Façons de problématiserRetour sur la prise en compte des bases de données

dans quelques traditions de recherche en sciences sociales

Eric Dagiral, Ashveen PeerbayeLaboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés (LATTS)

Social Studies of Databases WorkshopSession 1 -- Main Topics and IssuesNice, mercredi 23 mai 2012

1. Faire face à l’accroissement des activités productives

J. Yates, 1989, Control Through Communication

L. Bud-Frierman (ed.), 1994, Information Acumen

D. Gardey, 2008, Écrire, calculer, classer

J. Cortada, 2000, Before the Computer

J. Agar, 2003, The Government Machine

M. Campbell-Kelly et al. (eds.), 2007,The History of Mathematical Tables

2. Gouverner des régimes documentaires

M. Buckland, 1991, Information and Information Systems

F. Lerner, 1999, The Story of Libraries

J. Warner, 2010, Human Information Retrieval

M. Krajewski, 2011, Paper Machines

3. Going online

C. Bourne & T. Hahn, 2003, A History of Online Information Services1963-1976

M. Campbell-Kelly, 2003, From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog

4. Metadatabase

T. Berners-Lee, 1999, Weaving the Web

J. Hellerstein & M. Stonebraker (eds), 2005, Readings in Database Systems

The Anatomy of a Large-ScaleHypertextual Web Search Engine

Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page{sergey, page}@cs.stanford.edu

Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305

Abstract

In this paper, we present Google, a prototype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of the structure present in hypertext. Google is designed to crawl and index the Web efficiently and produce much more satisfying search results than existing systems. The prototype with a full text and hyperlink database of at least 24 million pages is available at http://google.stanford.edu/

To engineer a search engine is a challenging task. Search engines index tens to hundreds of millions of web pages involving a comparable number of distinct terms. They answer tens of millions of queries every day. Despite the importance of large-scale search engines on the web, very little academic research has been done on them. Furthermore, due to rapid advance in technology and web proliferation, creating a web search engine today is very different from three years ago. This paper provides an in-depth description of our large-scale web search engine -- the first such detailed public description we know of to date.

Apart from the problems of scaling traditional search techniques to data of this magnitude, there are new technical challenges involved with using the additional information present in hypertext to produce better search results. This paper addresses this question of how to build a practical large-scale system which can exploit the additional information present in hypertext. Also we look at the problem of how to effectively deal with uncontrolled hypertext collections where anyone can publish anything they want.

Keywords: World Wide Web, Search Engines, Information Retrieval, PageRank, Google

Ouverture

J. Yates, 2005, Structuring the Information Age

G. Bowker, 2005, Memory Practices in the Sciences

G. Bowker, 2005, Memory Practices in the Sciences

Perhaps the most powerful technology -- if only in English we could remove from the word technology

its purely material dimension (Foucault’s untranslatable “dispositifs techniques” are better) -- in our control of the world and each other over

the past two hundred years has been the development of the database

G. Bowker, 2005, Memory Practices in the Sciences

Databases are not a product of the computer revolution; if anything the computer revolution is

the product of the drive to database

Bases documentaires

Bases informatisées

localesBases distribuées

EcrirePapier, fiches perforées etc.

Technologies d’écriture (machine à écrire, carbone, etc.)

Saisir et enregistrer Ajouter, modifier, mettre à jour...

Mémoriser Dans des personnes et des écrits

Dans des supports magnétiques et électroniques Dans des bases de données

Stocker Dans des espaces répertoriés(bibliothèques, archives, etc.) Dans des espaces dédiés Dans des espaces temporaires

Mettre en forme IndexerThéories de modèles de

données Bases de données relationnelles

Rechercher Interactions humaines Requêtes Moteurs de recherche

AccéderAccès local ou

par transmission(télégraphe, courrier, etc.)

Accès à distance à des index(online services) Accès direct aux données

Interconnecter Interactions humainesTables de données

(SGBD) Bases de données

Maintenir Conserver les supports Mettre à jour les systèmes Entretenir l’infrastructure