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Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge Ordinary Level

ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Syllabus B) 1126/01Paper 1 Reading and Directed Writing October/November 2018 2 hoursNo Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.

NB: You are advised to spend 40 minutes on Part 1 (Questions 1–10), 40 minutes on Question 11, and 40 minutes on Question 12.

Answer all questions.Dictionaries are not permitted.

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Part 1

Read the following passage carefully, and then answer Questions 1–10.

The following passage is about the difficulties suffered by fishermen in the Indian Ocean.

A wave of change

1 Anselm Silva has fished for four decades in Sri Lanka, but five years ago, he suddenly realised that it was more difficult to make a living. ‘We spend more and more time at sea looking for fish. There have been many fish here for years, now there are very few. We’ve all been noticing that,’ said the 54-year-old fisherman who operates his trawler on multi-day trips reaching 150 kilometres off the coast.

2 Overfishing may be partly responsible for the reduced number of fish, but a group of scientists from India, the United States, South Africa and France think another reason may be contributing. They set up a research project to investigate the situation. ‘Rapid warming in the Indian Ocean plays an important role,’ said Roxy Mathew Koll from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology. Monsoons in the region are also thought to be weakening, although it is not yet clear if this has had an effect on fish numbers.

3 According to research by Koll and his colleagues, over the last 60 years rising water temperatures have been reducing the amount of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants at the bottom of the ocean food chain which provide food for fish. Marcello Vichi from the University of Cape Town reports that satellite data show that the decline in phytoplankton has been about 30 per cent during the last 16 years. The reduction in phytoplankton ‘may seriously affect the food chain by turning this productive region into an ecological desert,’ Koll said.

4 Parts of the Indian Ocean have warmed by 1.2 degrees Celsius over the last century. This has slowed the mixing of surface waters and deeper waters. Therefore the vital nutrients which are in the deeper waters do not reach the phytoplankton, which live in surface waters. Without phytoplankton, the ocean food chain is broken. Research has shown that phytoplankton levels are falling dramatically in some regions that are traditionally home to large shoals of fish. These areas of the Indian Ocean are some of the most productive regions in the tropics.

5 The warming of the Indian Ocean presents ‘a great threat to the livelihood of fishermen and to fish,’ stated Raghu Murtugudde of the University of Maryland. Another researcher added, ‘This will happen elsewhere: changing weather conditions, rising sea levels and melting ice caps. This will change the lives of everyone on the planet!’

6 Scientists warned that fish stocks would continue to decline because of continued overfishing and ocean warming. ‘The most recent climate models predict that the Indian Ocean will continue to warm under increasing greenhouse gases. This will result in a further decline of the phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, increasing the stress on the marine ecosystem and the fish,’ Koll said. Such a change would limit food supplies in countries around the Indian Ocean, including India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The impact will also be felt in global fish markets that buy from the region, such as the United States, Europe and Japan.

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7 Anselm Silva and other fishermen already see the number of fishing boats declining. ‘So few people now want to get into fishing at all,’ said Mohamed Ashour who works from a fishing port on Sri Lanka’s east coast. He said that the bad news from the research on ocean warming made him very upset. ‘What are we to do? We don’t know any other trade and if there are no fish, what are we to catch?’ he asked. Noor, Mohamed’s wife, however, was more hopeful about the situation. ‘It’s sad when a traditional way of life disappears but our children will be able to find less dangerous jobs in the cities instead of fishing. Tourists will still visit our beautiful beaches. We’ll survive!’

For Questions 1–6 write down the letter A, B, C or D on your answer paper to indicate the most appropriate answer.

1 According to the passage, which one of the following statements about Anselm Silva is true (lines 1–5)?

A He has decided to give up fishing.

B He noticed decades ago that there were fewer fish.

C He has been a fisherman for forty years.

D He spends less time than before on his fishing trips. [1]

2 The research project has found that

A the amount of fishing has increased.

B the sea temperature has increased.

C the number of fish has increased.

D the monsoon has increased. [1]

3 How do scientists know that the amount of phytoplankton has gone down by 30 per cent?

A measurement of water temperature

B information from satellites

C reports from fishermen

D research papers [1]

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4 Phytoplankton are disappearing because

A fish are moving to other areas.

B there are no nutrients in the ocean.

C water is moving faster than before.

D they have no food. [1]

5 Why does Noor feel positive about the future?

A The fishing industry will recover.

B Traditions will survive.

C There will be other jobs.

D Many more tourists will come. [1]

6 Which of the following people works for the fishing industry?

A Marcello Vichi

B Mohamed Ashour

C Raghu Murtugudde

D Roxy Mathew Koll [1]

7 From paragraph 5, give three reasons why the warming of the Indian Ocean is not just a local problem. [3]

8 From paragraph 6, list five problems given by scientists about the situation in the Indian Ocean area. [5]

9 From paragraph 7, give four details about the problems fishermen in Sri Lanka have. [4]

10 Give two ways global markets will be affected by the warming of the Indian Ocean. [2]

Total for Part 1: [20]

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[Turn over for Part 2]

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Part 2

Read the following passage carefully, and then answer Questions 11 and 12.

In this passage the writer describes his visit to the remote Lakshadweep Islands.

The Lakshadweep Islands

1 The lifestyle on Lakshadweep is refreshingly traditional after the pace of modern city life. It’s a string of 36 palm-covered islands off the coast of southern India, of which 10 are inhabited. Its inhabitants are mainly fishermen, and fishing and coir production (a natural material made from coconut shells) are the islands’ main industries.

2 Lakshadweep has many long sandy beaches. It’s hard to get there, however, as you must plan at least a month ahead to get a permit to stay on one of two islands. The islands are great for diving and snorkelling as the crystal clear water gives excellent visibility. Unfortunately, I was there during the monsoon season and the choppy waters prevented me from doing either of those activities. Nevertheless, when the weather improved I was still able to relax on the stunning beaches of Agatti Island – the biggest of the islands. The airport is at the southern tip of Agatti and the runway is literally the width of that portion of the island.

3 When we arrived, the monsoon was really bad. The pilot circled around to let the rain finish and the clouds shift. Worryingly, there are no lights at Agatti airport and visibility was virtually zero. The pilot said he’d circle one more time and if he couldn’t land then we’d have to fly back to Kerala because fuel was getting low. We finally emerged from the clouds into strong wind and turbulence which caused a lot of twisting and turning. Eventually, we landed very hard on the runway. I was the last off the plane and the captain asked me if I was scared. I replied, ‘Were you?’ and he said, ‘A little’. In 20 years of flying he’d never experienced these conditions. Anyway, we made it in time for our delicious free coconuts at the Agatti Island Beach Resort.

4 As a foreigner visiting the islands, you are only allowed to stay in two places. One is Bangaram Island, a little island, two and a half hours away by a small slow boat and the other is where I stayed at the Agatti Island Beach Resort. To me it was paradise: a backpacker beach resort for adults. The best part for me was how quiet it was.

5 The resort comprises a group of bungalows situated near the airport in a palm forest. My bungalow was right on the beach and was just what I needed. It seemed expensive for a non-air-conditioned room but I was happy to pay as it included food, soft drinks and the use of other facilities, including a beach chair and the 10 hammocks hanging between the swaying palms. There are other options: more adventurous visitors can stay with local families.

6 I explored the rest of Agatti on a fascinating rickshaw tour which was great fun. The main road is more of a sidewalk across the centre of the island. The whole island is about nine kilometres long and no wider than two at any point. It is shaped like a baseball bat, skinny at the handle by the airport and my resort and then fatter as you move north where the people live and work.

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7 There are some delightful features about the island and others which I didn’t like. The centre of town is a collection of charming single-storey buildings, including a police station where you get your passport stamped and your permit validated. I visited a museum on the history of the island (not very interesting), the coir factory and a solar-power field which supplies power to the island.

8 When I need another break from city life, I know where I’m heading.

11 Write a summary about:

• what you learn about the geography of the Lakshadweep Islands • what the writer liked about his visit to the islands • what the writer did not like about his visit.

Write three paragraphs, one for each heading. You must write only 150–180 words in total. Use your own words as far as possible. [20]

12 Imagine you work for a travel company that organises holidays to the Lakshadweep Islands. You are writing an article for a web page to tell tourists about the islands and to encourage them to visit the islands. Your article should include:

• information about getting to the islands and travelling around when you are there • details of places to stay on the islands • interesting things tourists can see and do on the islands.

Use what you have learned from the passage, but do not copy whole sentences from it. You should also include some ideas of your own.

Write between 1½ and 2 sides (about 200–300 words). [20]

Total for Part 2: [40]

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