38 HIRUNDO 2012 - Villas and Vicinitas - McGill University

HIRUNDO 2012

Villas and Vicinitas: The Social, Economic and Political Role of

Roman Republican Villas

means that led to increased interactions between Romans and locals and therefore aided the On the other hand,

1 The Roman Villa: an Historical Introduction

2 Roman Villas: A Study in Social Structure

Roman Villas,

3 New Men in the Roman Senate, 4 Roman Villas in Central Italy: A Social and Economic History,

It is therefore, reasonable to say that the change in the nature

Villas and VicinitasParrish Wright

5 If

loci for elite interaction,vicinitas

vicinus (a amicus, hospis

Pro Cluentio and Pro Sestio, as well as a section of the Commentariolum Petitionis .

vicinus,

(villa maritima

association with local communities through the association of patronatus

domus in Rome or another city

5

6

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vicinus and

Literary descriptions of “Villa Culture” in the Late Republic

One of the

but

aristocratic

7 vehentur;; and Varro

8

9

10

sions, either built in rural setting, or on the coast, which were simultaneously the seat of leisure

a pars rustica, or a pars urbana

Parrish Wright Villas and Vicinitas

“It was not without

Catilinae Conuratio,

”

“

concerned with agriculture, but “while in these times, on the other hand, the effort is to

11 Odyssey,

Agr. 12 Praefatio, de leg. . Romans on the Bay of Naples: A social and culture Study of the Villas and their Owners from 150 BC – AD 400.

13 Varro RR Viri magni nostri maiores non sine causa praeponebant rusticos Romanos urbanis. Ut ruri enim qui in villa vivunt ignaviores, quam qui in agro uersantur in aliquo opere faciendo, sic qui in oppido sederent, quam qui rura colerent, desidiosiores putabant.

14 Cat. operae pretium est, quom domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum

15 Varro RRtionem. Illi enim faciebant ad fructum rationem, hi faciunt ad libidines indomitas

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Here, he

pro Caelio, he claims that

”

to solidify his role in the vicinitasTusculum Disputations

16 Varro RR “nunc contra villam urbanam quam maximam ac politissimam habeant dant

17 Cic. Cael. accusatores quidem libidines, amores, adulteria, Baias, actas, convivia, comissationes, cantus, symphonias, navigia iactant.18 ad Fam. 19 The Classical Weekly

de Fin de Leg. as well as the Academica ad Att. 20 Tusc. Nostra autem memoria Philo, quem nos frequenter audivimus, instituit alio tempore rhetorum praecepta tradere, alio philosophorum: ad quam nos consuetudinem a familiaribus nostris adducti in Tusculano, quod datum est temporis nobis, in eo consumpsimus. Itaque cum ante meridiem dictioni operam dedissemus, sicut pridie feceramus, post meridiem in Academiam


Tusculum Disputations

rd

had deversoria, smaller accommodations located on the road for staying during lengthy

hospitium. diversoria

otiumotium and negotium.

Economic life at Villas

villa maritima – villa rustica (as long as the

villa rustica

villa maritima luxuria otium has been

descendimus;; in qua disputationem habitam non quasi narrantes exponimus, sed eisdem fere verbis, ut actum disputatumque est.)21 de Or., de Fin., de Div, de Rep Brut OratTop. de Leg.

de Fato Catullus, Cicero and the Society of Patrons, 22 Ad Att.23 deversoria ad Att.

24 ad Att.ad Att.

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“No Roman villaensemble

villa

Lex

Claudia

their own fundi maritimi

25 villa Urban Society in Roman Italy26 Community and Society in Roman Italy,

otium,

27 ad Att Tusculanum et Pompeianum valde me delectant, nisi quod me, illum ipsum vindicem aeris alieni, aere non Corinthio sed hoc circumforaneo obruerunt

28

29 Verr.30


otium

fundi maritimi

(piscinae)

st

piscinae piscinae

in these vivaria

31 Varro RR 32

33

34

35

36 Varro RR 37 Varro RR

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piscinae. garum.

Lex Claudiatrade, the piscinae

mercatores,

38 Rust. 39 Cic. Ad. Att.

40

41

Ad Att. 42 Ad Att.


villa rusticavilla rustica,

pars rustica, pars urbana, pars fructaria

life of Tiberius Gracchus

43

44 Tiberius Gracchus 8.3.45

46

Journal of Roman Studies,

47 Item si ea oppida aut vici in vicinia aut etiam divitum copiosi agri ac villae, unde non care emere possis quae opus sunt in fundum, quibus quae supersint venire possint, ut quibus-

non numquam etiam, quam si colendo in tuo ea parare possis.)48

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Ager Cosanus,

villae rusticae throughout

Italy,

Social Function of Villas in the Archaeology

villae in his home city, in the region Romana

villaNew men in the roman

senate

49

JRS 50

51 Pro Sestio;; also ad. Fam 52

53 Agr.


55

homines novi

atria must be close to the

54 Purcell 55 Dyson

56

57 Ep.

58

59

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is near the entrance, then the

.

atrium, triclinium and oecus, since

pars urbana of a

st

the tablinium cubiculii tricliniioecii

which is surrounded by more oecii and triclinii.

domus

60

ruri, praeterquam quod in urbe atria proxima ianuis solent esse, ruri ab pseudourbanis statim peristylia, deinde tunc atria habentia circum porticus pavimentatas spectantes ad palestras et ambulationes.61 JRS62 Excavations at the Roman Villa of “Sette Finestre” in Etruria, 1975-9;;

63

64


In addition to these,

libraries,

domus here, he later claims pars urbana

Tusculum Disputations ad Att.

pars rustica, pars urbana

65 Item feneratoribus et publicanis commodiora et speciosiora et ab insidiis tuta, forensibus autem et disertis elegantiora et spatiosiora ad conventos excipiundos, nobilibus vero,

regalia alta, atria et peristylia amplissima, silvae ambulationesque laxiores ad decorem maiestatis perfectae;; praeterea bybliothecas, basilicas non dissimili modo quam publicorum operum

66

praeterquam quod in urbe atria proxima ianuis solent esse, ruri ab pseudourbanis statim peristylia, deinde tunc atria habentia circum porticus pavimentatas spectantes ad palestras et ambulationes.67

Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honor of T.P.Wiseman,

pars urbana

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villa suburbana. atrium

and tablinium, associates at his urban domus villa suburbana

the pars urbana oecus

usual for oeci corinthiiimages in the oecus

Trojan

battles,

68 pars rustica.69

oecus. 70 The Wall Paintings from the Oecus of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor in Boscoreale, (71 etiam atriis et peristylis, constitutae sunt ab antiquis ex certis rebus certae rationes


If this is

Ex eo antiqui, qui initia expolitionibus instituerunt, imitati sunt primum crustarum marmorearum

-turas imitarentur, patentibus autem locis, uti exhedris, propter amplitudines parietum scaenarum frontes tragico more aut comico seu satyrico designarent, ambulationibus vero propter spatia longitudinis varietatibus topiorum ornarent a certis locorum proprietatibus imagines exprimentes;;

pastores. Nonnulli locis item signorum melographiam habentes deorum simulacra seu fabularum dispositas explicationes, non minus troianas pugnas seu Ulixes errationes per topia, ceteraque, quae sunt eorum similibus rationibus ab rerum natura procreata

72

73 Ep. Ad Lucilium Sat. Satire 74

75

76

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villa suburbana

vicini

Neighbours in Rome and Italy

vicinitas.

to that of his amici, hospites and clients, with whom they are often vicinitas

which bound together in countless ways the nobility of Rome and of Italy.

vicinus would entail some of the same mutual

vicinitas overlaps with amicitia, hospitia

77

78

79

80

55Parrish Wright Villas and Vicinitas

that role of a vicinus

vicinitas

vicinitas created

vicinitas

De Legibus,

81 Patronage in Ancient Society,

82 In the Pro Roscio municeps Amerinus fuit, cum genere et nobilitate et pecunia non modo sui municipi, verum etiam eius vicinitatis facile primus, tum gratia atque hospitiis

Rosc. Am. Clu. 5, “A. Cluentius habitus fuit, pater huiusce, iudices, homo non solum municipi Larinatis ex quo erat sed etiam regionis illius et vicinitatis virtute, existimatione, nobilitate princeps

HIRUNDO 2012

novus homo nobiles

necessarius

necessitudo if that was

Rowland refers to a necessarius as another, stronger form of amicitia, and was yet another

vicini, necessitudovicinitas amicitia,

clientela and hospitia.

83 Leg. vir magnus et nobis omnibus amicus L. Lucullus ferebatur, quasi commodissime

oportere quod iis qui inferioris ordinis essent liceret. Non vides Luculle a te id ipsum natum ut illi cuperent quibus id si tu non faceres non liceret?);; 84 Commentariolum petitionis,

novus homo. 85 Rowland, The Classical Journal86 vicini pro Caecina an tuus colonus aut vicinus aut cliens aut libertus” (or whether it was one of your

pro Caecina si alieni ac mercennarii, non si tuus procurator quam si vicinus aut libertus tuus, non si coactis hominibus quam si voluntariis. It

pro Roscio Amerino proferre, ne longius abeam, vel tribulis vel vicinos meos qui suos liberos” (


being “amicitiae, consuetudines, vicinitates, clientelae, ludi denique et dies festi.”

amici and clientelaeamicus

consuetudines.vicinus seem similar to an amicus

Pro Cluentio,

Instead of clientela¸ in this vicini amici and hospites,

vicinus is not a hospis.vicinus

amicus would vicinus

the same neighborhoods, and then a hospis, vicini:

amici, vicini and hospitii

87 Red. Pop.88 Clu conservate A. Cluentium, restituite incolumem municipio;; amicis, vicinis, hospitibus quorum studia videtis reddite89

90 . Pro Clu. age vero, vicinorum quantum studium, quam incredibilis benivolentia, quanta cura est! non illi in libellis laudationem decretam miserunt, sed homines honestissimos, quos

HIRUNDO 2012

common rusticani, quos nossemus omnes.”

pro Cluentio also demonstrates that there are limits to the owed to vicini.

then, being unable to refuse anything to these, my good and honourable friends,

wanted

nossemus omnes, huc frequentis adesse et hunc praesentis laudare voluerunt. adsunt Ferentan, homines nobilissimi, Marrucini item pari dignitate;; Teano Apulo atque Luceria equites Romanos, homines honestissimos, laudatores videtis;; Boviano totoque ex Samnio cum laudationes honestissimae missae sunt, tum homines amplissimi nobilissimique venerunt. iam qui in agro Larinati prae

dictu est quam sint solliciti, quam laborent. non multi mihi ab uno sic diligi videntur ut hic ab his universis.)91 Clu. hic tum C. Fabricius, is de quo ante dixi, qui liberto damnato sibi illud impendere periculum videret, quod mihi cum Aletrinatibus vicinitatem et cum plerisque eorum magnum usum esse sciebat, frequentis eos ad me domum adduxit. qui quamquam de homine sic ut necesse erat existimabant, tamen quod erat ex eodem municipio, suae dignitatis esse arbitrabantur eum quibus rebus possent defendere, idque a me ut facerem et ut causam Scamandri susciperem petebant, in qua causa patroni omne periculum continebatur. ego, qui neque illis talibus viris ac tam amantibus mei rem possem ullam negare neque illud crimen tantum ac tam manifestum esse arbitrarer, sicut ne illi ipsi quidem qui mihi tum illam causam commendabant arbitrabantur, pollicitus eis sum me omnia quae vellent esse facturum


pro Cluentio.

Pro Cluentio,

de agri cultura,

familiam

vicinitas

92 Clu. hic tum Fabricius non modo ad me meos vicinos et amicos Aletrinatis non adduxit sed ipse eis neque defensoribus uti postea neque laudatoribus potuit. rem enim integram hominis non alieni quamvis suspiciosam defendere humanitatis esse putabamus, iudicatam labefactare conari impudentiae.”93

against

(accusat paternus amicus, C. Postumus, vetus, ut ait ipse, vicinus ac necessarius, qui necessitudinis causas compluris protulit, simultatis nullam commemorare potuit pro Mureno 94 Agr. Vicinis bonus esto;; familiam ne siveris peccare. Si te libenter vicinitas

ris, iumentis, materie adiuvabunt;; siquid bona salte usus venerit, benigne defendent.”

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defendent,

vicinus Phillipics vicinitas to

Phillipic

vicinus, since Varro can In de

Domo Sua

vicinus

vicinitas vicinus,

vicini.

to Rome

, only that I see

95 Off.96 Phil. -tatis tuae. non enim te dominus modo illis sedibus9 sed quivis amicus, vicinus, hospes, procurator arcebit.)

97 Dom. in fundum autem vicini consulis non instrumentum aut ornamenta villae, sed etiam arbores transferebantur.)


salutatio. It seems

domus

interaction with his clientela

vicinitas.

Here, Cumano,multitudo to be

salutationes

to those of Licius Visidius,

98 Ad Att. non villam frequentia Formianorum ad quam partem basilicae tribum Aemiliam. sed omitto vulgus;; post horam quartam molesti ceteri non sunt. C. Arrius proximus est vicinus, immo ille quidem iam contubernalis, qui etiam se idcirco Romam ire negat ut hic mecum totos dies philosophetur. ecce ex altera parte Sebosus, ille Catuli familiaris. quo me vertam? statim me hercule Arpinum irem, ni te in Formiano commodissime exspectari viderem dumtaxat ad pr. Nonas Maias;; vides enim quibus hominibus aures sint deditae meae. 99 De oratore 100 Ad. Att. 5.2 (habuimus in Cumano quasi pusillam Romam. tanta erat in his locis multtudo101 Ad Att

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otium

vicini

In his pro Plancio

quasi parenti et custodi salutis meae

102 Phil. eques could

103 BCiv Sull. 104

105 Cael.106

107 Pro Planc. “quia familiaris esset meus, quia vicinus, quia huius parente semper plurimum essem usus.108 Pro Planc. novus homoan, associated with the publicani non nullis rebus inferiorem quam te, genere dico et nomine, superiorem aliis, municipum, vicinorum, societatum studio, meorum temporum memoria, parem virtute, integritate, modestia aedilem factum esse miraris?” Pro Plancio109 ille Catuli familiaris

st


Tusculan Disputations

vicinitas and vicini vicinitas

vicini

Conclusion

together in Ad. Att. 110 Ad. Att cum haec maxime scriberem, ecce tibi Sebosus! nondum plane ingemueram, “salve” inquit Arrius. hoc est Roma decedere111

Brutus, saying “His enim rebus in

quo consilio aut qua mente feceris ut in epulo Q. Arri, familiaris mei familiaris

in ad Quintus Ad Attvicinus .

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villa maritima. otium and social life.

similar to those of amici or clientelaotium

and negotium

how relations of vicinitasvicini, contributing to

tota Italia.

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Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Bellum Civile. de Agri Cultura.

Brutus, Orator

Epistulae ad Atticum. In Verrem. Pro Archia. Post Reditum in Senatu. Post Reditum ad Quirites. De Domo Sua. De Haruspicum Responsis. Pro Plancio.

Pro Caelio. De Provinciis Consularibus. Pro Balbo.

Pro Cluentio. Pro Quinctio. Pro Roscio Amerino. Pro Roscio Comoedo. On the Agrarian Law.

Pro Sestio. In Vatinium. Tusculan Disputationes. Catilinae Conuratio.

Actorum Et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Novem

Rerum Rusticarum.

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The Journal of Roman Studies

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Studies in Honor of T.P.Wiseman. Cosa, the Making of a Roman Town

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Etruria, 1975-9;;

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Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honor of T.P.Wiseman.

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Romans on the Bay of Naples: A social and culture Study of the Villas and their Owners from 150 BC – AD 400.

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Italians on the Land: changing perspectives on republican Italy then and now,

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38 HIRUNDO 2012 - Villas and Vicinitas - McGill University

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