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EYE SPY INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE 115 20182

SKRIPAL SANCTION

8ANATOMY OF THE

Cold War 0.2 looms as Moscow continues todeny any involvement in the assassination

attempt of MI6 agent Sergei Skripal

ESPIONAGEINSIDE UK SEAT

OF POWER

14

ALL CHANGE AT CIA30

INVISIBLE ARMS RACE

Intelligence andQuantum Computing

Players in a new intelligence theatre with implicationsfor the cyber world and all users of the Internet

45

FIRST FEMALE DIRECTOR AT THE AGENCY

PARLIAMENT SPIES SPY EXCHANGEA KEY COMPONENT OF THE GREAT GAME

52

KOREAN ENCOUNTERTHE CIA BACK-CHANNEL

74

“YOUR SUCCESSES ARE UNHERALDED...YOUR FAILURES ARE TRUMPETED”

IRAN’S N-BOMB QUEST49

DECEPTION & LIES

P02/03 2/5/18, 1:26 pm2

EYE SPY 115

3

•6 Paul Nakasone • Sergei Skripal •22 Mohammad Ali Jafari•26 Bashar al-Assad •31 Gina Haspel •49 Benjamin Netanyahu

•74 Kim Jong-un •82 Mark Sedwill

EYE SPY is published eight times a year by Eye Spy Publishing Ltd. All rightsreserved. No part of EYE SPY may be reproduced by any means wholly or in part,

without the prior permission of the publisher. Not to be resold, lent, hired out ordisposed of by trade at more than the recommended retail price.

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VOLUME XV NUMBER THREE 2018 (ISSUE 115)

ISSN 1364 8446 publication date: MAY 2018FRONT COVER MAIN IMAGE: MOD/CROWN COPYRIGHT

I N T E L L I G E N C E C H O I C E

T

14 PARLIAMENT SPIESA historical focus on several spies who penetrated the innerworkings of Parliament

IRAN’S QUEST FOR THE ULTIMATE WEAPON

21 LONG ARM OF THE MOSSADIsrael held responsible for the assassination of a Hamas UAVexpert in Kuala Lumpur

2222

82827474

26 SYRIAN WMD STRIKEUS, UK and France respond with missile strikes following analleged Syria gas attack on civilians

262688

LOCK-ONA look at how the PIRA and Libya opened secret routes totransport weaponry during The Troubles

4949

66

24 LANGLEY’S NEIGHBOURSA fascinating story from inside the CIA of two women who wereallowed to live on the grounds of Langley

he Mossad is a legendary spy organisation feared for its prowess andwillingness to engage in the dark arts, but also respected for its abilityto perform operations beyond the scope of most


4 ALL CHANGE AT MI5 AND MI6Britain’s foreign intelligence service set to appoint its firstfemale Chief as more women recruited by spy agencies

6 THE FOUR HORSEMENNSA appoint new director as communication and listeningagency focus on more cyber intelligence threats

3131

KOREAN ENCOUNTERThe CIA’s remarkable operation to bring together the twoKoreas and stop the North’s pursuit of a nuclear bomb

74

22 IRAN CYBER CELLFBI indicts several Iranian cyber specialists as US Intelligencepenetrate and dismantle electronic spy cell

66

THE RUSSIAN ASSASSINATION LIST

30 ALL CHANGE AT LANGLEYThe CIA appoints its first-ever Director, but controversy ensuesfollowing her links to Extraordinary Rendition Black Sites

45 INVISIBLE ARMS RACEHow quantum computing is changing the way electronicintelligence is collected and analysed

52 SPY EXCHANGEEye Spy examines the covert world and methodology behindspy exchanges - 10 classic examples

BURN AFTER READINGForeign Office instructions secretly dispensed to variousdepartments reveal a history of spy encounters

72

•49 DECEPTION AND LIES

41 POISON DEDUCTIONA look at various methods used by assassins in theintelligence world to eliminate adversaries and opponents

THE DECEPTIVE FACTOR PART 12Mike Finn examines interrogation methods and HumanIntelligence (HUMINT) in the intelligence cycle

80

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Sergei Skripal: “The measures we have taken willfundamentally degrade Russian Intelligence capabilityin the UK for years to come...” Prime Minister Theresa May

I’ve often been asked, ‘does the Russian List really exist?’ Myresponse has always been in the affirmative, though this does notnecessarily mean the file, which we learned of five years ago, is not aone-off document. Eye Spy was the first publication to reference thedocument which surfaced in the former Yugoslavia. We were told itcontained the names of around 100 spies, politicians, businessmen,entrepreneurs and others working in financial arenas who wereregarded as ‘enemies of the state’. Some lived in Russia, but manywere based outside the country, including a fair number in the UK

and United States.

We could not prove the list was authentic or produced by a state agency in Russia, butgradually our interest increased as the number of deaths and attempted assassina-tions linked to the file grew. Thus did it surprise anyone in the intelligence businesswhen a former KGB man and MI6 spy was targeted in southern England? Not really.However, the circumstances surrounding the targeting of Sergei Skripal wereextraordinary and could have affected so many innocent civilians.

Relevant to all of this, spy organisations in the UK and USA have joined forces toprobe what we were told, is a ‘Russian List’ that can be added to or amendedaccordingly. A clue to the authenticity that such a list exists can be found in an under-reported official US document which surfaced earlier this year in Washington DC, andis discussed in our extensive investigation and summary of the Skripal Sanction.

Also of much interest to the planners of intelligence operations, though both verydifferent, the CIA’s carefully crafted back-channel which paved the way for a meetingbetween the two Koreas, and the Mossad’s daring raid on a warehouse in Tehrancontaining its nuclear secrets. Both are examined by Eye Spy specialists.

MARK BIRDSALL, MANAGING EDITOR

49 DECEPTION AND LIESIsrael presents evidence of Iran’s covert nuclear weapons anda Mossad operation which defies belief

intelligence services.

And in 2016, it embarked upon one of the most audaciousjourney’s ever undertaken by The Institute. In this caseagents surveilled the comings and goings at a non-descriptwarehouse in Tehran. Here it learned Iran stored its nuclearsecrets - away from the prying eyes of inspectors. In early2017, operatives broke into the building and secured over100,000 papers which many believe is proof Irancontinues to seek a nuclear bomb...

P02/03 3/5/18, 11:14 am3


INTELLIGENCEREVIEW•NEWS•DIGEST

ALL CHANGE AT MI5 AND MI6?

SBritish Intelligence expands its female workforceas sources claim next MI6 Chief will be a female

everal UK media houseshave reported that thenext Chief of MI6 couldwell be a female. Thisfollows a spate of

promotions in several internationalspy agencies of women as headof service, including the CIA. Nowintelligence sources state MI6Chief Alex Younger, has personallyselected a female candidate as hissuccessor. However, all thesources have been described as“anonymous” and MI6 naturallychose not to comment on thespeculation. Nevertheless, she is

said to be a long-term careerstaffer who has risen through theranks and has received an honourfrom HM Queen Elizabeth.

Similarly, she served as StationChief in an unspecified countryand was engaged in importantoperations.

The decision follows a directiveissued by British Intelligence toincrease the number of femalestaffers in all three primary Britishintelligence agencies to at least30%.

MI5 STRIVING FOR DIVERSITY

On 6 March, MI5 once againhosted a meeting of the 30% Club.Established in 2010, the ‘club’was established to take action tocreate a better balance of men andwomen at all levels of theirorganisation as a business

AlexYounger

MI5 D-G Andrew Parker at the30% Club meeting

ormer FBI Director JamesComey’s A Higher Loyalty:

Truth, Lies, and Leadership

hit bookstores, receiving

A HIGHER LOYALTYIntelligence World Divided Over Comey’s Book

Fmixed reviews from those in theintelligence world. Critics andsupporters agreed it offered no newinformation and that Comey lostcredibility as an objective witness inthe Russian investigation byentering the political fray andcriticising President Trump publicly.

The book also reminded people onboth the left and the right of howunhappy they were with Comey’shandling of the investigation intoDemocratic nominee HillaryClinton’s emails during the 2016election. “Comey’s book surrendersthe higher ground and his book tourcontinues his descent,” the oncesupportive New York Times

columnist Frank Bruni wrote.

Daily Kos writer Joan McCarter saidComey’s “revenge tour” shows heis not the noble defender of justiceand truth that he tries to portrayhimself as.

“If Trump’s conduct is to bescrutinised, James Comey is not theman for the job,” said the National

Review’s David French

Many intelligence officials weresurprised a former senior intelli-gence officer would discuss whatare clearly internal agency andsecurity matters.

P04/05 3/5/18, 10:02 am2

5EYE SPY INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE 115 2018

errorists launched a seriesof deadly attacks in Kabul,Afghanistan, during April.The first on 21 April,

ISIS STRIKES IN KABULToccurred when a suicide bomberblew himself up at a voterregistration centre. The explosionresulted in the deaths of 32people. All were waiting in line toreceive their voting cards forforthcoming elections in October.

On 30 April, a terrorist riding amotorbike approached the mainintelligence building housing theNational Directorate of Security inthe city and blew himself up. This

MEDIA TARGETED AS ELEVEN JOURNALISTS KILLEDattracted the attention of journal-ists who gathered to report on theincident. Moments later, one of the‘cameramen’ blew himself upkilling at least eight media men. Itlater transpired the attacker haddisguised himself as a member ofthe media pool and was carryingbogus credentials. Around 28people were reportedly killed,including noted AFP chiefphotographer Shah Marai. Fourmembers of the security servicesalso perished. On the same day ineastern Khost province, BBCreporter Ahmad Shah, 29, died inanother suicide bombing.

The attacks follow an extraordi-nary week-long period in whichAfghan security forces launched110 counter-terrorist operationskilling over 250 terrorists fromvarious groups, including ISIS, al-

Ashraf Ghani, President ofAfghanistan pictured with US

President Donald Trump.Ghani also heads the NDS

Qaida and the Taliban. ISIS, anemerging force in the region,claimed responsibility for bothKabul attacks.

Shield of the NDS

Shah Marai Ahmad Shah

imperative rather than a ‘women’sissue’. Director-General AndrewParker took part in a paneldiscussion about the importanceof inclusion. “I have spokenbefore about the need for MI5 tohave the richest mix of talents inorder to keep the country safe. Inthe face of diverse and multi-dimensional security threats, thisremains more important thanever,” he said.

Two years ago Mr Parker said:“We need to draw on the richestmix of talent available - whoeverand wherever they are - becauseinnovation, perspective and qualityalways comes from diversity andare essential to our job.

Over recent years MI5 has madestrong progress becoming aneven more diverse and inclusiveworkplace. It featured in theLondon Times ‘Top 50 Employersfor Women 2018’, receivedBusiness in the Community goldstandard awards for gender andBAME equality and is currentlyStonewall’s ‘Employer of theYear’.

To reach its objective, MI5 hasbegun using more variedadvertising channels to recruitwomen. It also offers mentoringand coaching to strong perform-ing female staff to encouragethem to apply for promotion.

AndrewParker

MI5 Thames House headquarters

rom 1953 the blue globe, lightning bolts, and golden crownappeared on letters to ministers and on intelligence reports topartners and allies reflecting GCHQ’s global importance. In 2004,the logo was changed to mark the opening of the organisation’s

GCHQ REVEALS NEW LOGOModern Design Inspired by Digital World

F

With its centenary approaching in 2019, a new logo has been designedto reflect GCHQ’s past, present and future and went into use 30 April.Design considerations included how it would sit with the logos of theNational Cyber Security Centre, MI5 and MI6 and how it would work forpossible recruits looking at job adverts on the Twitter feed on mobilephones; and how it should be adaptable for their sites across the UK.

Its creators believe the badge works in a moredigital world; a modern font and colour havebeen chosen; and something innovative andunique has been added in the ‘Q’. Thedesigners took their inspiration for the Q froma variety of sources including the dials of theoriginal Bombe (decoding machine) atBletchley Park. Their reputation forcodebreaking, analysis and problem solving,and some of the features of the building inBenhall (headquar ters complex), bringtogether GCHQ’s past, present, and future.

new doughnut-shaped headquarters.

IMAGE COURTESY: GCHQ

P04/05 1/5/18, 11:29 am3


t. General Paul Nakasone,54, is the new head ofNSA and its enlargedsister organisation - USCyber Command (USCC).

THE FOUR HORSEMEN

NEW HEAD OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY

LNakasone departed his post ascommander of Army GeneralCyber Command in late April.

His appointment coincides withripples still expanding over allegedRussian contact with some USofficials and former intelligencepeople. The US IntelligenceCommunity is still embroiled invarious distractions in connectionwith the 2016 General Election,and Nakasone has already beenbriefed on a number of deeplyprivate liaisons and controversiesahead of his new role. “We wantthem to pay a price,” he said, inreference to Russian interference,noting no action has thus far beentaken against Moscow. Interest-ingly, the man whom he replaces,Admiral Michael Rogers, hasalready acknowledged USCC hasoptions to react to any perceivedaggression from foreign entities.

Nakasone, a 30-year servant ofthe US military, was a supporterof the development of US CyberCommand, and some sources sayhe actually helped create theagency. This was between 2009-2010 when, as part of a smallteam working out of an office atNSA dubbed the ‘Four Horsemen’,they brought together a plan tobuild a national cyber defenceorganisation whose weapons

were simply numbers and codes.Thereafter he took a storyboardoutlining the work to scepticalPentagon chiefs and seniorofficials who were briefed on theneed of such an agency. And hewon - thus enabling the launch ofUS Cyber Command.

Nakasone is an experiencedmilitary intelligence man who

moves comfortably betweentasks. He has operated in varioustheatres collecting intelligence,including Iraq and Afghanistan.

In the area of counter-terrorism,Nakasone has been central toJoint Task Forces Ares, a multi-agency endeavour which togetherwith US Special OperationsCommand and various intelligenceservices, including GCHQ,launched Operation GlowingSymphony. This sought tosabotage media wings of ISIS anddisrupt its online output of

propaganda videos, literature andweapons and explosives guid-ance.

Internally, he will also have toaddress the worrying loss ofexperienced staffers at NSA,which since 2015, has seenseveral hundred cyber specialistsdepart for the private sector. OneNSA employee said: “It comesdown to death by a thousandcuts... when one person hits theirbreaking point and leaves, thedominoes start falling.”

The NSA has a task force ofaround 20,000 staff, of whichbetween 6-7 per cent specialise in

Lt. General Paul Nakasone

science, mathematics, technol-ogy, codebreaking andcodemaking, and is regarded asthe biggest ‘producer’ of intelli-gence in the US IntelligenceCommunity’s 17-servicecomposite.

Former NSA Deputy Director ChrisInglis said of Nakasone: “He ishumble and forthright. Hesupports his people. Mostimportantly, he’s the kind ofperson who will inspire you.”

Admiral Michael Rogers ne of the most experiencedand perhaps controversialsecurity figures has been

appointed by President Trump asNational Security Advisor. JohnBolton, a key diplomatic figure inthe 2003 invasion of Iraq andformer US Ambassador to the UN,has replaced Herbert R.McMaster. His departure followsquickly on the heels of USSecretary of State Rex Tillerson.

Bolton’s views differ to those ofUS Defense Secretary JamesMattis on a number of keyintelligence subjects. For example,only recently he called for pre-

THE HAWK RETURNSKey Figure in Washington DC Appointed

emptive military strikes againstNorth Korea to help thwart itsnuclear programme. In Syria andLibya he thought it best thatregime change is the best option

O

James Mattis greets JohnBolton in the Pentagon

Army General CyberCommand shield

P06/07 2/5/18, 10:20 am2


arsons Green Tube train bomberAhmed Hassan, 18, an Iraqi asylumseeker whose actions in September2017, could have resulted in manydeaths, has been found guilty ofP

TUBE BOMBER GUILTY OF TERROR ATTACK

attempted murder and given a life sentence.In court, images were shown of Hassancalmly shopping to secure components of thebomb, which was packed with numerousbolts, metal fragments and knives. “Bored and

Recovered fragments from the IED

to stop the fightingonce and for all. Inboth these sensitiveareas, Mattis wantsa diplomaticsolution. Pentagonofficials fear the‘hawkish’ Bolton,will convincePresident Trumpthat “solutions to many world problems canbe solved with military action,” one formerPentagon official said. Another White Housesource asked who will Trump listen to?“Mattis is doing his job, but Bolton is alwaysgoing to have his ear. And sometimes the lastperson in your ear is the one you remember.”

However, Mattis dismissed suggestions ofconflict. “He’s an American last time Ichecked... I can work with an American.

JohnBolton

complaint by a Cuban-Americanemployee of the CIA, who goes by thepseudonym James S. Pars, has been

AN UNHAPPYCIA SPOOK

WHISTLEBLOWER LOSES COURTCASE ABOUT HIS POSTING

Adismissed by a federal judge. Pars alleged thathis career at the CIA had “gone off track” aftercomplaining of conditions at a remote Langleyforeign posting that he said were akin to a“college dorm,” and that the Agency failed toconclude an inquiry into his charges afternearly three years.

The disputepartially rests onaction taken byformer PresidentBarack Obama in2012 when hesigned a directiveensuring thatintelligenceagency employ-ees could report

waste, fraud or abuse and be protected fromworkplace retaliation as long as they actedthrough government channels.

Federal Judge Trevor N. McFadden ruled thatPars’ lawsuit failed to establish that the CIAhad a legal obligation to conduct an inquiryand that Pars could ask courts to compelaction. CIA spokesman, Dean Boyd, toldjournalists the judge’s memorandum opinion“clearly spells out the reasons for the court’sdecision in this matter. We have no furthercomment for you.”

President Obama

Ukrainian pilot blamed by Moscow forshooting down Malaysian Airlines FlightMH17 has been found dead at his home.

MH17 LEGACYPILOT FOUND DEAD

ACaptain Vladislav Voloshin always maintained hewas the victim of a grotesque smear by Russia.The 29-year-old was a Su-25 pilot in theUkrainian Air Force when the Boeing 777 wasshot-down on 17 July 2014, killing 298 people.

Reports in Ukraine say he was found dead at hishome in Mykolayiv from a gunshot wound. Amurder probe has been launched by theUkrainian authorities although initial reportssuggest he took his own life.

Voloshin said lastyear: “I did notshoot down theMH17 Boeing. Aformer militaryfriend of minecalled (Evgeny)Agapov, amechanicalengineer, falselygave evidenceagainst me.”

Secretary of Ukraine’s National Security andDefence Council, Oleksandr Turchynov, saidMoscow was using propaganda to “hide thecrimes organised by Russia, including againstcivilians” in relation to flight MH17.

Vladislav Voloshin

Ahmed Hassan

frustrated,” he assembled the device while theJones’ were on holiday. Thankfully the IEDonly partially detonated, sending a fireballthrough the carriage injuring 30 people.

Hassan was arrested at the Port of Dover ashe attempted to flee Britain.

Russian journalist who reported onpolitical scandals linked to PresidentVladimir Putin died after a fall from his

RUSSIAN JOURNALIST ‘FALLS FROM BALCONY’DEATH NOT BEING TREATED ASSUSPICIOUS - BUT ASSOCIATES

FEAR HE WAS MURDERED

Aapartment balcony. Maxim Borodin, 32, whoworked for news agency Novy Den (NewDay), failed to regain consciousness andsuccumbed to his injuries on 15 April, threedays after the incident.

Police are treating his death as suicide, butofficers did not recover a suicide note.Sverdlovsk Oblast police spokesman said hisYekaterinburg apartment was locked from theinside and there was no sign of forced entry.

Vyacheslav Bashkov, a friend of the deceasedjournalist, said that Borodin had called him

Maxim Borodin

early on the morning of 11 April, saying therewas “someone with a weapon on his balconyand people in camouflage and masks on thestaircase landing.”

His latest articles concerned electoral fraud,and the deaths of Russian mercenaries inSyria amid escalating bombing campaigns inthe region.

P06/07 2/5/18, 10:21 am3


SQUARE ON AN INTERNATIONAL CHESSBOARD

ANATOMY OF THESKRIPAL SANCTION

British Intelligence move quickly to advise Downing Street that it hasno doubt agents deployed or operated by the Kremlin, attempted to

assassinate one of MI6’s former spies. The incident leads to thebiggest international expulsion of Russian spies in history...

ore than twelve years agoformer Russian intelligenceofficer and MI6 agentAlexander Litvinenko, died inLondon. He was poisonedwith Polonium-210 preparedM

at the Avangard facility in Sarov, Russia. Apublic inquiry subsequently concluded thatRussian President Vladimir Putin personallyapproved his murder. Five years ago, the anti-Putin billionaire Boris Berezovsky was foundhanged at his home in Berkshire; the coronerrecorded an open verdict. Both men hadturned against Moscow. These are just‘moments’ in a long campaign that has seenmany Kremlin opponents targeted on Britishsoil and elsewhere.

THE RUSSIAN LIST

Six years ago, Eye Spy was informed a listcontaining the names of around 100 Russiansand Russian-linked persons had surfaced. Allwere designated ‘enemies of the motherland’,and deemed ‘legitimate targets’. Known as the‘Assassination’ or ‘Russian List’, soon thenames of many contained on the documentbegan to be crossed off.

And just recently, one more name could easilyhave been removed (and may still be). We areof course speaking of MI6 spy SergeiViktorovich Skripal, 66, a former Russian GRUofficer, who together with his daughter, Yulia,33, were targeted in Salisbury, in the southerncounty of Wiltshire. The ‘tool’ used in thiscase being a military grade VX nerve agent. Asin previous cases, be they in the UK orelsewhere, the poisoning of the Skripals followa pattern of alleged Russian violations of

international law, implausible claims ofinnocence, hostile denials, tit-for-tat reprisalsand open threats.

Relevant to all of this, and following a quiettwo-year investigation conducted by severalAmerican intelligence agencies, supported byMI5 and MI6, a further 15 deaths in the UKover the past 15 years have been linked toRussia.

THE HIDDEN HAND OF THE KREMLIN

Russia has an unwanted association with actsof subterfuge and covert happenings. In 2014,its forces invaded Ukraine and took Crimea -Putin claimed they were ‘local volunteers’.Moscow continues to deny any involvement inthe shooting down of Malaysia Airlines FlightMH17 with a Russian-made Buk missile firedby pro-Russian separatists, also in 2014.Political opponents of the Kremlin and severaloutspoken journalists have also beenassassinated. All were killed by events broughtabout by themselves, or simple acts ofviolence by criminals, according to Kremlinofficials, whose hands remain untainted. In theSkripal case, Russian UK envoy VassilyNebenzia denied that Russia had evermanufactured the agent, and accused “thecountries who have carried out research onthese weapons, including Britain.”

The ‘VX weapon’ used on the Skripals wasquickly identified by specialist military expertsat the Defence, Science and TechnologyLaboratory (Dstl) at Porton Down. It originatesfrom a group of nerve agents known asNovichok, roughly translating to ‘newcomer’ inEnglish. Russia’s covert Novichok chemical

P08/09 27/4/18, 7:01 am2


Alexander Litvinenko and Boris Berezovsky. Based in the UK, bothmen were opponents of the Kremlin who lived perilous lives

© YURI FELSHTINSKY

programme was revealed by defectors whofled to the US including Vil Mirzayanov, achemical weapons developer.

Dr Mirzayanov said as many as 40,000 peopleworked on the VX programme and at least1,000 on Novichoks specifically. “Novichokwas invented and studied and experimented

Sergei Skripal - former GRU militaryintelligence officer and MI6 agent

Sarov - location of theVNIIEF-Federal NuclearCentre and AvangardElectromechanical Plantand likely production facility

THE SECRET SAROV AVANGARD PLANT

used to manufacture the VX agent used inthe attack on the Skripals.

Sarov is a closed town in NizhnyNovgorod Oblast, Russia, formerly knownas Arzamas-16 from 1946 to 1991. Until1995, it was known as Kremlyov. Thetown is designated ‘closed’ due to thenuclear research conducted here. Manyof its residents are attached to the plant.

During the protracted inquiry andinvestigation into the death of AlexanderLitvinenko, his legal team said that aprivate researcher hired by the familyclaimed to have traced the source of thedeadly Polonium-210 used in his demise,to the Avangard Electromechanical Plant.

In more recent times, a super-computerlocated at a Russian nuclear researchfacility in Sarov was reportedly targetedby two site engineers who wanted to use

it to mine cryptocurrencies. “There hasbeen an attempt of unsanctioned use ofworkplace computing capacities forpersonal gain, including for so-calledmining,” the press service of the Sarovnuclear weapons facility explained. Thestatement said the employees involvedhad been arrested and are facing criminalcharges.

[with] and many tonnes were produced only inRussia - nobody knew in this world,”Mirzayanov said. He argues that only theKremlin would have the capability to deploythis particular agent.

Dr Patricia Lewis, Research Director forInternational Security at London-based thinktank Chatham House, said Novichoks could beidentified because they have distinct chemicalformulae. “There could be contaminants thatwould give away where it has come from,”she said, adding that high-resolution traceanalysis could detect pollen and other clues.

British UN Ambassador Jonathan Allen, saidNovichok was not a weapon which can bemanufactured by non-state actors. “It is sodangerous that it requires the highest-gradestate laboratories and expertise,” he said.

“Based on the knowledge that Russia haspreviously produced this agent and combinedwith Russia’s record of conducting statesponsored assassinations - including againstformer intelligence officers whom they regardas legitimate targets - the UK GovernmentPorton Down gateway

Ambassador Jonathan Allen blames Russiain a speech delivered at the United Nations

Tsar Bombe (casing) - NATO reportingname of the Soviet hydrogen bomb on

display at the Museum of Sarov

P08/09 27/4/18, 7:02 am3


concluded that it was highly likely that Russiawas responsible for this reckless act.”

A NETWORK OF SPIES

Speaking in Parliament, Prime MinisterTheresa May, armed with a plethora ofintelligence supplied by MI5, MI6 and theSkripal police investigative team, spoke ofRussia’s spy network and intelligencecollection endeavours in the UK. She refer-enced Litvinenko and 23 Russian diplomatswho were identified as undeclared intelligenceofficers, before giving Moscow 24 hours toprovide an explanation of how Novichok wasused on the streets of Salisbury. “These [UK]

actions would fundamentally degrade RussianIntelligence capability in the UK for years tocome,” she said. May also warned Moscownot to attempt to rebuild its powerful spynetwork in London.

The Russian Government refused the demand,instead calling on Britain to hand over asample of the nerve agent and accusing it ofunacceptable “provocations.” This type ofrhetoric continues today.

VERBAL SUPPORT AND RESPONSE

US President Donald Trump, Prime MinisterTheresa May, French President Emmanuel

British specialist chemical experts (some military)pictured visiting several sites in Salisbury

Macron, and German Chancellor AngelaMerkel issued a joint statement agreeing thatthere was “no plausible alternative explana-tion” than that Russia was to blame for theattack. The leaders described the poisoning as“the first offensive use of a nerve agent in

Yulia and herfather Sergei

Sergei Skripal was awell known figure inthe city. The former

MI6 spy chose to livein ‘plain sight’. He

believed he was safedue to a secret ‘code

of conduct’ agent-exchange agreement The Mill public house

The bench where the Skripals were found ill isremoved for testing

P10/11 27/4/18, 7:17 am2


Europe since the Second World War,” addingthat Russia’s actions “threaten the security ofus all.”

At the United Nations, US Ambassador NikkiHaley called for immediate action: “If we don’ttake immediate concrete measures to addressthis now, Salisbury will not be the last placewe see chemical weapons used. They couldbe used here in New York, or in cities of anycountry that sits on this council. This is adefining moment.”

THE PUBLIC RUSSIAN RESPONSE

Alexander Yakovenko, the Russian Ambassa-dor in London tweeted: ‘The temperature of

Russia-U.K. relations drops to minus 23, but

we are not afraid of cold weather’.

Russia responded in kind by initially expelling23 British diplomats and ordering the closureof the British Council in Russia as well asending an agreement to reopen the BritishConsulate in St Petersburg. A statement wasthen routed to news agencies: ‘If Britain

makes any more unfriendly moves the

government could take further measures...

don’t threaten a nuclear country’. By mid-April, the number of British diplomats orderedto leave had risen to 54.

Russia continues to deny involvement; itspoliticians have contradicted each other, withsome claiming that Novichok stockpiles weredestroyed and others claiming that it wasnever developed in the first place.

Vladimir Chizhov, Russia’s EU Ambassador,said: “Russia had nothing to do with the

Vladimir Chizhov, Russia’s EuropeanUnion Ambassador

poisoning in Salisbury of Sergei Skripal andhis daughter Yulia. When you have a nerveagent or whatever, you check it against certainsamples that you retain in your laboratories.And Porton Down, as we now all know, is thelargest military facility in the United Kingdomthat has been dealing with chemical weaponsresearch. And it’s actually only eight milesfrom Salisbury.”

The Russian Embassy in the UK then posted atweet showing an image of fictional AgathaChristie detective Hercule Poirot saying: ‘Inabsence of evidence, we definitely need Poirot

in Salisbury!’.

British Prime Minister Theresa May outside The Mill public house - one of the locations visited by the Skripals

©CR

OWN

COPY

RIGH

T

Defence Chemical, Biological,Radiological and Nuclear Centre(CBRN), some four miles from

Salisbury. A number of the‘substance’ search teams came

from this facility

Much attention was paid to SergeiSkripal’s vehicle

P10/11 27/4/18, 7:17 am3


1993. Colonel Sergei Skripalbegins work for Russia’s GRUmilitary intelligence service.Transferred to Spain, it is herewhere he is reportedly recruitedby MI6 as a double agent.

1995. Given the codenameForthwith (unconfirmed by EyeSpy) by MI6, he starts toproduce volumes of high-gradeintelligence in return for moneyand a promise of a ‘Westerngateway’ if his role is compro-mised or threatened.

2000. Skripal exits the GRUand secures work with the pro-vincial Government in Moscow.He continues to act as an MI6

manipulating information in the public space,”while Sweden also forcefully rejected thesuggestion.

DISINFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Russian news articles considered byintelligence analysts to be part of a long-running and cleverly managed Kremlindisinformation campaign, included interviewswith ‘former’ unnamed security chiefs andunknown commentators with no expertise orcredibility.

One analyst said: “You can think of them asdismiss, distort, distract and dismay. Youinsult the critic, then distort by falsifying theevidence. “Distract is the whole ‘if theyaccuse you, you accuse them’ method, andthen there’s the conspiracy theorists. Dismaycomes when they threaten ‘horrible things willhappen if you do this’.”

Analysts note the similarities in the Skripaldisinformation techniques to those usedfollowing the downing of Flight MH17.

THE CONSPIRACY FILES

Throughout April and into May, Russian mediahouses have spawned a multitude of con-spiracy theories including that the US stolesamples of Novichoks while decontaminatinga former Soviet Union testing plant in

THE INTELLIGENCE MANSERGEI SKRIPAL

contact man passing informa-tion through various people.

2004. A mole inside SpanishIntelligence provides Moscowwith intelligence on his threadsto the UK and Skripal is detainedand subsequently charged withespionage. His arrest follows thediscovery of a secret bankaccount in Spain in which anMI6 paymaster depositedaround $100,000 for hisservices. Of interest, AlexanderLitvinenko was also engaged insome form of activity on behalfof MI6 in Spain at the time.

2006. Skripal is found guilty ofhigh treason by a Moscow court

exchange for 10 Russian SVR,GRU and FSB sleeper agents inthe United States. Skripal, hiswife Lyudmila and daughterYulia, settle in Salisbury,Wiltshire, England where he‘buys’ a house. He is given anannual pension of between£30-40,000.

2011. Lyudmila, 59, dies ofcancer.

2017. His son Sasha, 43, diesof liver failure in St Petersburg.

FSB counter-intelligence officers arrest Sergei Skripal

and jailed for 13 years. He isdespatched to a penal colonyfollowing a two year internment.The conclusion of the case iscelebrated in Moscow andfollows quickly on the heels ofanother FSB success over MI6- the discovery of a BritishIntelligence communicationdevice disguised as a rock in aMoscow park.

2010. He is unexpectedly par-doned and released as part of aspy-exchange to the West in

Sergei Skripal was forcefully detained in 2004 Lyudmila’s grave stoneMI6 ‘spy rock’

Mr Chizhov’s comments came after RussianForeign Ministry spokeswoman MariaZakharova said, the UK was one of the mostlikely sources of the nerve agent, along withthe Czech Republic, Slovakia, Sweden orpossibly the United States. Speaking tojournalists Zakharova said: “A large number ofex-Soviet scientists had gone to live in theWest, taking with them the technologies thatthey were working on.” Czech Foreign MinisterMartin Stropnicky said the claims were“unsubstantiated” and “a classic way of

Gary Aitkenhead - CEO Dstl - deniesany security breach at Porton Down

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswomanMaria Zakharova with President Putin

P12/13 27/4/18, 8:05 am2


© PETER CURBISHLEY

Police arrive at the Zizzi restaurant. At this moment the security services seemoblivious to the actual nature of the threat - note the public presence. The

government says more than 130 people could have been exposed to Novichok

Uzbekistan from 1999 onwards; that it wasthe Ukraine trying to discredit Moscow; the UKtrying to distract from Brexit; that Britain usedit to ‘smear’ Putin ahead of the recent 2018Russian elections, and that the US may havelaunched the attack, either through the ‘deepstate’ (underworld actors) or because of MrSkripal’s potential links to the private securityfirm that compiled a dossier of allegationsagainst Donald Trump.

CORBYN’S UNWELCOME SIDESHOW

UK Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbynoriginally suggested that the nerve agentattack could have been carried out by

Russian-linked gangsters rather than orderedby Moscow and continues to question boththe intelligence and evidence against Russia.Corbyn questioned Boris Johnson’s claim thatPorton Down officials were “absolutelycategorical” in linking the Novichok agent toRussia. “Either he has information he is norsharing... or it was an exaggeration,” Corbynsaid. His remarks were widely condemned byministers. And intelligence analysts agree,some intelligence is naturally being withheldfor security and future evidential purposes.

©GA

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Jeremy Corbyn

NikolaiGlushkov

Glushkov is detained in Moscow

© TASS

Continued on page 35

asylum in the UK in 2010. In February 2016Britain refused a request from Russia toextradite him on fraud and other charges.According to Tass, a Moscow court tried himin absentia for embezzlement from Aeroflot.Court papers suggest Glushkov conspiredwith Berezovsky to restructure and embezzleloans worth an estimated $122.5 million.

SKRIPAL - MI6 OR FREELANCE?

Sergei Skripal operated as a double agent -working for Russian military intelligence(GRU) while also providing secrets to MI6. Heis said to have revealed the identity ofnumerous Russian agents in overseascountries, who were duly asked to depart.That in itself may have given rise to suspi-cions that ‘somewhere’ in Russia a mole wasoperational. In 2010, he was pardoned andreleased as part of a spy swap for 10 Russianagents. Skripal continued to be viewed as atraitor by Moscow, and some reports suggesthe may have been ‘freelance’ - spying forprivate intelligence firms in the UK. Either way,Eye Spy has been told he maintained links toformer associates in Moscow and elsewhere.

KREMLIN DENIAL - ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE

The fact that Russia is responsible may seemobvious, but it will be difficult to prove. Evenwhen the evidence is overwhelmingMoscow’s best defensive tactic is often asimple rejection. Denial of responsibility is aKremlin trait, without any framework orevidence to make the said denial plausible. Itis often delivered with a ‘knowing sneer’.Refusal to be held accountable for actions iscombined with “satisfaction at giving animpression of deliberate menace,” said onecommentator.

THE LENGTHENING HAND OF MOSCOW

Assassination attempts, cyber-attacks,military interventions - Russia is once againplaying a deadly game with the West. After thefall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, it was hopedthat the super-powers and their respectiveallies would enter a period of peace. Russia

THE RUSSIAN LIST

Further questions are now being raised onprevious incidents and deaths, including onejust days after the Skripal incident on 12March - Nikolai Glushkov. Like Litvinenko,Glushkov was an associate of the late BorisBerezovsky, who was questioned as part ofthe British inquiry into the poisoning ofAlexander Litvinenko.

Glushkov, based in London, had been lastseen in a “perfect mood” as he prepared for acourt case against the Russian state airlineAeroflot. He was found suffocated, though itwas subsequently discovered he had beenstrangled and hung post-mortem in an act tomake it look like a suicide. And Glushkov andhis associates told Eye Spy he was neverconvinced of the police explanation thatBerezovsky had “simply killed himself.”

BACKGROUND

Glushkov was sentenced in 2004 by theSavelovsky Court of Moscow to three yearsand three months in prison and released fortime served. Thereafter the former DeputyDirector of Aeroflot was granted political

P12/13 27/4/18, 8:06 am3


RECRUITMENT, DEFECTORS, ENTRAPMENT & DENIALSGAMES OF THE StB

SPECIAL REPORT

Czechoslovakia’s infamous StB(Statni Bezpecnost) Cold War spyagency has received plenty ofattention in the media of late, thisin connection with allegations thatattempts were made to recruit anumber of Labour Partypoliticians in the 1980s, includingtoday’s official opposition leaderJeremy Corbyn.

Far from being an isolatedincident, Eye Spy AssociateEditor PAUL BEAUMONT andEDITORIAL delve back in timeto present details of a protractedoperation by the KGB proxy StB,to infiltrate the highest echelonsof British society, armed forces,political movements, unions andits intelligence services...

Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn withhis deputy Tom Watson

he Czechoslovak StB wascreated in 1948, and efficientlymanaged long-term agentoperations amongst émigréfamilies and actively recruitedT

Czechoslovak expatriates. One such figurewas 42-year-old RAF Sergeant NicholasPrager, who served in a technical capacity inthe secretive BCDU (Bomber CommandDevelopment Unit) engaged with work onProject Blue Diver, the latest ElectronicCounter Measure (ECM) for Britain’s primarynuclear deterrent - the V-Bomber Force. Healso worked on Project Red Steer at RAFFinningley in South Yorkshire.

A.V. RoeVulcan

Blue Diver operated as a UHF (ultra highfrequency) barrage noise jammer, targetingand actively jamming Soviet radar systems(codenamed TallKing) and had replaced therapidly obsolescent Green Palm, a VHF (veryhigh frequency) jammer. Another project, RedSteer, worked in the microwave X Band as arearward looking radar for V-Bombers andreplaced Orange Putter which was also knownto have been fitted to RAF Canberras of 51Squadron detailed for ELINT (electronic

PARLIAMENT SPIES

P14/15 2/5/18, 10:23 am2


intelligence) collection. All highly importantprojects essential to British security.

During his service from 1959 to 1961 Prager,who used the agent codename MARCONI,supplied photographs of wiring diagrams,circuitry and fittings from a Blue Diver manualto the StB. He possessed expert electronicknowledge and was well qualified for his darkdealings. For reasons only known to the RAF,and despite being in a position of some trust,he was subjected to only basic vetting; suchsecret work usually requires personnel toundergo a far deeper vetting process.

Although Prager passed the photographs to anembassy official in Britain, he also visitedCzechoslovakia with his wife Jana - andwithout notifying the RAF Provost (servicepolice). Some intelligence historians haveconsidered the possibility that Mrs Prager wasalso a spy.

Prager was arrested in 1970 and convicted inJune 1971 of espionage. He received a 12-year prison term and was stripped of hiscitizenship.

BROADER STB TARGETS

The use of Czechoslovak expatriates as agentsfor the StB was not their only skill. Usingcontacts in British trade union movements andelsewhere, StB officers met, courted and

‘V’ - the designation used to identify RAFaircraft operating with Britain’s strategicnuclear strike force, officially called theV-Force or Bomber Command Main Force.The strategic bombers, whose title beganwith ‘V’, included the A.V. Roe Vulcan,Vickers Valiant and the Handley PageVictor.

BRITAIN’S V-BOMBERS

Vickers Valiant

HandleyPage Victor

A.V. Roe Vulcans

some say recruited British Members ofParliament (MPs) who they stated had“succumbed to StB pressure” likely to beblackmail or financial reward.

Several politicians have been accused ofhaving threads or serving the StB: Tom Driberg

Tom Driberg

is listed in a KGBfile andcodenamedLEPAGE.Renowned spyauthor ChapmanPincher, said hewas a “Kremlinagent ofsympathy and asupporter ofCommunist frontorganisations.” Others say he was an MI5agent or even a double agent.

Raymond Fletcher, codename PETER, wasidentified by former KGB defector and MI6contact man Vasili Mitrokhin as an agent forthe KGB and StB. Fletcher passed away in1991, but his wife, Catherine, denied he was aspy. She said he had actually performed workfor MI6. Mitrokhin was well placed to identifyFletcher, however. He was the senior archivist

Vasili Mitrokhin

English ElectricCanberra

P14/15 2/5/18, 10:24 am3


11 December 1967. Sud Aviation Workshops (Saint-Martin-du-Touch). JohnStonehouse is pictured with various dignitaries at the official presentation of the

French prototype of Concorde, including Maurice Papon, President of Sud Aviation

John Stonehouse

LEFT: Arrival of officials in the hangarfor the inauguration of the prototype.L-R: Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn

(English Minister of Technology), JeanShamant (Minister of Transport) and

John Stonehouse

Vasili Mitrokhin

for the SVR(Foreign Intelli-gence Service)who came toBritain in 1992,bringing with himhuge amounts ofintelligence. Hewould go on to co-author The

Mitrokhin Archive:

The KGB in Europe

and the West, with Christopher Andrew.

Cabinet Minister John Stonehouse - a target ofmuch MI5 surveillance during the early years

of the Cold War is also a key figure foreverreferenced in spylore. In 1979, Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher released information thatsuggested he had been an StB agent since1962. At the time he was already in prison forfraud and legal chiefs decided there was“insufficient evidence” to bring a new trial.When the original stories started to surfaceabout Stonehouse, then Prime Minister HaroldWilson (himself an unsuccessful target of theStB, KGB codename OLDING) denied thatStonehouse ever spied for the StB.Stonehouse too rejected the claim, but hisengagement with the USSR is documented inthe 2009 official history of MI5: The Defence

of the Realm, by Christopher Andrew.

For the record, Stonehouse will forever beremembered for faking his own death inNovember 1974, after leaving his clothes on abeach in Miami, Florida. Investigatorspresumed he had drowned or was killed by ashark. Either way, obituaries started to appear- this as he covertly wended his way toAustralia using false identities where he hopedto start a new life with his mistress andsecretary. He was arrested in December 1974,just four weeks after disappearing.

Czechoslovakian-born Sir Barnett Stross isanother politician who allegedly supplied theStB with materials on UK domestic and foreignpolicies of the Labour Party. Some intelligencehistorians believe such information could justas easily have been acquired by simply writingto Transport House - headquarters of the

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Prime Minister Harold Wilsondefended Stonehouse

party near Parliament. Nevertheless, Stross’sname also appears in intelligence files underthe codename GUSTAV. He had been identifiedby defector Josef Frolik in 1969 - two yearsafter his death.

Besides his political career, Stross is alsoremembered for his leadership of a campaignto rebuild the village of Lidice in Czechoslova-kia, which was destroyed on the orders ofAdolf Hitler in WWII.

SECRETS AND TECHNOLOGY

Politician Will Owen, codename LEE, was alsolinked to the StB. Intelligence files suggest heoperated for Moscow’s proxy for well over adecade.

At the subsequent trial of Owen in 1970, anStB officer and defector gave evidence.Stonehouse’s name was mentioned again. Hehad allegedly passed technical details ofBritish and NATO aircraft to the Czechs; somehistorians said this included material onConcorde of which the result was thesomewhat technically challenged RussianTupolev TU-144 ‘Concordski’ - NATOreporting name - CHARGER. An agentcodenamed ACE was identified (see sidebar),and some intelligence analysts believe thiswas Stonehouse himself.

Stonehouse’s business and political links withCzechoslovakia and aviation began in the early1960s. He was involved in deals involvingBOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation)purchase of US aircraft; and in 1968 negoti-ated an aircraft technology programmebetween the UK and Czechoslovakia. This ledto an ‘exchange’ of information and furtherprojects of cooperation. By 1967, the yearConcorde was officially rolled out, he had

AGENT ACE AND CONCORDSKI

LOSS OF CONCORDE INTELLIGENCE OR MI6 MISCHIEF?here is much evidence tosuggest that over 100,000pages of technical data,information, analysis notes anddiagrams were secured by theT

KGB on the Anglo-French endeavour andother advanced aircraft such asLockheed’s L-1011. The Concordematerial was undoubtedly used by theRussians to hastily produce their own‘cloned’ version of the supersonic aircraft- the Tupolev Tu-144.

Intelligence files provided by MI6 agentand defector Vasili Mitrokhin names anaircraft engineer codenamed ACE as theculprit. However, his true identity wasnever revealed; a puzzle in itself. This factled to some conspiracy theorists suggest-ing it was all a ruse and that MI6 hadactually inserted bogus papers into themix, which resulted in the Russian variantcrashing at the 1973 Paris Air Show.

Agent ACE was but one of around adozen Soviet spies operating in Britainwho passed technical secrets to the KGBat the height of the Cold War. He report-edly died in the early 1980s.

Concorde at the 1967 inauguralceremony. Inset: First flight 1969

Tu-144LL with retractable canardsand lowered nose

1998. Russian Tu-144LL 1969. Soviet Tu-144 prototype

The ‘real thing’- Concorde

Space age cabin crew

© ANDRÉ CROS FONDS, PRESERVED BY THE MUNICIPAL ARCHIVES OF THE CITY OF TOULOUSE

P16/17 2/5/18, 10:26 am3


Raymond Mawby

A signed receipt by Mawby for £100 showing payment by the StB

British politician Raymond Mawby pro-vided the StB and KGB with a series ofdocuments showing the floor plan of thePrime Minister’s office at 10 DowningStreet. The documents were discoveredin the StB archive in 2012

Intelligencewindfall - Moscowsecured intimatedetails of insideDowning Street

risen to Minister of State for Technology. Twoyears later the spy stories started to surface.

To summarise, a cursory examination ofhistorical archive papers lists dozens ofpoliticians with alleged links to Moscow,including right-leaning figures. One suchperson was Conservative politician RayMawby.

In files contained in the StB Archive in theCzech Republic, (released in 2012 - see EyeSpy 80), Mawby is identified as agent LAVALwho operated throughout the Cold War. Theseproved he was an agent and documents evenshow receipts of payments. Amongstintelligence ‘gems’ provided to the StB, floor

Prime MinisterEdward Heath- target of the

StB

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convicted and jailed for 10-years. At his trial,one of those who testified against him wasStella Rimington, she would become the firstfemale Director-General of MI5.

Released in 1993, Van Haarlem returned to avery different Prague to the one he had left.The StB he had worked for so effectively, hadbeen dissolved and a new State controlledsecurity bureau - UOUD (Urad pro OchranuUstavy a Demokracie) had replaced it.

Van Haarlem, according to misleadingsnippets filtered to the media by MI5, had

plans of Downing Street. And interestingly,there is nothing in MI5 material to suggestthey knew of his covert role.

PROMINENT TARGETS AND ENTRAPMENT

One of the more cavalier operations plannedby the StB, was the entrapment of theprominent Conservative politician EdwardHeath, who would rise to become PrimeMinister.

Heath was unmarried and a plan wasconstructed to lure him to Czechoslovakiaafter a ‘constructed’ meeting with a fellowmusician, who like Heath, had a love ofclassic organ music. That StB musician wasProfessor Reinberger. At a recital in London,Heath met the professor and was offered thechance of playing the classical organ at theChurch of St James in Prague. Although heaccepted the offer, it is believed MI5 warnedhim not to attend since the professor wasbelieved to be bisexual and chosen speciallyfor the meeting.

END DAYS OF THE STB IN BRITAIN

Another StB agent was arrested in Britain aslate as April 1988, as he received a Morsemessage on a receiver in his north Londonapartment. Ever the true professional, ‘Erwinvan Haarlem’, an ‘art dealer’, refused to revealhis real name - Vaclav Jelinek, but was

P18/19 2/5/18, 10:27 am2


Left: Museum exhibit. An StB steamer for surreptitious letter opening. Right: MI5 too operated various ‘letteropening’ desks to monitor communications to and from Soviet Bloc countries

The magnificent organ at the Church of St. James, Prague

come to the notice of the authorities due tointerference to local television reception fromhis transmitter as he sent Morse. However,that was not the case, van Haarlem never

‘Erwin van Haarlem’s’ Dutch passport

Stella Rimington - MI5’s first femaleDirector-General. She helped build

the spy case against ‘Erwin vanHaarlem’ and testified in court

Headquarters of the Transport and General WorkersUnion. MI5 intercepted calls to and from this building

in the late 1960s and early 1970s

(CPGB) and General Secretary of the powerfulTransport and General Workers Union(TGWU). Telephone lines at the union’s

possessed a transmitter. Van Harlem wasactually denounced and ‘outed’ by a defectorwho operated in faraway India.

On December 1988, StB officer VlastimilLudvik left the Czechoslovakian Embassy inDelhi and met with British Intelligencerepresentatives (MI6) who flew him to Britainwhere he claimed political asylum. As is usualin such cases, the claimant was debriefed andintelligence flowed. Ludvik passed details on aVaclav Jelinek otherwise and also known asErwin van Haarlem.

UNION STREET AND MI5

The StB operation to ensnare Jeremy Corbyn,political associates and union figures, wascertainly not an isolated one. In the 1960s and1970s, MI5 counter-intelligence officials hadat least two-dozen UK nationals linked tounion organisations and high-profile politiciansunder surveillance. And though the SecurityService may be reticent to discuss suchoperations, they were very real indeed. Onehigh profile figure was Jack Jones, a memberof the Communist Party of Great Britain

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Jack Jones

The telephone in Jack Jonesflat in this building was

monitored

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headquarters at Transport House closeto Parliament, were almost certainlymonitored and conversations recorded -such was the mistrust of Jones andothers. The CPGB headquarters inLondon were also bugged in 1970.Perhaps more interesting, the actualhome of Jack Jones and his wife,Evelyn, were also bugged - reportedlyon the direct orders of Prime Minister

Edward Heath who the StB had tried to lure to Prague.

The operations and events have been disputed by some historians, butEye Spy sources are adamant they took place. And just for goodmeasure, one couldn’t really dismiss one of the main sources of thestory - the KGB handler of Jones’ himself - who just happened to beMI6 agent Colonel Oleg Gordievsky.

As for MI5’s Registry [Persons of Interest], Jack Jones is listed and sotoo Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Though given the codename OLDINGby the KGB, Wilson is listed by MI5 as Norman John Worthington.

Although Ludvik was the last StB officer to defect; there were severalbefore him of which Frantisek August and Josef Frolik were prominentpersons. It was Frolik, who with the assistance of a CIA agent in Turkeymade his way to the United States via Incirlik Air Base. During hisdebrief he passed on details of the British politicians he was instrumen-tal in ‘recruiting’ and of the plot to ensnare Edward Heath.

INSIDER END NOTES AND AN IMPORTANT OVERVIEW

Former KGB Colonel and MI6 agent Oleg Gordievsky (below) has alwaysmaintained the spy agencies of the Soviet Bloc had contact and weregiven information by British politicians, sympathetic to Moscow and

Communism. He said various levels ofliaison existed. Besides fully ‘turned’spies who met with handlers, othersprovided basic information on politicaland defence happenings; some “ranerrands.” A number were targeted byundercover StB officers serving at theCzechoslovakian and Russian Embassieswho would ‘draw’ commentary - “loosegossip” a term used by Gordievsky -and often in the bars of Parliament or thegentlemen clubs of London.

P20/21 2/5/18, 10:29 am2

EYE SPY INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE 115 2018 21

alaysian police havereleased images of twosuspects in the killing ofa leading Palestinianengineer on 21 April

KUALA LUMPUR ATTACK

FOOTPRINT OF

Hamas Blames Israeli Spy Agencyfor Death of UAV Specialist

THE MOSSAD?

M2018. Gaza’s ruling Hamas grouphas accused Israel’s Mossad ofbeing behind the shooting of FadiAl Batsh, a rocket and UAV expertfor Hamas. Political head ofHamas, Ismail Haniyeh, said thekilling was a “terrible crimecommitted by the Mossad.”Speculation is rife in intelligencecircles that he was in some wayinvolved in talks with a NorthKorean agency about the supplyof weaponry to Gaza.

Malaysian National Police ChiefMohamad Fuzi Harun said the

composite images of thesuspects, who appeared to beEuropean or Middle Eastern, werebased on eyewitness descriptions.He said the suspects, clad inblack jackets, were fair-skinned,well-built and had beards.

Security services said Batsh, 34,was hit with 14 bullets fired by thetwo assailants, who shot from amotorbike as he was heading to amosque for dawn prayers in asuburb near Kuala Lumpur. Policesaid security video showed thesuspects had waited for him foralmost 20 minutes. In the pastdecade, a number of similarassassinations by unidentifiedoperatives using motor cycles,have been carried out - primarily

targeting Iranian nuclear scientistsand defence workers. All havebeen blamed on the Mossad.

Al Batsh had lived in Malaysia forseven years and lectured at a localmuseum. He was due to attend aconference in Turkey in May.

In Tel Aviv, Israeli officials haveneither confirmed nor deniedwhether its premier spy agencywas responsible for Al Batsh’sdeath. However, Israel’s DefenceMinister Avigdor Liebermanblamed internal factions insideHamas. “The man was no saint,”he said. “He was involved inimproving a rocket’s accuracy...and we often see a settling ofaccounts between various

factions inside terrorist groups. Isuppose that is what happened.”Lieberman’s overview wasrejected by Hamas officials.

The assassination followed thedeath of another Hamas UAVexpert. Mohamed Zouari was aTunisian-based specialist whowas killed by gunmen on 15December 2016. In this case heperished when assassins firedseveral shots into his car usingsilencers. Zouari was a member ofthe Izz al-Din al Qassam Brigadesand was a prominent figure in thedevelopment of the Ababil UAV.Hamas blamed the Mossad forthat attack.

E-fits of the two gunmen wanted in connection with the incident

Avigdor Lieberman

Fadi Al Batsh

Ababil UAV (Hezbollah variant)Inset: Mohamed Zouari

Hamas leaderIsmail Haniyeh

P20/21 29/4/18, 8:00 am3


BROKENIran’s Global Cyber Spy CellFBI indicts nine Iranians of worldwidecyber attacks sponsored by Tehran’s

military and intelligence agenciesgents of a cyber spy cell operated byIran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps(IRGC) and its spy agency - Ministryof Intelligence and Security (MOIS),have been indicted by the FBI,A

following a near five year investigation. Thecharges relate to an extensive operation inwhich the men attempted to hack intogovernment offices, US and internationaluniversities and dozens of companies. At the

centre of the operation was the Tehran-basedMabna Institute; this front, according to theBureau, assisted Iranian universities andscientific and research organisations insecuring access to non-Iranian scientificresources.

“The Mabna Institute, through the activities ofthe defendants, targeted more than 100,000accounts of professors around the world,” a

spokesperson said. “They successfullycompromised approximately 8,000 professoremail accounts across 144 US-baseduniversities, and 176 universities located in 21foreign countries.” Other organisationstargeted included the United Nations, USDepartment of Labor, the Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission, the State of Hawaiiand the State of Indiana. Investigators from theJustice Department have valued the informa-tion stolen from US universities alone at $3.4billion.

RECONNAISSANCE AND TARGETING

A complex operation enabled by MOIS saw thecell target specific high profile figures andthose thought useful in a variety of specialistfields, from science to technology. Back-ground profiling and reconnaissance thenensued and masses of material allowed thecell a deeper understanding of their interests.Thereafter posing as colleagues contact was

Central reading room, Library of Congress

P22/23 2/5/18, 10:30 am2

Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari,Commander of Iran’s IRGC


made (phishing e-mails) and credentialscompromised, allowing huge amounts ofinformation to be secured and in some casesresold.

In respect of the volume of data obtained, USDeputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein said:“These nine Iranian nationals allegedly stolemore than 31 terabytes of documents anddata. For many of these intrusions, thedefendants acted at the behest of the Iraniangovernment and, specifically, the IranianRevolutionary Guard Corps.” In plain languagethe theft was approximately equivalent to thedisk space necessary to hold a digitisedversion of the entire print collection of theLibrary of Congress - 830 miles of bookshelves holding 39 million books.

US Attorney Geoffrey S. Berman for theSouthern District of New York described theeffort as “one of the largest state-sponsoredhacking sprees in history.”

FBI Deputy Director David Bowditch, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein(right) and FBI New York Assistant Director in Charge William Sweeney, discuss the

operation which resulted in the demise of a major Iranian cyber spy ring

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9

In recent times, the CIA and MI6 have reportedupon the expansion of the Iranian intelligenceservices and launched operations around theworld to thwart the activities of MOIS.President Trump described Iran as the“world’s leading state sponsor of terror.”

The US Treasury said on its website that itwas placing sanctions on those accused anddescribed the nine men as “fugitives.” Theymay face extradition in more than 100countries if they travel outside of Iran.

Britain’s Foreign Office supported the USaction. Foreign Office Minister for Cyber, LordTariq Ahmad said: “The action is a further stepdemonstrating that malicious cyber activitywill not go unpunished. Mabna Instituteemployees can no longer travel freely,curtailing their career prospects outside ofIran.” The UK’s National Cyber Security Centre(NCSC), also confirmed the Mabna Institutehad targeted British universities. GCHQsecurity officials said the tools used by theIranians allowed Tehran to carry out surveil-lance on millions of people.

The individuals named have beencharged with conspiracy to commit

computer intrusions, wire fraud,unauthorised access of a computer and

aggravated identity theft.

1. Gholamreza Rafatnejad, 38; 2. AbuzarGohari Moqadam, 37; 3. Roozbeh Sabahi, 24;4. Mohammed Reza Sabahi, 26; 5. Sajjad

Tahmasebi, 30; 6. Abdollah Karima, A.k.a. VahidKarima, 39; 7. Mostafa Sadeghi, 28; 8. Seyed

Ali Mirkarimi, 34; 9. Ehsan Mohammadi, 37

LordTariq

Ahmad

P22/23 2/5/18, 10:31 am3


hen the US Government beganbuying up property in the late1940s to construct whatwould eventually support themain CIA compound, theyencountered two women,W

Florence Thorne and Margaret Scattergood,who owned the Calvert Estate within theLangley area. A deal was struck with theintelligence service that would see the paircontinue to live in their house until theirdeaths. Thereafter, ownership would transferto the government. Both women lived there for

decades, surrounded by the headquarters ofthe CIA and its numerous annexes and traininggrounds, until they passed away in their 90s.Whilst apparently polite, they were a persistentthorn in the CIA’s side.

Margaret was a Quaker and pacifist and feltthe CIA’s mission violated her beliefs. Sheused her trust fund money to support anti-warcauses and lobbied Congress to cut the USIntelligence and military budgets. In the1980s, when the CIA supported the Nicara-guan Contras, the two women opened their

home to the Sandinistas - who on more thanone occasion turned up at CIA’s mainentrance, only to be directed to the CalvertEstate.

Florence passed away in 1973 aged 95,leaving Margaret on her own. CIA DDA at thetime, Harry Fitzwater, instructed CIA securityofficers, as part of their routine patrols, tocheck on her and make sure she wascomfortable and secure. Over the years,several Agency officers befriended Margaret,and would regularly stop by her house to helpwith chores like gardening and groceryshopping.

On 29 October 1984, aged 90, she was theguest of honour at a lunch Fitzwater and CIADirector William Casey held in the Director’sdining room. Her niece Sylvia joined her and

P24/25 2/5/18, 10:32 am2


both were given a tour of Langley. OnThanksgiving Day, Fitzwater delivered a joint ofham to Margaret and at Christmas shereceived a roasted turkey from the DDA!

Margaret passed away aged 92 on 7 Novem-ber 1986, by which time her neighbours - theCIA - had been operating over 25 years out ofLangley. Fulfilling the legal agreement, CIAacquired the property and over the next fewyears, there were debates and proposals onwhat should be done with the house andestate.

CIA Security Protective Officers (SPOs) slowlytook over the main house and brought with

them their K-9 unit. The house, over 60 yearsold, was not in good condition. For the next 15years, the SPOs and their dogs occupied thebuilding, using it to house and maintain theirmotor bikes, converting the rooms intomakeshift maintenance areas and erectingworkbenches. Eventually the SPOs builtoutdoor dog kennels near the Calvert Estate,which are still in use today.

The residence was now considered old anddangerous and a decision was made to tear itdown. However, many of the employees lovedthe property and the then head of facilitiesmanagement decided to have the houseprofessionally evaluated. It was found that itwas not only structurally sound, but itsoutstanding design, workmanship, andmaterials made it eligible for listing in theNational Register of Historic Places.

In 2003, the Calvert Estate underwent acomplete renovation and rooms converted toa state-of-the-art conference centre. Topreserve the original house and to payhomage to its occupants, the renovation teamdesigned a discreet tribute just outside of thedining room. If someone didn’t point it out,you would never think to look up at the ceiling.But if you did, you would see a 3x3 foot-widesquare cut-out in the ceiling, covered by athick piece of glass. When you position

yourself correctly, you can look up through theglass and see the original wood frame of theCalvert Estate, still intact, just as it stood in1926.

CIA-backed Contras

Overhead view of CIA headquarters Langley, Virginia, showing extensive grounds.Inset: D/CIA William Casey held an honourary lunch for one of the residents of the ‘big house’

‘Ranson’ - one of today’soperational CIA dogs

The CIA has builta museum on the

upper floor ofthe houseStaircase leading to upper levels

P24/25 2/5/18, 10:33 am3


13 April 2018. A USAF B1B Lancer isreadied for attacks against known

Syria WMD sites

SPY GAMES, RHETORICAND PROPAGANDA

WMD SYRIAVassily Nebenzia, Permanent Representative

of the Russian Federation to the UnitedNations, addresses the Security Council

meeting on the situation in the Syria

US Defense Secretary James Mattis delivers a news conference at thePentagon following the US, French and British attack

INTEL EYES FOCUS ON DELIVERY MERCHANTS OF DEADLY CHEMICALS ON CIVILIAN LOCATIONS

yrian regime helicopters wereaccused of launching a gas attackon 7 April on the rebel held townof Douma. Western estimates putthe death toll around 75, includingchildren. In response, USS

President Trump, backed by Prime MinisterTheresa May and French premier EmmanuelMacron, authorised a military response whichresulted in a 103 missile blitz on threechemical weapons sites in Syria on 14 April.

Asked by the press corps in Washington toexplain the near-immediate response, WhiteHouse Homeland Security adviser TomBossert said: “This is one of those issues onwhich every nation, all peoples, have allagreed, and have agreed since WWII, is anunacceptable practice. I wouldn’t take [furthermilitary action] off the table.”

Both the Syrian and Russian governmentsdenied any involvement in the chemical attackand have gone as far as claiming it neverhappened or was staged by “dark forces inBritish Intelligence” in a bid to bring the Westinto the Syrian Civil War. Syrian Deputy

P26/27 30/4/18, 11:45 am2


EYES ONLY: 17 April 2018 - United Nations. An interest-ing photo of the UN Security Council Emergency meeting

following the WMD attack, shows Nikki Haley (onscreen), United States Permanent Representative to theUN, as seen through the Russian interpretation booth

Marine CorpsLt. General

KennethMcKenzie

Foreign Minister, Faisal Mekdad said, “Britainwas absolutely involved in faking a chemicalattack in Douma to justify the Western airstrikes” against Assad’s regime. In Moscow,Russian Ministry of Defence spokesmanMajor General Igor Konashenkov said Britainwas “directly involved in the provocation.”

As for the actual attack, Syria claimed many ofthe missiles launched in the strike were shotdown before they had reached their final target- a claim ignored by military intelligence

SyrianForeignMinisterFaisal

Mekdad

analysts in London and Washington. Mediahouses in Moscow said 71 cruise missileslaunched in the attack had been interceptedand destroyed. Russia’s Ministry of Defenceconfirmed the reports, claiming Syrian airdefences, supplied by the USSR over 30-yearsago, were responsible.

However, aerial imagery secured overdesignated target areas reveal severe impactdamage and building destruction. One targetwas Syria’s primary research and develop-ment centre for WMD at Barzah. This wascompletely destroyed. Assessments continueto be made on other sites, but a Pentagonofficial said: “We selected these targetscarefully to minimise the risk to innocentcivilians.” Marine Corps Lt. General KennethMcKenzie referenced the three WMD sites -“We successfully hit every target,” he said.

INTELLIGENCE

US sponsored operatives, including privateindependent Syrian-based concerns, collectedblood and urine samples from victims of theattack - most tested positive for chemicalweapons, according to officials. The samplessuggested the presence of both chlorine gasand an unnamed nerve agent. Typically, such

samples are obtained through hospitals andcollected by US or foreign intelligence assetson the ground. Western officials said theywere “confident” in the intelligence.

Syria is known to have stock piles of the nerveagent sarin, and has previously used a mixtureof chlorine and sarin in attacks, a US officialsaid. Five years ago, Eye Spy was given GPSdata of suspected locations of WMD stock-piles. Most were stored near air bases.

Primary strike aircraft used in the attack

USAF B-1B Lancer

RAF Tornado GR4

French Air Force Rafale

P26/27 30/4/18, 11:46 am3


DEFUSING THE ATTACK

Moscow continues to insist the alleged WMDattack was staged to discredit its allyPresident Bashar-al Assad and brought agroup of Syrians to the global chemical armswatchdog to back its claims.

As for the ‘collected evidence’, Russiaparaded several Syrian witnesses, includingan 11-year-old boy, in a bid to prove thechemical attack in Douma was faked. YoungHassan Diab was filmed being doused inwater at a hospital following the horrific attack.However at a joint press conference withSyrian officials at the Organisation for theProhibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW),Russian diplomats claimed the video was fakeand Hassan had been tricked into taking part.To counter further Western claims of WMDuse, Russia’s permanent representative to theUN, Vassily Nebenzia, told the SecurityCouncil Moscow’s own military specialistshad visited Douma and taken soil samples.According to its specialists, they found noevidence or presence of nerve agents orsubstances containing chlorine. “No one withthese symptoms had been admitted to localhospitals,” he said. “No bodies of people who

had died from being poisoned were found.”Russia’s Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov calledthe evidence secured by Britain as a “blatantlie” and “bizarre.” However, he refrained fromsuggesting the UK was responsible.

Britain’s UN Ambassador Karen Pierce, saidthe suggestionwas “grotesqueand a blatantlie,” followingan emergencymeeting of theUN SecurityCouncil.Inspectors havenow finallyvisited one ofthe sites of thealleged attack -but their visit

was heavily delayed after they were shot atwhen approaching the area.

DIVIDING ALLIES

On 28 April, the foreign ministers of Russia,Iran and Turkey held talks on Syria in the wakeof the attack. The three nations have been

attempting to find a political solution to theSyrian conflict at talks that started in 2017 inAstana, Kazakhstan, in competition with theUS and UN-backed Geneva initiative. Iran’sSupreme Leader Ali Khamenei called Trump,Macron and May “criminals.”

However, Turkey President Recep TayyipErdogan welcomed Western air strikes inretaliation as appropriate. “I curse those whocarried out this massacre,” he said.

French president Emmanuel Macron sug-gested the air strikes had driven a wedgebetween Ankara and Moscow as they havebeen building increasingly close ties. Thisprompted an angry denial from Turkey ForeignMinister Mevlut Cavusoglu, who said thecountries’ relations “are not so weak that theFrench president can break them.”

Alexander Shumilin, a West Asia expert at theInstitute for US and Canadian Studies inMoscow, however, said Douma fallout had“caused a crack in the alliance of the threecountries.” He added: “If the trio falls apartentirely, the ensuing events could be reallybad. Turkey has a completely different attitudeto resolving the conflict and Assad’s fate.”Other intelligence analysts believe Iran isseeking to destabilise the region and havedescribed the trio as a “very shaky alliance.”

The new chemical attack came just over ayear after a similar Syrian operation targetedthe town of Khan Sheikhoun. US forces in thiscase bombed a Syrian air base from whencethe air attack had been launched. At the time,President Trump said the action was taken todeter further Syrian use of illegal weapons.

A building destroyed in the allied attack on Syrian WMD sites

Karen Pierce

Civilians flee following the WMD strikein Douma, Syria

Recep Tayyip Erdogan called theWest’s response “appropriate”

United Nations Security Councilmeet to discuss the alleged use of

WMD on civilians in Syria

P28/29 30/4/18, 11:49 am2


REMEMBERED

Events, movies and displays to raise awareness of thesacrifice of those who participated in securing freedom

the great war

ilhouettes of WWI ‘Tommies’ haveappeared in sites across the UK as partof a fundraising campaign to com-memorate the war dead and educateS

the public about the conflict and sacrificemade by millions. The Tommies will appear atfour sites across the country and tour untilArmistice Day (11 November). Members ofthe public are being encouraged to buy theirown 10-inch versions to remember their ownrelatives, a century on from the end of theGreat War (1914-1918).

Founded last year, the charity Remembered isalso raising funds for those suffering fromPTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) or ‘shellshock’ as it was known in WWI and otherlegacies of combat. It aims to play a signifi-cant role in helping build better futures for

veterans and those suffering from mentalillness.

Remembered has three simple but significantobjectives: To commemorate the fallenthrough highlighting the sacrifices made; toeducate all generations, particularly today’syoungsters, and to understand what led to thedeaths of 888,246 British and Commonwealthmen in the Great War.

The UK’s 2018 Armistice Project, ‘There ButNot There’, will be the Centenary Commemo-ration for the end of the war.

Support the charity by purchasing a soldiersilhouette.

LINKS: www.therebutnotthere.org.uk

Clockwise from top left: Tower of London, Giants Causeway in Bushmills, CountyAntrim, Big Pit National Coal Museum, South Wales, Hearts FC, Edinburgh

eventy five years ago the RAF’s mostdaring mission of the Second WorldWar was given the go-ahead. Opera-

RAF 100 Commemorations -Happy 75th Birthday to the

Lancaster Bomber

Stion Chastise became known as the ‘DamBusters Raid’ and was immortalised in theclassic 1955 film. It’s now been re-versionedfor a special gala screening at the RoyalAlbert Hall in May, where historian DanSnow will be hosting the event. The picturewill be simultaneously screened in 300cinemas across the UK.

The reconstructed cockpit of a LancasterBomber was parked outside London’sRoyal Albert Hall to celebrate the iconicaeroplane’s special anniversary - the cock-pit of which is one of only 18 substantialparts left in the world. Historian Paul Bea-ver said of the bomber’s significance: “Thiswas an air force made up of people whowere conscripted, or who volunteered to goand fly. Over 55,000 lost their lives - not justin the Lancaster, but in other aircraft, so it’sa significant part of social history.”

On stage, Dan and Paul will recreate theoriginal experiment which led to thebouncing bomb, invented by Sir Barnes-Wallis and credited with the success of theDam Busters raid.

Tickets for ‘The Dam Busters with DanSnow’ showing at the Royal Albert Hall andin cinemas nationwide are available via:

RAF raid onCologne

RAF crew of 617 Squadron whichcarried out Operation Chastise

LINKS: www.thedambusters75.co.uk

P28/29 30/4/18, 11:49 am3


ClimbingThe CIALadder

President Trump nominates Gina Haspel asnew Director of the CIA. If the selection is

approved, Haspel will become the first femaleto lead a premier US Intelligence service

ALL CHANGE AT LANGLEY

A PIVOTAL MOMENT IN THE STORY OF US INTELLIGENCE EVOLVEMENT

ust hours after announcing servingDirector CIA Mike Pompeo willreplace Rex Tillerson as US Secre-tary of State, President Trump optedto ‘tweet’ details of one the mostsignificant chapters in the spyJ

agency’s history - the nomination of GinaHaspel as its first ever female Director. Haspel,61, whose career began in 1985, served asPompeo’s Deputy Director.

CLANDESTINE OPERATIVE

Amongst her many overseas posts, Haspelserved as Chief of Station in London andDeputy Director of the Agency’s NationalClandestine Service (from 2015 known asDirectorate of Operations - DO).

She said of the nomination: “After 30 years asan officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, ithas been my honour to serve alongside MikePompeo for the past year. I am grateful toPresident Trump for the opportunity andhumbled by his confidence in me to benominated to be the next Director of the CIA. Ifconfirmed, I look forward to providingPresident Trump the outstanding intelligencesupport he has grown to expect during hisfirst year in office.”

A CONTROVERSIAL CHAPTER

Already some critics have attacked Trump -primarily because Haspel, who operated as aglobal operational undercover agent - wasinvolved in Langley’s Extraordinary Renditionprogramme of the early-mid 2000s.

One location frequently cited by opponentsand allegedly headed by Haspel was the ‘blacksite’ in US-friendly Thailand. Codenamed‘Cat’s Eye’, it was here several al-Qaidaterrorists captured in Afghanistan, includingsome involved in 9/11, were sent. Oneintelligence source said she “oversaw thewaterboarding programme.” Materials andreported video of such interrogations weredestroyed over a decade ago, with somecommentators alleging Haspel herself

Mike Pompeo - from CIA toState Department

ClimbingThe CIALadder

Haspel pictured with White HouseChief of Staff John Kelly and CIAOperating Officer Brian Bulatao

P30/31 2/5/18, 12:30 pm2


authorised the move. Others say she wasdirected to do so by then President GeorgeBush.

However, not all commentary and analysiswas destroyed. An example being a CIAdocument which shows senior AQ man AbuZubaydah was subjected to EIM (enhancedinterrogation methods) on no fewer than 83occasions at the Thai site. This includedwaterboarding and sleep deprivation. However,Eye Spy was informed by senior sources thatHaspel’s tenancy of Cat’s Eye started after the

John McCain with President GeorgeBush. McCain has asked for

“clarification” of Haspel’s links with‘Cats Eye’ - the Thai CIA Black Site

Abu Zubaydah following his arrest

February 2017. Rex Tillerson issworn in as Secretary of State. His

tenure lasted a little over a year

Zubaydah affair and her description as “headof the facility” is flawed.

CLARIFICATION

Senator John McCain, noting that the CIA nowoutlaws EIM, asked that Haspel expand uponher role in the Thailand operation. “The tortureof detainees in US custody during the lastdecade was one of the darkest chapters inAmerican history,” he said. “Ms. Haspel needsto explain the nature and extent of herinvolvement in the CIA’s interrogationprogramme during the confirmation process.”McCain, also commented on Pompeo’sappointment: “With the world order rapidlygiving way to chaos, it is more important thanever for our nation to lead from a position ofstrength on the international stage. I amconfident Mr Pompeo can meet that challengeas Secretary of State.”

Senator Ron Wyden insisted Haspel’sbackground made her unsuitable. “If Ms.Haspel seeks to serve at the highest levels ofUS Intelligence, the government can no longercover up disturbing facts from her past.”Human Rights’ chapters also joined thedebate. Reprieve said that her involvement ininterrogation made her “unfit to run the

After winning the presidential race, one ofPresident Trump’s first destinations was CIA

headquarters, Langley, Virginia

Senator Ron Wyden

P30/31 2/5/18, 10:34 am3


ver a decade ago MichaelHayden, former D/CIAacknowledged tapesmade in 2002 containingtough interrogation

CAMP X-RAYLEGACY OF

THE ‘MELT DECISION’A controversial decision to destroy filmed recordings of

two senior al-Qaida figures still causing ripples at Langleyand amongst Washington’s Establishment

Otechniques used on al-Qaidasuspects, including Abu Zubaydahwere destroyed at the end of2005. The tapes were reportedlymelted to protect the identity ofthe Agency’s senior interrogationofficers, and because it wasthought there was little worth inkeeping them. Critics of the

THE CIA MEMORANDUM

After the story surfaced in themedia in the mid-2000s, followinga leak, Mr Hayden posted aninternal memo on the affair. Partof it read:

CIA’s terrorist detention and

interrogation programme began

after the capture of Abu Zubaydah

in March 2002. Zubaydah, who

had extensive knowledge of al-

Qaida personnel and operations,Jose Rodriguez Jr.

decision note that the timing of thetapes destruction coincided withmajor pressure being exerted onthe CIA over its ExtraordinaryRendition programme.

According to intelligence sources,the ‘melt decision’ was taken byJose Rodriguez Jr, then Director ofthe CIA’s National ClandestineService. Others believe the CIAwas instructed by White Houseadvisors on behalf of PresidentBush.

Guantanamo Bay detentioncentre, Cuba

ALL CHANGE AT LANGLEY ment isMichaelMorrell. Heserved asboth ActingDirector andDeputyDirectorunderPresidentObama.SpeakingaboutHaspel’snominationand storiesconcerning the destruction of evidence fromevents in Thailand, Morrell said: “She did so atthe request of her direct supervisor andbelieving it was lawful to do so.” And to addcredibility to Haspel’s standing in Langley,Morrell said: “I personally led an accountabil-ity exercise that cleared Haspel of any wrong-doing in the case.”

Abu Zubaydah featuredon destroyed CIA tapes

CIA,” while Christopher Anders of theAmerican Civil Liberties Union (WashingtonDC office), said she was “up to her eyeballs intorture.”

McCain (and others) who oppose EIM alsomentioned the president’s feelings towardsthis controversial subject. Mr Trump wanted to“bring back waterboarding because it works”but this was resisted by US Defense SecretaryJames Mattis.

EXPERIENCED AND RESPECTED

Despite the expected criticism from somequarters, Haspel is well liked at Langley andfew can deny she is a vastly experienced andinformed officer. Some CIA sources havealready condemned the stories that link herwith events in Thailand saying they are“untruths” intended to derail her selection. Oneformer CIA spy who is well placed to com-

P32/33 2/5/18, 10:36 am2


had been seriously wounded in a

firefight. When President Bush

officially acknowledged in

September 2006 the existence of

CIA’s counter-terror initiative, he

talked about Zubaydah, noting

that this terrorist survived solely

because of medical treatment

arranged by CIA.

Under normal questioning,

Zubaydah became defiant and

evasive. It was clear, in the

President’s words, ‘Zubaydah

had more information that could

9/11 plannerKhalid SheikhMohammed

proved a vitalsource of

intelligencefor the CIA

save innocent lives, but he

stopped talking’.

That made imperative the use of

other means to obtain the

information - means that were

lawful, safe, and effective. To

meet that need, CIA designed

specific, appropriate interrogation

procedures. Before they were

used, they were reviewed and

approved by the Department of

Justice and by other elements of

the Executive Branch. Even with

the great care taken and detailed

preparations made, the fact

remains that this effort was new,

and the Agency was determined

that it proceed in accord with

established legal and policy

guidelines. So, on its own, CIA

began to videotape interrogations.

The tapes were meant chiefly as

an additional, internal check on

the programme in its early stages.

At one point, it was thought the

tapes could serve as a backstop

to guarantee that other methods

of documenting the interrogations

- and the crucial information they

produced - were accurate and

complete. The Agency soon

determined that its documentary

reporting was full and exacting,

removing any need for tapes.

Indeed, videotaping stopped in

2002.

D/CIA Hayden said the CIA onlyever taped the first two capturedal-Qaida suspects, one of whomwas Abu Zubaydah. Zubaydah, didprovide intelligence on his 9/11accomplice Ramzi Binalshibh.Binalshibh was captured thereaf-ter, and with information providedfrom himself and Zubaydah, thisled to the arrest of the 9/11mastermind Khalid SheikhMohammed in 2003.

Former D/CIA Michael Hayden provided insightinto the circumstances of why two taped recordings

of al-Qaida suspects were destroyed

James Clapper (centre) with former D/CIA Leon Panetta (right) andDefense Intelligence Agency Director Ronald Burgess. Clapper isamongst a host of senior intelligence figures who have backed the

decision to appoint Gina Haspel as Director

Other senior intelligence people have alreadywelcomed the president’s choice. FormerDirector of National Intelligence (ODNI), JamesClapper said he was “very pleased” and thatshe is “widely and deeply respected by theworkforce.” Former CIA and NSA DirectorMichael Hayden said it was a “wonderful

Michael Morrell -former ActingDirector CIA

P32/33 2/5/18, 10:37 am3


bu Zubaydah, arrested in March 2002in Pakistan, used many aliases. Heleft the Middle East in the mid-1990sto help Afghanistan in its fight against

AL-QAIDA’S GATEKEEPER

the former Soviet Union. By the time Osamabin-Laden returned to Afghanistan in 1996,Zubaydah had already gained a huge reputa-tion.

The CIA learned that he was once based inPashawar at a facility known as The House ofMartyrs. By 2000 he had been provided withan elite training camp and was alreadyorganising operations against US targets.

This followed a CIA report that indicatedZubaydah had been given safe passage to Iranalong with other al-Qaida leaders. The CIAbelieved Zubaydah was of key importance toOsama bin-Laden as a planner. In 2001, a CIAofficial said, “he is the number one person thatwe are looking for.” Codenamed ‘TheGatekeeper’ by the CIA, he was in charge ofrouting al-Qaida recruits to various trainingcamps in Afghanistan and elsewhere. Hewould select the best candidates and invitethem for extensive training at his home campin Khalden in Tora Bora. Here, Zubaydah andassociates would provide the agents with all

AAbu Zubaydah - Man With a Thousand Secrets

they needed to conduct operations in theWest.

Zacarias Moussaoui, the 20th 9/11 hijackeralso passed through Zubaydah’s Khaldencamp. So too did Jamal Beghal, detained inDubai before leaving for Paris. He was set toblow up the US Embassy in Paris.

Other damning evidence on Zubaydah foundby the CIA related to an attempted operation todestroy the US Embassy in Bosnia in 2001.When officials analysed the contents of amobile phone used by the head of the al-Qaidaunit sent to Bosnia, they discoveredZubaydah’s private satellite phone number.

Since his arrest, Zubaydah has been involvedin various legal challenges. In 2014, he wasawarded around £90,000 by the EuropeanCourt of Human Rights. In this case, Polandwas ordered to pay him the money because ofits liaison with the CIA in running a detentioncentre in the country in which the terrorist wasallegedly held.

Abu Zubaydah - real name Zayn alAbidin Muhammad

Osama bin-Laden

choice” and referenced her “dignity, profes-sionalism and honour.” Outgoing D/CIA MikePompeo, who is thought to have recom-mended Haspel said: “She is an exemplaryofficer with an uncanny ability to get thingsdone and to inspire those around her.”

Former CIA man Daniel Hoffman, who wasChief of Station in three countries, also praisedthe president’s nomination, noting Haspel hadclimbed from the lowest ranks at Langley.“She is somebody who tries to bring disparateelements together... an important intelligenceconsideration. She’s got the highest level ofintellectual integrity and honesty.”

A PIVOTAL MOMENT

The nomination of Haspel as the first femaleofficer to lead one of America’s premierintelligence agencies is seen as a pivotalmoment in US intelligence history. StephenSlick, a former CIA agent who worked withLangley’s National Clandestine Serviceexplained why the move is so significant.

“If confirmed, it would send a powerful signalto the many accomplished female officers atthe CIA. She would also be the first careerAgency officer with a background in opera-tions to serve as Director in more than fourdecades.

As for Tillerson’s departure, who remarkablybecomes the 30th senior Trump official to besacked in the last 12 months, few in Washing-ton are surprised. “They had a difficult andfrosty relationship from the outset” said oneWhite House source. And President Trumpnever forgave him for calling him a “moron” in2017. Just recently, there were more wordsspoken when Tillerson said he did not believethe time was right for the president to meetNorth Korean leader Kim Jong Un.

• In 2009, all CIA interrogation and detentionsites were closed on the order of PresidentObama.

Former CIA National ClandestineService officer Stephen Slick

P34/35 2/5/18, 10:38 am2


SKRIPAL SANCTIONContinued from page 13

however, complained about the Westdemanding a rules-based international orderwhile regularly breaking its own standards.

Since the annexation of Crimea in March2014, Russia has received sanctions and‘ridden out’ any punishments from theinternational community. In addition, PresidentPutin recently announced a collection of newnuclear weapons, including a cruise missilethat could “reach anywhere in the world” andbypass all forms of defence. “These will makethe West hear us,” he said.

COLD WAR ARCHITECTURE

The Cold War 1.0 security architecture iscrumbling in Europe. While the United Stateshas shrunk its commitment to Europe’ssecurity, the European Union itself has failedmiserably to generate a common securitypolicy. And while NATO funding continues tobe a sore point amongst alliance members(some contribute virtually nothing), Putin isaggressively pushing into the power vacuumin Europe and the Middle East, and the Skripalincident is a square on the chessboard just asSyria is.

Intelligence analysts say Cold War 2.0 is notgoing to end any time soon and there is thevery real possibility of incidents escalating intosomething much, much worse.

LIST OF MISCHIEF

STEPHEN MOSS, 2003. Moss, a Britishlawyer, had an apparent heart attack and diedin 2003. US Intelligence officials allegedlybelieve he may have been assassinated.

STEPHEN CURTIS,2004. Curtis, alawyer who repre-sented an imprisonedRussian oil tycoon,was killed in ahelicopter crash inEngland in 2004.

Again, US Intelligence suspects that Russiamay have played a hand in his death.

IGOR PONOMAREV,2006. Ponomarev diedshortly before Litvinenko,just before he was due tomeet with someoneinvestigating Russianactivities in Italy. USIntelligence may haveevidence that the diplomat was assassinated.

ALEXANDERLITVINENKO, 2006.Litvinenko’s death madeinternational headlinesafter the defector waspoisoned in 2006. Itcontributed to hostilerelations between Russiaand the UK. Polonium, aradioactive isotope, was

slipped into a cup of tea that he drank. Russiahas always denied any part in his death,despite a public inquiry formally accusing twoRussians of carrying out the killing on behalfof the Kremlin.

YURI GOLUBEV, 2007.An oil tycoon and friendof jailed politicaldissident MikhailKhodorkovsky, Golubevdied in London. Anobituary at the time saidhe “felt unwell,” returnedfrom a trip early, and subsequently “diedpeacefully.” US Intelligence suspects foul play.

DANIEL MCGRORY, 2007. McGrory was aforeign correspondent for The Times of

London and was found dead in his northLondon flat. He had reported extensively onLitvinenko’s death. While his family believe hedied of natural causes, British Intelligenceofficials later asked their US counterparts toinvestigate his death.

BADRI PATARKATSISHVILI, 2008. The bestfriend and former business partner of BorisBerezovsky,Patarkatsishvili livedclose to his friend inSurrey, southern Englanduntil he died of a heartattack after a familydinner. Like in the case ofDaniel McGrory, UKintelligence officialsasked their counterpartsin the US for informationabout Patarkatsishvili’s death, and anypossible links to Russia.

• 23 Russian diplomats were expelled. Alarge number, if not all, were intelligencepeople.

• The creation of new powers to detainthose suspected of Hostile State Activityat the UK border.

• Increase checks on private flights,customs and freight.

• A freeze of Russian State assetswherever the UK has evidence that theymay be used to threaten the life orproperty of UK nationals or residents.

• A suspension of all planned high levelbi-lateral contacts between the UK andRussia, including revoking the invitationto Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov to visitto the UK.

• No attendance by Ministers orMembers of the Royal Family - at the 2018World Cup in Russia.

• The creation of a new £48 millionchemical defence centre based at PortonDown to face the “increasing” threat fromRussia and North Korea.

• All UK Special Operations troops toreceive anthrax vaccine.

GARETH WILLIAMS,2010. The body ofGCHQ officerWilliams, who was onsecondment to MI6,was found in asuitcase in his Londonflat in 2010. WhileNew Scotland Yardsaid they think it wasan accident, intelli-gence agencies and those close to the casebelieve he may well have been assassinated.

PAUL CASTLE, 2010. A property dealer withflamboyant spending habits, Castle died bysuicide after stepping in front of a tube train.Sources say he may have been threatened

THE BRITISH

RESPONSE IN FULL

ANATOMY OF THE

P34/35 27/4/18, 8:15 am3


with a “slow andpainful death” bypeople linked to theRussian (and Turkish)mafia if he didn’t killhimself.

ALEXANDER PEREPILICHNYY, 2012.Perepilichnyy was a financier who helpedexpose fraud by Russian Government officials.He died in Surrey, England in 2012 aftervisiting Paris; it was reported that there were“signs of a fatal plant poison” discovered inhis stomach. The probe into his deathcontinues today.

ROBBIE CURTIS,2012. Curtis was afriend of Paul Castle,and like him, workedin property. He tookilled himself, withUS Intelligencereportedly believinghe may have been driven to suicide byunderworld players in Russia.

BORIS BEREZOVSKY,2013. Berezovsky wasan expat businessmanand vocal critic ofPutin. He was founddead at his home in anapparent suicide byhanging.

MI6 and MI5 worked together to thwart a previous assassination attempt on BorisBerezovsky at the Hilton Hotel in London. This too involved a Russian national

UK politician Ian Austin, compared the upcomingWorld Cup in Russia to the Berlin Olympics in 1936and called for England to pull out of the tourna-ment. British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnsonagreed saying: “I think the comparison to 1936 iscertainly right... I think it’s an emetic prospect,frankly, to think of Russian President Vladimir Putinglorying in this sporting event.”

Hitler used the Olympic Games as a propagandatool to project an image of a new, strong andunified Germany. He also attempted to ban Jewishand non-white athletes. However, he gave up afterthreats of a boycott grew too large.

UNDIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE OR ANACCURATE COMPARISON?

MORE CONTROVERSY British Foreign Secretary BorisJohnson. Inset: Jesse owens at the

1936 Olympic Games in Berlin

JOHNNYELICHAOFF, 2014.Elichaoff was abusinessman andthe former husbandof TV presenterTrinny Woodall. Hehad battled painkilleraddiction, andreportedly rolled himself off a shopping centreroof in London after a string of oil investmentswent wrong in ‘Project Moscow’.

SCOT YOUNG,2014. Young wasa wealthy ‘fixer’ tothe super-rich andoften fronteddeals for Russianoligarch BorisBerezovsky. Hewas part of anetwork of

associates who funnelled Berezovsky’s cashthrough offshore companies, and repeatedlyworried about being targeted by the Russianmafia. He was found impaled on railingsbeneath a London flat.

MATTHEWPUNCHER, 2016.Puncher was theradiation expert whodiscovered thatAlexander Litvinenkohad been givenPolonium-210. Fivemonths after a trip toRussia, he wasfound dead by multiple stab wounds. Acoroner ruled suicide.

NIKOLAI GLUSHKOV, 2018. Glushkov was anassociate of the late Boris Berezovsky, andwas questioned as part of a British inquiry intothe poisoning of Litvinenko. He was foundsuffocated, just days after the Skripal attack.Some suggest he was the victim of a sexgame which went wrong, and liken it to thedemise of Gareth Williams.

MIKHAIL LESIN,2015. In the US,meanwhile, Lesin, aformer adviser toPutin and founder ofKremlin-sponsored

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The widow of poisoned former Russian spyAlexander Litvinenko criticised Labourleader Jeremy Corbyn for his failure to con-demn Vladimir Putin. In addition she saidlessons hadn’t been learned.

“I think something more should be done,it’s not enough,” Marina said. “Even though(the reaction) is stronger than it was in [the]case of my husband, it is still not enough.

“For all the people in UK it was a shock.We were promised after the public inquirythat it would not happen again. It was diffi-cult to see what happened to SergeiSkripal.”

network Russia Today, was found dead inWashington DC in 2012. US authorities havesaid his death was the result of a drunken fall,but some FBI agents reportedly believe he wasbeaten to death.

Lesin and President Putin

LESSONS NOT LEARNED?

© LYNNE FEATHERSTONE

Marina Litvinenko (right) at theForeign Office

LITVINENKO II

FOURTEEN DAYS3 MARCH 2018

2.40pm. Sergei Skripal’s daughter Yulia, 33,(below) arrives at Heathrow Airport on a flightfrom Russia.

4 MARCH 2018

1.40pm. Mr Skripal and his daughter arrive atSainsbury’s supermarket upper-level car parkin Salisbury town centre. At 2.20pm theyenjoy a drink at the Bishop’s Mill public housebefore going to the Zizzi restaurant. Theyremain here until 3.35pm.

At around the same time a CCTV cameracaptured ‘two people of interest’, including awoman a carrying a red handbag.

At 4.15pm, an eyewitness said she saw aman and a woman looking unwell on a bench.Medics attend and the two people are taken toSalisbury District Hospital.

Salisbury DistrictHospital

8 MARCH

Home Secretary Amber Rudd visits police inSalisbury and said that the use of a nerveagent on UK soil was a “brazen and recklessact of attempted murder in the most cruel andpublic way.”

She later chairs a meeting of the NationalSecurity Council and Prime Minister TheresaMay calls a meeting of the Government’semergency response coordination unitCOBRA. In attendance, MI6 Chief Alex Youngerand MI5 Director-General Andrew Parker.

Chief UK Medical Officer Dame SallyDavies and Mark Rowley issue

statements on the Salisbury incident

Sergeant Nick Bailey was releasedfrom hospital on 21 March

5 MARCH

Wiltshire Police declare a major incident.Doctors are baffled by the Skripals symptomsand have no idea what substance they’ve beenexposed to. Senior MI5 and New ScotlandYard detectives arrive to assist colleagues,along with scientists from PHE’s Centre forRadiation, Chemical and EnvironmentalHazards. Some 250 military and counter-terrorism officers arrive, many skilled inchemical weapons training and are deployedin the city and surrounding areas. Variousknown locations visited by the Skripals arecordoned off and secured.

The evidence points to a criminal act, leadingForeign Secretary Boris Johnson to state:“Britain will respond appropriately and robustlyif evidence emerges of Russia’s involvementin Skripal’s suspected poisoning.” Hisreference to ‘Russia’ leaves no one in doubtabout the serious circumstances of the case.

7 MARCH

New Scotland Yard Assistant CommissionerMark Rowley, the outgoing head of nationalcounter-terror policing, reveals that Sergei andYulia were poisoned with a nerve agent. Healso said that a police officer - Sergeant NickBailey - was infected. Early reports state hewas one of the first officers to attend thescene at the bench, others said he fell ill aftervisiting Mr Skripal’s house in the city.

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12 MARCH

Public Health England (PHE) advise anyone inthe area at the time of the attack that clothingshould be washed and personal items such ascell phones wiped as a precaution. In London,May tells the House of Commons the poisonused in the attack was a military-grade nerveagent developed by Russia. She said it waspart of a group of nerve agents known asNovichoks.

13 MARCH

Police focus on the Skripals movement,appealing for any witnesses who had seen theRussians in their car between 1.00pm and1.45pm on 4 March to come forward.

New Scotland Yard Counter TerrorismCommand (CTC) announce probe into the

“YOU CAN’T STOP US SPYING”SVR DIRECTOR

MOSCOW: SVR Director SergeiNaryshkin, 63, was asked if the expulsionof so many of his officers working under-cover at various Russian embassies, willimpact on his agency’s intelligencecollection capabilities in future monthsand years. Mr Naryshkin responded:

“The SVR of Russia has a whole set of veryeffective means for conducting intelli-gence gathering in various conditions andunder any circumstances. This guaranteesthe possibility of solving tasks assignedto us by the President to protect thenational interests of Russia, our citizensabroad, counter-terrorism work and otherareas within the competence of theintelligence services.”

death of exiled anti-Putin opponent NikolaiGlushkov in London.

At 6.00pm, the Russian Embassy issued anumber of scathing tweets which directlythreaten the ‘crooked’ UK with retaliation.Moscow said it will take action if the BritishGovernment continues to suggest it wasRussia involved in the poisoning of the formerspy. Seven more embassy tweets follow, onestates: ‘Russia will not co-operate with the UK

inquiry into how Mr Skripal and his daughter,

Yulia, were poisoned in Salisbury, until it has

been given a sample of the substance used’.

Another read: ‘Any threat to take ‘punitive’

measures against Russia will meet with a

response. The British side should be aware of

that’.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov saysthat Moscow is “not guilty of the poisoning”and is “ready to cooperate with London.”

14 MARCH

London says “Moscow is culpable” andannounces it will expel 23 of the 59 Russiandiplomats present in the United Kingdom. Italso suspends high-level diplomatic contactwith Moscow. Russia’s Foreign Ministrycriticises London’s “choice for confrontation,”adding that “retaliation will follow shortly.”

SVR Director Sergei Naryshkin. Mostof the spies asked to leave Britain

and elsewhere were from his agency

15 MARCH

As Prime Minister May visits Salisbury, theUK, France, Germany and US release a jointstatement blaming Russia for the nerve agentattack.

Lavrov’s deputy Sergei Ryabkov saysMoscow never had any programmes todevelop the Novichok nerve agent. Thiscaused UK Defence Secretary GavinWilliamson to comment, perhaps inappropri-

ately: “Russia shouldgo away and shutup.” RussianMinistry of Defencespokesman, MajorGeneral IgorKonashenko, saidthat the “extremelevel of intellectualimportance” shown

by Williamson, “confirms only London’saccusations amounted to nothing.”

The 29-member NATO alliance expressessolidarity with Britain over what it calls the firstoffensive use of a nerve agent on the militaryalliance’s territory since World War II.

16 MARCH

British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnsoncontinues to insist it is “overwhelmingly likely

Russian Foreign Minister SergeyLavrov - “Moscow not guilty”

Igor Konashenko

Embassy of Russia, London

P38/39 27/4/18, 8:42 am2


that Russian President Vladimir Putin wasbehind the poisoning. The Kremlin says theaccusation is “unforgivable.”

Russia opens a probe into the “attemptedpremeditated murder” of Yulia Skripal. It alsosays it has begun a separate probe into thesuspected murder of Nikolai Glushkov.

17 MARCH

Russia formally issues a response to Britain’saction, summoning UK Ambassador toRussia, Laurie Bristow, to its Foreign Ministryheadquarters in Moscow. Mr Bristow is toldthat 23 British diplomats will be expelled andthat all activities of the British Council inRussia should cease. He his advised that themeasures follow London’s “provocativeactions.”

Russia’s Ambassador to the UK, AlexanderYakovenko, described the events as “tragic”and noted Britain should have involved Russia

Sergei Skripal was exchanged along with three other MI6 and CIA agents, for 10 Russianspies (above) operating in America, though some intelligence sources believe the actualnumber could have been 11. The other Western agents freed were SVR Colonel AleksandrZaporozhsky, Igor Sutyagin, a nuclear specialist, and Gennady Vasilenko.

THE FBI’S OPERATION GHOST STORIES

more because Sergei Skripal has dualnationality. Like his associates in Moscow, hesaid that the UK has no evidence Skripal waskilled on the instructions of Moscow, and

launched into a blistering attack of “Britain’sviolation of international law and misleadingthe international community.” He referenced“invading Yugoslavia, (78 days of bombing),Iraq and Libya (under false pretexts) andsupporting elements in Ukraine.” At a

SVR spy Anna Chapman unwittingly startsto chat to an undercover FBI agent

British Embassy, Moscow. On 23 MarchUK intelligence officers, diplomats and

their families exited the building and wereflown home (inset)

Russia’s Ambassador to Britain,Alexander Yakovenko

A canopy covers thebench where the Skripals

were found in distress

©PE

TER

CURB

ISHL

EY

P38/39 27/4/18, 8:43 am3


ollowing events in Salisbury,the son of a former Sovietchemical specialist anddefector, wants his father’sbody exhumed. Vladimir

‘METAL EYES AND AN ALUMINIUM GLINT’

FPasechnik, who lived a few miles fromthe Skripal incident, was once one ofthe Soviet Union’s most valued germwarfare scientists. He spent the last12 years of his life convinced the KGBwould kill him.

According to his son, Nikita, 53,Pasechnik defected in 1989, andrevealed a network of laboratorieswhose 10,000 scientists and techni-cians were working on ways todisperse disease in second waveattacks following a nuclear strike.“There were facilities from StPetersburg to Novosibirsk makingtens of thousands of litres ofbiological weapons agents; munitionsfactories modifying missiles to spreadanthrax, ebola and smallpox.”Pasechnik’s own laboratory wasdeveloping a strain of plague.

In 1989, Pasechnik fled to the UK andshared all he knew with BritishIntelligence. He found work at the

Centre for Applied Microbiology andResearch at Porton Down, develop-ing vaccines. In 2000, one year be-fore he died, he established hisown biotechnology company, RegmaBiotechnologies. Ironically, accordingto his son, he became close friendswith fellow weapons expert, Dr DavidKelly, who debriefed him after hisdefection. Kelly was found deadin suspicious circumstances inOxfordshire in 2003 following eventssurrounding the Iraqi WMD probe.

“My father told me he knew there hadbeen a decision in a closed court ofthe FSB to kill him, I couldn’t believe

it.” Nikita said: “I said, don’t play 007games, who is going to kill you? I wasyoung and didn’t understand.”

In 2001 Pasechnik had a stroke, aged64. He died in hospital three weeksafter being admitted with dizzyingheadaches. His son said that duringone of his lucid moments “he said heneeded to speak with Dr Kelly.”

TOXICOLOGY TEST

Nikita now wants his father’s bodyexhumed for toxicology testing. Heconcedes that defectors are notimmortal, but another Russian being

poisoned in the same city has madehim suspicious. “If you look at all thecases in isolation, you’ll never see thefull picture.”

Nikita added: “My father said he couldspot a Russian in any crowd... hethought he could identify KGB intelli-gence officers just by their stare - it’ssomething about the way they look atyou - the KGB have eyes like metal...there is this aluminium glint.”

Pasechnik’s intelligence wasconfirmed by another defector whowas deputy of Russia’s biologicalweapons programme - ColonelKanatzhan Alibekov.

Nikita and VladimirPasechnik

AFTERMATHSee Page 58

WORLDWIDE RESPONSE

KGB SPIES:

gathering of media people, Yakovenko thendelved into the Cold War book of legendarystatements: “I would like to quote PresidentReagan who said ‘history shows that Britishstatements must be verified.’”

Despite Yakovenko’s commentary, investiga-tors from the Organisation for the Prohibitionof Chemical Weapons (OPCW) arrived in theUK and visited sites where forensic evidencehad been collected. They were also givensamples for independent verification. RIES OFDELIVERYInitial media reports suggested Skripal and hisdaughter Yulia may have been exposed to thedeadly nerve agent through the Skripal’s BMWsaloon’s ventilation system. Other sources

claim the VX was sprayed into the car, or as adust compound on the vehicle’s handles.However, on 28 March, NSY Deputy AssistantCommissioner Dean Hayden, Senior NationalCoordinator for Counter Terrorism Policingsaid: “We believe the Skripals first came intocontact with the nerve agent from their frontdoor. We are therefore focusing much of ourefforts in and around their address.” Investiga-tors who searched locations in the city wherethe Skripals visited, discovered the highestconcentration of VX on the front door,suggesting it was here the victims firsttouched the nerve agent.

There are also theories the attack may havebeen carried out in similar fashion to thatwhich resulted in the demise of Kim Jong-nam, the half-brother of North Korean leaderKim Jong-un in Malaysia, 2017. He was killedwhen VX was sprayed into his face byassailants at Kuala Lumpur InternationalAirport. Another point of inquiry surrounds anumber of items recovered at the Skripalsresidence which were brought into the countryby Yulia. These include clothing, cosmeticsand a few gifts given to her father.

The scale of the Skripal investigation isimmense. New Scotland Yard announced itwas examining over 5,000 hours of recovered

CCTV footage; that 250 officers have beenassigned to the case; 600 statements takenand over 1,500 ‘exhibits’ recovered. Since theattack, of course, the West has responded byejecting nearly 150 Russian spies.

Sergei Skripalcaught on CCTV

a few daysbefore he was

attacked

High levels of VX were found on thefront door of Skripal’s house - these

have now been removed (below)

ColonelKanatzhanAlibekov

P40/41 2/5/18, 10:39 am2


The laboratories and chemical facilities of international scientific institutions and other secret facilities that remainunidentified, have long been a source of ‘weaponry’ sought by the underworld and those engaged in deeply

disturbing acts. Unlike the tools of ‘conventional’ assassins (firearms, bladed weaponry, neck chokes, poisonsetc.), numerous others have been developed which are invisible and are often ‘delivered’ in unconventional ways,

making detection even more difficult. Besides their menace, they also have a deeply psychological edge

POISON DEDUCTION

The Assassins Playground

mpossible to purchase through normalchannels and in time, virtually impossibleto detect. Polonium-210 can only beproduced by nuclear powers in sufficientI

quantities that could kill. Safe to transport ifproperly secured, scientists acknowledge thatits radioactivity is not enough even topenetrate an envelope, for example. However,once ingested or inhaled, internal damagebegins immediately and the victim will die indays, or weeks. Former FSB officer and MI6agent Alexander Litvinenko was killed byPolonium-210 in London, 2006, after it wasslipped into his tea. British forensic investiga-tors initially had difficulty in detecting

Yasser Arafat

AlexanderLitvinenko

V

scientists engaged in a programme toresearch pesticides at the laboratory of BritishImperial Chemical Industries. Less than half-a-milligram is needed to kill an adult. Variantsexist. At the height of the Cold War bothRussia and the United States produced VX.Banned in 1997 under the Chemical WeaponsConvention, VX was used recently in February2017, to assassinate Kim Jong-nam, the halfbrother of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un.For the record, NK is not a signatory to the UNCW Convention.

The highest number of VX fatalities occurredin 1988, when Saddam Hussein used theagent to kill around 5,000 Kurds in northernIraq.

Sarin, another nerve agent, has also beenused as a terror weapon and assassins tool.In 1995, Japanese cult Shako Asahara killed13 people in a Tokyo subway attack.

Kim Jong-nam- dead in 20

minutes

POLONIUM-210

VENOMOUS AGENT X

Polonium in Litvinenko, believing he had beenpoisoned by Thallium, a radioactive isotope.

Another alleged victim of Polonium-210poison was Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat in2004. He died in a Paris hospital. However, in2016 a French court dismissed calls for amurder investigation, and that the Poloniumfound in his grave was of an “environmentalnature.”

X - perhaps the most dangerous ofall known nerve agents, and oneused in the attempted assassina-tion of Sergei Skripal and his

daughter Yulia.

VX is a dangerous toxic synthetic chemicalcompound, first discovered in 1954 by

P40/41 2/5/18, 10:39 am3


An impactful mural to the 5,000 Kurds killed in Halabja, northern Iraq,chemical attack in 1988. The operation was green-lighted by Saddam

Hussein and remains the worst single WMD attack in history

RICIN

P opular amongst the terrorist andcriminal fraternity because this isone poison that can be manufac-tured with relative ease by

experienced operatives. A few grains of thenaturally occurring carbohydrate-bindingprotein can kill if ingested, inhaled or injected.Organs will fail as will the central nervoussystem. The poison can be extracted fromseeds of the castor oil plant. In 2006, MI5 and

MI6 probed a numberof al-Qaida terroristsin north London whoengaged in theproduction of ricin ata safe house inLondon.

Ricin was used in theinfamous London

‘umbrella assassination’ of Bulgarian dissidentGeorgi Markov (above) in 1978. Here a KGBassassin jabbed Markov with a speciallyadapted umbrella. He died 72-hours later.

Another KGB ricin attack occurred just threeyears later. In this case, KGB double agentBoris Korzak, operating for the CIA, wasstruck by a ricin pellet fired from an air gun inVienna, Virginia. He survived the attack.

Castor seeds. Inset: Castor oil plant

AQ - ricin productionhouse (centre top)

BOTULINUM

A US specialist testing for chemicaland poisons

product of Clostridium Botulinum- described as an anaerobic,spore-forming motile bacteriumthat can produce the neuro-toxinA

botulinum. One usually associates the productwith the cosmetic industry (Botox) and‘bulging tins’, in this case caused by bacteria.

However, if delivered (absorbed, inhaled) inincorrect quantities, it can result in variousdisorders associated with poisoning, includingparalysis. Rumours abound that the CIAplanned assassinating Cuban leader FidelCastro with a Botox-contaminated cigar.

Saddam Hussein also recognised its potentialas a weapon of mass destruction (WMD),building a covert plant to manufacture

The CIA allegedly created a plot tocontaminate Fidel Castro’s cigars

Botulinum as well as Anthrax and Aflatoxin.The facility was just one of a number overseenby intelligence man Ali Hassan al-Majid,known to his adversaries as ‘Chemical Ali’. Hewas sentenced to death by an Iraqi court forhis involvement in a plethora of incidentsinvolving WMD and toxin attacks. Al-Majidwas executed in January 2010.

Ali Hassan al-Majid. Inset:Clostridium Botulinum bacteria

P42/43 2/5/18, 10:41 am2


Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA. Scientists analyse samples(evidence) to determine if chemicals or biological warfare agents are present

CYANIDE

T hough a popular method to eliminatetargets in film and books, in 2013,for example, data produced byscientific and security organisations

revealed that of 2.3 million poison cases, only294 were attributed to cyanide, and most ofthese were from “occupational exposures.”Along with strychnine and arsenic, cyanidehas been ‘bracketed’ by the internationalcommunity as “one of the big three poisons.”

And of note, by mass and quantity, Polonium-210 is a quarter-of-a-million times moredeadly than cyanide, a chemical compoundthat has many forms. However, cyanide has avery dark association with those intent on

Zyklon labels from Dachau concentra-tion camp. The label reads: ‘Poison

Gas! Cyanide to be opened and usedonly by trained personnel’

murder, and the 2013 data pales in respect ofits use in other theatres.

It remains therefore a favourite with thoseengaged in murder and terrorism, and thereare numerous cases where cyanide, in all itvariants, have been used to kill. Similarly, ithas been taken deliberately in cases ofsuicide. It is produced by certain bacteria,fungi and algae that are prevalent only in but afew plants. Cyanide is a natural poison thatalso exists in apricot pits and apples, withtraces in almonds and lima beans.

The most infamous use of hydrogen cyanidein the form of Zyklon B, was used by the Nazisin concentration camps in WWII. During theCold War it was stockpiled by the Soviets, andin 2003, al-Qaida sought to release cyanidegas into the New York Subway (below).

Zyklon B withabsorbent

granules ondisplay atAuschwitz

ConcentrationCamp Museum

nthrax is an infection created bybacteria - Bacillus anthracis,usually transmitted from animals(goats, cattle, sheep, and horses).

ANTHRAX

AThere are four types of anthrax delivery:cutaneous, inhalation, gastrointestinal, andinjection. Pulmonary anthrax is often lethal.The greatest threat posed by anthrax isthrough a bioterrorist attack.

If the spores of anthrax are inhaled, theymigrate to lymph glands in the chest wherethey proliferate, spread, and produce toxinsthat often cause death. Treated by antibiotics,whilst effective in killing the bacteria, they donot destroy the deadly toxins that have alreadybeen released by the anthrax bacteria.

It is considered a viable choice as a biologicalweapon as its spores are inert and easilystored until ingested. Anthrax spores can beput into powders, sprays, food and water, butis most dangerous when inhaled.

In September 2001, anonymous letters lacedwith deadly anthrax spores were sent to mediacompanies and congressional offices on theeastern seaboard of the United States, killingfive people and infecting 17 others.

In 1979, the accidental release of anthrax froma bioweapons production facility in thesuburbs of southeast Sverdlovsk, Russia,killed 68 people and injured a further 300.Moscow denied anthrax was responsible.

2003. US Secretary of State ColinPowell holds aloft a ‘dummy’ vial ofanthrax as the UN debate if Saddam

Hussein has chemical weapons

One of the infamous anthrax-lacedletters which killed five Americans

P42/43 2/5/18, 10:41 am3


ussia’s Federal SecurityService (FSB) revealeddetails of several counter-terrorism raids against

FSB Launches Series of Counter-terrorism Raids to Thwart ISIS

FIFA WORLD CUP 2018

RISIS cells who plotted attacks inStavropol and Derbent as well asRostov and St Petersburg - twocities hosting the 2018 FIFA WorldCup football tournament. The pre-emptive strikes took placefollowing the interception ofcommunications between cellmembers and a primary contact inthe Middle East.

In Stavropol, 21 April, counter-terrorism officers killed an ISISterrorist who plotted an attack onthe local FSB headquarters and anadministrative building. The man,who has not been named, was inpossession of a sawed-off 16-gauge shotgun, IED components,an Islamic State flag and a writtenpledge of allegiance to the terrorgroup. Also of interest, layoutplans of the FSB HQ and govern-ment building were recovered. Thesuspect was killed when heresisted arrest.

On the same day, in the town ofDerbent, Dagestan, which liesimmediately east of Chechnya,nine terrorists were killed and oneSpecial Forces officer slightlywounded during a CT operation.The group was allegedly planningan attack on 1 May to coincidewith a traditional holiday inRussia, according to a statementfrom the country’s National Anti-Terror Committee. “Nine outlawshave been neutralised followingbrief exchanges of fire with lawenforcement,” a committee officialsaid.

Several days earlier in the RostovRegion, just 290 miles fromVolgograd where England will playtheir first qualifying game againstTunisia on 18 June, three ISIS-linked terrorists, who plotted gunand bomb attacks, were captured.The leader of the cell, however,blew himself up with a homemade

bomb when security officers triedto detain him.

In St Petersburg, close to wherethe England team will be based forthe contest, seven suspects weredetained following another CTraid. The men had been communi-cating with a terrorist recruiterusing the Telegram Messengerapp and were expected to be“sent for terrorism training,” an

official said. Passports, mobilephones, an AK-47 rifle, handgrenades and instructions for themanufacture of IEDs were foundas well as means of communica-tion and electronic data storagedevices containing terroristpropaganda materials.

In Moscow, senior FSB officialshave identified terrorism as themain threat to the World Cup.

Two suspects are detained during the raids

ISIS safe house used in planningattacks during the 2018 World Cup

FSB officersdetain ISIS

suspect

Suspected ISIS cell members caught in an early morning raidA suspect is led away by

an FSB CT officer

FSB DirectorAlexander Bortnikov

September 2017.President Putin

holds the World Cuptrophy in a

pre-tournamentevent in Moscow

P44/45 1/5/18, 11:10 am2


Intelligence and Quantum Computing

AN INVISIBLEMILITARY

ARMS RACE

Players in a new intelligence theatre with major implicationsfor the cyber world and all users of the Internet

magine the value of a computer thattakes about a hundredth of a second tosolve a problem which would take 100days to answer with a conventionalcomputer. For the Pentagon and US spyagencies - priceless. And far from beingI

science fiction, Google and NASA havealready conducted laboratory tests that provequantum computers could be an astonishing100 million times faster than today’s technol-ogy. Mind boggling statistics. But like anyemerging technology, intelligence officials andscientists have warned that the country thatdominates the quantum arena and era willhave an edge in everything from nationalsecurity, intelligence collection, military

A D-Wave ‘wafer’ of processors ondisplay at the 2018 Age of AI

(Artificial Intelligence) Conference

ing that it had built the world’s first quantumcomputer. Although the announcement wasmet with scepticism by some, it also wonimportant customers. The first was LockheedMartin, the world’s largest defence company.

In 2013, a D-Wave Two system was installedat the new Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab,a collaboration between Google, NASA and theUniversities Space Research Association(USRA). The facility is housed at the NASAAmes Research Center in California. InSeptember 2015, the system was upgraded toA D-Wave 2000 Qubit processor

theatres and of course, business andtechnology. Little wonder, perhaps, that leakedNSA documents reveal the super secretagency is engaged in a programme to switchto quantum computing. In the United States,the Pentagon and US Intelligence Community(USIC) have long been the lead funders ofquantum computing. And the spy world, inparticular, has looked to quantum computingfor its use in encryption and codebreaking.

ORIGINS

D-Wave Systems, a Canadian-based com-pany, came to prominence in 2007 when itstunned the scientific community by announc-

P44/45 2/5/18, 10:42 am3


Interior IBM ‘Q’ quantum system.

Right: IBM scientists examine acryogenic refrigerator whichkeeps qubits (quantum bits)colder than even the deepest

regions of space

a 1000+ qubit D-Wave 2X quantum computer.In addition, there are already government‘customers’, including the US Navy who are‘renting time’ on D-Wave owned computers.Their work remains secret. Another companyat the forefront of Quantum computing is IBM.

PROTECTING COMMUNICATIONS ANDINTERNET TRANSACTIONS

Quantum technologies offer major potentialacross many industries, but could beparticularly game changing when it comes toconcepts such as protecting communications.Public-key cryptography already protectsmuch of today’s Internet traffic, providingsecurity for banking transactions, encryptedchat, secure Web browsing, and so on.Breaking these codes currently requiressignificant conventional computer time andpower to make it feasible, but all that changesin the quantum era.

Intelligence analysts agree there is a loomingcyber crisis. The first and most obviousmilitary concern for a modern, fully functionalquantum computer is the capability to engagein near-instantaneous hacking into encryptedmilitary servers, and those controlling thenational infrastructure systems of an adver-sary. “In the case of a military conflict, [having

this capability] would give one side a hugeadvantage,” one commentator said.

CHINA

John Costello, senior analyst for Cyber andEast Asia at Flashpoint and a CybersecurityFellow for New America, warned that theUnited States’ narrowing lead in this crucialarea is endangered by China’s aggressivefunding and research in quantum computing.Losing the lead to China would have far-reaching consequences for both countries. USscientists and security analysts are voicingconcern that recent reductions in governmentfunding and other challenges are threateningthe country’s narrowing lead over China.

“America remains at the forefront of quantuminformation science, but its lead has slippedconsiderably as other nations, China inparticular, have allocated extensive funding tobasic and applied research,” Costello said in awritten statement to the US-China Economicand Security Review Commission. “Conse-quently, Chinese advances in quantuminformation science have the potential tosurpass the United States. Onceoperationalised, quantum technologies willalso have transformative implications forChina’s national security and economy. As the

United Stateshas sustained aleading positionin internationalaffairs due inpart to itstechnological,military, andeconomic pre-eminence, it iscritical to takeswift action toreverse thistrend and onceagain place theUnited Statesas a front-

runner in emerging technologies like quantuminformation science.”

To put context to China’s entry in quantumcomputing, earlier this year, Beijing announceda staggering $11 billion has been set aside tofund future projects. This, compared to theNSA’s $70 million fund.

RUSSIA’S EMERGENCE

Researchers in Russia have recently demon-strated ‘quantum-safe’ cryptography. MaximVakstein, project leader of The Foundation for

A ‘wafer’ of D-Wave processors

John Costello

Chinese quantumcomputer

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Advanced Research, said Russia had startedwork on the creation of a quantum computer-based superconductor, with “the technologythat the project aims to create [allowing] ourcountry to take a decent spot in the race tocreate the computer of the future.” He alsoreferenced the ‘Quantum Arms Race’: “Allleading countries are aiming to be the first tocreate such machines.”

Two leading Russianquantum computingresearch institutes -the RussianQuantum Centre andthe MISiS NationalUniversity ofScience & Technol-ogy, also announcedthe creation of ajoint project knownas Quantum Centre,which aims atcombining their efforts to create quantumcomputers.

Sergey Kiriyenko, head of Rosatom.Ironically, during his Communistdays, he was known as the ‘little

human computer’. Kiriyenko said he“recognises the implications of

quantum computers”

Support structure for installation ofthe D-Wave Vesuvius processor -

NASA Quantum Artificial IntelligenceLaboratory (QuaAIL)

Logo of the All-Russia ResearchInstitutes of Auto-

matics (VNIIA)

IBM cyber security specialists engage in asimulated counter-cyber attack operation

MISiS

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Bo Ewald, President of D-Wave and former chief at Los Alamos. The US site operatedthe world’s most powerful Cray super computer. In 1983, Richard Feynman, an

American theoretical physicist known for his work on quantum mechanics told Ewald:“You know, one day all of these Crays will be replaced by quantum computers.

China’s military potential will be advancedgreatly by quantum computing

One of the documentsleaked by NSA traitor Ed-ward Snowden, containsinformation on a secretprogramme or operation

codenamed OTN - Owning the Net. Itreveals around $80 million has beenbudgeted for the development of aquantum computer capable of ‘owning thenet and providing the technological meansfor NSA/CSS to gain access to andsecurely return high value targetcommunications’.

The documents warn that despite the USbeing a world leader in quantumcomputing, other countries are catchingup, including EU states, Russia and China.

In 2017, theRussian stateatomic energycorporationRosatom, theFoundation forAdvancedStudies andthe Ministry ofEducation andSciencesigned a jointthree-yearproject on thedevelopment

of a quantum computer. Rosatom’s nuclearweapons research institute at the All-RussiaResearch Institutes of Automatics (VNIIA) hasbeen charged with taking the lead inorganising the project.

A GLOBAL ENDEAVOUR

Europe too is also focusing on the creation ofits own quantum computer over the next tenyears, investing the equivalent of about a

billion dollars into its Quantum TechnologiesFlagship Programme.

With the possible benefits of quantumcomputing self-evident, there are multipleplayers, including Russia, China, the US,Canada, Japan, Israel and Europe - all strivingto get the upper hand, with China and the USbattling for the top spot. White House officialsadmit that Washington’s superiority incomputer technology was “under siege,” andthat more investment was needed specificallyin the area of quantum technologies.

Ian Levy, from the National Cyber SecurityCentre (NCSC), an agency within GCHQ,believes perfecting quantum computing willtake 20-years to perfect. Much of this is downto cost: “The first generation of these thingswill be bloody expensive so it will be nationsthat have them, without a doubt,” he said. “If astate has invested a huge amount in aquantum computer, the logical thing is toattack cryptosystems.”

The good news is that not all encryption willbe broken in the quantum world: some

algorithms that do not use factorisation astheir mathematical base will remain robust.Symmetric algorithms will still be crypto-graphically secure, as long as their keys aredoubled in length. Inventing new algorithmswill take time, but the vetting, selection,adoption, standardisation, and roll-out will takeeven longer. This is the biggest concern.Analysts agree that while it’s important tokeep up to date with the fast-paced develop-ments in quantum computing, the intelligenceand defence industries can’t take their eye offtoday’s threats.

NSA & QUANTUM COMPUTING

Ian Levy - NCSC

Richard Feynman

Quantum computer seminar

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A DECEPTION & LIESCandid presentation reveals Mossad’s two-

decade long pursuit of Iranian nuclear secretssreal’s Prime Minister BenjaminNetanyahu, in a dramatic press confer-ence, said his security services hadobtained around 100,000 secretdocuments that prove Iran lied to theworld about its past nuclear work. TheI

Israeli leader further presented information onhow the Mossad secured material purportingto show that Iran continues to build on itsnuclear know-how in pursuit of a fullyfunctioning nuclear bomb.

Netanyahu’s claims are based on documentsrelating to a 1999-2003 operation in Iran that,while it falls outside the parameters of thecurrent international-backed nuclear deal,allegedly demonstrates that Tehran is acting inbad faith with regard to its nuclear programmecodenamed Project Amad.

Netanyahu stood on a stage with a pointer. Toone side was a bookcase packed with filesthat he said were Iran’s secret nuclear

reviewed are authentic.” This commentaryreveals both the CIA and the Mossad havecooperated in sourcing the material and itssubsequent analysis.

The State Department added that “new detailsin this information are consistent with a largebody of evidence and intelligence the USGovernment has amassed over many years onIran’s past clandestine nuclear weaponsprogramme.” A further admission that the CIAknew the Mossad were engaged in operationsin Iran. Analysts said Iran’s efforts to“obfuscate this information will be a keyfactor” in Trump’s decision on staying orwithdrawing from the nuclear deal on 12 May,the USSD official said.

Watching intelligence officials from severalcountries believe the documents confirm along-standing US suspicion that, Iran hassystematically hidden evidence of clandestineweapons work from international inspectors.

“If there was ever any doubt, every strugglingIranian citizen must now realise that Iran haslost countless dollars from nuclear sanctionsfor one reason, and one reason alone: theIranian regime’s reckless pursuit of nuclearweapons, weapons that Supreme LeaderKhamenei personally insists are un-Islamic,”the USSD official said. “It is long past time for

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahuspeaks of the Mossad operation

Netanyahu discusses theMiddle East conflict areaswith US Secretary of State

and intelligence man,Mike Pompeo

records, covertly obtained by Israeli Intelli-gence; alongside, a display cabinet ofcompact discs.

Netanyahu then engaged in a slide presenta-tion disclosing imagery, data and facts thatrevealed the breadth of the Iranian nuclearprogramme. Showing excerpts from what hesaid was sourced from “half a tonne ofdocuments,” Netanyahu said they demon-strated conclusively that Iran had not “comeclean” about its nuclear programme andambitions. For its part, Iran insisted that itnever has had and never would have aweapons programme.

CIA AND MOSSAD LIAISON

A US State Department (USSD) official stated:“The United States has reviewed many of thedocuments Israel has obtained relating toIran’s nuclear weapons programme. Weassess that the documents that we have

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Iran to come clean and cooperate withinternational inspections into its past weaponswork in order to convince the world it isserious about never again pursuing nuclearweapons.”

INTELLIGENCE TALK

Secretary of State and former CIA DirectorMike Pompeo called Iran “the greatestsponsor of terrorism in the world,” during ajoint press conference with Saudi ForeignMinister Adel al-Jubeir in Riyadh, in a furthersignal the United States intends to pull out ofthe international Iran nuclear deal. “We aredetermined to make sure it never possesses anuclear weapon,” Pompeo said of Iran duringhis first visit to the Middle East since beingsworn in as Secretary of State. “The Iran dealin its current form does not provide thatassurance... we will continue to work with ourEuropean allies to fix that deal. But if a dealcannot be reached, the [US] President hassaid that he will leave that deal. We remaindeeply concerned about Iran’s dangerousescalation of threats to Israel and the region,and Iran’s ambition to dominate the MiddleEast remains.”

US President Donald Trump will now decidewhether to continue waiving sanctions on Iranthat were lifted under the Iran agreement,formally known as the Joint Comprehensive

Plan of Action. UnderUS law, the Presidenthas to recertify thedeal every fewmonths.

As part of the 2015pact - agreed byTrump’s predecessorBarack Obama, someEuropean countriesand Russia and China- Iran must reduce itsuranium stockpile inreturn for internationalsanctions being lifted.

WIDER FOCUS

The US Secretary of State also outlined whathe called the President’s comprehensivestrategy for Iran, which includes efforts tocounter a broad array of non-nuclear threats,including Iran’s conventional missile systems,support for Hezbollah, importation ofthousands of proxy fighters into Syria, andassistance to Houthi rebels in Yemen.

“Iran has only behaved worse since the dealwas approved,” said Pompeo, accusingTehran of carrying out cyberhacking cam-paigns and supporting what he described as“Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s murder-ous regime.” Pompeo said the United Stateswould continue to assist its ally Saudi Arabiawith its defence needs. “We look forward toworking closely with strong allies in counter-ing these threats and rolling back the full rangeof Iranian malign influence,” Pompeo said. Healso urged unity between the Gulf States, afterSaudi Arabia - who along with Bahrain, Egyptand the United Arab Emirates, severed tieswith neighbouring Qatar.

ANALYSIS AND OVERVIEW

Former CIA Director Michael Hayden said:“What Israel has in its possession justconfirms what US Intelligence found more

than a decade ago. Late in 2007, we pub-lished a controversial National IntelligenceEstimate (NIE) that said Iran had stopped itsweaponisation programme, it was doing otherstuff - the centrifuges, the missiles, and soon.” Hayden explained the US had evidencethat Iran had stopped that work in 2003.

UNSUPPORTIVE

“This wasn’t absenceof evidence, this wasevidence of absence -that they were nolonger working on theweaponsprogramme,” Haydensaid. And he recalledthat US Intelligencehad called Iran’s

denials that it was working on a weaponsprogramme ‘a lie’, adding: “We always saidthat although they had stopped this coreactivity, they kept some other what we called‘dual-use’ things under way.”

The intelligence community concluded at thetime that Iran was “at least keeping the optionopen” of resuming the construction of aspecific weapon.

What Netanyahu has, Hayden believes, isdocumentation that supports and concludesthe story that the US and the Israelis have longtold. “Iran is further away from a weapon withthis deal than they would be without it,”Hayden said. “And we know more about theIranian nuclear programme with this deal thanwe would know without it.” Hayden isconcerned of the implications if the UnitedStates “walks away from the current deal.”

EU diplomatic head Federica Mogherini saidNetanyahu’s allegations of a secret Iranianatomic weapons programme do “not put intoquestion” Tehran’s compliance with the 2015Iran nuclear deal. Her viewpoint seemed to beshared by Pompeo just a few weeks agoduring his confirmation hearing on 12 April.Speaking about Iran’s nuclear intent, Pompeo

© PRESS OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER OF ISRAEL

Mike Pompeoand Benjamin

Netanyahu

US and Israeli officials discuss the Iran nuclear deal

29 April. Saudi Foreign Minister Adelal-Jubeir and Mike Pompeo

Michael Hayden

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said: “I’ve seen noevidence that theyare not in compli-ance today.” TheInternational AtomicEnergy Agency(IAEA) saidNetanyahu’sannouncement was

“old news.” And many countries, despite the

Israeli presentation and intelligence deception,appear committed to the Iran nuclear deal.

Despite the political jargon, manoeuvres andinterjection by commentators and politicianswho are obviously uninformed about just whatthe Mossad has collected (and deliveredcovertly to its intelligence counterparts inAmerica, Britain and elsewhere), some of theevidence against Iran is compelling.

ccording to Natanyahu, hisspy agencies sourced acache of Iranian nuclear

documents weighing “half atonne.” At the press briefing herevealed the location of the files -in a “dilapidated warehouse” inthe Shorabad district of Tehran.“This is where they kept theatomic archives... right here,” saidNatanyahu. “Very few Iraniansknew about it. From the outsidethis was an innocent lookingbuilding. But inside it containedIran’s secret atomic archiveslocked in massive files.”

It’s since transpired that theMossad placed agents in andaround the building. This, the spyagency learned from its ownagents inside Iran’s nuclearindustry, was used as the holdingpoint for nuclear documentationsecreted away before IAEAinspectors could gain access to itat known and declared sites. Thesuggestion therefore being, that itwas simply too volatile andrevealing, and may have sentalarm bells ringing in the IAEA,thus derailing the nuclear deal.

In February 2016, a surveillanceoperation was initiated around thewarehouse. Details of the building,

security, access and exit doorsand other useful intelligence wasgleaned. At the same timeplanners began discussing howthey would enter the building andrecover the material. Other tacticssuch as creating a diversion werealso carefully researched.

A year later in early 2017, a daringnight-time operation was launchedto gain access to the building -sanctioned and overseen byMossad Director Yossi Cohen. Nodetails were given about how theagents gained access, but theybroke into “long rows of safes.”Some 55,000 pages of printedmaterial was stolen along with183 CDs - also containing around55,000 pages of documentation.These were displayed at the primeminister’s press conference.

The operation was performed in asingle night and by daybreaksensitive, classified and top secretinformation on Iran’s nuclearprogramme, past, current andfuture ambitions, charts, photo-graphs, blueprints, video and theagencies and scientists involvedwas in the hands of the Mossad’sanalysts.

And it is this material that iscentral to Israel’s new claims.Some intelligence people andofficials in the West who are stillsupportive of the current deal withIran, asked why it had taken overa year for Israel to reveal itsfindings. Eye Spy Tel Aviv sourcessaid it was because most of thesecured pages were all written inPersian. Once translated, “amassive task in itself,” theinformation then had to beassessed and analysed byscientists, before being re-routedto intelligence analysts.

In January 2018, Cohen travelledto Washington and discussed theoperation with President Trumppersonally. He brought with himthe material which was dulyhanded to the CIA, Pentagon andDepartment of Defense. This iswhy the US seems more informedabout Iran’s nuclear deceit thanother nations.

“Only Iran’s leadership knows what else they’rehiding, but the revelations by Israel don’t giveus much confidence in their protestations thatthey have never had interest in militarising theirnuclear programme,” Mike Pompeo said.“They’re showing us in Syria how they plan todeploy their existing arsenal - we would befoolish to think that behaviour is going tochange because of a deal that was imple-mented two years ago and was based on a lie.”

Federica Mogherini

THE WAREHOUSETHE WAREHOUSESPECIAL ACTIVITIES COVERT AND OVERT

A

PROJECT

GOING UNDERGROUND

Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani,Secretary of the SupremeCouncil of Iran. He was Iran’sMinister of Defence duringProject Amad. In 2003 he saidthe project was to close, but onerecovered document by theMossad in January 2017, quoteshim saying the endeavour wouldcontinue in two parts - covertand overt. A note read: ‘Thegeneral aim is to announce theclosure of Project Amad...special activities will be carriedout under the title of scientificknow how developments(SPND - MOD)’. The ‘covert’ el-ement was, and still is reportedlyheaded by Dr MohsenFakhrizadeh-Mahabadi.

Rear AdmiralAli Shamkhani

AMAD

Dr Fakhrizadeh

Benjamin Netanyahuand Mossad Director

Yossi Cohen

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Eye Spy presents 10 case files which reflect the complex intricacies,covert dealings, dangers, advantages and sometimes unknown

circumstances and reasons for the exchange of spies

SPY EXCHANGEhe exchange of prisoners is nota new concept - far from it.However, for most of humanhistory, depending on theculture involved, a prisoner ofT

war (PoW) could expect to be either slaugh-tered or enslaved. The rules were verydifferent for spies: from ancient times, thepenalty for espionage in many countries wasexecution without any defining rules. AfterWorld War Two, the political and intelligencemindset changed, when countries recognisedthe potential and value of a captured spy infuture negotiations. Importantly, the buildingbricks of ‘exchange protocol[s]’ wereestablished, and most had a political dimen-sion with all ‘pros and cons’ examined

thoroughly, as well as the wider implications,such as public perception, for example. Thewords ‘setting precedents’ being carefullyexamined in the case of future happenings.

In military conflicts, espionage is consideredpermissible as countries recognise theinevitability of opposing sides seekingintelligence about the other. Soldiers or agentsoften used disguises to conceal their trueidentity; if caught behind enemy lines,however, donning such attire or using falseidentities, they were not entitled to PoW statusand subject to prosecution and punishment -including execution. Operatives of Britain’sWWII Special Operations Executive (SOE)being a good example. Though working for amilitary element, if caught, they were oftenexecuted.

INTRODUCTION

Today, host nations find little reward in killingeach others’ spies and many people convictedof espionage are given penal sentences ratherthan the finality of execution. Others, eventhose suspected of espionage, are asked toleave the country. In the 2010 spy swapbetween the United States and Russia (seeOperation Ghost Stories Eye Spy 76) of 10Russians for four US and UK spies, officialssaid no substantial benefit to national securitywas seen from keeping the captured agents inprison for years. Analysts speculate that thehasty exchange was beneficial to Moscow,Washington and London as it precludedlengthy trials that could have proven anembarrassment for all countries. Politically, itcould have been an obstacle for futurerelations between Russia and the West andcreated a new and unwanted platform fornumerous ‘tit-for-tat’ actions.

DIPLOMATIC COVER

Not all exchanges are so simple, nor do theyalways involve accredited spies. An enlargedexample can be found in events following thesurprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor inDecember 1941 and Hitler’s declaration ofwar which brought America into World WarTwo. These actions left hundreds of diplomatsstranded behind enemy lines.

After the attack, which resulted in the deathsof 2,335 personnel and some civilians, the USFirst Secretary said: “On Sunday morning, 14December, all staff and their families collectedat the (Berlin) embassy only to find thebuilding, inside and out, already guarded bymembers of the Gestapo, and ourselves theirprisoners. Then, the entire assemblage movedby bus and rail to Bad Nauheim, near Frankfurtam Main.” American Diplomat George Kennansaid, “most of us were emaciated when weemerged from the experience.”

Under the terms of the Geneva Convention of1929, the US (and other nations) were boundto protect diplomats and their families. InAmerica, German diplomats were relocated tovarious ‘resort’ locations, including theGreebrier Hotel in West Virginia. This wouldlater be turned into a secure site used by USIntelligence and senior officials. In total, theFBI, State Department and other agenciesmoved some 2,000 diplomats to theseresorts.

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German diplomats and their families at Greenbrier Union spy chief Allan Pinkerton (left) with Abraham Lincoln

As strange as it may seem, some intelligenceanalysts point to events in the American CivilWar (1775–83), when both sides set aboutestablishing rules and protocols which wouldaddress this ‘imbalance’. Senior officerswould negotiate with their opposite numberand often name the person they wished toexchange. In 1862, Union General John Dixand Confederate General Daniel H. Hill agreedto assign a ‘value’ to each soldier according torank. A table was created in which one privatewas worth another private; corporals andsergeants - two privates; lieutenants - threeprivates and so forth. A general was worth 60privates. And it worked for both sides as theyhad fewer PoWs to watch and the benefit ofreturning soldiers to the frontlines. Today ofcourse, such a ‘manoeuvre’ would be viewed

Fog envelopes the famous Glienicke Bridge, Berlin- scene of several Cold War spy exchanges

KGB agentRudolf Ivanovich

as ‘politically incorrect’ - valuing the life of oneindividual greater than the other.

And to summarise, it is also of vital impor-tance to recognise that many exchanges areconducted in utter secrecy and without theprying eyes of the media.

reville Wynne was a well-travelledbusinessman recruited by MI5 justbefore the outbreak of WWII as anGTHE TRAVELLING MAN

agent. By 1959, he wasin the ‘employ’ of MI6and helped KGB officerMajor Kuznov to defect.His next task was farmore important anddangerous. In the early1960s he was used as acontact man in theoperation to secure theservices of Oleg Greville Wynne

And there they would remain for around sixmonths, until an exchange agreementoverseen by the International Red Cross wasput in place. In Germany, US diplomats weremoved through neutral countries until theyreached New York. Japan, of course, as anAxis nation was also involved.

Intelligence historians recognise that even inthe dark days of WWII, a number of keyintelligence people were ‘inadvertently’exchanged in this remarkable chapter. “Eyesand ears that both sides could have used werenow gone,” commented one observer. Today,a far simpler term is applied to those diplo-mats who the host nation no longer wants andsuspects are spies - ‘persona non grata’. Theyare asked to depart within days.

IMBALANCE

Spy swaps have evolved since then, andnations are fully aware of the importance ofsecuring the return of operatives, though in

some cases thereis could be an‘imbalance’. Agood examplebeing the exchangeof CIA flyer FrancisGary Powers inreturn for theimportant KGB spy‘Rudolf IvanovichAbel’ (ColonelVilyam Fisher).

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Penkovsky, a Russian Army intelligence officerwho would go on to pass valuable informationto the US and UK. Some of the materialincluded false claims by Soviet leaderKrushchev about the number of nuclearmissiles the Soviet Union possessed at thetime of the 1962 Cuba crisis. Penkovsky wasarrested and identified Wynne as his contactman who was given an eight-year prison term.

At his subsequent trial, Penkovsky was foundguilty of treason and duly executed, despitecovert attempts made by the Foreign Office onthe suggestion of MI6 to arrange an exchangeof sorts. Wynne was luckier, he was releasedin 1964 in exchange for Konon Molody, aRussian spymaster who used the nameGordon Londsdale.

Wynne would go on towrite a number of spybooks, including The

Man from Moscow:

The Story of Wynne

and Penkovsky. Itcaused quite a stir atthe time, because ofits intimate portrayal ofthe espionagebusiness. In one of hisbooks, he also said

Penkovsky committed suicide in jail. Otherstories from behind the Iron Curtain alsoemerged about the end days of Penkovsky,including one which said he had been burnedalive, naked in an incinerator for his crimesagainst ‘Mother Russia’. This was probably astory filtered to the media by the KGB intendedas warning to other would-be spies.

MI6 agent Oleg Penkovsky at his trial

KGB spy handlerKonon Molody

Konon Molody (right) withexchanged spy Rudolf Abel

uenter Guillaume, a deep cover agentfor East Germany’s Stasi, was one ofWest German chancellor Willy Brandt’s

TSECRET AGENT OR ACTIVIST?

he spy agencies ofBritain and Russiawould engage

again just a few shortyears later after thePenkovsky and Wynneaffair. In 1969, thecountries struck a deal torelease KGB spies Peterand Helen Kroger fromprison early in exchangefor the freedom oflecturer Gerald Brooke.He had been jailed in theSoviet Union fordistributing ‘subversive’literature. The Krogerswere far more importantof course, they were partof a group of five agentsknown as the Portlandspy ring. They had been arrested for passingsecrets from the Royal Navy’s underwaterwarfare establishment in Dorset.

Many opponents of then Prime Minister HaroldWilson, who had sanctioned the exchange,were furious. They saw only one winner in this

case - Russia.However, in later yearsit emerged Brooke hadsecreted concealeddocuments includingsome written in code,to and on behalf ofoperatives of theNational Alliance ofRussian Solodarists(NTS). Founded in1930, the group wereanti-Communist.

Peter andHelen Kroger

GAGENT OF INFLUENCE

closest aides. Guillaume was inadvertentlyblamed for helping to topple the Brandtadministration - this after he was outed as aspy in 1974. It was an action some formercontacts with the Stasi now acknowledge wasa “major turning point in the effort to infiltratethe West German Government.” One source

said, “having worked so hard to get him closeto the mechanisms of government, it was adisaster to see Brandt go.” Even Markus Wolf,the legendary Stasi spy chief said “it wassomething we did not intend and certainlynever imagined would happen.”

Guillaume served eight years of a 13-year jailsentence (his wife also received an eight-yearterm) before he was handed over to EastGermany in 1981, in exchange for capturedWestern agents. West Germany’s entirecounter-intelligence ‘mindset’ changed afterthe incident, causing a much more aggressivepolicy in identifying Moscow-backed foreignspies.

As a sidenote to the spy affair, when the twoGermany’s were reunited, Guillaume sup-ported Wolf at his treason trial in 1993.

Guenter Guillaume (right) with, WestGerman Chancellor Willy Brandt

merican journalist and Harvardgraduate, Nicholas Daniloff, wasarrested in Moscow by the KGB on 2A

THE KGB’S 24-HOUR RUSE

September 1980. His reporting on Sovietaffairs had upset many in the Kremlin and theKGB set about inventing a spy drama whichsaw him accused of securing classifiedpapers and espionage. But there was also

The Kroger’s home

Gerald Brooke

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another reason for his arrest - Moscowwanted one of their own spies back.

The Kremlin’s move led the United States tonegotiate his speedy release. During thisliaison, and just hours after Daniloff’s arrest,the case of jailed Soviet spy GennadiyZakharov, a physicist who worked for theUnited Nations, was raised by the KGB. Hehad been arrested following an FBI stingoperation in 1986. In this case, Zakharovaccepted an envelope containing classifiedpapers on USAF jet engines in return for$1,000. Both Daniloff and Zakharov werereleased a day apart after the negotiationsbetween Moscow and Washington.

Spy watchers now recognise ‘Russia’s ruse’had worked perfectly.

year before the Daniloff-Zakharovexchange, 1985 would witness thelargest Cold War spy swap in history.A

THE MACHINEST

Moscow agreed to release 25 Westernersjailed for espionage in East Germany andPoland. Observers acknowledge that not allwere spies or intelligence contact people. Inreturn, however, the United States and itsallies agreed to release four Eastern Blocspies, including Marian Zacharski, Poland’smost famous (or infamous) spy. He had beenarrested in 1981 whilst operating under coveras President of the Polish American MachineryCorporation (POLACO) and convicted ofespionage activities against the United States.He had arrived in the USA in 1975, and hisprimary objective was to secure intelligenceon rocket and missile technologies. Theexchanges took place on Berlin’s famousGlienecke Bridge.

As a footnote to the case of Zacharski, adecade later he leaked details of a number of

KGB spies in Poland, which ultimately led tothe downfall of Poland’s Prime Minister JozefOlesky.

In respect of the world’s second oldest profession -the exchange of spies is a relatively new event

n 1982, a most unusual multi-nation spyexchange took place. KGB man AlekseyKozlov was exchanged for ten WesternI

THE MONEY MONITOR

spies and a South African Army general.Kozlov had been despatched by Moscow tomonitor how funds transferred by Russia toanti-apartheid movements in South Africa,were being appropriated. His activities sooncame to the attention of the powerful NationalIntelligence Service (NIS) and he wasarrested.

Interestingly, the spy exchange took placefollowing face-to-face meetings with NISDirector Niel Barnard and senior KGBpersonnel. The liaisons were sponsored byvarious Western nations, but the lead country

Marian Zacharski -he was another spyexchanged on theGlienecke Bridge

was WestGermany.PerhapsKozlov’shealth wasalso a factor,in just twoyears the spyhad lost70lbs inweight, anddespite harshinterrogation,had notrevealed any secrets. In 2000, he wasdeclared a ‘Hero of the Russian Federation’ forhis role in Special Operations. As for theidentity of the Western nationals, this remainsa secret.

KGB spyAlekseyKozlov

ilitary conflicts more than most create‘arenas of espionage’. Intelligence ismore valuable than ever as adversar-M

MOSSAD’S HORSE RIDER

ies scheme to place agents in areas andpositions which enable participants to gaininsight into operations, troop strength andtactics. One figure who could claim such aposition was former British Army manWolfgang Lotz, who would go on to spy forIsrael against Egypt in the tense Middle Easttheatre of the 1960s.

Lotz, who was born in Germany, had been‘schooled’ to participate in post-WWII spyoperations in Egypt by the Mossad to gatherintelligence on its military strength and securecontact with the scientific community, manybeing exiled Germans or those with links to thecountry. The Mossad created a ruse wherebyin return for his espionage role, the

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organisation wouldfund his horse ridingproject. This Lotzused to befriend allmanner of people,including eliteEgyptians who dulyshowed him missilesites and importantindustrial buildings.Besides collectinguseful intelligence onsuch locations, healso organisedattacks on scientists.However, in 1965,two years before theIsraeli attack onEgypt, and as a

result of closer cooperation with EastGermany, Egypt detained around 30 WestGerman nationals on security grounds.Amongst them was Lotz and his wife.

The Mossad secured the services of a topsolicitor at his trial, but it was to no avail. Hewas sentenced to life in prison in 1965.Ironically, he was released in 1968 as part ofa prisoner of war exchange following theIsrael-Egypt conflict, better known as the ‘SixDay War’.

Known in intelligence circles as the ‘Cham-pagne Spy’ because of his lavish lifestyle, Lotzdescribed espionage as “the greatest game inthe world.”

1950. WolfgangLotz with his son

Oded

1967. IsraeliDefence Force

soldiers pictured ata PoW camp inCairo following

their capture

NCHESS AND SECRETS

atan Sharansky (born AnatolyShcharansky) was not a spy, but abrilliant Jewish chess player. Born in

Donetsk in the Soviet Union, he graduated inapplied mathematics at the Moscow Instituteof Physics and Technology. In 1973 he applied

for a visa to visit Israel, but the KGB, fearful hewould impart technological and nationalsecurity secrets to Tel Aviv, refused him leaveto travel. In 1977, after becoming a humanrights advocate, he was arrested for spying onbehalf of America. One charge includedhanding to the CIA, a list of 1,300 internedpeople, who like himself, had been detainedbecause of their knowledge of ‘state secrets’.Sharansky would spend the next nine years inSoviet prisons during the 1970s and 1980s.

He was the first political prisoner released byMikhail Gorbachev on 11 February 1986, as

1986. Ben-Gurion Airport. Israel Prime Minister Shimon Peres welcomeshome Sharansky following his release

part of a larger exchange of detainees, due tointense pressure from US President RonaldReagan. He was flown to Washington wherehe thanked the president personally.

A decade later, he would go on to beat thenworld chess champion, Russian GarryKasperov, in an exhibition tournament in Israel.

President Ronald Reagan with NatanSharansky at the White House

hat Russia continues to operate deepcover agents around the world wasevidenced in the recent case of twoTNEIGHBOURLY SPIES

‘German nationals’.

A Russian spy, jailed in Germany along withher husband was released in 2014. The 48-year-old woman, known only by the alias‘Heidrun Anschlag’, was freed and deported toRussia after serving only part of her prisonsentence. Her husband, ‘Andreas Anschlag’,remains behind bars.

The married couple, who Eye Spy believes areSouth African and the holders of Austrianpassports, were arrested in October 2011 onsuspicion of operating as Russian spies inGermany for more than two decades. Theyreportedly earned £80,000 a year for their

The Anschlags pictured in court

P56/57 2/5/18, 10:51 am2


A satellite phone, shortwave receiver,radios and modified tennis racquets tohide items and documents, were found

at the Anschlags home (below) inMeckenheim, Marburg

work and operated as liaison or contactagents for associates in Europe and America.Some evidence suggests they also communi-cated with the SVR spy ring in New York,which was broken by the FBI in 2010.

In July 2013, they were found guilty ofespionage by a court in Stuttgart where theywere addressed as ‘Pit’ and ‘Tina’. Andreaswas sentenced to six-and-a-half years inprison, while his wife was given a five-and-a-half-year sentence. It’s not clear why Heidrunwas set free halfway through her prisonsentence.

According to intelligence sources, Heidrun’spremature release could have been the resultof a secret deal involving captured agents ofRussia and the West. The persons involved inthis exchange remain unidentified.

he exchange of spies is not confined tothe West and East, it is a global activity.Some events are localised others areT

THE MAN IN BLACK

conducted through third parties.

An example of the international dimension ofsuch exchanges can be found in a 2015 caseinvolving the intelligence agencies of Chinaand Taiwan. Here both nations, throughprotracted negotiations involving so-called‘third parties’ agreed to free a number of jailedspies.

The exchange was the first since the rivalssplit in 1949 at the end of the civil war. Beijingfreed Chu Kung-hsun and Hsu Chang-kuo, thehighest-ranking intelligence agents to be jailedin China after they were imprisoned in 2006.The release of the pair, who were held onespionage charges, was in exchange for aChinese double agent, Li Zhihhao, who wasjailed by Taiwan 16-years ago and sentencedto life in prison. He was known in theintelligence world as ‘the man in black’.

Taiwan’s Military Intelligence Bureau con-firmed the spy swap, which coincided with theappointment of Chen Wenqing as head ofChina’s intelligence service under the Ministryof State Security. Despite the act of goodwill,the CIA estimate upto 250 alleged Taiwanesespies are still being held in China. No doubt in

The Unsung Heroes Memorial Square in Beijing’s Western Hills. At the centre of themonument is the stone likeness of four people considered ‘martyrs’ by China, alongwith the names of 846 people. All were agents sent to Taiwan to spy on ChiangKai-shek’s Nationalist forces after they lost to the Communists during the civil war in1949. The Taiwanese military captured the four agents the following year, and,together with the 846 other agents, they were executed

future days,some will beused as‘bargainingchips’ whenChinese agentsare rumbled.

The dangers ofespionage areevidenced inthis part of the world. China claims that of1,500 agents sent to Taiwan since 1950, astaggering 1,100 were caught and dulyexecuted. A granite memorial to the spies wasbuilt in 2013 on the outskirts of Beijing andincludes the names of 850 deceased agents,with sufficient blank spaces to insert othernames once their fate has been deduced.

© CHINA NEWS SERVICE

Communist Party agents Zhu Feng (far left) and Wu Shi (holding a pen) in front of aTaiwanese military court after receiving their death sentences on 10 June 1950

© H

SU C

HUNG

MAO

ChenWenqing

P56/57 3/5/18, 10:31 am3


AFTERMATHSKRIPAL SANCTIONDear ambassador... persona non grata

Skripal assassination attempt recognised by West as a Kremlinsanctioned act and leads to the expulsion of nearly 150

unregistered ‘diplomats’ (intelligence officers) by UK allies

erhaps a little surprisingly, theinternational community re-sponded robustly to the poisoningof Sergei Skripal and his daughterYulia. In addition to the UnitedStates, France and Germany - theP

first to take a stand, the EU’s 27 leadersunanimously backed the UK’s assessmentthat the Kremlin was directly responsible forthe assassination attempt.

While denying any part in the poisoning of theSkripals (direct or indirect), Russia in recentyears has built a reputation of floutinginternational norms, notably with its 2014annexation of Crimea, the shooting down of aMalaysian passenger plane over easternUkraine, and multiple instances of cyberwarfare. In all cases, Russia simply re-sponded with a denial, an alternative con-spiracy theory or placing blame elsewhere.Either way, few outside the intelligencecommunity really understand the prowess of

Russia and its powerful intelligence collectionsystem... and global reach.

COMMENTARY

Britain’s Defence Minister Gavin Williamsonsaid: “The world’s patience is wearing ratherthin with President Putin and his actions.” Hesaid this was evidenced by the fact that “rightacross the NATO alliance and across theEuropean Union, nations have stood up insupport of the United Kingdom.” He believesthe response was the best that the UK couldever have received. “Their (the Kremlin’s)intention is to divide and what we are seeing isthe world uniting behind the British stance andthat in itself is a great victory and sends anexceptionally powerful message to the Kremlinand President Putin.”

Vladimir Inozemtsev, a Russian scholar at thePolish Institute of Advanced Studies inWarsaw, agreed: “The attempted murder of MrSkripal on British soil was the straw that brokethe camel’s back. Western leaders finallydecided that enough is enough becauseMoscow has played the denial game so manytimes and showed no real interest in establish-ing the truth.”

America’s response was dramatic. A seniorUS administration official said: “We stand insolidarity with America’s closest ally, theUnited Kingdom. To the Russian governmentwe say: ‘When you attack our friends you willface serious consequences.’” President Trumpexpelled 60 Russian diplomats - 48 based atthe Russian Embassy and 12 at Russia’sUnited Nations’ mission. The Russianconsulate in Seattle will also be closed.

Gavin Williamson“delighted” with

internationalresponse President Trump

A White House statement read: ‘The actions

make the United States safer by reducing

Russia’s ability to spy on Americans and to

conduct covert operations that threaten

America’s national security. With these steps,

the United States and our allies and partners

make clear to Russia that its actions have

consequences. The United States stands

P58/59 2/5/18, 10:53 am2


NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said: “This is a broad, strongand coordinated international response. As part of that response, NATOis unified in taking further steps. I have withdrawn the accreditation ofseven staff at the Russian Mission to NATO. I will also deny thepending accreditation request for three others.

“This sends a clear message to Russia that there are costs andconsequences for its unacceptable and dangerous pattern of behaviour.We have seen the illegal annexation of Crimea, the destabilisation ofeastern Ukraine, cyber attacks, we have seen hybrid tactics, we haveseen Russia investing heavily in modern military equipment and thewillingness to use military force against neighbours.”

US troops participate in a Europe-based exercise. Inset: Soldiers from theUS, UK, Canada, Poland and Ukraine pose for a group photo following ajoint exercise in the Ukraine. The country ejected the highest number of

spies outside America and Britain following the Skripal incident

ready to cooperate to build a better relation-

ship with Russia, but this can only happen

with a change in the Russian government’s

behaviour’.

European Union President Donald Tusk said14 member nations are expelling Russiandiplomatic staff. He added additional mea-sures may follow including further expulsionsin the coming weeks.

UK Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson stated:“The extraordinary international response byour allies stands in history as the largestcollective expulsion of Russian intelligenceofficers ever and will help defend our sharedsecurity. Russia cannot break internationalrules with impunity.”

In response, a Russian Foreign Ministrysource said: “The response will be symmetri-cal. We will work on it in the coming days andwill respond to every country in turn. Russia,has already said it will expel 60 US diplomats.Moscow’s ambassador to Washington,Anatoly Antonov, said the United States was“destroying what little is left” of the relation-ship between the two countries, warning thatwhen it comes to Russia’s response “Americaonly understands force”.

New Zealand is the only member of the ‘FiveEyes’ intelligence sharing network not to expelany suspected Russian spies working underdiplomatic cover, only because, “they hadfailed to identify any.”

Andrey Yushmanov Consul Generaland staff at Russia’s Seattle Consulate

EU PresidentDonald Tusk

P58/59 2/5/18, 10:53 am3


CROATIA: Prime Minister Andrej Plenkovicsaid Croatia will expel one diplomat.

CZECH REPUBLIC: The Czech Republic willexpel three diplomats. The Czech ForeignMinistry tweeted that it declared the diplomats‘personae non gratae’.

DENMARK: The Foreign Ministry announcedtwo diplomats would be expelled. “We standshoulder to shoulder with Britain and clearlysay no to Russia at a time when Russia is alsothreatening and seeking to undermine Westernvalues and the rule-based international orderin other areas,” Foreign Minister AndersSamuelsen said.

ESTONIA: Estonia’s Foreign Ministry an-nounced a Russian defense attaché will beexpelled.

FINLAND: “Finland will expel one diplomat,” aForeign Ministry official said.

FRANCE: French Foreign Minister Jean-YvesLe Drian announced the expulsion of fourdiplomats, who were told they had seven daysto leave. He said that the decision followed theEuropean Council’s conclusions that theattack “posed a serious threat to our collectivesecurity” and that France was acting “insolidarity with our British partners.”

EUROPEAN UNION ACTIONGERMANY: The German Foreign Ministry saidit would expel four diplomats. “In closecoordination within the European Union andwith NATO allies, the Federal Government hasdecided to ask four Russian diplomats to leaveGermany within seven days. The request wassent to the Russian Embassy today,” theministry said in a statement.

HUNGARY: The Foreign Ministry said Hungarywould expel one diplomat over “what has beendiscussed at the European Council meeting,”adding that the diplomat was “also conductingintelligence activities.”

ITALY: Italy’s Foreign Ministry said twoRussian diplomats from the embassy in Romewill be expelled “as a sign of solidarity with theUnited Kingdom and in coordination with theEuropean partners and NATO.”

LATVIA: One Russian intelligence officer and a‘private citizen’ who runs the office of aRussian company in the capital, Riga, arebeing ejected.

LITHUANIA: Foreign Affairs Minister LinasLinkevicius said on Twitter the country wouldexpel three diplomats ‘in solidarity with the UK

over #SalisburyAttack’. Lithuania would alsosanction an additional 21 individuals and ban23 more from entering the country.

NETHERLANDS: Prime Minister Mark Rutteannounced the expulsion of two diplomats,saying the use of chemical weapons wasunacceptable.

POLAND: Poland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairssaid it would expel four diplomats and said theattack showed how “a similar immediatethreat to the territory and citizens of EU andNATO member states can happen anywhere.”

AndersSamuelsen

Jean-Yves LeDrian

ROMANIA: Romania’s Foreign Ministryannounced one diplomat would be expelled.

SPAIN: The Foreign Ministry said Spain willexpel two diplomats. “From the outset, wehave considered the nerve agent attack inSalisbury to be an extremely serious develop-ment that represents a significant threat to ourcollective security and to international law,” anofficial said.

SWEDEN: The Foreign Ministry announcedone Russian diplomat was being expelled.

ALBANIA: A Ministry of Foreign Affairsstatement was released regarding twoexpulsions declaring two diplomats ‘personanon grata’. “The pair’s activities were notcompliant to their diplomatic status an officialsaid.”

AUSTRALIA: Canberra released a statementannouncing it will expel two Russian diplomats“for actions inconsistent with their status,pursuant to the Vienna Conventions.” PrimeMinister Malcolm Turnbull said his country“will not stand by and watch when thesovereignty of our allies is threatened.”

Markus Ederer, formerly of theGerman Foreign Ministry and serving

European Union Ambassador toRussia, was recalled

NON-EUCOUNTRIES

MalcolmTurnbull

LinasLinkevicius

P60/61 2/5/18, 10:54 am2


Anatoly Kargapolov Senior Consul Consulate General of the RussianFederation and staffers in New York City

CANADA: Ottawa said it was expelling fourRussian diplomats alleged to be intelligenceofficers “or individuals who have used theirdiplomatic status to undermine Canada’ssecurity or interfere in our democracy.”Additionally it was refusing three applicationsby Moscow for additional diplomatic staff.“The nerve agent attack represents a clearthreat to the rules-based international orderand to the rules that were established by theinternational community to ensure chemicalweapons would never again destroy humanlives,” Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland said.

Chrystia Freeland

MACEDONIA: The Macedonian Ministry ofForeign Affairs said it would be expelling oneRussian diplomat in response to the Skripalcase.

NORWAY: The Ministry of Foreign Affairsexpelled one Russian diplomat in response tothe attack. “The use of a nerve agent inSalisbury is a very serious matter,” NorwegianForeign Minister Ine Eriksen Soreide said in astatement. “Such an incident must haveconsequences.”

UKRAINE: President Petro Poroshenko saidUkraine, which has experienced years ofhostility from Russia, including the annexationof Crimea, would expel 13 diplomats. “Russiahas again reconfirmed its disdainful attitude tothe sovereignty of independent states and thevalue of human life,” Poroshenko said.

UNITED STATES: Acting on intelligencedossiers provided by the CIA, FBI and NSA,America expelled 60 Russian intelligencepeople and announced the closure of theRussian consulate in Seattle.

Ine EriksenSoreide

Petro Poroshenko

EYE SPY EDITORIAL NOTES

Russia’s Ambassador to America,Anatoly Antonov, issued a stern

warning to the UK and USA

hose engaged in the world ofespionage are always vulnerable tocapture or worse. However, there isT

MYRIAD OF POSSIBILITIES AND EXCUSES - CODE OF CONDUCT BROKEN

an unwritten code of conduct betweenadversaries that any captured spy exchangedfor another, will not suffer retribution. Russiaseems to have opted out of this order. Themass expulsion of Russian intelligenceofficers from over 20 countries may seemimpressive, but losing the odd spook frommost embassies or missions affected, will

hardly dent Russia’s intelligence collectioncapability. One former MI6 man told Eye Spy:“Collectively the figures seem impressive, butthe United States, Britain and Ukrainewithstanding, the actions could be viewed as‘token gestures’ - and it certainly won’t stopRussia spying. Within a short period of time,the single expelled officers will be replaced.”

Satire, propaganda, distasteful language (fromboth Russia and the UK), plus the oddreference to nuclear weapons. Kremlin-sponsored media fronts have certainly foughtPresident Putin’s corner and are dismissive ofthe international response.

Kirill Kleimenov, a newsreader on Russianstate-controlled television Channel One,presented a story on the poisoning of SergeiSkripal and carefully inserted a Kremlin

P60/61 2/5/18, 10:55 am3

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warning to anyone who had “visions ofbecoming a double agent.” Kleimenov said“those who dream of such a career beaware... traitors rarely live a long and peacefullife, and don’t choose Britain as a place tolive.” He seemed oblivious to the ‘code ofconduct’. Yet such commentary and using‘fear’ as a central theme has been replicated inmany Russian newspaper features and intelevision and radio broadcasts. “Why botherif you are going to be killed anyway,” said oneradio presenter. Others said, “Britain is a verydangerous place to visit.”

WAR OF WORDS

But despite the ‘lighter side’ and war of wordsin this dark and deeply disturbing spy story,

Embassy of Russia, Kiev, Ukraine.Relations between the countries are poor

- even before the spy expulsions

INTELLIGENCE

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100%

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Channel One media man KirillKleimenov with President Putin

P62/63 27/4/18, 11:20 am2


objective commentators continue to remindthe media of the serious nature of the Skripalaffair, and its wider implications. A chemicalagent was released deliberately in the UK. It isan incident which could have affected somany people. And it could happen anywhere,a reason why the international communitythought it best to respond with haste andobjectivity.

Forensic evidence secured by Porton Down and independently checked by OPCWinvestigators was sufficient to convince UK allies that its source was Russia

OPCW CONFIRMS UK INTEL FINDINGS

The OPCW Executive Councilconsists of 41 member states

ollowing an investigation by theOrganisation for the Prohibition ofChemical Weapons (OPCW) inSalisbury, officials confirmedF

Novichock was used in the operationtargeting Sergei Skripal. And whilst theexecutive summary released by the OPCWdoes not name the nerve agent, it doessupport the findings of British investiga-tors. Part of the report states: ‘The resultsof the analysis by the OPCW designatedlaboratories of environmental andbiomedical samples collected by theOPCW team confirms the findings of the

OPCW headquarters, The Hague

United Kingdom relating to the identity ofthe toxic chemical that was used inSalisbury and severely injured threepeople’.

In response, Russian Foreign Ministryspokeswoman Maria Zakharova said:“There are no grounds to believe that allthis is not a continuation of the crudeprovocation against the Russian Federa-tion by the security services of Britain.”She again accused British Intelligence ofa wider propaganda war intended toisolate Russia and said the RussianEmbassy in London had offered to helpYulia following her release from hospital.

Anna Chapman in Red Square

The reporting and politically-laced rhetoriccoincided with numerous Moscow mediahouses backing President Putin - all weredismissive and angry at the expulsions andthe suggestion that their president himselfgreen-lighted the assassination attempt.However, most continue to warn of thedangers of betrayal, and referred to SergeiSkripal as an enemy. Anna Chapman, one ofthe SVR spies who was exchanged in the

Medical Director Christine Blanshardannounces Yulia Skripal has been

discharged from hospital and Sergeiis no longer in a critical condition

United States for Skripal in 2010, also spokeout. She posted a photograph of herself onsocial media, and called her one-timeintelligence associate a “traitor.” Chapmanwrote: ‘As always, Russia is guilty by default.

Despite the fact that traitor Skripal was

pardoned by the President and released’.

INTELLIGENCE WINDFALL

The health of Sergei Skripal remains a guardedsecret, and though he has reportedly shownsigns of improvement (he is no longer in a

P62/63 2/5/18, 12:49 pm3


THE PACKAGE HAS BEEN DELIVERED

Intel analysts question signalconfirmation of Skripal sanction

signals unit which secured the Russianmessage. How that leak occurred is bizarreand it simply does not make sense.

The thrust of the story implies BritishIntelligence signals elements linked thecommunication to the assassination attempt,proving Moscow was responsible. However,Eye Spy associate editor and signals authorityPaul Beaumont also raised serious doubts. Hisknowledge of the Cyprus base and itselectronic capability is extensive. “Themessage suggested by the Daily Express andlater repeated with some cerebral input in theObserver raises serious concerns as tosource. Given the air of secrecy at the base,would an insider blow the whistle and givedetails of another’s intercept, and rank andservice - or was this information released forits propaganda worth - not only amongst theBritish public but also internationally?

n the very same day as the Skripalswere attacked, Britain’s Daily Express

newspaper reported that the RAFlistening post in Cyprus interceptedO

messages from Syria to Moscow - ‘the

package has been delivered’ and ‘two

individuals had made a successful egress’.However, intelligence analysts have castserious doubts about the validity of the allegedcommunications.

Alex Thomson, who served at GCHQ from2001-2009, said it was unlikely local officersat RAF listening stations had the capability ofpiecing together, let alone deciphering, highlyencrypted communications. Thomson said:“RAF signals intelligence officers do exist andinclude some skilled cryptologists andlinguists, but - unless something radical haschanged in the past few years, which I doubt -they are focused upon intercepting militaryradio communications. The Express’ source

mentions an‘electronicmessage’ [and]implies whatSiginters callC2C (computer-to-computercommunica-tions) - anumbrella termfor emails and

(packets of) all Internet protocols, such asinstant messaging. Now, are we supposed tobelieve that a crucial ‘the deed is done’

message regarding a GRU assassination inBritain was sent in the clear or in a low-grade,locally-crackable cipher from a Russianmilitary operative in Syria to a Russian MODstaff officer?”

Craig Murray, former British Ambassador toUzbekistan, also questioned the report. “If youwere sending a cryptic message back fromSalisbury to Moscow, you wouldn’t route itback via Syria, in the certain knowledge thatall such calls from Syria are picked up...”

He also deconstructs the account from alinguistic point of view. “As for the phrase ‘two

people have made their egress’, presumablythis was said in Russian and I cannotunderstand the translation at all. Exit, egress,go out, leave to go outside - there is only oneRussian word to express all of these and thatis phonetically from the stem ‘vihod’, either asnoun or verb. There is no egress/exit choice inRussian.”

The intercepts, we are led to believe, weremade by Britain’s SIGINT centre based near toFamagusta, southern Cyprus in SovereignBase Areas (SBA).* And in other presscoverage, MI6 Chief Alex Younger is said tohave sent a “well done” message to the RAF

US Marine Corps Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion - RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus

BBC World Servicetransmitter facility -

Akrotiri

Craig Murray

* See Paul Beaumont’s indepth reporting on

the capabilities of Britain’s spy facilities in

Cyprus - Eye Spy 81 and 87.

P64/65 29/4/18, 7:55 am2


enior US intelligence sources haverevealed that amongst the 50-or-soRussian diplomats expelled from theUnited States, a number were part

of a Kremlin team placed in the country toidentify the location and new identitiesassigned to several defectors. One suchtarget was still operational and active withina CIA programme that provided covertassistance in a ‘resettlement’ programmefor former Russian spies.

Officials believe the Russian team may wellhave been “preparing the ground to targetemigrees,” designated ‘enemies and trai-tors’ by the Kremlin’. Though little evidence

S

THE SECRETKREMLIN

‘PREPARATION’TEAM

TARGETING ENEMIES OF THE STATE

in the form of documentation exists regard-ing the claim, by coincidence, earlier thisyear, the US Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee produced a report regarding thesuspicious deaths of around 25 critics ofPresident Putin. A note in the reportreferences a law passed in Russia thatstates... ‘permits the assassination ofenemies of the Russian regime who liveabroad’. It continues: ‘The trail of mysteri-ous deaths, all of which happened to peoplewho possessed information that theKremlin did not want public, should not beignored by Western countries on theassumption that they are safe from extrememeasures’.

Russian Embassy,Washington DC

critical condition), the situation remainsunclear. Thankfully Yulia has recoveredsufficiently and was released from hospital onor around 10 April. Eye Spy sources believeshe has left the UK and is probably in hiding inthe United States. Yulia, via intelligencechannels, has declined to be interviewed byRussian officials, though has given MI5 andNSY officers a full and detailed dossier of hertime in the UK, and other useful information.

A DANGEROUS OCCUPATION

Theories (an abundance), motives, culpritsand VX delivery. All of this is speculation at themoment, and much depends on how quicklythe agent affected the couple and fromwhence it came and arrived in the UK. Thereare snippets of interesting informationemerging on Skripal himself, including that hewas still in contact with intelligence people inRussia and that he held a monthly meetingwith a Russian-speaking MI6 officer. The lattersuggestion is highly unlikely because the MI6person would be open to compromise.However, Eye Spy was told Skripal visitedLangley in the United States on more than oneoccasion and was still engaged in someaspects of the ‘great game’.

TALES FROM THE DARK SIDE

Former Russian spies have given their ownthoughts on the incident and other relatedcase files associated with the ‘Russian List’.One former intelligence officer said Yulia wassurveilled in Russia allowing the FSB to trackSergei in the UK - coded speak for a ‘gate-way’. However, his residence was not secret,nor too inter-actions with associates. OtherRussian ‘gangsters’ have boasted had theyreally wanted [the Kremlin] to assassinateSkripal, they could have done so in a more“rudimentary fashion” and “at any time.”

AGENT GORDON

Some UK media houses have said MI5 hasalready identified the culprits responsible fordepositing the nerve agent at various locationsfrequented by Sergei Skripal. One of the‘assassins’ supposedly used the cover name‘Mihails Savickis’, and is codenamed‘Gordon’. How accurate this information is EyeSpy does not know. However, it was presentedto a journalist by a former FSB/KGB man Boris

Karpichkov, 59, who defected to Britain and isnow living in the UK. He worked with Gordonin Russia and described him as “ruthless.”Karpichkov was allegedly interviewed for fivehours by police. And like other defectors, hisname too appears on the Russian List. Eitherway, Gordon is now said to have returnedsafely to Russia.

SKRIPAL SANCTION

Continued on page 82

Media and police at the locationwhere the Skripals fell ill

© PETER CURBISHLEY

Boris Karpichkov

P64/65 2/5/18, 12:51 pm3


LOCK ON

The FBI and MI5sting operationswhich preventedthe PIRA from

obtaining surface-to-air missiles

THE WORLDWIDE SEARCH FOR A DEADLY WEAPON

By Steven Taylor

FIM-43 Redeye SAM

hortly after 2.00pm on 19 July1991, the pilot of an RAF Wessexhelicopter was on a routine flightnear the village of Kinawley inCounty Fermanagh, NorthernIreland, when suddenly a trail ofS

smoke streaked past his helicopter. It turnedout to be a heat-seeking missile from aRussian SA-7 Strela surface-to-air missile(SAM) launcher, fired by a Provisional IRA(PIRA) terrorist. Although the missile failed tolock-on to the helicopter, which landed safely

in a field, the attack signalled a dangerous newphase in the conflict. It was the first time thePIRA had targeted a British military aircraftwith a SAM during the protected war knownas ‘The Troubles’.

For many years the intelligence services ofboth the US and UK had been mounting covertoperations aimed at preventing the PIRA fromobtaining guided anti-aircraft missiles for useagainst the British military in Northern Ireland,which is now examined in a new book aboutBritish air operations during the conflict - Air

War Northern Ireland.

ROAD TO NEW YORK AND TRIPOLI

Having effectively forced the British Army offthe roads in the border region of SouthArmagh - a PIRA stronghold known as ‘banditcountry’ to the British troops stationed there -by inflicting heavy casualties on vehiclepatrols with roadside IEDs (improvisedexplosive devices) during the 1970s, thesecurity forces were almost entirely dependenton helicopters in this area. The PIRA in SouthArmagh then became determined to force theBritish out of the skies as well, thus paralysingArmy operations in the area. To do so, theywould require SAMs.

In 1981, the IRA sent one of its top men,Gabriel Megahey, to New York. His mission?To procure surface-to-air, shoulder-launchedmissiles on the arms black market. EventuallyMegahey and several accomplices madecontact with a group of Latin American armsdealers, from whom they negotiated to buy 60assault rifles and five Redeyes, an infra-red

P66/67 2/5/18, 10:56 am2


General John Zierdt (left) of US MissileCommand (MICOM) inspect an earlydesign model of the FIM-43 Redeye

RAF Wessexhelicopter

Afghan Mujahadeen demonstratinga Soviet-built SA-7 Strela SAM

guided SAM used by the US military andcapable of hitting aircraft at heights of up to8,500 feet.

The IRA team agreed a price of $50,000 forfive Redeye missile launchers. But Megaheyhad a hunch that something wasn’t quite right.At a meeting with the dealers in a New Yorkhotel room in June 1982, he voiced hisconcerns that they could be undercover policeofficers. Nevertheless, despite the risk that thecontact could be a set-up or ruse, sodesperate was the PIRA to get their hands onSAMs, that he went ahead with the deal.

Megahey’s suspicions were well-founded. The‘arms dealers’ were all undercover FBI agents.The Bureau had been mounting round-the-clock surveillance of Megahey and his fellowconspirators for 12-months and had secretlyrecorded all their incriminating conversationsdiscussing the purchase of the missiles. A fewdays after the New York meeting, Megaheyand his cohorts were arrested, and in May1983 he was convicted and sentenced toseven-years for attempted arms-smuggling. Itwas one of the most successful ‘sting’operations mounted by a special FBI task

arms shipment was loaded onto a private jetto be flown to Ireland, FBI agents posing asground crew sprung their trap, arresting thetwo PIRA men along with several of theirassociates.

THE LIBYAN CONNECTION

But around this time the IRA did finally getsome SAMs. Not from America, but fromLibya. The country’s dictator Colonel Gaddafihad long supported the Provisionals, and inthe mid-1980s he sent several major armsshipments to the group. Although one of thegun-running ships, the MV Eksund, wascaptured off the French coast in November1987, four other shipments arrived safely inIreland. Amongst the 120 tonnes of weaponsin these cargoes was a small number ofSoviet-made SA-7 Strela SAMs.

force established in 1980 to clamp down onthe PIRA’s gun-running activities in the UnitedStates, where the group had traditionallyacquired most of their weaponry.

THE REDEYE STING, PART II

But the arrest of Megahey’s team did not deterthe PIRA. Three years later they made anotherattempt to buy SAMs in America. In March1985, Noel Murphy, a small-time operativebased in Boston who was trying to advancehis position within the organisation, enterednegotiations with an arms dealer known tohim as ‘Bill’ to buy 100 M16 rifles. But ‘Bill’was in fact Joseph Butchka, another under-cover FBI agent. When it seemed Murphy wasgoing cool on the deal, Butchka tried to revivehis interest by offering to throw in a SAM.“This might change things,” said Murphy.

Believing that Murphy was on the verge ofsecuring a SAM launcher, the IRA sent a moresenior figure, Kieran Hughes, across theAtlantic to assist in the negotiations. A fee of$73,000 was eventually agreed for the riflesand a Redeye SAM. On 20 May 1986, atHanscom airfield in Massachusetts, where the

FBI Director William Websterauthorised the sting operations in

conjunction with MI5

P66/67 2/5/18, 10:56 am3


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Colonel Muammar Ghaddafi - long-time supporter of the Provisional IRA

Redeye SAM

Fortunately for the British, however, Gaddafi’sSA-7 missiles proved unreliable, and after thefailed attack on the RAF Wessex in CountyFermanagh in July 1991, the PIRA never usedthem again in Northern Ireland.

STUNG BY THE STINGER

But in faraway Afghanistan, where the US-backed Mujahadeen was fighting a bloodyguerrilla war against the occupying Sovietforces in the 1980s, a new shoulder-launched

P68/69 2/5/18, 10:57 am2


arms dealer held a series of meetings withmembers of the dissident Real IRA (RIRA),which carried out the 1998 Omagh bombingand attacked MI6’s Vauxhall Cross HQ with anRPG in September 2000. Among the weaponsthe terrorists wanted to buy from him wereAK-47s, sniper rifles and SA-7 missilelaunchers. The sting ended in June 2006 withthe arrest of three suspects, two of whomwere convicted and given heavy prisonsentences.

Despite such Intelligence successes, withdissident Irish republican groups remainingdetermined to acquire sophisticated modernweaponry, including SAMs, with which tointensify their ongoing terror campaign, thesecret Intelligence war waged by MI5 and itsallies looks set to continue.

SAM was proving far more effective. Devel-oped from the Redeye, the FIM-92 Stinger hadconsiderably greater range and its advancedseeker head could also penetrate anti-missiledefences. With the Mujahadeen sufferingheavy casualties at the hands of Soviet Mi-24gunships, from 1986 the CIA suppliedhundreds of Stingers to the Afghan guerrillas.The Stinger had an immediate impact, taking aheavy toll of Soviet helicopters, and somedefence analysts even attributed the Sovietdefeat in Afghanistan to the success of theStinger.

Taking note of the missile’s success inAfghanistan, the PIRA set out to buy a Stingeron the black market. In November 1989, KevinMcKinley met with two arms dealers - knownto him as ‘LJ’ and ‘Greg’ - in a Florida bar tonegotiate an arms deal. McKinley asked themen if they could supply a Stinger, telling thedealers that it was “number one on our list.”The dealers confirmed they could get hold of aStinger and quoted him a price of $50,000,which he readily accepted.

Once the money was in place, and twomonths later, PIRA weapons specialist JosephMcColgan arrived from Belfast to check outthe merchandise in a Florida warehouse beforeany cash was handed over. Once again,however, all was not what it appeared. LJ andGreg were Federal agents, part of a jointoperation between the FBI and the Bureau ofAlcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). AsMcColgan prepared to drive off with the

COURTESY OF WWW.FLYINGMARINES.COM

1983. British Army Gazelle. Inset: Gazelle over Belfast City Hall

Russian Mi-24 gunship - NATOreporting name Hind

PIRA volunteers at a funeral

Stinger SAMmissile launch

Stinger (which had been loaned to the FBI bythe US Marine Corps), armed Federal agentsswooped, arresting the PIRA man. McKinleyand another conspirator, Seamus Moley, werearrested soon after. All three each receivedfour years imprisonment.

MI5 AND THE DISSIDENTS

Lacking an effective SAM, the PIRA wereunable to clear South Armagh’s skies ofBritish military helicopters, and eventuallycalled a ceasefire in 1997. But dissident Irishrepublican terror groups opposed to theNorthern Ireland peace process havecontinued where the Provisional IRA left offand have also attempted to procure SAMs, foruse against the small fleet of Army Gazelleobservation helicopters still based in NorthernIreland and the helicopters operated by thePolice Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI).

In a complex sting operation that lasted twoyears, an MI5 agent posing as a Pakistani

EDITOR’S NOTE: Steven Taylor’s Air WarNorthern Ireland: Britain’s Air Arms and the‘Bandit Country’ of South Armagh, Opera-tion Banner 1969 - 2007 is an utterlyengaging anddescriptive workwhich details fullyone of the darkestand most danger-ous periods facedby those operatingin Northern Ireland.

Available fromJune (Pen & SwordBooks, £19.99)

P68/69 3/5/18, 10:44 am3

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Classified documents released by the UK Government under theFreedom of Information Act (FOIA), reveal the extraordinary story ofDavid Floyd who admitted spying for Moscow when he worked at

UK military missions and embassies between from 1944-1947

UK DIPLOMAT AND JOURNALIST UNCOVERED AS SOVIET SPY

here is much evidence to suggestFloyd’s spying career was far moreprolonged and complex than thepapers reveal. And perhaps equallyas relevant, the material showsBritain’s Foreign Office enabled aT

plan to downplay and then file the story. Someintelligence watchers believe this was a“cover-up,” but Eye Spy sources suggestotherwise... it was a ruse to keep himoperational.

Floyd was an Oxford student, a fully-fledgedCommunist and anti-war protester who wentto prison, yet still managed to secure workplacements at three British embassies duringthe Cold War. Following his ‘spy engage-ments’, he spent the next three decades in theemploy of The Daily Telegraph as its Commu-nist Affairs correspondent.

BURN

His story surfaced in the summer of 1951, afew weeks after Cambridge spies GuyBurgess and Donald Maclean disappeared andturned up in Moscow. At this time, the ForeignOffice was under siege by the media, all keento ask questions how the spies could haveoperated in the corridors of power withoutdetection.

Floyd came forward voluntarily and con-fessed. A released Foreign Office summary ofthe case stamped ‘Top Secret’ states:

‘Mr Floyd claims that he has turned King’s

evidence [provided information to clear or

lesson any punishment] because he had

come to the conclusion that he was unfit[ted]

to remain in the foreign service and it was the

honest thing to do. He has also been

influenced by the Maclean and Burgess

David Floyd

episode. There is also an indication that he

was frightened that the Russians might kidnap

him’.

Despite his confession, it took less than amonth for the Director of Public Prosecutionsto conclude the evidence was “clearlyinsufficient” to support criminal charges.Intelligence historians believe UK officials wereconcerned about yet another spy scandal thatwould jeopardise the strained relationshipbetween London and Washington. Senior USintelligence officials had already publiclyacknowledged they were “appalled by theBurgess/Maclean affair.” During this time,

Former DailyTelegraph

building, FleetStreet, London

AFTER READING

FOREIGN OFFICE INSTRUCTION TO RECIPIENTS

P72/73 30/4/18, 11:23 am2


Floyd was released from his position at theForeign Office.

One would have thought this was the end ofhis time in the shadows, but not so. Anotherreleased Foreign Office memorandum writtenshortly after states: ‘He is already in touch

with MI5, who want to find him a job’. And afurther communication, intended to reassureUK and other friendly ambassadors who mayhave picked-up gossip about the case wrote:‘There is no evidence of [Floyd] having

received any material reward from the

Russians. We believe him now to be sincerely

repentant and we consider that his action in

confessing did him credit’. The authorconcluded: ‘Would you please destroy this

letter as soon as you have read it?’

Within a year, Floyd was hired as CommunistAffairs correspondent by MalcolmMuggeridge, then Deputy Editor of The Daily

Telegraph. Muggeridge, was of course BritishIntelligence, and the newspaper’s editor, ColinCoote, was also an MI6 contact man.Speculation abounds that Floyd was given theposition as perfect cover to continue spying -this time for Britain as a double agent inexchange for his freedom. It was the type ofruse played out by numerous intelligenceagencies, and could be bracketed in thearchives of the ‘Fourth Estate’ - the use ofjournalistic cover to gain access to countrieswhich intelligence agencies found difficult topenetrate. It was also a position to secureinterviews with senior world figures - all at thebehest of the controlling agency, of course.However, many questions remain as the 70-year-old documents are still heavily censored.

MI6 and MI5 contact man Malcolm Muggeridge, whoplayed major roles in various British Intelligence

endeavours, including the London Controlling Section(LCS - see Eye Spy 114), lived in this London building.Here he received all manner of intelligence people, and

probably David Floyd as well

As for the initial harm caused by Floyd’sadventure with Moscow, it later became clearhe was part of the Russian Embassysecretariat, with access to a wide range ofconfidential papers. Roger Allen, who wasthen First Secretary at the British Embassy inMoscow, reported to his superiors that Floyd“would probably have had no difficulty ingetting hold of almost any file, with a fewexceptions, on legitimate grounds.”

A decade later, and firmly established with The

Daily Telegraph, Floyd played a small role inthe Profumo affair that rocked HaroldMacmillan’s government in the early 1960s.The incident centred around John Profumo,Macmillan’s Secretary of State for War, andLondon socialite Christine Keeler who wasalso sleeping with Captain Yevgeny Ivanov - aSoviet intelligence officer.

The case is forever embedded in spylore andhas been widely covered by Eye Spy, but thereis a thread to Floyd. London osteopathStephen Ward who knew both Keeler andProfumo, was introduced to Ivanov by one of

his clients -The Daily

Telegraph

editor ColinCoote.Coote hadmet Ivanovpreviouslyandarranged alunch at theGarrick Clubso thatFloyd, hisCommunistAffairs correspondent might make a usefulcontact. The rest is history...

Was Floyd still operational as a British doubleagent - or as some suggest, more cunningthan anyone realised and still working forMoscow, now as a triple agent? Decades laterthis absorbing Cold War spy chapter contin-ues to throw up surprises, and we still can’tbe certain if the whole story has been told.

Malcolm Muggeridge’s closest friend wasfamous author George Orwell, who likeFloyd and dozens of writers and mediapeople, worked for British Intelligence

Colin Coote

Malcolm Muggeridge

© T

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SIDE

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GUID

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500

SPY

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ES IN

LON

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P72/73 3/5/18, 10:45 am3


KOREAN ENCOUNTERCIA RESPONSIBLE FOR HISTORIC

INTER-KOREAN SUMMIT

LANGLEY’S CAREFULLY CRAFTED BACK-CHANNEL

he day-long summit on 27 Aprilinside the DemilitariSed Zone (DMZ)that divides the Koreas was a majorstep forward for internationaldiplomacy - the first summit inmore than a decade between theT

two Koreas and marks a significant changefrom North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un’sprevious statements that he would continue toexpand his nuclear arsenal.

THE INTELLIGENCE CONNECTION

Despite protracted communications betweenvarious countries and North Korea, the CIA isquietly taking credit for arranging the historicmeeting - this after months of carefulnegotiation between senior US intelligenceofficials - led by former Director CIA MikePompeo, and their NK counterparts from itssecretive Reconnaissance General Bureau

(RGB). Besides the CIA and RGB, intelligencesources also said that South Korea’s NationalIntelligence Service (NIS) played a “significantpart” in paving the way for the creation of atri-nation back-channel which enableddiplomats to comment, give opinion andultimately agree to talk face-to-face. Somecommentators believe Pompeo’s carefuldelegation and diplomatic prowess impressedPresident Trump - thus he was offered the job

Kim Jong-Un and President Moon Jae-inwith South Korean military honour guard

“YOUR SUCCESSES ARE UNHERALDED...YOUR FAILURES ARE TRUMPETED”

P74/75 30/4/18, 11:27 am2


The Korean summit paves the way forcrucial talks between the USA and NorthKorea over its nuclear missile ambitions

‘Bridge of No Return’ at Panmunjeon (DMZ North-South Korea)

of Secretary of State - replacing Rex Tillerson.Tillerson had of course famously tweeted thePresident was ‘wasting his time trying to

negotiate with Little Rocket Man’ - a referenceto Kim Jong-Un.

The two Koreas agreed ‘to actively seek the

support and cooperation of the international

community’ in that endeavour, it said. But theagreement was short on details, and thephrase ‘a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula’ willprobably cause alarm in some US spy

28 April 2018. Brussels, Belgium. US Secretary of State and former D/CIAMike Pompeo pictured with his security delegation

Kim Jong-Un and President Moon Jae-in

Since December 2017, there has been muchtalk in Washington that President Trump andKim-Jong-Un had secretly agreed to meet.And the Korean agreement now paves the wayfor that liaison. Asked about the possibility ofsuch a meeting, Pompeo said: “PresidentTrump isn’t doing this for theatre... he’s goingto solve a problem.”

THE PANMUNJOM DECLARATION

Jong-Un and South Korean President MoonJae-in signed a three-page ‘PanmunjomDeclaration’ named after the truce village inthe demilitaris ed zone (South Korean side),stating that ‘South and North Korea confirmed

the common goal of realising, through

complete denuclearisation, a nuclear-free

Korean Peninsula’.

P74/75 30/4/18, 11:28 am3


agencies because it implies that nuclearweapons will not be allowed in South Korea,either.

Previous inter-Korean agreements have alsopledged denuclearisation, and there remainssignificant scepticism in Washington andTokyo, in particular, about whether this timewill be any different. However, on 29 AprilNorth Korea publicly announced it was closingits primary nuclear weapons test site atPunggye-ri in May. A spokesperson said:“International experts and foreign correspon-dents would be invited to watch its disman-tling.” The site has been carefully monitoredby several countries and has conducted sixnuclear tests in the last decade or so, the lastbeing in September 2017.

Analysts believe North Korea, for the foresee-able future, will retain its nuclear weapons andarsenal of missiles capable of reaching the USmainland. While Jong-Un may refrain from anynew missile or nuclear tests for the timebeing, as Seoul has indicated, he has saidrepeatedly that he has no intention of givingthem up or of using them as a bargaining chip

to improve ties with Seoul, Washington oranybody else. However, Jong-Un, through theCIA intelligence back-channel, has insistedthat there would be “no need to keep themissiles if trust could be built with America,”and that the “war in the Korean peninsula isformally ended.”

President Trump has previously insisted thatWashington will not accept anything less thana deal that is “deliverable and verifiable,”which would mean foreign inspectors at NorthKoreas nuclear facilities - “every single one ofthem.”

Whilst the historic meeting between theKoreas has been hailed as a major break-through, intelligence analysts note thatPyongyang has broken previous agreements.However, some commentators have said thisis the “end game” and if nothing of notematerialises, “there really will be conse-quences.”

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy famouslysaid of the CIA: “Your successes are unher-alded... your failures are trumpeted.” In this

case, Langley’s involvement in the Koreanencounter was just too tempting for theAgency’s hierarchy not to leak! The intelli-gence world is hoping Jong-Un really is a manreformed and that the ‘Korean encounter’heralds a new dawn in relations between theWest and one of the last remaining Commu-nist countries.

Yongbyon, North Korea - NuclearScientific Research Centre

The leaders of bothKoreas have agreed

to meet again

Mike Pompeo

North Korean ballistic missile

© U

SGS

P76/77 30/4/18, 11:32 am2


THE DEADLY TRADE: CompleteHistory of Submarine Warfarefrom Archimedes to the PresentIain BallantyneWeidenfeld & Nicolson

A

Available from Eye Spy Ref: ES/1708UK £27.50 USA $42.50 ROW £30.00

ALL PRICES INCLUDE POSTAGE (AIR) AND PACKING

cclaimed naval writer IainBallantyne’s The Deadly

Trade is a fascinating andcomprehensive account of how aninitially ineffectual underwater boat -originally derided and loathed inequal measure - evolved into the

most powerful and terrifying vesselever invented, with enoughdestructive power to end all life onEarth. The author considers the keyepisodes of submarine warfare andvividly describes the stories of braveindividuals who have risked theirlives under the sea, often with fatalconsequences. His analysis ofunderwater conflict begins withArchimedes discovering thePrinciple of Buoyancy and thenmoves through the centuries

focusing on prolific characters withdeathly motives, including DavidBushnell who in 1775 in Americadevised the first combat submarinewith the idea of attacking the British.Ballantyne also looks at pioneers inthe area such as Admiral JackyFisher who helped to revolutionisethe entire Royal Navy in the early1900s.

Today, nuclear-powered submarinesare among the most complex, costlyships in existence. Armed withnuclear weapons, they have theability to destroy millions of lives -they are the most powerful warshipsever created. At the heart of thisabsorbing and engaging narrativelurks danger and power asBallantyne reveals warfare’smurkiest secrets. Hardback 752pp

Iain Ballantyne

n 1999, 30-year-old Nada Bakosmoved from her lifelong home inMontana to Washington DC, to

THE TARGETER: My Life in theCIA - on the Hunt for theGodfather of ISISNada Bakos, David CoburnLittle Brown, USA

Ijoin the CIA. Quickly realising heraffinity for intelligence work, Nadawas determined to rise through theranks of the Agency first as ananalyst and then as a TargetingOfficer, eventually finding herself onthe frontline of America’s Waragainst terrorism. In this role, Nadawas charged with finding the‘godfather’ of ISIS and mastermindof al-Qaida in Iraq - Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.

In a tight, tension-packed narrativethat takes the reader from Langleydeep into Iraq, Bakos reveals theinner workings of the Agency andthe largely hidden world ofintelligence gathering post-9/11.Entrenched in the predominantlymale world of the CIA, Bakosbelonged to a small yet dedicatedsisterhood leading US SpecialOperations Forces to the doorstep ofone of the world’s most wantedterrorists.

Filled with on-the-ground insightsand poignant personal anecdotes,The Targeter shows us the greatpersonal sacrifice that comes withintelligence work. This is Nada’sstory, but it is also an intimatechronicle of how a group ofdetermined, ambitious men andwomen worked tirelessly in theheart of the CIA to ensure securityat home and abroad. Hardback352pp


ith Britain’s Empirecollapsing and Stalin’sascendant, US officials

THE MARSHALL PLAN: Dawn ofthe Cold WarBen SteilOxford University Press, Oxford

Wunder new Secretary of StateGeorge C. Marshall set out toreconstruct Western Europe as abulwark against Communistauthoritarianism. Their massive,costly, and ambitious undertakingwould confront Europeans andAmericans alike with a vision atodds with their history and self-conceptions. In the process, theywould drive the creation of NATO,the European Union, and a Western


identity that continues to shapeworld events.

This is the story behind the birth ofthe Cold War, and the US-led liberalglobal order, told with verve, insight,and resonance for today. Bringing tobear fascinating new material fromAmerican, Russian, German, andother European archives, BennSteil’s book will forever change howwe view the Marshall Plan.

Focusing on the critical years 1947to 1949, Steil’s gripping narrativetakes us through the seminalepisodes marking the collapse ofpostwar US-Soviet relations: thePrague coup, the Berlin blockade,and the division of Germany. In eachcase, Stalin’s determination to crushthe Marshall Plan and undermineAmerican power in Europe is vividlyportrayed.

A polished and authoritative work ofhistorical narrative, The Marshall

Plan is a valuable addition to ColdWar literature. Hardback 624pp

George Marshall

etween 1941 and 1944,sixteen thousand pluckyhoming pigeons were

SECRET PIGEON SERVICE:Operation Columba, Resistanceand the Struggle to Liberate EuropeGordon CoreraWilliam Collins

B


dropped in an arc from Bordeaux toCopenhagen as part of ‘Columba’ -a secret British operation to bringback intelligence from those livingunder Nazi occupation. Themessages flooded back written ontiny pieces of rice paper tucked intocanisters and tied to the legs of thebirds. Authentic voices from ruralFrance, the Netherlands and Belgium

- they were sometimes comic, oftentragic and occasionally invaluablewith details of German troopmovements and fortifications, newNazi weapons, radar systems or thedeployment of the feared V-1 and V-2 rockets that terrorised London.

Who were the people who providedthis rich seam of intelligence? Manywere not trained agents nor, with afew exceptions, people with anyexperience of spying. At the centre

of this bookis the‘LeopoldVindictiveNetwork’ - asmall groupof Belgianvillagersprepared totake huge

risks. They were led by anextraordinary priest, Joseph Raskin(above) - a man connected toroyalty whose intelligence was sovaluable it was shown to Churchill,leading MI6 to parachute agents into assist him.

Not so much about pigeons as theremarkable people living in occupiedEurope who were faced with thechoice of how to respond to a callfor help, and took the decision toresist. Hardback 336pp


erial warfare which hasdominated western war-making for over 100 years,

AERIAL WARFARE: The Battle forthe SkiesFrank LedwidgeOxford University Press, Oxford

Aand despite regular announcements

of its demise, shows no sign ofbecoming obsolete. Frank Ledwidgeoffers a sweeping look at the historyof air warfare, introducing the majorbattles, crises, and controversieswhere air power has taken centrestage, and the changes in technol-ogy and air power capabilities overtime. Highlighting the role played byair power in the First and SecondWorld Wars, he also sheds light onthe lesser-known theatres where theroles of air forces have been clearlydecisive in conflicts, in Africa, SouthAmerica, and Asia.

Along the way, Ledwidge asks keyquestions about the roles air powercan deliver, and whether it isconceptually different from otherforms of combat. Consideringwhether bombing has ever beentruly effective, he discusses whetherwars can be won from the air, andconcludes by analysing whetherthere is a future for manned airpower, or if it is inevitable that UAVswill dominate 21st century war inthe air. Hardback 208pp


early forty female agentswere sent out by the Frenchsection of Britain’s Special

SOE HEROINES: Special OperationsExecutive’s French Section andFree French Women AgentsBernard O’ConnorAmberley Publishing

NOperations Executive (SOE) duringthe Second World War. Theyoungest was 19 and the oldest 53.Most were trained in paramilitarywarfare, fieldcraft, the use ofweapons and explosives, sabotage,silent killing, parachuting, codes andcyphers, wireless transmission andreceiving, plus general spycraft.These women - as well as others

from clandestine Alliedorganisations - were flown out andparachuted or landed into France onvital and highly dangerous missions:their task, to work with resistancemovements both before and afterD-Day.

Bernard O’Connor uses recentlydeclassified government docu-ments, personnel files, missionreports and memoirs to assess thesuccesses and failures of the 38women including Odette Sansom,Denise Colin and Cécile Pichard.

Of the twelve who were captured,only two survived; the others wereexecuted, some after being torturedby the sadistic officers of theGestapo. This is their story.Hardback 424pp


n 1946, genius linguist andcodebreaker Meredith Gardnerdiscovered that the KGB was

IN THE ENEMY’S HOUSE: The SecretSaga of the FBI Agent and CodeBreaker Who Caught the Russian SpiesHoward BlumHarper

Irunning an extensive network ofstrategically placed spies inside theUnited States, whose objective wasto infiltrate US Intelligence and stealthe nation’s military and atomicsecrets. Over the course of the nextdecade, he and young FBI supervi-sor Bob Lamphere worked togetheron Venona, a top-secret mission touncover the Soviet agents andprotect the ‘Holy Grail’ of Cold Warespionage - the atomic bomb.

Opposites in nearly every way,Lamphere and Gardner relentlessly

P78/79 30/4/18, 11:36 am2


followed a trail of clues that helpedthem identify and take down theseSoviet agents one by one, includingJulius and Ethel Rosenberg. But atthe centre of this spy ring,seemingly beyond the Americanagents’ grasp, was the mysteriousmaster spy who pulled the strings ofthe KGB’s extensive campaign,dubbed Operation Enormoz byRussian Intelligence headquarters.Lamphere and Gardner began tosuspect that a mole buried deep inthe American Intelligence commu-nity was feeding Moscow Centreinformation on Venona. They racedto unmask the traitor and preventthe Soviets from fulfilling SovietPremier Nikita Khrushchev’s threat:“We shall bury you!”

A page-turning mystery that leadsall the way to the execution of theRosenbergs. Hardback 336pp


n King of Spies, Blaine Hardenreveals the untold spy story ofDonald Nichols. Based on long-I

classified government records,unsealed court records, andinterviews in Korea and the USA, theauthor explains the reign of DonaldNichols, an intelligence commanderwho lost touch with morality, legalityand even sanity, if military psychia-trists are to be believed. Nicholscreated his own black-ops empire,commanding a small army of hand-selected spies, deploying his ownmakeshift navy with absolute powerover life and death. He claimed a‘legal license to murder’ andinhabited a world of mass execu-tions and beheadings, as previouslyunpublished photographs in thebook document. Finally, after 11


n the post-World War II era, theUSSR and USA wanted to gain anadvantage over one another in the

SPIES: The U.S. and RussianEspionage Game from the ColdWar to the 21st CenturySean N. KalicPraeger Publishers Inc

IKING OF SPIESBlaine HardenMantle

international security environment.The espionage and spyingemployed by both adversariesinvolved far more than just peopleplaced to obtain and transmitinformation. Kalic provides afoundation of knowledge to

years, the US military decided toend Nichols’s reign. He was secretlysacked and forced to enduremonths of electroshock treatment ina military hospital.

King of Spies looks to answer thequestion how Nichols ended up asthe number-one US spymaster inSouth Korea and why his com-manders let him get away with it forso long. Hardback 272pp

To order use form on page 82 or via Internet - www.eyespymag.comor telephone Eye Spy Intelligence Magazine direct

THE ULTIMATETHE ULTIMATESPY SITES TRAVELSPY SITES TRAVELGUIDE OF LONDONGUIDE OF LONDON

Classified: The Insider’s Guideto 500 Spy Sites in London

• UK £22.50 •USA $32.00WORLD £25.00

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See publisher for details of pricing

understand the tension over currentissues such as Georgia, Syria, andUkraine, as well as the expansion ofNATO into Central and EasternEurope.

Spies includes compelling stories inespionage history, including theManhattan Project, the convictedRosenberg spy couple, the U-2incident, and the discovery ofRussian sleeper cells in the UnitedStates in 2010. Hardback 270pp

WII saw the role ofespionage, secret agentsand spy services increase

CHURCHILL’S SPY FILES: MI5’sTop Secret Wartime ReportsNigel WestThe History Press

Wexponentially as the world wasthrown into conflict. At this time, noone in government was really awareof what MI5 and its brethren did.But with Churchill at the helm, itwas decided to let him in on thesecret, providing him with a weeklyreport of the spy activities - soclassified that he was handed eachreport personally and copies were

never allowed to be made, nor washe allowed to keep hold of them.Even now, the documents only existas physical copies deep in thearchives, many pages annotated byhand by ‘W.S.C.’ himself.

Intelligence expert Nigel Westunravels the tales of hithertounknown spy missions, using thisground-breaking research to paint afresh picture of the worldwideintelligence scene of the SecondWorld War. Hardback 464pp


P78/79 30/4/18, 11:37 am3


T

INTERROGATION AND HUMINT

DeceptiveFactor

The PART 12

IN THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLEMIKE FINN examines a rarely discussed, yet vital intelligence

element used to draw accurate information from a personduring the interrogation or interview process

TRADECRAFT

o understand the advancements inthe intelligence world’s researchinto mind manipulation technology,we will first show the malleability ofthe mind by opening the door ofmemory implants to you the reader.

Memories are stored in the brain like theframes of a cine film, at speed they appear asone continuous chain of events, it’s easy toslip a few frames into this set-up. In fact youdo not remember the original moment of anevent, just the last memory of that moment;time can also erode the stability of a memory.

In respect of the external factors to memoryimplant, there are two main elements, the firstis the subject’s perspective and the second isthe initiator’s (interviewer’s) approach. In thefirst instance tiredness, confusion, andmisconceptual uncertainty can make thememory implant easier. In the latter element,blurring truth and illusion, being a believableand trustworthy source, and reinforcement areall components factors.

Without any external influence, witnesses toan accident, for example, inadvertently create

conflicting versions of events. Misinformationor false news is often reinforced into anillusion of truth; it’s why contrived memoryimplants are quite feasible. Let’s take anexperimental example; four people whoenjoyed a fishing trip several years ago,eventually got together and after a few drinks,they begin to reminisce. The most trusted

friend related a false memory, which wasabout distracting an aggressive bull as they allcrossed a field. If this merges with a realmemory of crossing a field, the ‘hero factor’will reinforce the event. Further reinforcementcan be obtained as the other members recallthe event, by praising their friend for hisactions. Over time casual reinforcement

Environment, understanding atarget’s mindset and numerous

external factors, can assist thoseengaged with intelligence collection

at the interview stage

MIKE FINN

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will help to consolidate the memory. Successwith such concepts can be as great as 30 to40 per cent, according to research byProfessor Elizabeth Loftus of CaliforniaUniversity.

INTERROGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

With the above in mind, let’s examine howthose engaged in Intelligence work in respect

of interview-ing a subject.The intelli-gence serviceskills are notto implant,but secureaccurateinformation.There aremanycommondenomina-tors.

Understanding the individuality of the personor target is paramount, this first step falls intothe category of behavioural science. The firstbarrier in interrogation is often dealing withsilence, knowing and focusing on the person’sinterests and beliefs are one lever to open thedoor to the mind. Once an accord has beenestablished the relationship between inter-viewer and target can begin.

A study of the person’s persuasion suscepti-bility will build a framework from which tolaunch the interrogation. Showing a familiaritywith his/her beliefs and ideals can create aworkable affinity; by appearing to reciprocateinformation a feeling of indebtedness can becreated. The environment in which thedetainee is held captive also plays animportant role in intelligence interviews; this iscompounded with favours, conditions,facilities, and so forth. The response to thesethings should be closely monitored andstudied, behavioural science can build a

evaluate and use other sourced counter-measures.

Cognitive interviewers may ask the samequestion from different perspectives; for theperson being interviewed, this can be likebeing hit by two or three cars at the same timein an accident. Such kinaesthetic cues, bethey visual, auditory, or sensational canstimulate memory, as well as obviate falsememory.

Just like the concept of memory implant, theinterplay between ‘recipient and initiator’ has aparallel with ‘suspect and interrogator’ interms of human manipulation. Humanintelligence collectors are now opening theirdoors to studies in neuroscience, behaviouralscience, and similar fields of research. Intoday’s world of terrorism and similarmayhem, securing accurate intelligence orinformation from detainees and suspects isparamount. It is a subject barely recognisedas an intelligence element, nevertheless it isand one of vital importance.

If you have followed the previous articles youwill begin to see how the knowledge of mindmanipulation and the deceptive factor hasgrown from the seed into the flower. It heraldsa new perspective, not only to the intelligenceworld, but the theatre of modern warfare.

This article describes just one use of thedeceptive matrix. However, it is a panoply ofdiversity in the intelligence cycle. Areas ofresearch that few know exist forge newperspectives, many almost verge on sciencefiction. In a future article, I will be exploringthese dark corridors.

Short term memory

Long term memory

ProfessorElizabeth

Loftus

Hanns Scharff

profile from which effective interrogation canbegin.

It is paramount that the target, be they simplya detainee, suspected spy or even a terrorist,believes that they have some control over theinterview, in this way a greater accord can beforged by the interviewer. Of course suchthings as fatigue and natural bad memory canalso be a part of the equation, accounting forwhat may otherwise be seen as non compli-ance. However, the suspect could also beplaying their own counter-interrogationstrategy and this must also be considered aspart of the equation.

NEW METHODOLOGY & HUMINT

Hanns Scharff (1907-1992) was a notedGerman Luftwaffe interrogator, dubbed the‘Master Interrogator’ during WWII, later tobecome a senior Pentagon instructor andadvisor on interrogation for the Americanmilitary. His approach was to show respectand dignity to his suspects, slowly drawingout information in a casual manner. This wasa forerunner tomodernmethods.

Putting asidevarious nations’rules ofconvention, theissue of torturemust be areviewed fromthe perspectiveof making asuspect elicit information. Apart frominternational repercussions and conventions,the severe stress of torture can cause loss ofmemory, and/or make the detainee elicit falseinformation to simply obviate the pain.Terrorists for example, may even see this astheir door to martyrdom.

HUMINT (human intelligence) expertsunderstand that counter-interrogation skillsalso exist, and should know how to accom-modate these phenomena. An intelligenceexaminer may reinforce previous techniques,but if this does not work, they must re-

Severe stress of torture can cause

loss of memory, and/or make the

detainee elicit false information to

simply obviate the pain...

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As for the ‘deliveryperson[s]’ of thenerve agent itself,some analystshave consideredthe possibility thatthe attacker was aformer Russianassociate, orsomeone who hadbeen personallyaffected by his

defection to Britain. But that still does notexplain how he, she or they, obtained the VX.

New Scotland Yard has already admitted theinvestigation will take months, thus specula-tion should be set aside until the investigative

Continued from page 65teams and MI5 conclude (if that will ever bepossible) their enquiries. Nevertheless, the UKGovernment and its allies, must have receivedinformation and evidence of note, to respondso quickly in the way they did. This wasundoubtedly supplied by MI6, MI5, GCHQ andUS Intelligence.

The over-riding implication of the massexpulsions is that the international communityhas reached a common assessment onRussia and its disruptive activities - morebroadly through hacking, information warfare,and by backing extremist political parties. EyeSpy understands at least 40 of the expelledintelligence officers were engaged with cyberdirectorates in various Russian spy agencies,including the FSB, GRU, SVR and Kremlin-sponsored ‘civilian’ organisations.

Agent Gordon

A period of ‘frosty’ relations between Moscowand the West beckons, but the Salisburyincident is a defining moment. Russia has itsstrengths but also its weaknesses, not least itseconomy. Besides the tit-for-tat expulsions,the Kremlin must now ponder what additionalactions it will take in response. And whilstPresident Putin could never have imaginedthere would be this degree of solidarity, he is avery cunning intelligence operative. The state-run media houses in Russia have also ralliedbehind him, blaming the UK Government forinitiating a propaganda campaign intendedsolely on damaging the country’s internationalimage.

On 1 May, UK National Security Advisor MarkSedwill admitted no suspects had yet beenidentified for the poisoning. However, he saidBritain is stepping-up security for otherdefectors who may be at risk.

Perhaps the last word should go to SirAndrew Wood, UK Ambassador toRussia 1995-2000. He was asked if itwould be fair to compare the RussianGovernment to the Mafia. “That’s a littleunfair on the Mafia,” Sir Andrew replied.

Sir AndrewWood

UK National Security Advisor Mark Sedwil

FSB headquarters, LubyankaSquare, Moscow

P82/83 2/5/18, 9:54 am2


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