f 1,3,4,5,7,9,1i 0 I * 7 \ 2 , 6 350 I I

I 8,lO 200 I . 6 I I I

1 STORE

This opt ion i s used to store the designed layouts. User has the option t o store the layout i n e i ther the scratch f i l e s x.dat, y.dat, z.'dat or perrianent l y through the DIRECTORY opt ion.

See /OLD i n INPUT For addit ional information

I I I I I I I I I I

I I

x.dat z.dat 1 y. Ja t D l RECTORY

1 R-P

This rodule allows the user t o define the room and p i l l a r sections. This module I s accessed a f ter the i n i t i a l layout i s developed. User ident i f ies the section t o be designed through four corner points and inputs the necessary design paraleters.

R-P I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l 1 I I I

I I

A ~ E A i IVA~ATN i /S;ART f /NEW ldent i f point i p i l l a r f

I I I I I

/HAIN /O~SIGN IM~NGE ISUAVEYOR entry geoaetry l nput

2 QUALIFIERS

User specif ies the or lentat ion o f the na i n entrance through t h i s opt ion. User can select any o f the four sides along which the u i n entrance i s or lented.

See the diagram below:

I l l I I I

l o I 0 1 0 ; 0 ;

l 0 I O f [ I 1 I 0 I 0 1 [31

I 0 I 0 I (e.9. r a i n entry along s i c [I]) ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ; o : o ; ; o l o l ; o t o :

User has the choice o f designing a l l the entr ies and rows o f p l l l a r s to be o f the saw constant dirensions or can specify the widths o f each entrance and each row o f p i l lars.

see the Fig. below.

I l l I I I

;oo:o I00IO I ;oo:o

[ I 1 f 00 I 0 1 [ 3 1 1 00 1 0 ) (e.g. first row of pillars are wider IOOIO than the second row of pi 1 larsi IooIO I I00IO I Io0;o ; I I I 1 - 1 1

[ 4 1 /DESIGN

Pillar length, width, cross-cut and staggering of pillars are specified in this renu. Initially all the pillars are designed rectangular, but their shape be changed through /CHANGE option.

l o ! I I IOI IOI I I l o t

l I 0 : 1 3 ( staggering of pi l lars) I l o ! IOI I I l o ! IOI I I I I 1 - 1 1

4

Tbfs &Em i s helpful, I n case the room and p i l l a r section I s Irregular i n -a. hay ene o f the corner points can be spec If led for s ta r t o f the p l l l a r a

See the fig. k l o w

User anhkP etther 1, 2, 3 or 4 for s tar t ing point for the p l l l a r s .

Ern- p i l l a r s are designed to be rectangular or square I n i t i a l l y , h u g h OlbEs uption the user can change the shape o f one p i l l a r , a set o f p i l l a s ar all the p l l la rs I n tha t sect Ion. User Inputs the slde to be Chf&wd d k k angular offset o f the l i n e from the current posltlon.

e.9. :- Line [3] is changed by pivoting at point 4 and an offset uf IS degrees from the initial position.

This option is used to drawing pi 1 lars through cursor or keyboard. User specif les the nu*btr of points and the co-crdinates of the pl l la1 . These wnually defined pillars are stored along with those designed by the prograr. This option is useful to draw irregular pillars.

User can update the mine plans through this options. After the pillars have been rined, the user suppi ies the surveyor's notes for the pillars in a section. This Inforration can be either entered interactively, or through a data file. The data file option is useful if large nurbcr of pi1 lars have to be updated.

/ INTERACT I VE

The actual mined co-ordinates o f the p i 1 lars are entered by the user. The points can be entered through

I. Cursor 2. By absolute co-ordinates and 3. Through a reference point,

length and azimuth frorr the reference point.

/DATA-F ILE

This opt ion i s used to update a large nwber of p i l lars. The user Inputs the section identif ication, p i l l a r identif ication, and the offsets frob the center spad points { l e f t offset, r ight offset, etc..;. Once the data f i l e i s created outside the progran, the user specifie3 the f i l e name t o th i s wodule for updating the p i l la rs .

I AREA

This option helps the user i n identifying the area for longwall or rook and p i l l a r design. Depending on the complexity o f the layout the user has the following optlons t o define the area for design.

AREA I I

I I I I I I

nodes I I I I I

CURSOR /CENTER nodes

2 QUAL If IERS

Corner nodes are the SNAP-OW nodes which have to be spec1 f led during the second stage o f the p lo t opt ion.

See CONTINUE

User specif ies the two CORNER nodes fo r the base I lne and the length o f the sectlon f roa t h i s base l ine. A t ve or - ve dl rect lon has to be specified.

A section 1s developed wlch i s based on the t ~ u corner nodes and a length perpendicular t o t h i s base.

20 I length

base f(----------------- )

I

I

2t1 /CENTER

User specifies two ( fo r room and p l 1 tar) or four ( f o r longwall 1 center nodes fo r def in ing the section fo r design, The prograr displays certa in key corner polnts a t these node posl tlons. User then selects the desired polnts amongst these teaporary points f o r deslgn. These terporary nunbers are wr i t ten i n green.

- I I I I I I I I I I User-inputs I I I I I 1

f f F o r r o o r a n d p i l l a r - 8 a n d 5 I I I I

f f For Longwal l - 5, 8, 10 and I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I. I I 1 I I I

-1 I I I-

.5 .6 .7

Longwall design is done through this module. Identification of the area for LY design is very siai lar to the R-P design. This module optiaizes the LY design through user interaction.

I I l l 1 I I I I I

AREA 1 /VARAT# I /START identi I I point i

I I I

/BASE /DESIGN /START-SEC

2 QUALIFIERS

Base is an imaginary base line (usual ly one of the sides of a Four sided polygon), fror which the panels start. Any of the Four sides can be selected to be the base for deslgining the panels.

See f tg. below.

Sides [I], (21, [3] or [A] can be chosen as a base line. 2 [ 2 1

I I

I LY PAWEL I

I I 4 I I

[ I ] ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 f[3] I o o o o o o o o o R-PDEVELOPHENT o o o o o o o o o o o o o f I I

k g . Side [I] i s chosen as the base l ine)

User has the option t o design either with constant face panels and developrent widths or specify the widths of individual panels and development widths through th is option.

User spsclfies the orientation o f the panels relat ive t o the base 1 ine, the width o f the panles and the width of developments through this option.

The design can be started froa either end of the specified side. for e.g. If the BASE l ine i s [2], user can start the design froa either. point 2 or point 3. (see /BASE)

This option i s used to design the LY section, start ing with either a development or with a longwal I panel. Depending on whether it is a developrent or longwail panel, the design starts froa the specified s tar t point (see /START).

1 QUALITY

This d u l e i s linked t o the geological database o f the property. User has the following options through which heishe can deterrine the coal quality a t a point or o f an area (four sided polygon).

QUAL 1 TY I 1-

1 I I I I l l

I I l l I l l

/POINT I /AREA I qual i ty 1 quality:

I I

/&r iw;or-no~t quality quai i t y

2 QUALIFIERS

This option i s used for re t re lv ing the infornation o f a point through either co-ordfnate or through cursor key ins.

User specif ies the CENTER node a t ~ h i c h the qua1 i t y has t o be determined.

four points are ident i f ied through the cursor, and the resul tant qua l i ty i s the weighted average o f the blocks t o which the points belong.

The two CENTER nodes between which the qua l i ty i s t o be deterl ined are sptc i fed by the user.

The syrbols are user defined and s i t e specif ic. There are symbols f o r fan, doors, a i r crossings, etc... User inputs the scale factor and the co-ordlnates a t 11h1ch the o r i g in o f the syabol i s to be positioned.

This nodule i s used fo r s laulat lng the mlning operation o f the designed bleeders, rferelopwnts, longval l sect ions and other room and p i l l a r sections.

S l HUL I

I I I I I I 1 1 1 1

I I l l 1 I I 1 1 1 I

/CREATE I /OUTPUT I /START I data I point

I I I I I I

/GRID IDES1 GN /START-SEC

2 QUALIFIERS

User initially creates four data f l l e s before I n i t i a t i n g the s l ru la t lon .

f i l e I f i l e I

I I I

/SECTION /RELATION f i l e f i l e

CALENDER: This f i l e contains the year, w n t h and the nuder o f working days I n t ha t year and the wnth. This f i l e i s c m n t o a1 l the sect ions o f the property.

SECTION: User specif ies the Sect ion ID, the avgerage sh i f ts , advance, cuts f o r t ha t section. The calcuiations are based on these figures, except on certa in t i ~ e s wherein the in for lp t lon i s used fron the /EXCEPTION f i l e .

/EXCEPT ION

EXCEPTION : Certain t i r e o f the year, the shifts,etc.. r i g h t be d i f f e ren t from the average figures. This f i l e stores the section ID and the except ion values for t ha t section i n the speci f ied t l res.

RELATION: This f i l e stores the s ta r t i ng dates o f the sections. If a section's s t a r t date depends (sequential or concurrent) t o a previously defined section, an appropriate in for ra t ion i s coded i n t h l s data f I le. The prugran automatically takes t h l s re lat ionship in to consideratiun, t o siaulate that sect ion.

Ends the current session, User should rake sure that a l l the necessary f 1 les are saved before terminating the session.

APPENDIX B

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i r 3 . L, 2 .., :=I:, . , 2 > !

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c::-;:~-;[ z-i.. !L' S P, ,A+: L , ; : , i iF iYi2 i ?'i.Pyi?jj ..' - - . i r ida5[Ci-24 e j .Sf. 4'- ' " 2 '3"'3-"

:dY:i:-~ , !b 4 4

EFiXF I F (!BASE ,Ez. :]THE?; Ll-XNTC""' - !(JphL?WP~!~!,"~Y!5)i q-

i3=: i$TCT(stPAZ!$PzI4 i ,nPY{4 l j C4=PgTCT!SLPAZ!#pXi1J,$px[1}j . - 8 .-.;-. -. irI,Agb\L!-~$) , s i x &g$(C;-i3jj:;3=C+

EHDIF I F (I2PSE C s , , ., .,,. 2i THEW

?.- ,t=~~iTCT~S~PGZ,fi~Xi;j,#Py(ij) C 3 = X ~ T C T [ ~ i P f i Z ! ~ P ~ ( ~ j ! ~ f i Y ~ ~ ~ j i 4 = X # i C T [ S t " ~ , ~ p X i 4 j , $ P ~ ( 4 j j * - . ik!AbSiCi-C4) ,GT, bgS!Ci-C3jjC3=C4

E!jBIF iFfiaASE ,E3, 4;TbEN

t.F.- i F,, rrai - 7 ,r-i;~t~T!:~y~~!$PK(i~!flpY{2~1 i3=#W?CT[SL?AZtSPXIfj !ZP i i { i ) j C4=xtjTCT(SiP$Z,MPX(;j ,fipP~y<2'j j - - 9 ..-.. . - . ir!sak{"!-C4! , E i , A$Si<1-C3)jC;=C4

E>DI; -:.-, * i ' f i i - . id ,?

aRiTE;+;JZj -!-,Ru'-: ,,.?9 i I, ; i . A , ' EETE2JTHE ;$$gi ;giE!jT4iI.zfj G;;$LE -

RE.43 .IT5: !,tii.dG

g&t,INg T-iE 4WELE PBS?FC:E qZgiHg=J"'r"' -- ' ' 5 ' - ..." c 3 u z t , c ir%~~i-$fd#i - - . . , - - . . - . *r g (fie,., n;~fiG .s j j , zEs ? G , j THE;;

-F : . I %-.-..- ., a%;,- iT $ i ;SF!: i i r L r . l l ( ; . r . . , r , , L , l

g;gr;g=!?rj. ,qZ:)jG .re ; E -L-- .--... fiiq:{b=!$$ .-&Z;ipj

F+J"l .r L , z L . a.

EWCjF r - - . + w , . , : * + ? $74',G7 .%'A;,:- . :>*... ! . < !HLTi lZ .- %tG47=T&t47 8 1 -.---.' b r r L G . a - 3 i i y l

7::.- ,titui$i!ys Fca THE FACE I I s f H THE LgNEijkLL A5EA A 3 3 5 T I N 5 TEE g f i x i m n oI.sT&t+cE IF[AESiC:-C3j ,i3. fiBS(C!-CgjjC2=63 IF(ICRDSS ,a. BITHEH CHV&(1)=?--" ' i " ut~IbE, LRITERIA' CALL FAINSCYI 1 ,CHFAL!

. : t, r!j=3<!) EASED E%fRIESr CHif& i 3 j=> (2) BASEB G# * ~ q ? k t ~ ~ f i t ; F ?

..hi&. ~ii:ciu,i,,%a !zHV$i3j=?(j;. RETURH 79 nfti# ZEiiU' CHV&Li4j=' E#TEZ YOUR aFT!Qj' .?@ L ! iONSi4?iHVfiL! l D i S i E H i i i { I D E S I S t { ,EQ. 3)RET@,W CfiLt $ENGSCfi{?!Cd\/fiL) Cr;k;$j f 1 )=:YES: C&ifiL(2j=;ijO' CHi'Ai(3) ='tjg;

C a l i AVALSCMi ?3CHVBL) - - , - . :fit$ifiL[lj ,Ea, ;'fSS?)[gESIEH=1

'" '.v.FS') -"" ",: , f F ! C w K i 2 ) . L a . .,, lutsl&;=.-

C&LL SETUP(!] C g L i x s C R E M ! z j

RBUHBVE(i$) CALL f [t f P5;NT r!? CHDDDE i # E FRQg THE FGtLC;IfjG7 pR1ljT f ! ? -----------------------------------------I

P2INT r t ' 1 - DESIGt$ BASED 5fi SUfiBER &? E!iTRIE$' 75 i t iT +! ' 2 - 7jESfGfi BASE2 D# SPECIFIED D I ~ E i ~ . ~ I ~ f { S ? Pf)I#T t!' ----------------------------------------' READ +! IDESIG?i

gR !TE i t t30 j .CRfiAT('X?' EHTER THE j & I N ENTRfitkZE $IBT$ ----> ' ? f i

REA3 t!FAW3TH CALL PRfiRPf P g i N i t?' ;!DTH OF TFjS SECT!EH 15 ----\' .- !w '~ .2 ; .2 i jjCT7.'rT -. - - . . - ,dvt .i, ), ' PRESS ;.E;iiJiil Tn !--" *\;:.-' ! i l ~ i : ' :, "" 3 ; ."i, 4 !b L : i T : a ~ t . .2Efi3 f f , Jg i<#&L [ l ! F;.iREfiTifiij

i i&zESi i j=12$. $BLUES { 2 i y " ' :' -;)=&' HLLE- + -. '$&ilJES{ + i =$.

C A i i .;PgI"P.:?<' , ... rrL!uri -.,:. c.gfi?[ j = ' D E . ~ l ~ # PfiAABETEZS? CALL f i h l # s g ( i ,CH?,!Ai,

Cfi?:, EES#EgU ;u::-. i i \= ' ig; FiiLki i , icb" ' i i ~ U L t i 1 ,,ruTH' C S & L i 2 j = ' [ 9 3 CROSS CUT' - 9 : : . Lnv&Fi . j )=?[Cj "" '""FqY' . .I..

EiiDIi iftick ,eq, i j then

ifiiyi ,ge. gpyiickjj.and.(y! . i e , mpy!ipck)i):fiaql=! endif if!ick .eq. 2ithen

iF!ixf ,6E, #PxiIckj),AHD,[xi,iE,)!P~ii:p~.ii:))jIFLA~l=l endif ;, :.,k .eq, ?!then ifiiyi , l e a ~pyii~k)f,a~d.iy!.ge.~aviinck)f , , I iifiag!=I

andif ifiick .eq. 4ithen

ifii~i ,!e, ~ p x i i r k j ) , a n d , { x ~ , ~ e , ~ p i : { i p ~ k ] ~ j i f ~ a ~ l = i

end i i IFiiiiLb61 ,EQ, li?THEN

ITRACE=ITRACK+ I IARFLA6(iCOQNTj=!CK PX[ ICDtiNif=X1 PY (ICOUMT)=Yl IiO!tNT=ICOUNT+!

77 COF4TINUE if( itount ,eq. 2 ) tnen

DRA#!I;G THE LINES GITg THE ABSVE C3iRDINATES PRINT tt'PX(!),PYilj!P~i?],~Yi2!3fiXi,i)jPY{lj!f~(2j,~Y(2j CALL fOVEAiPX(li,PYil)j CALL DRAUA(PXi2)!?Y(2i i c a l l tsend IF<ICROSS .E!. d)THEIi

{ I] =Fg i () PLRY!ii=PY! 1i PI,RXP(lj=PX(2j PLRYDi! l=PY(2i STZRihJG THESE COCRDINRTES FcR USE I=I+1

C CHECXINS i G R THE gIRENSIgH :+++t+++++f++f+t+++t?s+*t.z*+++r+++t++++i*++++++++++++++++*++

ifii ,ge. 5c)then ?:in$ n,? ieduce $tie se;ii~n !enath' retzrn

enbif ~ ' + + + f ~ + + * f ? t % f + * f t ? t * t t i t ? t ~ f ~ s f t . ~ f * $ f f + $ ~ + + + f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ + * + + ~ + ? + + +

SiiD!; --: 7-.F,-. !~\!L~uSS ,EQ, i)T$,EN

%I=<, IF=! $XX=pi ( j

DY'f=PY[ 1 ) JXX!=FXi2) uYYi=?'ii,2]

- - : ir!iCi ,5Es5 jThEN pX;i':=-.j" ' . > L. \ L ! i )

"(l)=c?iI!li P.f(,2\=C''' , . b: A \ L ! Z l

F'f(Zj=C'f(I?2) IF[ IcF ,EQ, 4 j IcF=i} ELSE pX(:)=nXX PY(i)=DV'f P X ~ ~ I - D X X I P'f(2j=D'fyI

EHD I F IF(?PERFECT .Es. 4)iHEN

PRINT %!' IH THE PERFECT L@P AFTER flfiI;j?

IF( i IBPERFECT .Ei. ! 1 .DR. iIBPE3FECT , i B . 3l iThE# PRI!iT t!; LISE 15 2 CJR 4 r PRINT t,'t+t+PLRXi.jI)?1Pi2XiJi j

XP=FiAX(JIj '.y?=Fy ( 1 ) ELSE PRINT t,: BASE LINE 1; 1 6h 3? FRI#T a,'t+t+PX(ij7,PX11) XF=pj ( 1 j 'fP=P?RY i J I !

EflDIi PRINT +!?--------------------:

-- & - 8 .

..i- ?-?..- - w : .: : > :-;

Sk. . .,3Jk :-rLj 1-::.

L CHEZKINE THE 31:,;;""" x ..+33;;>;<

; f t * f f f + t f C f + t f * f t r : f * ~ * * f f * t ~ t f f * * * * * * + f f t f f f f ~ i f t s * ~ f ? + ~ ~ * f

i f ( i ,ge. zc$jthen . . o r i n t t j i reduce r e c t i c n iengih'

r e iu rn mdif

~tf?tt~t??ff i f f f%f?+t4.t t t f f t+ff t f f t f f ' i~f~ ' i f f+*++f+++~~f+~~f~+?

EMDIF qrjto $5

endif EHDiF

-. 3 continue s CHECKING FQR THE INiTIfii PIECE

$5 pxwJ)=pX[2] p%fi j)=py!2) PXi4)=PX[ij py{4j=pYili

i a rp re= ia r f i ag [ l j i a r p r e i = i a r f l a g l i ; --.. ; $ I Ji, 9, !THEN A,

IF!ITRACK ,itj, 2)THEW A=BBS (C1-i2 )

ESDIF ENDii

= C&CULATI?& THE PANE; $fST&ijCE THE C@NE;i iFilHAItJ ,EQ, t ITHEN

1 q-q a , , * z -..

'c IAKING ItiTE ACCENT CHAjiSES $!2TH ACRDSS R$,jS I;;;.,.-- * > l \ J H H ,iQs 2 ,&D, IfR!SS ,m, C)TH$

CaLL BELL CALL PRESPT IVkFiRDgi=!i2 #I jE!+,51: I ' ; j ; ; ;3 ; ' i3.P%kl,'4

51 FWfi$T(iX3;EgTEE THE $I$TH EF ? i j ia rs FcR ROS ',:2!'-->' ?) ] t READ tI{jUIDTH

7 . ; 1 -sL- 1!4PQT?!62il V$iBT&j=CIfj

IFiPCLE?$ .Li. Q)V$IDTiJ=-i,i$ISTH g;DTH=g!DTHtiVW;DT~jC~y5;j ELSE ijgI;?H=PCiEW #~DTH=WIDTH+(PCLEg~C~N5;j

EMDfF i i S E i?fiitJ=! IF[ IVAR .EB, 2 , k g $ , Ii?F.GSS , ziz, <I) THE3

.", 8 - i , r i l s E L i CALL pRc$Py - ..- lkg$g!zW=l! 3 1 ;RITE(+!52) IVARggj

- .-- - - - - - - - - - , - - . . ~ ~ ~ ~ g Q - 3 g ~ g I $ ; ~ S ; _ ; T H , ; ;;:I;+ :,7 =-- - : . -,* :. . . . - - -.-- - . . . . - . - . , .:? ' - - ! F

CRLF I#PUTT!GIHl i r W iDiH=G!N I F l F a j i H . i T . Q)i/WIDTH=-i)WiDTH gIDTH=diDTH+iYWiDTH/CoI;sj ELSE $13Ti=WiDTH+iFAWDTHiCo~Sj i'i'." <,flyTH=FRWDTH

EN0':F 2HBIF :;!(AES!C2-~1)) ., , i T , ( A z 5 ( W I D T H i j ) G g z 3 0 I F { (IGRCi.$S ,Ez. Oj .ANZ. ( I f l A I g .EB, Q j j T H E h

ENTRY i !ENTRY )=AES(VWIDTHi IENTRY=IE#TRT+1

END I F GO TO ??

2 0 0 'CONTIHUE !i( ICROSS . E l . O!THEN

kHGLE=RTAND i SLPRZ! ANGLE=ANGLE+E?. 999Q9 PRI i iT ENTER i/&LLES FOR THE ZRg.;:; ROfiCS' P g i N T f ! ' --------------------------------' SLP&Z=TRND i ANGLE1 IC$OSS=1 F:iiJDTii=PWDTH PCLEfi=P&E!i

iHCOU#T=I-1 PRI'rlT tl' ' GOTO iS

EHDIF .-.*, 1 1 : ! id t iT= I - ! A"""

< F!L,IH~ T ~ E p r i i pa",'--.. >,>- N i ; -%T--- y h , ~ &; - 2 - I PATTERH=1:1 .-.- ! ? ~ = l 7 7 r ' i i i i j J i = l I?C:E.jT,2 p!(JI) ,sE, i f i C ~ ~ ~ T ] i ~ ~ T ~ 1 2 1

I ; - i I ? - $ 114 I F ( i K ,;Em ICCZbNTjEDTO

S X P ( 1 ) = P i N T X ( i # ! j i ) $ ' y P ( i j = P I # T ' j ' i I K , J I j fXP(2j=PifilTX(IK+ii!JIj S ~ P ( . ~ j = p I N T Y ( I K + I ! J I ) SXPi ] )=PINTX( !K+1!J I+ i ! S Y P i 3 ) = P I N T Y ( I Z + l , J p l ! SXPi4!=pI&TX(!K1Ji t ! )

- - .;!I=!!4 ,- :.., --".- .,. { J T I ) . ,EQ, 2 , ) AN^, (~y?(jiij ,.as < j . i ; ; y ~ t i A S a , - . . a

;v-7:>. .. a!.- L?<?C

SaTi 119 -..--- t ;<El:

i .., f 7 CDHTIt$,ii Ti..-T.. i;,-LK?2

;~k-i!4 DO " '- PLRRX(lPC,IC&]=S~PiI~Kj ?!-.; R,f(lFC ,I..:. - . . : 7 . 7 . s : . .

1 LF.. t=3!?( ILL! ;kjD ';g -:

IPC=iPC+l &-jTZ 119

I < = ii, CONTINBE 1 3 <ONTi#jE

6aAgIWE THE PiiiftRS 7 . . : ~ H L L T:(TCQL(2 j F a , , n t i PROZPT

*&,,.R I !:'!FS fijFS=j f:i:=C) 3 PRItii t, ' PILLAR 21,;" . , -, . - READ !+.!04)$4S

1-21; I,...L i '{FS be- ijij! !&xS) CALL SR]CENTE2[!!E?I!&Y) CALL ;R!CENTER{:!#PX,pY) IiiIAHS .Ea. !iT!M 7F'TR in ,NE, 1)CAii zRICENTEJii!jPX,$PY) * 2 I*-

li[izLB ,NE. :)C$iL $RiCE$TER(YIYP:<,MPfj :;ALi ?$END

EHDIF i ;lyE-=. a,. s '! CALL ?FiEfiF.T FRI#T 13 NijRgERS F;R FiiikRS (..YE.;=; !&;=$)'

~ L A $ i +, i04)ANS "

i: i;{dKS ,Ea, "Y')IDYES=! CALL YE-#j{ IRES)

IGH,; ,i.z, ! : --..-. *,l;yt>=! - - 3 - * ! + * 1 !ERN=-3 A: . . ~ g i ~ zgRSii,,j)

124 ICK=!!IP~-I - $,> - j.;& Ij,y-!,i

*-. *:..- ,

S ; < ~ [ ; D < j = ~ L ~ R ~ , . & , . M i t

1.25 &. i;gHTI"gE CgLi P&TiiRNi4,5j,P,.5YP') --..x..-.. ; y { ! b . i k z , zgz !)T3Ef:

-,..: -.,-,.*. - - . . tn;={~~~(!!+Y?y!,~jt~~i;:1;j*f11~!i$jjj.44

Cgi; #gI;Ea( ~!i,C:?y', '::-.

i-:: :.?,.: - -:. -, ~Liir$;iL:.:

il$,iEA(SXP< 1 j !EYP ( i 'j Efic 1:

""':-"'." LJPI! I A U t

'SECTiGH fJ r z z I F i Y TFE PILiAR ZEGflETRY 155 y 3 7 : i 1 . -

-"?3 > .riJt r;-vaii L'" -1;: Y F * : . - ,,, ; ,- : .. ss %gi: : R T ~ . G , ~ wib. . " & L i us L zg!$SiHi!!Ck!/AL) CzJ&i 1 j=? <: f > CHg&E EEOKTR'f'

rcVRLi2f=?c3.:, 9'n---"" : - - - 3 :

.a,, i,. , t,tS*s~,gt 1 pRFi3 CiiVpI ,-, ;3:=? , r2.$ ;*' HE2 PILiAqiZ!igi!FV;j3 I:"'.-- , . db,.,&, ,. .:?IJ! ''

i;-&iki(4)=?<4:> XJgT THE P!?i$gS'

r ;",'.",' ..t,gL ,':-. ;-. -% k;iiLP, -- Yijijff CPTIOH' ""L i~PTICq:-'- L?I L - J!:,CH~J&?~PCH)

C ,-,-.-, ! .->,,-s,- d V k ! L : * l - f t 3 .

u !;&Ai!2j=?r4Q' C CgVq'( j j = ? S i ? t- C G i i Aij&LSCN(31C+jgi) ,-- I i [ C $ j f i L ( l ) ,E&, 'YES'j!pC;+=i

I F ( C H i j b i i 2 j ,Eg, 'YEs?!IPC+2 "

L F { C % f i i < 3 ) ,EQ, I'.'"'. ? t s I !'C Y b= 1 3 7--7- i-ii~i

PfflL!' .ii! *,' ' . PRlfiT + , I PILL& fiODIFI<ATiGHS?

pg:qT t , J ---------------------? " i.,;

P?'$'T + ? I w . ... A . . . L - CHAtiGE THE GEGnETR'i'

p$rWT *.? 2 - SGi/E?;RE:E$!GH'

L FGTYT , a * , t t ' . 3 - $,Fi PiiLhgic-$+#:sE ZLn PILLAR? i; RE42 +!IPCs

I F ( I P c j .EQ, 4150 TJ iF(IPCH ,EE. z j T 3 E j

y s j f iT *! : ((PLEASE $&I?>); ;EICENiE4(j.,,;l;Pf?HFv) . -- . :-ris~;qi~ - , 3 X ! t i r * ; ;.. . ! ! ZPX. #PYj

... LxiJ&Li i)=?FjE$ PIi jAR~:;g&;.E~;~~ 115-47;' -, LS..& ,. . .. . -..--::. LHLF RR!nb~:ii, 1 ,Ci-ii;aL)

;=: < !) Tjsp$i ;:-:- - - - - u,:, :b ' * -,% 8

+, -+ts y : ; ; ;\: ... A i;nP.

i;+.$gi;;; - ,.-., - .<-- + I = ' { i i .-: S $ d . . j t ? ~ g I?iPijT'

-.??:.

i =, T -,-:- (2 j-: yr,TEz YJGk $?Ti$f?? .zPTI.z?iz<.z!CHi)AL, IziSigii j

- - . . -. - ? - . . ~ ~ ! ; ~ = ~ i ~ ~ ,:a, l j i$E;$ WEPPi!J$R{S$P,SYP!

-c*-T-- 1, .4-.FL IPK=IPC+!

E;iG i IFiIDESIEW ,E3, .:)THER

!zHVAL($ i=?"-:-i,;.7."n" .'.. --- . I >GH\ - :" ! t 2?Lv?!t'

"fii i" -i'"";;' , ,?I .{+ ;s 3 1 , i-. ivgj .>a:- 2 ' A * W " . . $ .

?;*\;&! $ \--..-- 3

4 : r , : L , - , - ' y k 5 . 7 -u ,.: ; *, ., . . . L,..yL<.=:=;:+G''

.7+L; gyA: . L ? i i z ;-qi5; \ w . L '. LS-,? ,-! , , - a

iF;%YAi! l j ,Ea, ?::"'. ' - 9 '

. - * a ' Its' j :yy=3 ~ r r ~ ~ i ~ A L i 2 ) - - . -., :. : ,ti;, 'YES7)IPY=4

PRiHT +,' iL!!iE '2 SELECTED' PRIHT f , ? 3 - ABOUT PT 3'

PRINT 4 - 6BGIjT PT 4 ' READ+?

i F ( I ? y ,E!J, - ;T9 ' - " J! !t!tN PRI?iT tt7gE@JT PT 3' ICS l=4 iCR2=!

ELSE FRINT t? ' 4; IiRi.3 lCfi.2=2

EkjDIF EtjZiF I F , i i I t j E ,EQ* 4jr::-- : *tf<

.i:6:ie,L ( t 1 j =. 7 .. + ., (+BGijT 751 a ; - 3 .. . .p.@i iSi=?;g> $ izET ?DINT 1 7 'U I . L i b 1 ..k,

CHV&[S)=?E#TER YOUR EPT:JN' CGLL ?;PT1G#Si3,C#iJRL! I P v ) I F i i P V ,zg, i ? i P v = & - -- . : 7 0 - i ? \ ii'Y .tk!. - 1 1; v-1 CALL flEhlJSC#[ 2!CHVALj CHqACi j=:YES' 3 ~ f i i i 2 i = ' ~ j ~ ? :;g~? &fiLSC;( 2!iHV&; I F [ i H i j A i { f ] ,EQ, 'yES'irFi)=L .r.-:,,,: 8 . - i ; s i , h i f 2 ] ,EGs 'YES' ) IP i /= i *; > - < , .

.FYTj.jT r A > +,? . 4 - ABOUT ,ET 4:

PRINT t f 7 1 - I~EGUT PT 1' -.-a- T,tHL'f, :PV

iF{;Pz.j ,EQ. iiifHM ? - ? . . i tn := i TTG2-2 ,-,,L--- -. -.- iLZC - 7- -LK!=~ iC2.2.3

i?;n i F EHD!F

CALL PREAPT Pg!$T *!' EHTEZ THE 5FF.CET A$5LE7

t, 2FA;igLE

CALL :;<: gTy;.;;:ii . , . . TjFGNGLEzGIW

~i"ii=Si"PE{~~h~X(!!I~!j)!Pi3G'i[i?IPY~!Pi~~~(i!iC~ij! a % , , :

$gITE(!r;,tiCEgF;.$i;fb $RiTEi iS ,+) fEH?CLEj . i $iRI:Ei!Z,+jCEHCONS i 2 i ~ ~ p i i s +,, t j ~ E ; j ~ ! 1.- 3 . -

j R i T E i l z , t j c E W f ? UsS--. , .it(f .-;, : . t j i P i :

30 28 ! l = i , i ? C - i . . ~RIT~[i~,fj{iPLRR;iIf!I2jqPLkRYi.j!,i~j;,I2=!!~!

c a l l pi-o8pt PRIFiT t , ? j N F E R n A T I E N FzR f l E s L & T I c g ; P R I n T t t ? E N T E 2 THE FILLAR LEiiGTH '83 SIiJEL;TICNI

READ t !PniEN CALL iFiPLTTi,GIS, P#LEH=E!N &R~TE(~!~f!ENTRY!iMTRV!iEH),IEf~=i!IE~fRi:j!P~LEiiiP~~~$

;uANGTv:y TFC D i r E Y S I z N iMT.7 r' """ .,,, .I+U , a L . I J S; c . P t T ~ i t s f ENTk'i'=O. ;a IEN=I!;mTRy-!

TENTRy=TEflTRY+E%fpf ! IEMl END JO AvEgfRY=i DE'Dlff-fEpiTRY j i IEiJT;iy'j

P2INT f , : AFTER TR@jSFfiRM&TlGH: ~;IjE{n,t!iENfRY,~VEf~T~y,~t4~E~!pgDjH

WRifE! 15, t j i~~TffY!AVE; iTRy,P~iEN,P: iDfH i L G S E [ i Z j

',#E!F

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A CAD APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE UNDERGROUND MINE ...

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