4026922-DK-122-Konsep-Sistem-Informasi

10/27/22 handout-SI-032204 KSI -by:sol's- 1

SI-032204

Konsep Sistem Informasi(4-sks)

Oleh :

Solikin WS.,M.T.

[email protected]


SI-032204

Konsep Sistem Informasi(4-sks)

Prasyarat : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi Tujuan :

memahami dan menguasai konsep sistem informasi,

dapat menjelaskan peranan informasi dalam suatu organisasi,

struktur dari suatu sistem informasi, dukungan komputer terhadap suatu sistem informasi, dan

nilai informasi bagi pengambilan keputusan


• Materi :1. Pengertian data dan informasi2. Konsep dasar sistem dan sistem informasi3. Konsep organisasi dan manajemen dalam kaitannya dengan suatu sistem informasi

4. Struktur sistem informasi: komponen, aktivitas, peran, dan tujuan pembangunan sistem informasi

5. Jenis-jenis sistem informasi berbasis komputer

6. Peran sistem informasi untuk pengambilan keputusan


• Buku Referensi :1. Couger, J.D. and Mc Fadden, F.R., "Introduction to

Computer- Based Information Systems", John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.

2. McLeod Jr., Raymond, “Management Information System A Study of Computer-Based Information System”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

3. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System A Contemporary Perpective”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

4. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System Management The Digital Firm, Seven Edt.”, Prentice-Hall,New Jersey, 2002.

5. Turban-McLean-Wetherbe, “Information Technology For Management,Second Edition”, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1999.

6. Steven Alter, “Information Systems Foundation of E-Business, 4Ed”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,2002.


Pengertian Data dan Informasi Data : “Streams of raw facts representing events

occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).

(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian dalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan di susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan oleh user).

Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti berupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan darinya.


Informasi (1) “Data have been shaped into form that is

meaningful and useful to human beings”. (Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk

yang dapat dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.

Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti berupa suatu informasi” atau

Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.


Data vs Informasi


Informasi(2) Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.

Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).

Data InformasiProcess


Informasi(3)Sumber Informasi :

Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)KuesionerKejadian / event (pencatatan, perekaman ataupun penangkapan sinyal digital secara langsung).

Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric, operational research, simulation, heuristic, dsb).


Informasi(4) Karakteristik (kualitas) Informasi yang baik : Timeliness (informasi harus tepat waktu, tersedia manakala dibutuhkan)

Accuracy (informasi harus akurat / teliti)

Reduced Uncertainty (informasi ketidakpastiannya harus ditekan / diminimize/diperkecil)

Element of Surprise (informasi tidak mengandung unsur / elemen kejutan)


Informasi(5) Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user) dapat direpresentasikan dalam media : Kertas/hardcopy Tampilan/display-monitor/video Suara/audio

Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya dalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe laporan antara lain : Loran Periodik Laporan Indikator Kunci Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report) Laporan Khusus Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)


Informasi(6) Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan berbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umum digunakan : Narasi Tabel Grafik dan Gambar Kombinasi Kertas/hardcopy


• System ?

Input Output

Feedback

System

“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir untuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)


information system An information system (IS) is an arrangement

of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization


What is a System?

ManufacturingProcess

Input ofRaw Materials

Output ofFinished Products

Environment

Other Systems

Control byManagement

ControlSignals

ControlSignals

FeedbackSignals

FeedbackSignals

System Boundary


The Internetworked -Business

Manufacturingand

ProductionEngineering &

ResearchAccounting,Finance, andManagement

Suppliers and Other Business Partners

Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics

Advertising Sales Customer Service

Consumer and Business Customers

CompanyBoundary

Intranets

The Internet

Extranets

Extr

anet

s


A Federation of Information Systems


Information System Applications


Focuses for Information Systems Knowledge — the raw material used to create useful information.

Process — the activities (including management) that carry out the mission of the business.

Communication — how the system interfaces with its users and other information systems.


The CMM Process Management ModelCapability Maturity Model (CMM) – a standardized framework for assessing the maturity level of an organization’s information system development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity:

Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.

Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality.

Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed. All projects use a version of this process to develop and maintain information systems and software.

Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are established.

Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4.


Capability Maturity Model (CMM)


Types of Information Systems

TransactionProcessingSystems

ProcessControlSystems

EnterpriseCollaboration

Systems

OperationsSupportSystems

ManagementInformationSystems

DecisionSupportSystems

ExecutiveInformationSystems

ManagementSupportSystems

Information Systems


A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about business transactions.

A management information system (MIS) is an information system that provides for management-oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization.

A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or provides information to help make decisions.


An expert system is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefit of nonexperts.

A communications and collaboration system is an information system that enables more effective communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.

An office automation system is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for improved work flow between workers.


Other Categories of Information Systems

Expert Systems

Knowledge Management Systems

Functional Business Systems

Strategic Information Systems

Cross-Functional Information Systems


The Information Systems Development Process


Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise

•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs

•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers

Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?

•IS Human Resources•IS Development

•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance

•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance


Chapter Summary Information Systems play a vital role in the efficient and effective operations of E-Business, E-Commerce and enterprise collaboration.

The business professional must know: Foundations (fundamentals) of IS Information Technologies Business Applications Development Processes; and Managerial Challenges


Chapter Summary (cont) A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.

An information system uses the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities.


IS Resources: Hardware Resources Software Resources People Resources Data Resources Network Resources

Products: Paper Reports Visual Displays Multimedia Documents Electronic Messages Graphics images Audio Responses

Chapter Summary (cont)


Information systems perform three vital roles in business firms. They support: Business processes and operations, Business decision making; and Strategic competitive advantage

Major application categories of information systems include: Operations Support Systems; and Management Support Systems

Chapter Summary (cont)


Data : Tipe DataLima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang yaitu : 6.p132-177)

1. predefined data item,2. images,3. text,4. audio, dan5. video

Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk gambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik seperti digitization, voice messaging dan video conference


Predefined data item Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi dan transaksi yang menggunakan data. Sebagai contoh credit card number, transaction date, purchase account, dan merchant ID.


TextText terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung pada bentuk yang ditentukan (prespecified format) atau definisi dari item individual (defined of individual items).


Images Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar, baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar yang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures), atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik. Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang sama seperti text.


Audio Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.

Video Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya misalnya melalui video conference.


Satuan Data Bit satuan terkecil data Byte satu karakter=8 bit Word satu kata=2 byte=16 bit Double Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bit Data satu data=beberapa byte yang

punya arti Record satu baris data Field satu lajur/kolom data Table satu table data (baris dan kolom) Library satu kumpulan file data Database satu bank data (kumpulan semua

data)


Evolution of DB Systems Flat files - 1960s - 1980s Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s Network – 1970s - 1990s Relational – 1980s - present Object-oriented – 1990s - present Object-relational – 1990s - present

Data warehousing – 1980s - present

Web-enabled – 1990s - present


Basis Data (Database) Elemen Basis Data

Terdapat 3 elemen basis data yaitu : User, Isi Data dan Tempat Penyimpan (memori) data.

Dalam elemen user terdapat 3 golongan yaitu :

Operator yang memerlukan fasilitas ‘Query’ atau paket program yang sudah jadi

Programmer yang memerlukan bahasa pemrograman DBMS

DBA (database administrator) yang memerlukan data dictionary system (DDS)


Pengertian Basis DataBasis Data adalah kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan (berinteraksi) satu dengan yang lainnya, tersimpan di perangkat keras computer dan digunakan perangkat lunak untuk memanipulasinya.

Penerapan database dalam sistem informasi di sebut database sistem.


Pengertian Sistem Basis Data Sistem Basis Data adalah suatu sistem informasi yang mengintegrasikan kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya dan membuatnya tersedia untuk beberapa aplikasi yang bermacam-macam di dalam suatu organisasi.

Software yang digunakan untuk mengatur (manage) data adalah DBMS (Data Base Management System). Contoh DBMS : Excell, Access, FoxBase, FoxPro, Oracle, Informix, Sybase, dll


Kenapa perlu konsep Basis Data Dalam pendekatan pengolahan data

tradisional sumber data ditangani sendiri-sendiri oleh masing-masing bagian untuk tiap aplikasi.

Sedangkan dalam konsep database, pengolahan data dilakukan secara terintegrasi dalam sebuah database, dimana tiap-tiap orang atau bagian dapat memandang database dari sudut pandangan yang berbeda.


Organisasi File Basis Data Organisasi data secara konvensional dirasakan kurang, karena berorientasi pada file, artinya data cenderung hanya berhubungan dengan data yang lainnya dalam satu file saja, kurang ada hubungan dengan data lain yang berada di file lain.

Oleh karena itu dikembangkan jenis organisasi data yaitu : Hirarki (berjenjang), Network (jaringan) dan Relasional (hubungan).


Organisasi Hirarki (1) Organisasi Hirarki / berjenjang atau disebut juga struktur data poon (tree). Suatu pohon dibentuk dari beberapa elemen grup data yang berjenjang, disebut dengan node. Node yang paling atas disebut root (level-1), tiap node dapat bercabang ke node-node yang lain. Dengan ketentuan setiap pohon hanya mempunyai satu root saja dan tiap-tiap node kecuali root hanya dapat mempunyai sebuah orang tua (parent) saja tetapi tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai beberapa anak (child).


Organisasi Hirarki (2)


Organisasi Network(1)

Pada Organisasi pohon tiap node tidak dapat mempunyai leih dari satu orang tua, maka pada strukur data jaringan tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua.


Organisasi Network(2)


Organisasi Relasional (1) Hubungan di dasarkan pada field kunci (yaitu field yang unik / tidak ada duanya), contoh file MHS dan file NILAI dihungkan melalui field kunci NPM.


Organisasi Relasional (2)


Relasi Data


Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi(..catatan tambahan)

SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base Information System)

Resources : 5M + I Man Machine Money Material Method and Information


Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas, karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya

Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja, tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll

Karakteristik sistem :1. Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update,

representation)Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll

2. Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan3. Holistik (menyeluruh)4. Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)5. Sinergi6. Hierarki7. Ada aturan (regulasi)8. Harus punya tujuan (objective)


Information Systems Architecture(ISA)

Overall blueprint for organization’s information systems

Consists of: Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER

Diagram) Processes – data flow diagrams, process

decomposition, etc. Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8) People – people management using project management

tools (Gantt charts, etc.) Events and Points in Time (when processes are

performed) Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)


Information Engineering A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain information systems

Top-down planning approach. Four steps:

Planning Results in an Information Systems Architecture

Analysis Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we want

Design Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it

Implementation Results in final operational system


Information Systems Planning

Strategy development IT Planning to meet Corporate

strategy Three steps:

1. Identify strategic planning factors 2. Identify corporate planning objects3. Develop enterprise model


Identify Strategic Planning Factors (table 2.1)

Organization goals – what we hope to accomplish

Critical success factors – what MUST work in order for us to survive

Problem areas – weaknesses we now have


Identify Corporate Planning Objects (table 2.3) Organizational units Organizational locations Business functions – these might become the users

Entity types – the things we are trying to model

Information (application) systems


Develop Enterprise ModelDecomposition of business functions See figure 2.2

Enterprise data model See figure 2.1

Planning matrixes See figure 2.3


Enterprise Data Model First step in database development Specifies scope and general content Overall picture of organizational data, not specific design

Entity-relationship diagram Descriptions of entity types Relationships between entities Business rules


Informasi Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi

penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan

Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan

Sifat informasi :1. Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)2. Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)


INPUT PROSES OUTPUT

Data Proses Informasi - Bisa sangat simple- Bisa dapat complicated

• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka datanya harus bersih.

• prosesnya meliputi :1. Verifikasi2. Validasi3. Duplication data


Macam-macam atribut suatu data :1. Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)2. Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)3. Temporal4. Classifier5. Relational

Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :

1. Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)2. Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)3. Tepat GUNA (relevancy)4. Tepat SAJI (presentation)


Manfaat Informasi Terhadap Proses :

1. Menghemat Tenaga2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi3. Mempercepat Proses4. Perbaikan Dokumentasi5. Pencapaian Standar6. Perbaikan Keputusan

Terhadap Produk :1. Peningkatan “feature”2. Perubahan Karakteristik3. Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk4. Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa


Terhadap Kualitas :1. Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)2. Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi

produk, peningkatan pelayanan, dsb)

Komponen SI :1. Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)2. Infoware (Database)3. Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)4. Brainware (humanware)


Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan) Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan

Infoware (Database) DBMS (Data Base Management System) DBA (Database Administrator) Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating

karna faktor SDM Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer

kecewa, ini akan sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan agar data tetap up-to-date.


Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur) Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur Prosedur :

1. Prosedur Penyiapan Data2. Prosedur Perekaman Data3. Prosedur Pemrosesan Data4. Prosedur Pengamanan Data5. Dsb

Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di “Re-Design”

Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini harus disosialisasikan

Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada rencana induk perusahaan

Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division


Brainware Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan

dengan 3 komponen yang lainnya Contoh job dalam bidang IT:

1. Operator Perekam Data2. Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan3. Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)4. Analis Sistem (Analyst)5. Administrator Database (Database Administrator)6. Perancang Sistem (System Designer)7. Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)8. Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering) 9. Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)


Karakteristik Sistem

Sub Sistem

Sub SistemSub Sistem

Sub Sistem

Input Output

Interface(penghubung)

Input O utputProcess

Environm ent

Goals

Boundary(batas sistem )


Siklus Pengolahan Data

PROSES(M odel)

ENTRI DATA OUTPUT(Inform asi)

BASIS DATA

USER(Penerim a)

KEPUTUSANTINDAKAN

HASILTINDAKAN

CAPTURINGDATA


Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models The Need for Frameworks and Models The Work System Framework Work System Principles Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS The Principle Based Systems Analysis

Method Measurement Work System Performance Clasification Related to

Understanding Systems from Business Viewpoint


Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for books)


The Work System Framework

The Customer The Product and Services The Business Process The Participant The Information The Technology Context Infrastructure


The CustomerPeople who use and receive direct benefit from the products and services


The Product and Services

The combination of physical things information and services that the work system produces for to customer


The Business Process The sets of the steps or activities that are performed within the work system


The ParticipantPeople who perform the work step in the business process


The InformationThe information used by the participants to perform their work


The TechnologyThe hardware, software and the other tools and equipment used by the participants


ContextThe organizational, competitive, technical and regulatory realm within which the work system operates


InfrastructureIs share human and technical resources that the work system rellies on even through these resources exist and are managed outside of it.


CUSTOM ER People w ho purchases books W hosellers that supply the books Am azon.com Shipping departem entPRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Inform ation about books that m ight be purchased inform ation describing cash book order books that are eventually delivered

BUSINESS PROCESS Purchaser log on w w w.am azon.com Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria Purchaser looks at book related inform ation and desides w hat

to order Purchaser enter order Am azon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr

dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Am azon orderthem from a w holeseller and ships them to the custom er afterthey arrive at the Am azon werehouse

Shipping departem ent packages order and sends it to thepurchaser

PARTICIPANTS INFORM ATION TECHNOLOGY People interested in

purchasing books order fullfillm ent

departm ent ofw holeseller

Shipping departm entAm azon.com

O rder for books price and other

inform ation about eachbook

purchase hidtory andrelated inform ation foreach custom er

Personel com putersused by purchaser

com puters andnetw orks use byAm azon.com for orderprocessing

the internet(infrastructure)

W ork System SnapshotAm azon.com provides a different way to shop for

books


Data and Knowledge Management (KM)I. Data Management : 1. A Critical Success Faktor

(CSF)2. Data Life Cyle Process and

Knowledge Discovery3. Data Source and Collection4. Data Quality (DQ)5. Multimedia and OO Databases6. Document Management


II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

1. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing

2. Data Warehousing and Marts3. Knowledge Discovery,

Analysis and Mining


III.Data Visualization and Technology

1. Data Visualization2. Multidimensionality3. GIS


IV. Marketing Databases in Action

1. The Marketing Transaction Database

2. Implementation in Example

V. KM1. Knowledge Base and

Organizational Learning2. Implementing KM Systems


I. Data Management I. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)

The Difficulties The Amount of data increases

exponentially Collected by many individuals, using

several methods and devices Organization’s data are relevant for

specific decision Raw Data my be stored in different

computing systems, databases, formats, and human and computer languages

Data Security, Quality, and integrity


These difficulties and the critical need for

Timely and Accurated information

Search effective and efficient Data management

Support TPS Relational Databases Client/Server Environment Finding Data Quiqly and Easly

Creation of Data Warehouse


2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery Trace how and where data flows

in organization Business do not run on data,

They run on information and their knowledge of how to put that information to uses successfully.

The transformation of data into knowledge mybe accomplished in several ways


Converting Data to Knowledge

DataSource

Collection

Data Sorage

Selection

Target Data Preproce-ssing Data

Prepro-cessing

Trans-form ation

Datam ining

Interpretation /Evaluation

iM ac Use

Transfor-m ed Data

Patterns

Storage,Knowledge

Base

Knowledge

Data W arehousing Data Analysis


3. Data Source and Collection The Data life cycle begins

with the acquisition of data from data sources.

Data can include : Documents Pictures Maps Sound and


Animation Concepts Opinions Raw or Summarized or extrated

data Data Source :

Internal Data Personal Data External Data


Internal Data : are organizational

internal data are stored in one or more places

About : people, product, services, and processes

Personal Data IS user or other

coorporate employees by creating personal data


External Data : Data are available on :

CD-ROM Internet Server (film, music or

voice) Pictures (diagram, atlases) Television

Large amounts of external data are available on the internet.

The internet and commercial databases services -> Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)


Methods For Collection Raw Data Can be collected :

Manually or Instruments or sensors Scanned or Transferred Electronically

Manual Data Collected : Time studies Surveys Observations and Constributions from experts


4. Data Quality (DQ) Data are frequently found

to be : Inaccurate Incomplete Ambiguous

The economical and social damage from poor quality data costs billions of dollars


Problem Data : DQ Problem divide into four

catagories and dimension :1. Instrinsic DQ :

Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation

2. Accessability DQ : Accessability and security

3. Contextual DQ : Relevance, Value Added, timeliness,

completeness, amount data 4. Representasion DQ:

Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise representation, consistent representation


Problem Data (cont..): Data are not correct Data are not timely Data are not measured or

index properly Needed data simply do not

exist One of the major issues

of DQ is DATA INTEGRITY


OOD are sometimes referred to as multimedia databases and are manage special Multimedia Databases Management Systems (MDMS)

These manage data in variety of formats in additional to standard text or numeric fields.

The formats include Images such as digitized photographs or forms of bit-mapped graphics


6. Document Management (DM) Document Management Systems (DMS)

provide information to decision makers in an electronic format

DM is the automated control of electronic document, page images, spreadsheet, word processing document, and complex, compound documents through their entire life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to final archiving.

DMS usually include computerized imaging systems


II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

I. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing Data processing in organizations

can be viewed either as transactional or analytical

Transactional Processing, in the routine daily processing of the transactional of the organizations such as ordering or billing


A good data delivery system therefore should be able to support : Easy data access by the

end users themselve Quicker decision making More accurate and

effective decision making Flexible decision making


This improved option of analytical processing involves three concepts :1. A business representation of

data for end users2. A client/server enviroment that

gives the user query and reporting capabilities

3. A server-base repository, the data warehouse, that allows centralized security and control over the data


2. Data Warehousing and Marts Data Warehouse, benefits :1. To reach data quickly2. To do it easly

The purpose of data warehouse is to establish a data repository that makes operational data accessable in a form rapidly acceptable for analytical processing activities such as decision support, EIS, and other user application.


Data Warehouses allow for the storage of metadata, which include data summaries that are easier to index and search, especially with web tools


Legacy

OLTP

External

Select

Extract

TransformIntegrate

M aintain

Preparation

OpeparationalSystem / Data

APIS

MIdleware

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

M etadataReposition

EnterpriseData

W arehouse

Data M art

Data M art

Data M art

TargetDatabase(s)(RDB, M DDB)

Replication

M arketing

RiskM anagem ent

EngineeringData M ining

Access ApplicationEIS / DSS

Custom -BuiltApplication(4GL Tools)

ProductionReportingTools

RelationQuery Tools

W eb Browses

OLAP /ROLAP

Data W arehouse Fram ework and Views


Characteristic of Data Warehousing 1. Organization :

data are organized by detailed subject, containingly information relevant for decision support

2. Consistency Data in different operational

databases my be encoded differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’ or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner


3. Time variant The data are kept for 5 to

10 years so they can be used for trends, forecasting and comparisons over time

4. Nonvolatile Once entered into the

warehouse, data are not update (Tdk dpt diubah)


5. Relational Typically the data

warehouse uses a relational structure

6. Clent/Server The data warehouse uses

the client/server architecture mainly to provide the end user an easy access to its data


Data Marts is a replicated subset of the data warehouse and is dedicated to a functional or regional area.


Summary of strategic Uses of Data Warehousing

Industry Functional Area of Use Strategic UseAirline Operations and Marketinganalysis of route

profitabilityBanking Product Development, Customer service,

operation and marketing trend analysis, product and service promotion.

Reduction of IS expenses

Healt Care Operation reduction of operational expenses


3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining The program of extracting

useful knowledge from volumes of data is known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) or just knowledge discovery.

KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel, potensially usefull, and ultimatelly understandable patterns in data


KDD support by three technologies :

1. Massive data collection2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers3. Data Mining Algorithms

Tools and Techniques of KDD KDD tools over time can be divided

into four major stage : 1. Data Collection (1960s)2. Data Acess (1980s)3. Data Warehousing and Decion Support

(1990s)4. Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)


The problem with the data collection and access techniques is that they are not suitable for a large volume of data, nor can they be used effectively by end user.

Even though Structured Query Language (SQL) use is becaming more user friendly.


OLAP (On Line Analytical

Processing) OLAP refers to such end-user

activities as DSS modeling using spreadsheets and grahics, which are done online.

Unlike online transaction online processing (OLTP) application.


Data Mining Data mining derives is name

from the similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable are.


I. Impact on OrganizationsII.Impact on Individuals at Work

III.Societal Impacts and The Internet Community

IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS, INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY


1.Structure2.Authority3.Power and4.Job Content

I. IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS


1.Job Satisfaction2.Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts

3.Impacts On Health and Safety

II. IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS AT WORK


1.Opportunitis For People With Disabilities

2.Quality of Life Improvements

3.Other Impacts

III.SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND THE INTERNET COMMUNITY


Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content

a. Flatter Organizational Hierarchiesb. Staff-To-Line Ratioc. Special Unitsd. Centralization of Authoritye. Power and Statusf. Job Contensg. Role Ambiguity and Conflict

IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

1.1. Structure


Increased Productivity and increased span of control

Decreased number of experts FOH result from :

reduction in the total number of employees,

reengineering of business process, and ability of lower-level employee to

perform higher –level job

A. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies (FOH)


The number of professional and specialists could decline in relation to the total number of employees in the organizations.

B. Staff-To-Line Ratio


Creating a technology centre Internet/electronic commerce

unit Decision support system

departement Intelligent system

departement

C. Special Units


Because of the trend toward smaller and flatters organizations, centralization become more popular.

Example : introduction of expert systems in general electric’s maintenance area increased the power of the desentarlization units because they become less dependent on the companys headquarters.

D. Centralization of Authority


Knowledge is power Changing the power structure

within organization Example : expert system may

reduce the power of certain professional group, becaise their knowledge will be in the public domain.

E. Power and Status


Job Conten is important not only because it is related to organizational structure, but also becase it is interrelated with employee satisfaction, compensation, status, and productivity.

Changes in job content occuur when work is redesigned.

Example : when BPR (Business Process Reenginerring) is attempted or when electronic commerce changes the marketing system.

F. Job Contens


Employee Career Ladders Changes in Supervision Other Considerations

The Manager’s Job


1.2. Personnel Issues


Automation of routin decision Less expertise required for many decisions

Less reliance on experts to provide support to top executive

Power distribution among managers Electronic support of complex decision (intelligent agents, DSS)


1.3. The Manager’s Job


Job Stress Repetitive Strain Injuries Lessening The Negative Impact on Health and Safety

Other Impacts

Impacts On Health and Safety


Dehumanization : Negative effect on people’s individuality, such : many people feel loss of identity.

Expert systems or artificial intelligence are increasingly replacing people in the creative arena.

Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts


Psychological Impacts : Isolating influence : depression and loneliness

Distance learning : lack of social impact.

Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts(2)


IS and Individual

The IndividualThe

Individual

Entertainm entbusiness andeducation

Environm entand

application

Security

Hom eInform ation System Insurance

andBrokerage

Accountingand Legal

Policeand Fire

Library

Public andPrivate Service

SystemEducation andM edical System

CentreM edicalDatabase

HospitalAdm andtreatm ent

Laisure Tim eSystem

Consum erSystem

FinancialSystem

TravelReservation

Theater andEntertainm ent

HotelReservation

Drug StoreDepartm entStore

Superm arket

M oney CardReal EstateStocks

IntegratedFinancialDatabase

Educationaland AdmRecord

Com puterAssistedEducation

e-Com m erce

E-funds transfer

4026922-DK-122-Konsep-Sistem-Informasi

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