1 WS1 -2 278 - J-Stage

S2-7

KIRAN, Challa1, SHINOHARA, Miki1, SHINOHARA,Akira1 (1Lab. Genome and Chromosome Functions,Inst. Prot. Res., Osaka Univ.)

Prophase pathway of arm-cohesin removal in budding yeastmeiosis

Sister chromatid cohesin is essential for the proper chromosomesegregation in mitosis and meiosis. In higher eukaryotes, bulks ofcohesin complexes from chromosomes are dissociated by Plk1 andWapl (Rad61) dependent manner. This is so called “prophasepathway” of cohesin removal. In budding yeast meiosis cleavageof cohesin at meiosis I requires the phosphorylation of its Rec8 a-kleisin subunit by the Cdc7-Dbf4 (DDK) and Cdc5 (polo-likekinase) dependent manner. But during meiosis I, arm cohesinremoval before anaphase I onset remains nuclear. Here we showthat Wapl homologue in budding yeast Rad61 deletion mutantshows chromosome compaction and delay in cohesin removalduring meiosis. And surprisingly we found Rad61 undergoesmeiosis specific phosphorylation by Cdc7-Dbf4 and Cdc5 depend-ent manner. Finally we conformed the presence of prophasepathway during budding yeast meiosis by arresting cells atmetaphase I by depletion of APC/C cdc20 and obeserved partialarm cohesin removal before anaphase I which is depends on theCdc5 phosphorylation of Rad61 and Rec8. Taken together ourresults suggesting that the mechanism of prophase pathway inbudding yeast meiosis involves phosphorylation of Rad61 by Cdc5polo like kinase which may leads to the destabilization of cohesinbonds and partial arm cohesin removal.

WS1-1

KOBAYASHI, Ichizo1,2 (1Grad. Sch. Front. Sci., Univ.Tokyo, 2Inst. Med. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)

Base-excising restriction enzymes

A DNA methyltransferase is often paired with a restrictionendonuclease to form a restriction-modification system. Based onbehavior of restriction-modification systems as mobile elements,we earlier identified a superfamily of restriction enzymes with anovel fold (Half Pipe), which are present in H. pylori amongothers. We now found that one of these enzymes excises the baseto be methylated from its recognition sequence (Miyazono,Furuta, Watanabe-Matsui, Miyakawa, Ito, Kobayashi, Tanokura.Nature Communications, 2014). This surprising finding remindsus of the demethylation by base excision in plants and animals.

WS1-2

KINOSHITA, Tetsu1 (1Kihara Inst. Biol. Sci.,Yokohama City Univ.)

Mechanism of DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis thaliana

In plants, epigenetic reprogramming occurs in male and femalereproductive cells before fertilization. We have focused on themechanism of DNA demethylation in the central cell, progenitorcell of the endosperm before fertilization, especially on themechanism of activation of the maternal imprinted gene ofFWA. Activation of the FWA gene depends on DNA demethyla-tion by the activity of the DNA glycosylase DEMETER, whichtargets to the 5’ repeats of FWA.We have identified several genes required for DNA demethyla-tion via genetic screening of mutants that show impairedactivation of the imprinted pFWA-GFP reporter in the endospermof Arabidopsis thaliana. As a result, we showed that SSRP1,encoding a component of histone chaperone, is required for thisprocess (Ikeda Y., et al., Dev. Cell 2011). I will also report ourprogress of studies on mechanism of DNA demethylation in ourlaboratory.

Genes Genet. Syst. (2014) 89

Workshops (WS1-1 – WS18-7)

278

WS1-3

MURAMATSU, Masamichi1 (1Dept. Molec. Genet.,Kanazawa Univ., Grad. Sch. Med. Sci.)

APOBEC deaminases generate uracil in hepatitis B virusDNA, which is counteracted by UNG

AID/APOBECs, are antiviral factors against various types ofviruses including HIV-1 and retrotransposable elements byconverting the cytidine into uracil on the viral genomic DNA. Itis well known that uracil residues in the human genomic DNAare removed by uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG) that results in thegeneration of abasic sites that are further repaired by down-stream repair factors. However, the consequence of uracilremoval from the viral genomic DNA remains controversialbecause it may be possible for abasic sites to trigger DNAdegradation. We investigated the role of UNG on viral hyper-mutation and replication of hepadnaviruses. We found that theUNG inhibition enhanced the APOBEC3G-induced hypermuta-tion of hepadnaviral DNAs, especially cccDNA that is a templateused for viral replication in the nucleus. We measured replicationability of the purified cccDNA and revealed that the reclonedcccDNA from cells expressed by both APOBEC3G and UNGinhibitor protein replicated less efficient due to higher hyper-mutation load. The current study suggests that hepadnavirusesusurp the repair system of host cells to compete with AID/APOBEC mutators.

WS1-4

OKA, Sugako1, SHENG, Zijing1, NAKABEPPU,Yusaku1 (1Div. Neurofunctional Genomics, Med. Inst.Bioregulation, Kyushu Univ.)

Two distinct pathways of programed cell death dependent onMUTYH-initiated base excision repair

MUTYH is a DNA glycosylase excising adenine in the nascent,opposite 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in template DNA, thus initiatingbase excision repair (BER). The accumulation of 8-oxoG innuclear DNA caused poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)-de-pendent nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF),whereas that in mitochondrial DNA caused mitochondrialdysfunction and Ca2+ release, thereby activating calpain. Bothcell deaths were triggered by single-strand breaks (SSBs) thathad accumulated in the respective DNAs, and were suppressedby knockdown of MUTYH, thus indicating that excision ofadenine opposite 8-oxoG lead to the accumulation of SSBs ineach type of DNA. SSBs in nuclear DNA activated PARP,whereas those in mitochondrial DNA caused their depletion,thereby initiating the two distinct pathways of cell death. 8-OxoGis also associated with neurodegeneration, which can be triggeredby MUTYH-initiated BER. Under oxidative stress, 8-oxoGaccumulates in the mitochondrial DNA of neurons and causescalpain-dependent neuronal loss, while delayed nuclear accumu-lation of 8-oxoG in microglia results in PARP-dependentactivation of AIF and exacerbated microgliosis.

WS2-1

MYOSHO, Taijun1 (1Inst. Sci. Tech., Niigata Univ.)

Switching mechanism of the sex-determining gene in Oryziasfishes

In vertebrates, nine sex-determining genes have been reportedincluding SRY of mammals. In Oryzias fishes, ten sex chromo-somes and three sex-determining genes, Dmy of O. latipes, GsdfY

of O. luzonensis, and Sox3Y O. dancena have been identified fromnineteen species. Recently, we found that duplicated copy of Gsdfof O. pectoralis and Sox3Y of O. marmoratus and O. profundico-laare theprime candidate for the sex-determining genes. Theseresults indicated that the novel sex-determining genes appear tobe emerged frequently. In this workshop, we try to consider thecommon evolutionary mechanisms of a novel sex-determininggene from these four sex-determining genes.

WS2-2

TERAI, Yohey1 (1Dept. Evolutionary Studies ofBiosyst., The Grad. Univ. Adv. Stud. (Sokendai))

The molecular mechanism of female determination by a Bchromosome and its evolution

B chromosomes have been found from many eukaryotes inaddition to standard chromosomes (sex chromosomes andautosomes), but thought to be selfish genetic elements with nofunctional effect on the phenotype of individuals. Recently, afemale determination B chromosome was found in one cichlidspecies from Lake Victoria. I analyzed the genome of male andfemale of this species with and without B chromosome,respectively, and deduced in total 4 Mb of B chromosomesequences. In these sequences, one full-length gene was isolatedand the copy number of this gene was inferred fourteen in Bchromosome. This gene was transcribed from B chromosome injuveniles of 1, 3, 6 days after hatch. The transcription from thisgene may change the sex of individual to female. Next, I analyzedthe transmission of a B chromosome from parents to progenies bycrossing experiments. The results of crossing experimentsshowed that the B chromosome did not transmit from male,suggesting the B chromosome may change the sex of their hostsfrom male to female for transmission of themselves to progenies.

Genes Genet. Syst. (2014) 89 279

WS2-3

MURATA, Chie1, KUROKI, Yoko2, IMOTO, Issei1,YAMADA, Fumio3, JOGAHARA, Takamichi4,NAKATA, Katsushi5, KUROIWA, Asato6 (1Inst.Health BioSci., The Univ. Tokushima Grad. Sch.,2Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, TohokuUniv., 3Forestry Forest Products Res. Inst., 4Faclt.Sci., Okayama Univ. of Sci., 5Ministry of theEnvironment, 6Faclt. Sci., Hokkaido Univ.)

Early stage of eutherian sex chromosome differentiation –Formation of recombination suppression region and highrecombination region–

Sex chromosomes of highly diverged extant eutherian species aretoo ancient to reveal the initiation process of sex chromosomedifferentiation. The neo-sex chromosomes generated by sex-autosome fusions of recent origin in Tokudaia muenninki areexpected to be evolutionarily young and a good model to clarifythe early phase of eutherian sex chromosome evolution. Thegenetic differentiation of their neo-sex chromosomes as well as anaccelerated rate of evolution in neo-Y were detected in thecentromeric region without chromosomal rearrangement by SNPanalysis, BAC clone sequencing, and FISH analysis, suggestingthat recombination was suppressed in this region. In contrast,the mutation spectrum analysis revealed that the G+C content,which correlate with recombination activity, were remarkablyincreased in telomeric region of the neo-X and neo-Y, comparingtheir autosomal homologous regions in mouse and rat. Theseresults suggested that high recombination activity had beengenerated prior to spread of the recombination suppression in thetelomeric region, resulting in the formation of putative pseu-doautosomal region (PAR) in early stage of sex chromosomedifferentiation.

WS2-4

NOZAWA, Masafumi1 (1Center for Inform. Biol., Natl.Inst. Genet.)

Unraveling the evolutionary processes of dosage compensa-tion based on the interspecific comparisons of gene expressionof Drosophila species

During the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, manygenes on the Y chromosome are silenced and/or removed.Consequently, X-linked genes remain biallelic in females whereasa majority of them become monoallelic (or hemizygous) in males.It has been suggested that many organisms have dosagecompensation systems to compensate this imbalance betweensexes at the gene expression level. Yet, the evolutionary processesof the dosage compensation systems largely remain unknown. Totackle this question, I have compared the expression of X-linkedgenes in one species with that of their autosomal orthologs inother species. In this presentation, I would like to introduce theresults about Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. miranda whosesex chromosomes emerged ~15 and ~1 million years ago,respectively.

WS3-1

SAITOU, Naruya1 (1Div. Popul. Genet., Natl. Inst.Genet.)

Characteristics of evolutionarily conserved protein noncodingregions in eukaryote genomes

Conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs) of eukaryotes areconsidered to have regulatory functions of protein-coding genes,in particular, DNA-binding ones. We previously examined theevolutionary patterns of CNSs which are lineage-specific in fourmammalian orders (Babarinde and Saitou 2013; Genome Biol.Evol.) and in various plant groups (Hettiarachchi et al., 2014;Genome Biol. Evol.). CNSs were defined as DNA sequences whoseconservation level were higher than that of protein coding genes.Interestingly, GC contents of mammalian lineage-specific CNSswere lower than genomic GC contents, while those of plant CNSswere higher than genomic GC contents. We thus investigated GCcontents of CNSs in fungi and in invertebrate genomes. Themajority of lineage-specific CNSs in these two groups showedhigher GC contents than genomic averages. This pattern of CNSGC contents among eukaryotes suggests the existence of acommon features in functions of CNSs with an exception inmammals.

WS3-2

INAGAKI, Yuji1 (1Center Comput. Sci., Univ.Tsukuba)

Genome evolution triggered by acquisition of an endosym-biotic partner

My research group in University of Tsukuba are interested in theevolutionary process that transformed an endosymbiont into ahost-controlled organelle. To tackle one of the most challengingquestions in evolutionary biology, we are currently generatinglarge-scale sequence data from phylogenetically broad collectionof microbial eukaryotes. In this talk, we introduce two of ourrecent works briefly. Firstly, we generated the genomic data ofthe cyanobacterial endosymbiont in a rhopalodiacean diatomEpithemia turgida and the transcriptomic data of the host(diatom) cell, aiming for modeling ‘bacterium-eukaryote’ endo-symbioses, which gave rise to mitochondria and plastids.Secondly, we introduce our study based on both genomic andtranscriptomic data from novel dinoflagellates bearing the greenalga-derived plastids enclosed with vestigial nuclei, which maycorrespond to the intermediate state of the process transforminga endosymbiotic eukaryotic alga into the plastid.


WS3-3

KAWABE, Akira1, YOSHIDA, Takanori1 (1Faclt. LifeSci.s, Kyoto Sangyo Univ.)

Importance of Gene Duplication in the Evolution of the Type IMADS-Box Gene Family in Arabidopsis species

Genomic imprinting is a phenomenon where one of alleles fromeither parent is expressed regardless of their identical sequences.Imprinted genes are known to evolve faster. The rapid evolutionwas considered as a result of arms race caused by parentalconflict. We analyzed the effect of genomic imprinting on thepatterns of molecular evolution by using Type I MADS genes inArabidopsis species. There are more gene duplications and fasterevolution in clusters including imprinted genes than in clusterswith non-imprinted homologs. The gene duplication and fasterevolution did not always occurred for imprinted gene butoccurred for paralogous genes of imprinted genes. These resultssuggest that the faster evolution could be caused by geneduplication. The imprinting status might be related to geneduplication but not directly affect faster evolution in the Type IMADS box genes in Arabidopsis species.

WS3-4

NISHIHARA, Hidenori1, KOBAYASHI, Naoki1,OKADA, Norihiro1,2 (1Grad. Sch. BioSci. and BioTech.,Tokyo Inst. Tech., 2Found. for Adv. of Internatl. Sci.)

Evolution of cis-regulatory sequence from transposableelements in mammals

Acquisition of novel cis-regulatory elements is one of theimportant causes for altering gene expression leading tovertebrate morphological evolution. Although the evolutionaryprocess of the cis-regulatory elements is largely unknown, recentstudies revealed a part of transposable elements can be theevolutionary source of enhancers and insulators. We report that awnt5a enhancer, acting in the developing mammalian secondarypalate, is derived from multiple transposable elements. We alsoreport that another SINE-derived conserved sequence is thesatb2 enhancer in callosal projection neurons and revealed theevolutionary process of the enhancer sequence and its function.These results enable us to discuss a longstanding question thathow transposable elements have contributed to the evolution ofclade-specific characteristics.

WS3-5

SATTA, Yoko1 (1Dept. Evolutionary Study of Biosyst.,The Grad. Univ. Adv. Stud. (Sokendai))

Characterization of human genome evolution: Demographichistory of the human

Based on human genome-wide divergence and polymorphismdata, the effective population size (Ne) is estimated along thelineage leading to modern humans. The present-day humanpolymorphism data collected from published papers and thegenotype sequence database of NIEHS (National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences) allow one to estimate theTMRCA (Time back to the Most Recent Common Ancestor) at37 individual loci. Although the average is 1.2 myr (millionyears), similar to a widely accepted estimate (0.8 myr orequivalently (Ne = 104), the distribution is skewed with 19% ofthe loci exhibiting TMRCA > 2myr. This suggests that asignificant reduction in Ne occurred since 1 myr ago. Indeed,large Ne of the order of 105 in the earlier human lineage isstrongly supported by the trans-specific evolution of HLA poly-morphism as well as the available divergence data betweenhumans and non-human primates. It is therefore concluded thathumans had experienced a rather severe Middle-Pleistocenebottleneck.


WS4-1

ITO, Michihiko1 (1Sch. Sci., Kitasato Univ.)

Molecular mechanisms of sex-determining system in Xen-opus laevis and system evolution for sex determination invertebrates

Genetic sex-determining systems include XX/XY- and ZZ/ZW-types in vertebrates including amphibian species. Interestingly,the sex chromosomes are morphologically indistinguishable fromthe autosomes in many species of amphibians, including Africanclawed frog Xenopus laevis. Genetic experiments demonstratedthat the species uses a ZZ/ZW system. We previously isolated afemale genome-specific gene Dm-W as a paralogue of Dmrt1 andidentified a W sex chromosome in X. laevis. Importantly,phenotypic analysis of transgenic individuals bearing a Dm-W-expression or -knockdown vector indicated that Dm-W can be afemale sex-determining gene. In this workshop, I will talk aboutthe Dm-W gene regarding its function in sex determination andovary formation, and about the recent findings of gonadaldevelopment after sex determination. Next, I will discuss sex-determining systems during vertebrate evolution. Finally, I willpropose a coevolution model, in which specialized sex chromo-somes could stabilize a particular sex-determining gene orundifferentiated sex chromosomes could allow a variety of sex-determining genes to emerge.

WS4-2

OCHI, Haruki1 (1Faclt. Med., Yamagata Univ.)

Gene expression dynamics in the artificially genome dupli-cated vertebrate embryo

It is widely accepted that two rounds of whole-genome duplica-tions (WGDs) occurred in the stem lineage of extant modernvertebrates, followed by a third round in the teleoset lineage.These WGD events have provided many duplicated gene pairsfrom the set of ancestral genes and also many duplicated cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Many studies have suggested thatevolution of genes and CREs after these WGD events hascontributed to morphological innovations in vertebrates.Although the significance of WGDs for vertebrate evolution hasextensively been recognized, we still do not know what happenedimmediately after the WGD. To investigate the impact of theWGD on vertebrate evolution, we used an artificially genomeduplicated vertebrate embryo of Xenopus tropicalis, a diploidfrog. This provided us with the unique opportunity to study theartificial WGD. Late cold shock gynogenesis in X. tropicalisprevents the first mitotic cell division and creates an artificialtetraploid embryo. Gene expression profiling using next-gener-ation sequencing is currently underway to examine the effect ofthe WGD on vertebrate developmental genes.

WS4-3

SUZUKI, Ken-ichi T1 (1Grad. Sch. Sci., HiroshimaUniv.)

Regeneration and metamorphosis research using genomeediting and transgenic techniques in Xenopus

Researchers have been inspired by the drastic morphologicalchanges that occur during metamorphosis and regeneration inamphibians. However, conventional techniques limited us toperform functional analysis of target genes in the post-embryonicevents. Recent advances in genetic engineering have facilitatedreverse genetics research targeting genes of interest in amphib-ians. Convenient and efficient transgenic techniques permit us tovisualize dynamics of gene expression and cell differentiation invivo through fluorescence reporter genes such as GFP. Genomeediting using programmable nucleases enables the performanceof not only knock-out of genes of interest, but also knock-in ofgenes into particular target genomic loci, which was neverpreviously possible in amphibians. Here, we will introduce recentstudies regarding regeneration and metamorphosis using genomeediting and transgenic techniques in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus(Silurana) tropicalis.

WS4-4

HAYASHI, Toshinori1, MYOUGA, Ayumi1,SAKAMOTO, Kosuke1, YOKOTANI, Naoki1, SAKUMA,Testushi2, INOUE, Takeshi3, KAWAGUCHI, Eri3,AGATA, Kiyokazu3, YAMAMOTO, Takashi2,TAKEUCHI, Takashi1 (1Dept. Biomedical Sci.s, Sch.Life Sci.s, Faclt. Med., Tottori Univ., 2Dept. Math. LifeSci.s, Grad. Sch. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., 3Dept.Biophysics, Grad. Sch. Sci., Kyoto Univ.)

Genome editing is a powerful tool for studies in newt cardiacregeneration

Urodele amphibian newts have the remarkable capability oforgan regeneration, and have been used as a unique experimen-tal model. Newts can regenerate various body parts such aslimbs, optical tissues, brain, spinal cord, and even the heart. Inorder to elucidate the mechanisms of the cardiac regeneration, wedeveloped a system for genome editing using newts. Here weshow Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) has outstandingproperties as a model newts. We have confirmed that P. waltlspawned fertilized eggs all year around in the laboratory. Eachfemale laid more than 150 eggs per spawning and they spawnedevery 2-4 weeks. We developed methods for artificial insemina-tion and I-SceI mediated transgenesis. Using these methods, wealso established a procedure for inducible Cre-loxP system toobtain cardiomyocyte specific gene manipulation. Moreover, werevealed that TALENs efficiently worked by microinjection intothe fertilized eggs. This experimental model system would bevery powerful to study the molecular mechanisms of regener-ation. In addition, P. waltl newts would represent valuableexperimental models for studies involving early development,stem cells, and reprogramming.


WS4-5

NAKAYAMA, Takuya1, NAKAJIMA, Keisuke2,FISHER, Marilyn1, YAOITA, Yoshio2, GRAINGER,Robert M1 (1Dept. Biol., Univ. Virginia, 2Grad. Sch.Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)

TALEN- and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of pax6and six3 genes for studying eye and brain development inXenopus tropicalis

Pax6 and Six3 are transcription factors essential for forebrainand eye-field development. Human mutations in PAX6 causeaniridia, resulting in multiple eye, brain and pancreas deficits.Mutations in the homeodomain of SIX3 are known to causeholoprosencephaly (HPE) with a number of serious brain deficits.While mouse mutants have been used as models of these humandiseases, Xenopus mutants would be far more suitable forstudying early embryonic gene regulatory interactions andpatterning to understand the underpinnings of both developmentand disease. Here we performed targeted mutagenesis of pax6 byTALEN and six3 by CRISPR/Cas9, creating loss-of-functionmutants in both genes in X. tropicalis. Compound heterozygouspax6 F1 animals showed a consistent phenotype, namely, the lensis lost, the retina is malformed, and embryos have specific brainand pancreas abnormalities correlating with the abnormalitiesassociated with the human aniridia syndrome. Similarly, whentargeting the six3 gene, we also observed expected eye and brainphenotypes consistent with HPE, suggesting that the phenotypesare due to on-target mutations and not off-target effects.

WS5-1

OHTA, Kunihiro1 (1Dept. Life Sci.s, The Univ. Tokyo)

The outcome of multiple DNA double strand formation inmitotic cells

DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in the cell are highlyrecombinogenic and often lead to various types of geneticrearrangements, such as chromosomal translocations, deletions,mutations, and copy number variations. To investigate theimpact and consequence of multiple DSBs introduced at numer-ous sites in chromosomal DNA, we introduce thermo-stablerestriction endonucleases into living yeast cells. Upon transientactivation of nucleases, cells are subjected to suffer multipleDSBs. Genome-wide deep sequencing reveals that such multipleDSBs result in formation of various types of genome rearrange-ments as well as mutagenesis. These results suggest that repairof multiple DSBs in mitotic cells, unlike in meiotic cells, tends toperturb genomic organization more easily

WS5-2

NAKAGAWA, Takuro1 (1Lab. Mol. Genet., Dept. Biol.Sci., Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)

Molecular mechanism of gross chromosomal rearrangementsin centromere

Recombination between homologous DNA can cause deleteriousoutcomes. In many eukaryotes, centromere contains DNA repeatsand suffers gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) such asisochromosome formation. Previously, we found in fission yeastthat a deletion of Rad51 increases the chance of the isochromo-some formation. However, the molecular mechanisms of thecentromere GCR remain unclear. Here, we found that Rad51 isessential for gene conversion between DNA repeats especially incentromere, suggesting that Rad51 suppresses the centromereGCR by promoting the conservative type of recombination. Amutation in DNA Pol1 allowed Rad52-dependent recombinationin the rad51D mutant. The rad52 mutation that impairs single-strand annealing (SSA), rad52-R45K, decreased the recombina-tion rate in the pol1 rad51D mutant, and it partially decreasedthe rate of the isochromosome formation in the rad51D mutant.These data suggest that Rad52-mediated SSA is the one of themechanisms that cause GCR in centromere, and that it issuppressed in centromere probably through the regulation ofreplication elongation.


WS5-3

KANOH, Junko1 (1Inst. Prot. Res., Osaka Univ.)

Novel functions of subtelomere

Telomere, the structure at a chromosome end, plays importantroles in chromosome integrity, timing control of cell senescence,and progression of mitosis and meiosis. On the other hand,physiological functions of subtelomere located adjacent to thetelomere remain largely unknown. In order to investigate thefunctions of subtelomere, we constructed the S. pombe strain (SDmutant) in which subtelomere common sequences were com-pletely deleted. The SD mutant could grow normally as the wild-type; however, heterochromatin was newly formed at thesubtelomere-adjacent region and the gene expressions wererepressed. Furthermore, the cell viability after the telomerasedeletion became abnormal in the absence of subtelomeres.

WS5-4

SASAKI, Mariko1, SAKA, Kimiko1, KOBAYASHI,Takehiko1 (1Div. Cytogenetics, Natl. Inst. Genet.)

Mechanisms by which the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ctf4protein prevents rDNA hyper-amplification

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) locusexperiences replication fork arrest programmed by a Fob1protein. Due to the repetitive nature of this locus, the failuresto respond properly to replication fork blockage will lead toexpansion or contraction of rDNA arrays. We have conducted agenome-wide screen that examined the size of the rDNA array ineach mutant in the yeast knockout collection. We discovered thatdeletion of the CTF4 gene, encoding a protein required forefficient DNA replication, causes rDNA hyper-amplification in aFOB1-dependent manner. Ctf4 protein may promote efficientrepair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) resulted from Fob1-mediated fork arrest, as DSBs are detected at a higher level inthe ctf4 mutant. Furthermore, the ctf4 mutant undergoes rDNAexpansion at an average rate of ~10?30 copies per division,indicating that DSB repair is accompanied with hyper-amplifi-cation of rDNA copies. In this presentation, we will discuss ourmodel on the mechanisms that lead to rDNA hyper-amplificationin the absence of the Ctf4 protein.

WS5-5

TERASAWA, Masahiro1, SHINOHARA, Miki1 (1Inst.Prot. Res., Osaka Univ.)

Canonical Non-homologous End Joining on Mitotic Chromo-some Induces Genome Instability and is Suppressed byXRCC4 through M-phase Specific Phosphorylation by CDKand PLK1

DNA double-strand break (DSB) can be repaired by one of twomajor pathways, namely non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)and homologous recombination (HR), depending on whether cellsare in G1 or S/G2 phase, respectively. However, the mechanismsof DSB repair during M phase remain unclear. Here wedemonstrate that transient treatment of M-phase cells withetoposide introduced DSBs that were often associated withanaphase bridge formation and genome instability like asdicentric chromosomes. Although most of the DSBs carried overinto the subsequent G1 phase, some DSBs were repaired in Mphase. Both repair pathways, especially NHEJ, promoted genomeinstability, but CtIP suppressed anaphase-bridge formation,suggesting that CtIP-mediated alternative-NHEJ was responsi-ble for proper repair of mitotic DSBs. We also showed that Mphase-specific CDK- as well as Plk1-dependent phosphorylationof XRCC4 is involved in the suppression of genome instabilityduring M phase. Taken together, our results indicate that XRCC4is required not only for the promotion of NHEJ in interphase butalso for its cell-cycle specific suppression to maintain genomehomeostasis.


WS6-1

IWASAKI, Hiroki1, ABE, Takashi2, WADA, Yoshiko1,WADA, Kennosuke1, IKEMURA, Toshimichi1 (1Dept.BioSci., Nagahama Inst. Bio-Sci. Tech., 2InformationEngineering, Niigata Univ.)

Unsupervised data mining suitable for evolutionary andgenomic studies in the era of big data

Unsupervised data mining capable of extracting a wide range ofknowledge from big data without prior knowledge or particularmodels is well-timed in an era of big sequence data accumulationfor genome studies. By handling oligonucleotide compositions ashigh-dimensional data, we modified the conventional SOM forgenome informatics “BLSOM”, which can analyze more than tenmillion sequences simultaneously. Oligonucleotides often repre-sent motif sequences responsible for protein binding (e.g. tran-scription factor binding), and occurrences of such functionallyimportant oligonucleotides should differ among genomic portionsand be characteristically biased. BLSOM analyzing pentanucleo-tide composition in 100-kb sequences from the human genomerevealed several specific zones, which are evidently enriched byvarieties of transcription-factor-binding motifs and CG-contain-ing pentanucleotides and are composed primarily of sequencesfrom pericentric regions. Their evident enrichment in pericentricregions is discussed in connection with cell-type and stage-dependent formation of condensed heterochromatin in “chromo-center” formed through association of plural chromosomes’pericentric regions.

WS6-2

GONDO, Yoichi1 (1RIKEN BioRes. Cent.)

Experimental population genetics based on de novo mutationdiscovery by NGS

Conventionally, mutagenesis studies needed some tools likebalancer chromosomes and/or mutagens. NGS has allowed us tocomprehensively and directly detect de novo mutations in thegenome. We designed a mating scheme to accumulate mutationswith a small inbreeding coefficient without balancers and haveindeed started to accumulate and detect spontaneous mutationsin the mouse. The analyses in human trios have given themutation rate of 10-8/bp/generation. If the estimated rate isequivalent to the mouse, each gamete carries 30 de novomutations and a total of 60 mutations are newly transmitted tothe next generation through the zygote on average. Under thecondition of the inbreeding coefficient to be zero, a total of 300 denovo mutations are accumulated after 5 generations if there areno selections. This experimental mutagenesis scheme is univer-sally applicable to any species of sexual reproduction.

WS6-3

SAKUMI, Kunihiko1,2, OHNO, Mizuki3, FUKUMURA,Ryutaro4, GONDO, Yoichi4, IWASAKI, Yuki5,IKEMURA, Toshimichi5, TSUZUKI, Teruhisa3,NAKABEPPU, Yusaku1,2 (1Div. NeurofunctionalGenomics, Med. Inst. Bioregulation, Kyushu Univ.,2Res. Cent. for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu Univ., 3Dept.Med. Biophysics and Radiation Biol., Faclt. Med. Sci.,Kyushu Univ., 4Mutagenesis and Genomics Team,RIKEN BioRes. Cent., 5Dept. Computer BioSci.,Nagahama Inst. Bio-Sci. Tech.)

Analysis of genetic events observed in the oxidative DNAdamage repair-deficient mice

Spontaneous germline mutations generate genetic diversity inpopulations of sexually reproductive organisms, and are thusregarded as a driving force of evolution. However, the cause andmechanism remain unclear. Using Mth1/Ogg1/Mutyh tripleknockout mice which accumulate 8-oxoG in the nuclear DNA ofgonadal cells, we found that endogenous 8-oxoG caused de novospontaneous and heritable G to T mutations in mice, whichoccurred at different stages in the germ cell lineage. The geneticbackground-controlled mutator mouse strain and well-controlledmating plan were essential for the analysis, which is difficult forthe experiments with human materials. We will discuss thepotential of this method to elucidate germline mutations ofmammals. By comparing the germline mutation observed in micewith those of human reported in the published papers, we mightdiscuss about the germline mutation and evolution of humanbeing.

WS6-4

UCHIMURA, Arikuni1, HIGUCHI, Mayumi1,MINAKUCHI, Yohei2, NISHINO, Jo3, TOYODA,Atushi2, FUJIYAMA, Asao2, MIURA, Ikuo4,WAKANA, Shigaharu4, TAKESHI, Yagi1 (1Grad. Sch.Front. BioSci., Osaka Univ., 2Comparative GenomicsLab., Natl. Inst. Genet., 3The Inst. StatisticalMathematics, 4Tech. and Dev. Team for MousePhenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKENBioRes. Cent.)

The estimation of per generation mutation rate and its effectsby using long-term breeding mouse lines

Germline mutation rate is important to understand geneticvariation and evolutionary speed. However, the germline muta-tion rate of laboratory mice, the most widely used mammalianmodel, is currently unknown. Here, we used whole genomesequencing of laboratory mouse lines bred for more than 20generations and estimated the substitution mutation rate to beabout a half of known mutation rates in human and chimpanzee.To determine the effect of high germline mutation rates inmammals, we established mouse mutator lines, which exhibitedincreased rates of DNA replication errors, and a 17-fold increasedrate of mutation compared to wild-type mice. After breeding themutant mice for several generations, we observed many pheno-typic variations, and substantially reduced reproductive rates,leading to the extinction of many of the lines. These findingsindicate the existence of a maximum tolerated mutation rate thatwould be important to assess a future risk of human germlinemutation rate. Our experimental mouse evolution model mightprovide a new approach to understand mammalian evolutionprocess and the physiological functions of mutations.


WS6-5

NISHINO, Jo1, UCHIMURA, Arikuni2 (1Dept.Mathematical Analysis and Statistical Inference, TheInst. Statistical Mathematics, 2Grad. Sch. Front.BioSci., Osaka Univ.)

Analysis of a quantitative trait in long-term mutator mouse

A newly arisen mutation generally have only a small effect onquantitative traits and the rate of mutation per generation is alsovery low. Thus, especially in mammals, it is not easy even toknow the schematic view of effect of newly arisen mutations onquantitative traits since it needs long-term breeding experiment.Homozygous Pold1exo/exo mice (mutator mice) have been provento have a 17-fold increased mutation rate compared to wild mice.We have already bred the mutator and wild lines of mice for morethan 20 generations. Those mice should be useful in studying theeffect of mutation on quantitative traits. Here, we reported thatin the mutator line the mutational variance, which is addedgenetic variance due to mutations per generation, was elevated inthe same order as the mutation rate.

WS6-6

OHTA, Tomoko1 (1Div. Evolutionary Genet.)

Genotype to phenotype link and near neutrality in evolution

Incorporation of recent knowledge on genotype to phenotype link,i.e., epigenetics, into evolutionary theory is needed. In organ-ismal development, not only transcription factor-DNA binding forgene expression, but also numerous interacting processes such asDNA methylation and histone modifications work. Phenotypereflects all such mechanisms and resulting systems are oftenrobust and plastic. Here self-organizing property may also beimportant. Effects of individual mutations are often very smalland become nearly neutral.

WS7-1

ICHIYANAGI, Kenji1 (1Div. Epigenomics and Dev.,Med. Inst. Bioregulation, Kyushu Univ.)

Epigenetic regulation and functions of SINE retrotranspo-sons

The mouse genome contains about 1.5 million copies of SINEretrotransposons. These SINEs are highly enriched in gene-richgenomic domains. We studied the expression and DNA methyl-ation levels of the currently active B2 SINE. Its expression washigher in testis than other somatic tissues, whereas DNAmethylation levels of >50 individual copies did not significantlydiffer between liver, spermatogenic cells, and spermatozoa,suggesting methylation-independent transcriptional regulation.Indeed, mutants deficient in DNA methylation did not showincrease in B2 expression. Interestingly, one of the analyzed B2copies constituted a boundary between hyper- and hypo-methy-lated domains, whereas a mouse strain that lacks the copy lackedthe boundary. Moreover, this copy also formed a chromatinboundary for histone H3 acetylation, and affected the expressionlevel of its neighboring gene. Our ChIP-seq data also revealedsome other B2 copies that form a boundary between hyper- andhypo-acetylated domains. Our results suggest that B2 SINEserves as a transposable chromatin boundary, which affects thehost epigenome during the ongoing rodent evolution.

WS7-2

IWASAKI, Yuka W1, HIRANO, Takamasa1, LIN,Zachary Yu-Ching2, IMAMURA, Masanori2,3, SEKI,Naomi1,4, SASAKI, Erika2,5, SAITO, Kuniaki1,OKANO, Hideyuki2, SIOMI, Mikiko C4, SIOMI,Haruhiko1 (1Dept. Molec. Biol., Keio Univ. Sch. Med.,2Dept. Physiology, Keio Univ. Sch. Med., 3Primateresearch Inst., Kyoto Univ., 4Grad. Sch. Sci., The Univ.Tokyo, 5Central Institute for Experimental Animals)

Characterization of transposable element regulating smallRNAs in the adult testes of the common marmoset

Understanding the extent of small RNA-mediated regulation ofgene expression is a key to reveal the specific characteristic ofreproductive tissues. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) interactwith PIWI proteins, which are expressed mainly in reproductivetissues, and silence transposable elements and other geneticelements. However, detailed genome-wide investigations of smallRNA complexity in primates still remains to be revealed. Here,using RNA-seq and small RNA-seq data, we performed compre-hensive analysis of total small RNA population expressed in thetestes of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The analysisidentified the major population of small RNAs in marmoset testesconsists of piRNAs. To further analyze the piRNA population, weraised the antibody for commonmarmoset PIWI protein (PIWIL1/MARWI), and performed MARWI-IP-seq. The analysis ofMARWI-bound small RNAs revealed large number ofgenomic regions, where piRNAs are densely mapped (piRNAclusters), and certain population of piRNAs expressed fromtransposable elements. These results suggest that piRNAsplay a critical role to regulate transposable elements inprimate testes.


WS7-3

IWAMOTO, Kazuya1 (1Dept. Molecular Psychiatry,Grad. Sch. Med., The Univ. Tokyo)

Somatic mutations in the brain and mental disorders

Brain cells contain various kinds of somatic mutations such asaneuploidy, chromosomal microdeletion, and dynamics of trans-posons. Although these are observed in the brains of healthyindividuals, the frequency, pattern, and functional significance ofeach somatic mutation remain unknown. Recently, we found theincreased L1 copy number in brains of patients with schizophre-nia. The new insertion seemed to occur in the genes that areimportant for neuronal functions. Increased L1 copy number wasalso confirmed in the animal and cellular models. I will discussthe relationship between somatic mutations in the brain and thepathophysiology of mental disorders.

WS7-4

ONO, Ryuichi1, KITAZAWA, Moe1, IKAWA,Masahito2, KANEKO-ISHINO, Tomoko3, ISHINO,Fumitoshi1 (1Dept. Epigenetics, Med. Res. Inst., TokyoMedical and Dental Univ., 2Res. Inst. Microb. Dis.,Osaka Univ., 3Sch. Health Sci.s, Tokai Univ.)

Evolution of mammalian viviparity by retrotransposon-derived genes

In mammals, parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryos exhibitplacental abnormalities, therefore, cannot develop to term. Thisis because of the presence of essential imprinted genes forplacenta formation. We have demonstrated that a paternallyexpressed imprinted gene, Peg10, plays an essential role forplacental development and is one of the responsible imprintedgenes for parthenogenetic death. Peg10 is highly conserved intherian mammals but absent in monotremes and other verte-brates, suggesting that Peg10 is a placental-mammal specificgene. From amino acid sequence analysis, Peg10 is confirmed tobe a newly inserted gene from a retrotransposon. Peg10 hasCCHC zinc finger domain and DSG protease active site which arecharacteristic for retotransposons. For detailed analysis of Peg10,I produced CCHC mutant mice and DSG mutant mice by usingCRISPR/Cas system. I will introduce recent data about thesenewly produced mice.

WS7-5

MIYAZAWA, Takayuki1 (1Inst. Virus Res., KyotoUniv.)

Endogenous retroviruses and placental diversity


WS9-1

CHADANI, Yuhei1, CHIBA, Shinobu2, ITO, Koreaki2

(1Tokyo Inst. Tech., Grad. Sch. BioSci. and BioTech.,2Kyoto Sangyo Univ., Faclt. Life Sci.)

Analysis of translational arrest in the biosynthesis ofEscherichia coliproteins

Detailed knowledge only recently started to accumulate about theprogression of translation elongation, which is not simply a latentstep. Some nascent polypeptides interact with the ribosomal exittunnel to modulate elongation speed as a means of generegulation. Nascent peptide-dependent fine-tuning of elongationspeed may more generally be operating and may form a feedbackloop with productive maturation/localization events of the newlysynthesized protein. To address this question, we examined thegenerality of the occurrence of translational pause by directlydetecting nascent chain intermediates in the biosynthesis of E.coli proteins. Combined approaches of in vivo pulse-chase label-ing and cell-free translation revealed that the majority of the1,043 proteins examined underwent one or multiple event(s) ofpausing either in vitro, in vivo, or both. Our classification of thepausing events revealed some interesting correlation withsubcellular localization of proteins.

WS9-2

YOSHIDA, Kohta1, ISHIKAWA, Asano1, MAKINO,Takashi2, KITANO, Jun1 (1Ecological Genet. Lab.,Natl. Inst. Genet., 2Grad. Sch. of Life Sci., TohokuUniv.)

Test of link between evolution of heterochromatin-bindingprotein and hybrid sterility in threespine sticklebacks

Hybrid sterility is one of major reproductive barriers betweenclosely related species. Theoretical works predict that hetero-chromatin-binding protein can evolve rapidly and disrupt devel-opment of gonads in a hybrid between species. This prediction issupported in empirical studies of Drosophila and mice but not innatural vertebrates. A species pair of threespine sticklebacks,Gasterosteus aculeatus and Gasterosteus nipponicus, is a greatmodel to test this prediction in a natural vertebrate, because theyare closely related but reproductively isolated by hybrid malesterility in their sympatric habitat. Our previous study identifiedQTL for the hybrid male sterility. We compared the genomicsequences of two species in the QTL regions. Within the QTLregions, we found one candidate gene, which contains chromatin-binding domain and rapidly evolved. Several amino acidsubstitutions arise in the chromatin-binding domain. Our invitro biochemical assay indicated that the G. aculeatus proteinbinds to histone H4K20me3, a heterochromatin mark, but the G.nipponicus protein dose not. We are now testing whether thisfunctional difference affects the testis development in the hybrid.

WS9-3

NAKATA, Tomohiro1, ADUMA, Nana2, IZUMI,Hiroe3, KUROIWA, Asato2,3 (1Grad. Sch. Bioagr. Sci.,Nagoya Univ., 2Grad. Sch. Life Sci., Hokkaido Univ.,3Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ.)

Analysis of cHEMGN involved in chicken-specific sex-determining mechanisms

In birds, a sex is genetically determined. The molecularmechanisms of sex-determining have been unclear. In mammals,hemogen is known as a transcription factor which regulatesproliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Weshowed that chicken homolog of hemogen (cHEMGN) wasexpressed in early embryonic gonads of males during gonadal-differentiation. The cHEMGN was expressed in nuclei of Sertolicells within gonads of males. An increase in cHEMGN expressionwas detected in masculinized ZW gonads by treatment ofaromatase inhibitor, suggesting that the gene associated withtestis differentiation. Furthermore, ZW embryos overexpressingcHEMGN, generated by infection with retrovirus carryingcHEMGN, showed masculinized gonads with a male-like mor-phology characterized by a dense medulla, upregulation of SOX9expression, and male-like (interior) distribution of germ cells.These findings indicate that cHEMGN functions in molecularcascade before SOX9 as a transcription factor in (pre)Sertoli cellsafter the sex determination, and cHEMGN is involved in chicken-specific mechanisms of sex determination.

WS9-4

ITO, Tomoya1, TAKAHASHI, Nobuaki2, KATO,Kenta2, MORI, Yasuo2, AIZAWA, Yasunori3 (1Grad.Sch. BioSci. and BioTech., Tokyo Inst. Tech., 2Lab.Mol. Biol., Dept. Synthetic Chem. and BiologicalChem., Grad. Sch. Eng., Kyoto Univ., 3Center for Biol.Resources and Inform., Tokyo Inst. Tech.)

Functional characterization of OGU1 protein discovered fromtranscripts of unknown function


WS10-1

ITAYA, Mitsuhiro1 (1Inst. Adv. BioSci.s, Keio Univ.)

Our scenarios to produce cells with fully synthesized genomes

All the cell possess their own genome DNA whose sequence arerapidly determined at lower cost than before. In contrast toregular studies on the existing genomes and related genenetworks, novel seamless technologies are needed to constructdesigned giant DNA, synthesized genomes, and finally activatethem in cells in synthetic biology meanings. Along with thechallenges, we have long developed a unique system that allowsany manipulation of giant DNA molecules based on Bacillussubtilis, instead of E. coli or yeast. I would like not only to recapour system but also present our scenarios and on-going works onproduction of cells with synthesized genomes.

WS10-2

YAMAZAKI, Ken-ichi1, SAITO, Kensuke1 (1Lab of EnvMol Biol, Grad Sch of Env Earth Sci, Hokkaido Univ)

BioBrick-Based “Quick Gene Assembly” in Vitro

We succeeded in making a BioBrick-based novel assemblymethod that allows us to assemble 5 to 8 BioBricks in vitro,and named it as “Quick Gene Assembly”. Time required forfinishing sequential fusion of 5-8 BioBricks in vitro, amplificationof DNA fragment that contains all fused parts by PCR, andcircularization of it with plasmid vector DNA is just for two days.We believe that the method can be a best “rational protocol forgene construction” at the present time, and also the method canbe one of the best candidates for making an automatic system innear future.

WS10-3

KIGA, Daisuke1,2 (1Dept. computational intelligenceand systems Sci., Tokyo Inst. Tech., 2Earth-Life Sci.Inst., Tokyo Inst. Tech.)

Construction of artificial genetic network based on mathe-matical modeling

WS10-4

MINEI, Ryuhei1, HARAGUCHI, Daiki1, OTAKI,Yoshiharu1, SAITOU, Naoki1, MORIYAMA, Takuto1,OOTUBO, Takuho1 (1Nagahama Inst. Bio-Sci. Tech.)

Bilding of heavy metal salvage system using E.coli’s outermembrane display protein

Cadmium is a heavy metal very harmful to many species oforganisms. The pollution of cadmium brings a serious problem forhuman. For example, ‘itai-itai’ disease in Japan was caused bycadmium poisoning. Nagahama, where our institute is located, isnear to Biwa Lake and one of famous rice fields in Japan. If therice field contains some level of cadmium, harvested rice grainshould contain cadmium.For our safe, the cadmium in rice field must be removed. For thispurpose, we have planned to collect the cadmium efficiently withthe recombinant E. coli (Catching E. coli). Catching E. coli trapscadmium on the outer membrane. This E. coli produces outermembrane protein (Ag43) fused with the heavy metal bindingprotein (metallothionein).In doing so, cadmium will be caught and released without killingE. coli itself. But E. coli was going away from cadmium that wasproven by our experiment.We had an idea to use chemotaxis factor to go toward cadmium.So we created another kind of recombinant E. coli(Gathering E.coli) that produces aspartic acid, which is a positive chemotaxisfactor for E. coli. Therefor, both E. coli were gathered to thecadmium spot. We characterized the Gathering E. coli whether ornot this E. coli synthesizes aspartic acid and releases in themedia in the presence of cadmium ion.


WS10-5

TAKAHASHI, Naoto, SHINOHARA, Riku1 (1Dept.BioSci. and BioTech., Tokyo Inst. Tech.)

Controlling the accumulation and the release of a substanceby using the cell-cell communication and modeling

This year, our team Tokyo_Tech designed Escherichia coli whichcan act like a bank. As everybody knows, bank is a place wherewe deposit and withdraw money. In order to mimic this system,we made E. coli accumulate and excrete phosphate just like whatbank does with money. This “Bank E. coli” enables you to depositand withdraw phosphate any time you like. Additionally, bankhas another function as a central bank, which controls theamount of money in the market. We designed a system consistedof three kinds of E. coli: imitating bank, company and customer.In this system, they exchange signal molecules as currency. Byusing the cell-cell communication, we are trying to make our“Bank E. coli” work as a signal molecule stabilizer like a centralbank.

WS10-6

MORIYAMA, Akihiro1, OUTI, Ryo1, HASEGAWA,Takema1 (1Dept. Applied Biol. Sci., Univ. Gifu)

Manufacture of the cyclic mRNA using self splicing mecha-nism and the application

In vivo, proteins are synthesized in transcription and translation.Generally, mRNA is single-strand RNA and starts translation bybinding ribosome on start codon. And then the translation endsby separating ribosome from mRNA. In this study, we aim tobuild the method of synthesizing long-chain, massive proteinsand to improve translation efficiency. That is, circular mRNAallows ribosomes to have a semi-permanent translation mecha-nism and improves a defect of stop codon. To cyclize mRNA, wecan use a splicing mechanism of T4 phage. Splicing is amechanism removing circular intron which doesn’t code forproteins and joining in exon which codes for ones. It occurs aftertranscription. Splicing is catalyzed by several base sequences ofthe ends of introns as a ribozyme, being subjected to nucleophilicattack from intron to exon. So we will introduce the plasmidwhich places the sequence of the end of intron as a splicingribozyme on the end of a gene coding for proteins into E. coli, andcyclize mRNA for synthesis of long-chain, massive proteins.

WS10-7

UEKI, Akihiro1, NAKAHIRA, Orika1, SHIMMORI,Yuka1, OTSUKA, Natsumi1, INOUE, Akari1, SAKAI,Erika1, IZUMIDA, Kotone1 (1Tokyo MetropolitanUniv.)

Genomic Pythagorean Devices

In the iGEM, most teams have inserted their Biobrick parts ordevices into plasmids and have used them. It is true that thereare many good points to use plasmids, for instance, it is easy to dotransformation, and it is convenient to use high copy plasmidwhen you want to get high amount of gene expression. However,there are some bad points to use plasmids too. For example, whenthe reproduction starting point of plural plasmids are covered,they can’t be put in E.coli at the same time. Also it is difficult tocontrol closely expression of the genes which are in .plasmids.Therefore, in this year, our team tried to establish and stand-ardize a new method to insert Biobrick parts or devices in agenome of E.coli and use them. Also, according to this method, wereally inserted the device which we designed in a genome of E.coliand functionalized it.

WS10-8

SHIMIZU, Toshiro1, MATSUMOTO, Sora1,NAKAMURA, Motoharu1, SUKEGAWA, Momoe1,YAMAURA, Mizuki1, HONDA, Shinnosuke1, HANN,Baku1 (1Kyoto Univ.)

Investigation of the biosynthetic pathway of a crowdformation chemical substance, DMS-Rain_ye_ coli-

Generating cloud. This is our project aim. You might think we aredreaming, but, we found a clue in some scientists’ words. Inwetlands or sea, specific marine bacteria and coral producedimethyl sulfide (DMS), which becomes a Cloud CondensationNuclei (CCN), we thought we could produce cloud by creating E.coli synthesizing DMS. So our project is DMS (dimethylsulfide)synthesis in vivo. We call this E. coli “Amefurashi Daityoukinn”.Although the existing researches have already lined up thecandidate genes of a DMS biosynthesis pathway, most of theirfunctions have not examined yet. Therefore, we tried to examinethem by constructing a biosynthetic pathway of DMS in E. coli byintroducing genes from Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Ruegeriapomeroyi. We used DMS detecting tube and High PerformanceLiquid Chromatography (HPLC) to detect products of eachreaction in the DMS biosynthesis pathway. We could find thatthe gene involved in the first step of producing DMS couldfunction. In the future, we will check whether the other genes canfunction. This work can give us a solution for environmentalproblems.


WS10-9

MATSUMURA, Naoya1, iGEM HokkaidoU Members2

(1Sch. Med., Hokkaido Univ., 2Yamazaki Lab., Faclt.Env. Earth, Hokkaido Univ.)

A challenge of iGEM HokkaidoU 2013 ~Maestro E. coli~

WS10-10

IKUTA, Haruka1, MIYATA, Toshikazu2 (1Grad. Sch.and Sch. Pharmaceutical Sci.s, Osaka Univ., 2Dept.Biol., Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)

Genetically Engineered Machine Receiving and Respondingto the Light

Optogenetics is a technology that induces a biological activity ofspecific cells by introducing genes of photosensitive proteins.Channel rhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has mostly been used as anoptogenetic tool among the membrane proteins to control theactivity of nerve cells, whereas light-oxygen-voltage-sensing(LOV) proteins have been used to control the biochemicalreactions in the cytosol. Aureochrome (AUREO) contains a basicleucine zipper (bZIP) domain and a LOV domain. AUREO1 ismonomeric in the dark state and forms a dimer upon blue lightillumination. The bZIP-LOV region of AUREO1 functions as aphoto-zipper module (PZ). We attempted to make a new celldevice using PZ, and fused the PZ gene with N- (mChN) or C-terminal sides (mChC) of the mCherry gene. We are planning toexpress both mChN-PZ and mChC-PZ proteins in E. coli cells.When PZ form a dimer upon blue light illumination, mCherryprotein will be reconstituted from mChN and mChC (bimolecularfluorescence complementation, BiFC) and E. coli cells will changetheir color to red. It may be a cell memory system for blue lightinformation.

WS10-11

IRIE, Yoichi1, NISHIURA, Manabu5, NAKAYAMA,Yuto2, TAKEMURA, Hajime3, TSUKADA, Keisuke4

(1The College of Arts and Sciences, The Univ. Tokyo,2Dept. Electrical Eng. and BioSci., Sch. Advanced Sci.Eng., Waseda Univ., 3Faclt. Pharmaceutical, TheUniv. Tokyo, 4Dept. Biophysics and Biochem., Sch.Sci., The Univ. Tokyo, 5The College of Arts and Sci.s,The Univ. Tokyo)

Making the multicellular analog clock with Escherichia coli


WS11-1

HIJIKATA, Atsushi1, OHARA, Osamu2,3 (1NagahamaInst. Bio-Sci. Tech., 2Kazusa DNA Res. Inst., 3RIKEN)

Structural bioinformatics in human genetic diseases

The recent progress in high-throughput DNA sequencing tech-nologies enables us to access a huge amount of the genomic datanot only from model organisms but also from human individuals.One of the biggest challenges in genetics is obviously to under-stand how the genetic variations contribute to the diversificationamong species or between human individuals at molecular level.We have focused on the genetic variations related to inheriteddiseases in humans, and recently developed an integratedanalytical platform, named Mutation@A Glance, which makes itpossible to analyze the functional impacts of the genetic variantson the genes and its products. In this workshop, we will introducethe functionalities of Mutation@A Glance in the analysis of thegenetic variations. We will also demonstrate how the proteinthree-dimensional structures are useful to analyze the functionalimpacts of the genetic variations especially missense mutationsand to gain insights into the genotype-phenotype correlations.

WS11-2

WATABE, Teruaki1, KISHINO, Hirohisa2 (1Center ofMed. Inform. Sci., Kochi Univ., 2Grad. Sch. Agr. andLife Sci., Univ. Tokyo)

Spatiotemporal distribution of selection pressure on theinfluenza hemagglutinin protein

We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model that detects thespatial distribution of selection pressure on a protein, which wasexpressed by the substitution rate ratio of non-synonymous tosynonymous substitutions in the DNA sequence. The three-dimensional protein structure is considered in the model wherethe Potts model describes the prior distribution of spatialaggregation of selection pressure. The strength and range ofspatial clustering are estimated by maximizing the marginallikelihood, which was calculated by “thermodynamic integration.”We applied the method to historical data on the influenzahemagglutinin (HA) protein. The HA protein adapted to theenvironment characterized by the cross-immunity of the hostpopulation, which temporary changed, by substitution in aminoacid sequences. Therefore, the strength and character of selectionpressure on the HA protein may vary depending on the seasonsand the regions. We found that the amino acid residues withhigher substitution rate ratios, representing diversifying selec-tion pressure, overlapped the antigenic sites and the receptor-binding region. Furthermore, the estimated spatial distributionvaried among the seasons.

WS11-3

SHIRAHIGE, Katsuhiko1,2 (1Inst. Molec. Cell. BioSci.s,The Univ. Tokyo, 2CREST)

Transcriptional regulation by cohesin and its loader

Sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) that is mediated by cohesin iscrucial to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. Recentstudies show cohesin and its loader as important players intranscriptional regulation. However, it is still unclear howcohesin and its loader work in the transcriptional regulation.To reveal the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulationmediated by cohesin and its loader, we adopted genomic andbiochemical approach. In genomic approach, we investigated howoverall distribution of active RNA polymerases and interactionbetween promoters and enhancers are affected by mutation incohesin and its loader. In biochemical approach, we appliedretrospective in vitro Pre-initiation complex (PIC) and EarlyElongation Complex (EEC) assembly systems. In this system, weused the biotin-labeled DNA template, which contained 5xGAL4DNA binding motifs, adenovirus late promoter sequence and apart of luciferase gene. After binding of activator protein to thisDNA, PIC and EEC assembly as well as loading of cohesin and itsloader were induced by addition of the nuclear extract. Theprecise model will be presented based on our two approaches.

WS11-4

SHIROTA, Matsuyuki1,2,3, KINOSHITA, Kengo2,3,4

(1Grad. Sch. Med., Tohoku Univ., 2Tohoku MedicalMegabank Organization, Tohoku Univ., 3Grad. Sch.Information Sci., Tohoku Univ., 4Inst. Dev., Aging andCancer, Tohoku Univ.)

Effect of protein structure and genome sequence in variantanalysis

Due to the advancement of sequencing technologies, the genomicsequences of healthy individuals have been sequenced and theyare accumulating in public databases. These data enable us toperform statistical analysis on the variants of rare allelefrequency, e.g. less than 1%, which may not be lethal but havesome effect on individual phenotypes. In this study, we haveanalyzed the patterns of rare variants from the NHLBI exomesequencing project. We observed that rare variants include largerfraction of amino acid changes originating from the dinucleotidechange from CG to TG or CA than common variants do. As aresult of this trend, the number of mutations from arginine,which includes four codons starting with CG, to the other aminoacids far exceeds the mutations from the others to arginine inrare variants. On the other hand, the difference between thenumbers of mutations from and to arginine was markedlydecreased in common variants, which suggests that the majorityof rare variants may not have been under strong selectionpressure. Our result suggests that both chemical nature of DNAsequence and protein structure play important roles in humanvariations.


WS11-5

NISHIMURA, Yoshifumi1 (1Grad. Sch. Med. Life Sci.,Yokohama City Univ.)

Intrinsically disordered proteins related to epigenomics

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) directly binds by its N-terminalchromodomain to the methylated lysine 9 residue of histone H3,an established marker of transcriptionally silenced heterochro-matin. The structural basis of the isolated chromodomain bindingto the metylated histone by its aromatic cage is well described,however the role of intrinsically disordered N-terminal tail justbefore the chromodomain remains elusive. In the case of HP1athe phosphorylated N-terminal tail linked to the chromodomainbinds to the metylated histone stronger than the un-phosphory-lated one. In the fission yeast, assembly of centromeric hetero-chromatin requires the RNAi pathway. In this process, achromodomain protein, Chp1 recruits siRNA-bound RITS tolysine 9 methylated histone H3 via its chromodomain. Thechromodomain and the intrinsically disordered N-terminal tail ofChp1 possesses novel RNA-binding activity that is required forthe assembly of centromeric heterochromatin.

WS12-1

WATADA, Masayoshi1, KATOH, Takahiro1,KAMEYAMA, Hiroto2 (1Grad. Sch. Sci. & Eng.,Ehime Univ., 2Div. Biol. Sci., Univ. California)

New knowledge from the past in population genetics ofDrosophila: Sex ratio of Drosophila bifasciata in Japan

Sex-ratio (SR) phenomenon in Drosophila bifasciata was studiedin 1960s in several localities of Japan, and high frequencies of SRwere observed in Hakkoda and the central of Japan. Now malekilling by Wolbachia has been proved as the cause of thisphenomenon. In this study, we studied SR phenomenon using D.bifasciata females from three mountains (Hakkoda, Daisen andIshizuchi). SR frequencies of the three localities were almost thesame as the data in 1960s, but D. thukubaensis described in 1983was found in no small part in Daisen and Ishizuchi. This resultsuggested that frequencies of SR in the two mountains wereunderestimated in 1960s. Sequencing of mitochondrial (mt) DNAand Wolbachia of D. bifasciata revealed that D. bifasciata withSR trait has different type of mtDNA sequences from those of D.bifasciata without SR trait. The divergence between the twotypes of mtDNA is larger than that of D. bifasciata and D. imaii,the closest species. It is important to clear the universality ofmtDNA divergence in D. bifasciata and the origin ofWolbachia inrelation to SR phenomenon.

WS12-2

MATSUDA, Muneo1 (1Sch. Med., Kyorin Univ.)

Why is recombination of meiotic origin rare in maleDrosophila?

It has been 100 years since Morgan reported the complete linkagein D. melanogaster males, and seventy-five years since malerecombinations in D, ananassae were independently reported byKikkawa and Moriwaki. In 1971, Hiraizumi discovered malerecombination of D. melanogaster (T-007) in spite of its lowfrequency, and many more reports of male recombination havesince been published for other Drosophila species. Such recombi-nants might arise in pre-meiotic mitosis; there are no reports ofmale recombination derived from a meiotic stage in Drosophilaspecies other than D. ananassae and D. willistoni, in whichchiasmata have been observed in primary spermatocytes.Many organisms that are heterozygous for sex chromosomesshow a lower frequency of recombination; this phenomenon isknown as the Halden-Huxley Law(1922, 1928). However, it is stillunknown why differences in recombination frequency are seenbetween the sexes. In this workshop, I consider both themechanism of male recombination and the meaning of the sexdifferences in male recombination frequency.


WS12-3

MATSUO, Takashi1 (1Dept. Agr. and Env. Biol., TheUniv. Tokyo)

Evolution of sexual dimorphism and behavior in Drosophilaprolongata

Sexual dimorphism is often derived from sexual selection. Insexually dimorphic Drosophila species, exaggerated male struc-tures are used for specific behaviors in male-to-male competitionor courtship toward females. In Drosophila prolongata, a memberof the rhopaloa subgroup of the melanogaster species group,males have enlarged forelegs whereas females do not. However,the adaptive role of the enlarged forelegs is unclear because littleis known about the behavior of D. prolongata. The courtshipbehavior of D. prolongata was investigated in comparison withclosely related species. Males of D. prolongata use their forelegsin a specific behavior, leg vibration, in which the male vigorouslyvibrates the female’s abdomen by extending his forelegs from infront of her. Leg vibration was observed immediately before“attempting copulation”, indicating that it has an adaptive role inthe mating process. In contrast, leg vibration was not observed inclosely related species. Because the large forelegs are necessaryto accomplish leg vibration, it was suggested that the sexualdimorphism of D. prolongata forelegs is currently under theinfluence of sexual selection in courtship behavior.

WS12-4

TAKANO, Toshiyuki1, OHSAKO, Takashi2,TOMARU, Masatoshi1 (1Drosophila Genetic ResourceCent., Kyoto Inst. Tech., 2Adv. Tech. Center, KyotoInst. Tech.)

A cross-species comparison of cellular environment for tran-scriptional control

Protein functions are generally thought to be conserved acrosslarge evolutionary distances. By contrast, whether regulatorysequences function in different species background largelyremains to be tested. We previously showed that cellularenvironment differs even between closely related species ofDrosophila that diverged about 0.4 million years ago andsignificantly affects transcription levels (Takahasi et al. 2011).Here, we extend the test to the case of more distantly divergedtaxa and tested whether human regulatory sequences function asan enhancer in Drosophila. We amplified human genomic DNAby PCR, fused to the Drosophila codon-optimized GAL4 gene byusing the Gateway system, and then introduced the resultantfusion gene into the attP40 site by fC31 integrase. Using the invivo enhancer assay, we report that the human fragmentsincluding ultra-conserved elements functioned in Drosophila astissue-specific enhancers of gene expression, especially in braintissue. The transcriptional regulation in brain tissue may bestrongly conserved even between human and fly.

WS12-5

TAMURA, Koichiro1,2, ISOBE, Kotoha2 (1Res. Cent.Genomics and Bioinform., Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.,2Dept. Biol. Sci.s, Tokyo Metro. Univ.)

Phenotypic evolution for environmental adaptation by geneexpression changes

The importance of changes in gene regulatory systems ratherthan structural genes on evolution of phenotypic traits was firstproposed by Ohno (1972) as ‘gene regulation hypothesis.’However, due to difficulty in experimental techniques, theimportance has been little tested experimentally. In this study,we examined the effect of gene expression changes on improvingcold tolerance upon cold acclimation in Drosophila albomicans.Using the RNA-seq, we identified several genes whose expressionlevels were significantly changed during the cold acclimation.Making similar expression changes in D. melanogaster with theaid of GAL4/UAS and GAL4/RNAi systems, we found that an up-regulation of Sdr and a down-regulation of CG14153 had positiveeffects on the improvement of cold tolerance in D. melanogasteras expected in D. albomicans, while the expressions of thesegenes did not change upon the cold acclimation in D. melanogast-er. These results suggested that the genetic mechanisms forimproving the cold tolerance upon cold acclimation have evolvedindependently in the two Drosophila species by employingdifferent genes.


WS13-1

YAMAMOTO, Yoshiharu Y1,2 (1Faclt. Applied Biol.Sci.s, Gifu Univ., 2RIKEN CSRS)

Environmental stresses activating Arabidopsis photoprotec-tive transcriptional responses

High light stress in plants is thought to come from unbalancebetween supply and consume of reduction power at chloroplasts,and the same situation can be achieved under cold or waterdeficient conditions. We have achieved several microarrayanalysis and could classify the complex cold stress response intoseveral groups according to relation to the high light stressresponse. The results were used for prediction of cis-regulatoryelements in the promoter region, in vitro binding assay of cis-elements and trans-factors.

WS13-2

MITSUDA, Nobutaka1 (1Bioproduction Res. Inst.,AIST)

Possible contribution of plant transcription factor study tothe study of redox research

We have long been investigating plant transcription factor anddeveloped novel gene-silencing method for transcription factor,CRES-T, as well as improved semi one-by-one yeast one-/two-hybrid screening system. In CRES-T, strong but very shorttranscriptional repression domain is fused to the C terminal oftranscription factor and the resultant chimeric repressor gene isexpressed in plant. The transgenic plant is expected to show loss-of-function phenotype like (multiple) mutant of the transcriptionfactor. We collected more than 1,600 / 1,000 Arabidopsis / ricecDNA clones of transcription factors, produced transgenic plantsexpressing chimeric repressor of them and collected T2 seeds toisolate CRES-T lines showing stress tolerance and other variouscharacteristics. We also utilized collected Arabidopsis and ricecDNAs of transcription factors for producing artificial yeast one-/two-hybrid library to isolate transcription factors interactingwith specific DNA or protein by high-throughput semi one-by-onescreening. We believe that these resources and technologies couldalso contribute to the study of redox research and would like todiscuss the possibility of outcome.

WS13-3

SUGIURA, Kazunori1,2, NAGAI, Takeharu3, HARA,Satoshi1, YOSHIDA, Keisuke1, HISABORI, Toru1,2

(1Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Insitute ofTechnology, 2JST/CREST, 3The Inst. Scientific andIndustrial Research, Osaka Univ.)

Visualization of intracellular redox status in photosyntheticorganisms

Various regulation and protection systems maintain the intra-cellular conditions in plant cells against change in environmentalconditions such as light, temperature, and humidity. Photo-synthetic organisms often use a part of reducing equivalentsobtained from photosynthetic electron transfer system to thesesystems. This pathway is called redox regulation network and thereduced form thioredoxin in chloroplasts is the key player in thepathway. To study the significance of redox regulation network inplant cells, we visualized the redox changes in various enzymes inchloroplasts by SDS-PAGE followed by thiol-specific maleimidylcompound labelling. We successfully developed a new maleimidylcompounds containing DNA, which is useful to visualize theredox conditions of various proteins in vitro and in vivo. Tomonitor the intracellular redox status, the redox-sensitive GFPvariant, roGFP, is often used. To observe the redox change in thevarious organelle, we intended to develop the multi-color imagingsystem, and recently succeeded to obtain new redox sensorproteins. The advantages and usefulness of these new devices forthe research on redox system will be discussed.

WS13-4

TSUKAGOSHI, Hironaka1,2,3, MABUCHI, Kaho1,SUZUKI, Takamasa4,5, NOMOTO, Mika4, BUSCH,Wolfgang7, TADA, Yasuomi4, HIGASHIYAMA,Tetsuya4,5,6, BENFEY, Philip N8 (1Grad. Sch.Bioagr., Nagoya univ., 2Program for Leading Grad.PhD professional, Nagoya Univ., 3JST PRESTO,4Grad. Sch. Sci. Nagoya Univ., 5JST, ERATO,Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya Univ.,6WPI-ITbM, Nagoya Univ., 7Gregor Mendel Inst.,8Duke Univ.)

The regulation mechanism of root development by ROS

The balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation is akey event for development in multicellular organism. In additionto the plant hormones, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) servedthe important role for regulating the cell fate. The mutant of atranscription regulator, UPBEAT1 (UPB1), exhibited biggermeristem than the wild type. Genome-wide expression profilingcoupled with ChIP-chip analysis revealed that UPB1 directlyregulates the expression of peroxidases that modulate thebalance of ROS between the zones of cell proliferation and thecell elongation. Modulation of either ROS balance or peroxidaseactivity affects the onset of differentiation in a manner consistentwith the postulated UPB1 function.Moreover, we have performed time course microarray using theroot treated by H2O2. From these transcriptome data sets, weidentified RFRT1, a novel ROS responsible transcription factor,played a important role for regulating the cell elongation underROS signaling.In this symposium, we are talking about the importance of ROSfor the regulating the root growth.


WS13-5

TADA, Yasuomi1, NOMOTO, Mika2, OKA, Nodoka2,MOHAN, Rajinikanth3, TSUKAGOSHI, Hironaka4,TOKIZAWA, Mutsutomo5, ONISHI, Yutarou2,YAMAMOTO, Yoshiharu6, DONG, Xinnian3, SPOEL,Steven7 (1Gene Res. Cent., Nagoya Univ., 2Grad. Sch.Sci., Nagoya Univ., 3Dept. Biol., Duke Univ., 4Grad.Sch. Bioagricultural Sci., Nagoya Univ., 5The UnitedGrad. Sch. Agr. Sci., Gifu Univ., 6Faclt. Applied Biol.Sci.s, Gifu Univ., 7Inst. Mole. Plant Sci.s, Univ.Edinburgh)

Redox-sensitive transcription coactivator NPR1 regulatessalicylic acid-induced plant immunity

In plants, the immune signal salicylic acid (SA) mediates diseaseresistance regulated by a master co-activator NPR1, whichinteracts with a wide variety of transcription factors to up- anddown-regulate SA-responsive genes. NPR1 is known as a redoxsensitive transcription regulator and undergoes the conforma-tional changes depending on the cellular redox status induced bySA. Upon SA accumulation, NPR1 forms a tetrameric oligomerthrough the disulfide bonds, and the subsequent reductiveenvironment releases a monomeric NPR1 to express genesencoding senescence-associated and pathogenesis-related (PR)proteins. Then, we measured the cellular redox status with orwithout SA treatment, and found that cellular proteins wereheavily glutathionylated in a SA-dependent manner. Interest-ingly, we found that NPR1 may not actively recognize the freeglutathione but rather senses the levels of glutathionylatedproteins to form an oligomer complex. We confirmed thatglutathionylated cytosolic proteins and bovine serum albumincould oligomerize NPR1 in vitro. We propose here that the levelsof total glutathionylated proteins could set the threshold to or notto activate plant innate immunity.

WS14-1

MATSUNAGA, Mitsuhiro1 (1Osaka University LawSchool)

An example of a class of genetic testing in medicaltechnologists training institutions

I have guided the lecture and practical training of clinical genetictesting in medical technologist training institutions. Since thereweren’t many students who studied the foundation of genetics inhigh school, I had to begin a lesson from the fundamentalcomments of Mendel’s laws, the double helical conformation ofDNA and chromosomes. On that basis, I have performed thelecture about the genetic mutations, the hereditary diseasecancer caused by gene variation and so on.Today’s lecture is about the present condition of human geneticeducation for those who have never studied the biology since highschool. And I will explain briefly about the outline of geneticscreening reported mostly and a recent important judicialprecedent relevant regarding gene.

WS14-2

KAMIYAMA, Makoto1, OHTSUKA, Hiroki2,MATUSE, Ryoichi3 (1Dept. Molec. Genet. andCytogenetics, New Business Div., Health Sci.s Res.Inst., Inc., 2Dept. Genetic Test, Specialized TestingDiv., Health Sci.s Res. Inst. East Japan CO., LTD,3Research and Department Division, Ikagaku CO.,LTD.)

The present conditions and problem of the genetic test whichwere seen from the clinical inspection company

The objects of the genetic test in the field of clinical inspectionincrease, and the use of the inspection spreads rapidly now. Thepast genetic test has been performed mainly on an infectiousdisease and leukemia, but in late years the use to a tumor ispushed forward, and the inspection of the prediction of choice andthe effect of the therapeutic drug in the molecules target therapyhas been put to practical use.It is thought that opportunities using a genetic test increase inmany medical institutions, but it will be thought that theexpansion that I included not only the training and the educationonly for the inspection staff but also a doctor and a paramedic inis necessary for the appropriate use in future.


WS14-3

KOHZAKI, Hidetsugu1,2 (1Kyoto Univ., 2Faclt. AlliedHealth Sci.s, Yamato Univ.)

Problems related to education on human genome for highschool students or younger people and the development ofself-learning software to address the problems and preparefor the national examination for medical technologists

The human genome sequencing was completed in 2003. Theinformation obtained from the whole genome sequencing hascontributed to a variety of scientific fields, including chromosomegenetic testing, genetic tests, and clinical genetics. It has becomeeasier to obtain useful medical information due to the furthertechnological innovation related to ICT and sequencers. In recentyears, mobile terminals have increasingly been used in medicalsettings, particularly as useful tools for the acquisition ofinformed consent. As ICT has also become increasingly importantin the proper management and use of specimens as well as thejudgment of results, a lack of ICT skills may cause medicalmalpractice or accidents. This paper presents knowledge ob-tained from chromosome genetic testing and ICT education.

WS15-1

BANZAWA, Nagako1, SAITO, Shigeru2, TAKAHASHI,Kenji1, KASHIO, Makiko2, TOMINAGA, Makoto2,OHTA, Toshio1 (1Dept. Veterinary Pharmacology,Faclt. Agr., Tottori Univ., 2Devision of Cell Signaling,Okazaki Inst. Integ. Biosci., Natl. Inst. Natural Sci.)

Identification of molecular basis determining inhibition/activation of nociceptive receptor TRPA1 by utilizing speciesdifferences

The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a highlyCa2+ permeable, non-selective cation channel and expressed in asubset of sensory neurons. TRPA1 acts as a cellular sensordetecting variety of stimuli, such as mechanical, chemical andthermal stimulation. Since TRPA1 is regarded to play a keyfunction in nociception and inflammatory pain, many TRPA1antagonists have been developed as analgesic agents. By utilizingspecies differences, we identified the molecular basis of theantagonistic action of oxime-based TRPA1 antagonist (A967079).A967079 showed a unique action on TRPA1 from diversevertebrate species; it acts as an agonist but not as an antagonistfor chicken and frog TRPA1s. By characterizing chimericchannels of human and chicken TRPA1s, as well as pointmutants, we found that single specific amino acid residue locatedwithin the putative fifth transmembrane domain was involved innot only the stimulatory actions of A967079. Our findings onspecies differences in the sensitivity to TRPA1 antagonists supplyuseful information in the search for novel analgesics targetingTRPA1.

WS15-2

SAITOH, Osamu1, ODA, Mai1, KUROGI, Mako1,KUBO, Yoshihiro2 (1Dept. Animal Bio-Sci., NagahamaInst. Bio-Sci. Tech., 2Div. Biophysics and NeuroBiol.,Natl. Inst. Physiological Sci.)

Functional analysis of TRPA1 of zebrafish and pufferfish

As a fish TRPA1 (transient receptor potential A1), two paralogs(zTRPA1a and zTRPA1b) in zebrafish and one ortholog inpufferfish (Takifugu) have been identified. Here, we studied thefunctional difference of these three fish TRPA1s. First, by Ca2+-imaging, we observed that zTRPA1a was more sensitive to threeligands of AITC, oxidized epigallocatechin gallate, and H2O2 thanzTRPA1b, and that caffeine similarly activated both zebrafishTRPA1s. Pufferfish TRPA1 was activated by AITC, caffeine, andH2O2. Next, we examined the thermal sensitivity by electro-physiological analysis of Xenopus oocytes expressing eachTRPA1. Although the endogenous currents induced by cold andhot stimulation were detected in some batches of control oocytes,we observed statistically significant cold and heat-inducedresponses of zTRPA1b. In case of zTRPA1a, a significantactivation was scarcely observed by cold and heat stimulation.It was considered that zTRPA1a and zTRPA1b are specialized forchemical and thermal sensing, respectively. Further, it seemedthat pufferfish TRPA1 is sensitive to chemical and heatstimulation.


WS15-3

SHIOMI, Kunihiro1, SATO, Azusa1, SOKABE,Takaaki2, KASHIO, Makiko2, YASUKOCHI, Yuji3,SUZUKI, Yutaka4, YAMAMOTO, Nozomi5,KUROKAWA, Ken5, TOMINAGA, Makoto2,6 (1Div. ofAppl. Biol., Faclt. Textile Sci. & Tech., Shinshu Univ.,2Div. Cell Signaling, Okazaki Inst. Integ. Biosci. (Natl.Inst. Physiological Sci.), Natl. Inst. Natural Sci., 3Natl.Inst. AgroBiol. Sci., 4Grad. Sch. Front. Sci.s, The Univ.Tokyo, 5Earth-Life Sci. Inst., Tokyo Inst. Tech., 6Dept.Physiological Sci., Grad. Univ. Adv. Stud.)

Embryonic thermosensitive TRPA1 determines transgenera-tional diapause phenotype of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

In the bivoltine strain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, embryonicdiapause is induced transgenerationally as a maternal effect.Progeny diapause is determined by the environmental temper-ature during embryonic development of the mother; however, itsmolecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show thatthe Bombyx TRPA1 ortholog (BmTrpA1) acts as a thermosensi-tive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel that is activatedat temperatures above ~21˚C and affects the induction ofdiapause in progeny. In addition, we show that embryonic RNAiof BmTrpA1 affects diapause hormone release during pupal-adultdevelopment. Furthermore, we screened for genes downstream ofTRPA1 activation by RNA-seq analysis using the TrpA1-knock-down embryos. This is the first study to identify a thermosensi-tive TRP channel that acts as a molecular switch for a relativelylong-term predictive adaptive response by inducing an alter-native phenotype to seasonal polyphenism.

WS15-4

INADA, Hitoshi1,2, PROCKO, Erik2, SOTOMAYOR,Marcos2, GAUDET, Rachelle2 (1Grad. Sch. Med.,Tohoku Univ., 2Dept. Molec. Cell. Biol., HarvardUniv.)

Structural and biochemical analyses of ankyrin repeatdomain related to disease-causing mutations in humanTRPV4 channel

TRPV4 channel plays important roles in osmosensation, mecha-nosensation, cell barrier formation, and bone homeostasis. Recentstudies reported that mutations in TRPV4, including some in itsankyrin repeat domain (ARD), are related to human inheriteddiseases including neuropathies and skeletal dysplasias, prob-ably due to increased constitutive activity of the channel. TRPV4activity is regulated by the binding of calmodulin and smallmolecules such as ATP to the ARD in its cytoplasmic N-terminus.We determined structures of ATP-free and -bound forms ofhuman TRPV4-ARD and compared them with available TRPV-ARD structures. The third inter-repeat loop is flexible and mayact as a switch to regulate the channel activity. Comparisons ofTRPV-ARD structures suggest an evolutionary link betweenARD structure and ATP binding ability. Thermal stabilityanalyses and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that ATPincreases stability in TRPV-ARDs that can bind ATP. Biochem-ical analyses of a large panel of TRPV4-ARD mutations causinghuman inherited diseases showed that some impaired thermalstability while others reduced ATP binding ability, suggestingmolecular mechanisms for the diseases.

WS15-5

SAITO, Shigeru1,3, OHKITA, Masashi2, SAITO, ClaireT1, FUKUTA, Naomi1, OHTA, Toshio2, TOMINAGA,Makoto1,3 (1Okazaki Inst. Integ. Biosci. (NIPS), 2Faclt.Agr., Tottori Univ., 3The Grad. Univ. Adv. Stud.)

Molecular basis for the functional change in the heat sensorTRPV1 between two Xenopus species inhabiting differentthermal environments

Recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms for thermo-perception enables us to clarify the evolutionary changes ofthermoperception by experimental approaches. Here we at-tempted to clarify how thermoperception has changed duringthermal adaptation. We compared the thermal responsesbetween two species of clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis and Xenopustropicalis) which inhabit different thermal environments. X.laevis was much more sensitive to heat stimulation than X.tropicalis at the behavioral level. Primary cultured sensoryneurons also exhibited similar species difference between thetwo species. TRPV1, which serves as a heat sensor, was clonedand channel properties were compared. TRPV1 channel proper-ties differed between the two species, in that X. laevis TRPV1exhibited almost full activity, while X. tropicalis TRPV1 exhibitedonly a partial activity in the first heat stimulation. We identifieda single amino acid substitution that is largely responsible for thespecies difference of TRPV1 channel properties. The subtle aminoacid differences occurred in TRPV1 changed the channel proper-ties which might have resulted in the species difference inthermoperception.


WS16-1

OGURA, Atsushi1 (1Nagahama Inst. BioSci. andTech.)

Introduction to the big genome data era

Genetics is an approach to understand how traits and character-istics are passed from one generation to the next in the form ofidentifiable phenotypes by use of genetic information. Modernresearch also utilize advanced technologies and knowledge fromother research fields such as molecular biology, genetic engineer-ing and molecular evolutionary studies. In addition, with rise ofbreakthrough technology of DNA sequencing, tons of genomicand transcriptomic data have been available. However, method-ology for genetics do not keep up with these expanding dataenough. In the workshop titled “Novel approach from/to Geneticsin the big genome data era”, we would like to discuss how geneticscan obtain novel approach or idea from these big genome dataand how genetics express epoch-making concept to other fields oflife science.

WS16-2

NAGASAKI, Masao1 (1Div. Biomedical Inform.Analysis, Dept. Integrative Genomics, Tohoku MedicalMegabank Organization, Tohoku Univ.)

Construction of Japanese Whole Genome Information andData Analysis in Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization

The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and the resultingtsunami, had a devastating impact on the affected areas of thecountry around Tohoku. Supply of healthcare and other serviceshave been severely affected and many survivors are stillexperiencing very difficult general living conditions.To address the lingering health problems of the people in theaffected areas and to establish the provision of advanced,personalized medicine based on the individuals’ genomic data,we have started a prospective cohort study with informed consentfor whole genome sequencing in the tsunami-damaged region. Wehave already recruited more than 30,000 volunteers to thisproject up to Aug/2014.One of the missions of our organization is to reveal a fine geneticarchitecture of Japanese population to tackle the further GWASanalysis to adult-onset disease increasing after the earthquake bycombining the knowledge, which is accumulated in our prospec-tive genome cohort project.This talk presents the supercomputer environment for the wholegenome sequence analysis and the current status of data analysisto the high quality thousand sequenced genome data.

WS16-3

NAKAMURA, Yasukazu1, FUJISAWA, Takatomo1

(1Genome Inform. Lab., Natl. Inst. Genet.)

Social Genome Annotation

WS16-4

YANO, Kentaro1,2, KOBAYASHI, Masaaki1,2,OHYANAGI, Hajime1,2 (1Bioinformatics Lab, Dept.Life Sci., Sch. of Agri., Meiji Univ., 2JST, CREST)

A key step in large-scale data analysis and web-databasestowards integrative systems biology

Over the last decades, experimental technology has beendramatically improved and advanced toward more high-through-put and large-scale data era. With the rapidly increasing numberand enlarged volume of the omics dataset, we must develop newcomputational and statistical methods which do not requirelarge-scale computer resources (memory, CPUs and calculationtime). The next-generation bioinformatics (NGB) tools equippedwith graphical interfaces and knowledge-based omics informa-tion present key insights for a more comprehensive systems-biology view. Here, we introduce high-throughput genotypingand NGB tools and databases to detect gene sets governingquantitative traits.This work is partially supported by Research Funding forComputational Software Supporting Program (Meiji Univ.).


WS16-5

ZHUO, Wang2, JUAN, Pascual-Anaya3, ZADISSA,Amonida4, LI, Wenqi3, Turtle genomes consortiumMembers1,2,3,4, AKEN, Bronwen4, KURATANI,Shigeru3, ZHANG, Guojie2, IRIE, Naoki A1 (1Univ. ofTokyo, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2BGI-Shenzhen,Shenzhen, China, 3RIKEN CDB, Japan, 4WellcomeTrust Sanger Institute)

Tackling classic Evo-Devo question from massive transcrip-tome data

Ernst Haeckel once proposed that ontogeny recapitulates phy-logeny, and this was the first notion that earlier embryogenesisreflects more ancestral state (= evolutionarily conserved). Debatelasted over the past 150 years, and recent molecular basedstudies finally settled the problem.Based on comprehensive, comparative transcriptome analyses offive vertebrate species, we found that it is not the earliest stages,but mid-embryonic stages (~pharyngula embryos) are the stagesof highest conservation, at least in transcriptome level. Theresults matches to the model called “the developmental hourglassmodel”, however, many questions remain to be answered.Especially, why this mid-embryonic stage has to be conservedthroughout hundreds of millions of years in evolution. Does thishave to do with robustness and/or fragileness of embryogenesis?In this talk, I’ll briefly overview our recent results together withwhat would be the questions regarding the study for seekinggeneral rule for embryonic evolution of animals.

WS17-1

SAKATA, Yuka1, HOKI, Yuko1, SASAKI, Hiroyuki1,SADO, Takashi2 (1Grad. Sch. Med. Sci.s., KyushuUniv., 2Dept. Advanced Bioscience, Grad. Sch. Agr.,Kinki Univ.)

Epigenetic changes in the X chromosome accumulated withdysfunctional Xist RNA

In female mammal, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivatedto equalize dosage difference of X-linked genes between malesand females. This is controlled by noncoding Xist RNA, which istranscribed from the future inactive X chromosome and coats it incis to induce chromosome-wide silencing. To understand detailsof Xist RNA-mediated silencing, we introduced a new Xist alleleinto the mouse, which conditionally expresses Xist RNA deletedfor the 5’ sequence containing conserved and functionallyessential repeats, and studied its effect on the epigenetic statusof the X chromosome. The mutated Xist RNA accumulated on theX chromosome was defective in silencing in the early post-implantation embryo. RNA-seq analysis revealed chromosome-wide misexpression of the X chromosome coated with the mutatedXist RNA in both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues.Intriguingly, however, the mutated RNA could apparentlyestablish the normal silencing domain characteristic of hetero-chromatin in the embryo and differentiating ES cells. Furtherstudy of what we call “pseudo-heterochromatin” would provideinsights into our understanding of how histone modificationscontribute to gene silencing.

WS17-2

MIYANARI, Yusuke1 (1Okazaki Inst. Integ. Biosci.)

Nuclear dynamics and genomic reprogramming

The spatiotemporal organization of genomes in the nucleus is anemerging key player to regulate genome function. Live imaging ofnuclear organization dynamics would be a breakthrough towarduncovering the functional relevance and mechanisms regulatinggenome architecture. Here, we used transcription activator?likeeffector (TALE) technology to visualize endogenous repetitivegenomic sequences. We established TALE-mediated genomevisualization (TGV) to label genomic sequences and follownuclear positioning and chromatin dynamics in cultured mousecells and in the living organism. TGV is highly specific, thusallowing differential labeling of parental chromosomes bydistinguishing between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).Our findings provide a framework to address the function ofgenome architecture through visualization of nuclear dynamicsin vivo.


WS17-3

OKA, Ayako1, TOSHIHIKO, Shiroishi2 (1Trans-disciplinary Res. Integration Cent., Res. Org. Inform.Systems, 2Mammalian Genet. Lab., Natl. Inst. Genet.)

Evolutionary divergence in the cis-regulatory elements andits impact on the reproductive isolation

The X chromosome is implicated to contribute to the reproductiveisolation because many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) forreproductive disruptions in hybrid animals were mapped on thischromosome. However the X-linked causative genes have notbeen identified and the genetic bases are unknown. We reportthat mouse inter-subspecific X chromosome substitution strains,B6-ChrXMSM and B6-ChrXTMSM, show reproductive isolationcharacterized by male-specific sterility due to disrupted sperma-togenesis. We conducted comprehensive transcriptional profilingof the testicular cells of these strains by microarrays and RNA-seq. The results clearly revealed a gross misregulation of geneexpression on the substituted donor X chromosomes. Further-more, this misregulation subsequently resulted in perturbation ofgenome-wide transcriptional regulation probably by cascadingdeleterious effects. Similarly chromosome substitution strains forautosomes showed the misregulated gene expression, but theirextent of the misregulation was lesser than that of the Xchromosome substitution strain. This suggests that the regula-tory elements for the X-linked genes evolve rapidly as comparedto autosomal ones.

WS17-4

TAKADA, Shuji1 (1Dept. Systems BioMedicine, Natl.Res. Inst. for Child Health and Dev.)

Identification of an enhancer involved in gonad- andchondrocyte-specific expression of Sox9 gene in mouse

Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a rare genetic disorder that affectsthe development of skeleton. In addition, 2/3 of XY cases show sexreversal. Genomic analysis of the cases revealed that theresponsible gene is SOX9. However, in some CD cases nomutation was often detected in the SOX9 gene, instead trans-location or deletion was observed in the surrounding area of thegene (2 Mb), implying that enhancer element(s) is located in thisarea. To identify an enhancer of Sox9 gene for gonads andcartilage, we searched evolutionally conserved sequences aroundSox9 and enhancer activities of some of the candidates wereassayed by making transgenic mice. As a result, an enhancerelement specific for gonads and cartilages was identified locatedfar upstream of Sox9 transcription start site. Further we foundtwo highly conserved nucleotide sequences in the enhancer(named core1 and core2). Transgenic mice analyses of core2indicated that core2 was a cartilage specific enhancer, whileneither core1 nor core2 showed enhancer activity in gonads.These results imply that Sox9 expression is differentiallyregulated in gonads and cartilage. We also discuss promoterselectivity of the enhancer.

WS17-5

MATSUI, Yasuhisa1 (1Inst. Dev., Aging and Cancer,Tohoku Univ.)

An epigenetic barrier between pluripotential stem cells andgerm cells

In early mouse embryo, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arespecified from epiblast consisting of primed pluripotential cellswhose developmental potential is restricted compared with thatof naive pluripotential cells in pre-implantation embryos. Mean-while, we found that the expression of germ cell-related geneswas globally induced in ES cells that are naive pluripotential byknock-down of a transcription factor, Max, within a few days. InES cells, Max forms complex with histone H3K9 methyltransfer-ases G9a and GLP, and is associated with promoter regions ofgerm cell-related genes. Consequently, histone H3K9 of pro-moters of those genes was methylated in Max-dependent manner.This suggests that epigenetic barriers including methylatedH3K9 prevent naive pluripotential cells from acquiring cellularstatus of germ cells. Although Max-knockdown ES cells andPGCs share the expression of germ cell-related genes, their globaltranscriptional profiles were different. In addition, Max knock-down cells did not differentiate to sperm after transplantationinto recipient testes. It means that additional controls areinvolved in suppression of germness in naive pluripotential cells.


WS18-1

MUKAI, Yasuhiko1 (1Osaka Kyoiku Univ.)

Globalization and genetics education

This workshop provides a brief description of the geneticseducation in Singapore, India, Czech Republic and Africancountries, as well as the information on new approaches inJapanese senior high schools including ‘Super Science HighSchools (SSHs)’ and ‘Biology Olympiad’. With the amendment ofeducational guidelines, major changes have been made to theteaching of genetics in junior and senior high schools in Japan. Itis to be noted that Mendelian genetics is now taught onlyexclusively in junior high school, and some content which werepreviously taught only in the universities are now being taught atsenior high school level. I will like to report that the SSHsprogram have yielded good results from the collaborationbetween universities and SSHs, as evident in the quality projectspresented by the students at the annual SSH Student ResearchConference 2014, 12 of such projects were in field of genetics. Thestudents were assessed on these aspects: originality and sustain-ability of research, presentation, and oral response. I will discusswhat genetics education should be in an increasingly globalizedworld.

WS18-2

IKEUCHI, Tatsuro1 (1Tokyo Medical and DentalUniv.)

Genetics education in the courses of junior high schools andhigh schools under the New Course of Study: present statusand problems

WS18-3

LEE, Shanshan1 (1Osaka Kyoiku Univ.)

Comparison of teaching of genetics in Singapore and Japan

Given the multi-racial nature of Singapore society, the mainlanguage medium for instruction is English. Singapore adopts a6-4-2 school stage system while Japan adopts a 6-3-3 system. Theexamination system is different in Singapore - all students sit fornational examinations at the end of each stage of education, andprogress into the next stage of education is based on the results inthe national examinations. The GCE ’O’ level and GCE ’A’ levelBiology is compared with Seibutsukiso and Seibutsu respectively.Singapore and Japan differ markedly in the definition of theteaching guidelines in the curriculum documents. The learningobjectives are specifically-defined in the Singapore in contrast tobroadly-defined objectives in Japan. Comparing the scope of thecurriculum at senior high school level, the Japanese curriculumis more broad-based whereas the Singapore curriculum is biasedtowards the cellular and molecular aspects. In Singapore,textbooks are written for GCE ’O’ level Biology, but there arenone tailored for GCE ’A’ level Biology, and the use of textbooks isat the discretion of the school. In Japan, schools tend to adopt anduse one of the MEXT-approved textbooks.

WS18-4

SHARMA, Santosh Kumar1 (1Osaka Kyoiku Univ.)

“Science of Heredity” education at higher-school level in India

In India, the school system is divided in to, primary (I-V), middle(VI-VIII), secondary (IX-X) and higher secondary (XI-XII) levels.An autonomous central government organization named NCERT,prepares the broad guidelines of the school syllabus. The “Scienceof Heredity”, commonly known as ‘Genetics’, is mostly introducedat the secondary level where as more advance course are beingtaught at the higher secondary level. The higher schoolconsidered as foundation for student’s career and consists‘Genetics and Evolution’ courses both in plants and humans.The unit is focused on cell division, inherited traits, principles ofinheritance, genetic and molecular basis of inheritance, under-standing the structure of genetic material, genotype/phenotypeconversion, sex determination, mutation and genetics disorders.Further, a brief account on evolution encompassing origin of life,biological aspects of genetic variation, speciation and evolution ofplants, animals and humans are also been covered. With rapidgrowth in the field of genetics, considerable up-gradation ofrelated subject is quite necessary at the higher school level tograsp the wide knowledge of genetics.


WS18-5

SIMKOVA, Hana1 (1Inst. Experimental Botany,Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics,2Dept. Cell Biol. and Genet., Faclt. Sci., Palacky Univ.)

Genetics Education in the Czech Republic

Genetics and genetics education has not a long tradition in theCzech Republic. It has been implemented in education guidelinesonly in 1960s, mainly due to a strong influence of the Sovietscience propagating lysenkoism. While being supplemented bymodern sciences such as genomics nowadays, classical geneticsstill remains a substantial part of education programs at highschools and universities. At high schools, Genetics is taught inthe framework of Biology, which is a compulsory subject at mosttypes of high schools, mainly those providing general, medical oragricultural education. Instruction guidelines given by theMinistry of Education, Youth and Sports strictly define just theminimum knowledge, which can be significantly extended basedon guidelines given by a particular school. Teachers can make useof dedicated textbooks of Genetics. These are also applied inelectable subjects such as Biology Seminar or Practical Trainingin Biology, which are attended by students intending to studyBiology at the university. At universities, Genetics is a compul-sory course at Faculties of Science and Education (for special-ization Biology), Medicine, Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine.Passing this course is a prerequisite for further specializedcourses. The textbook of choice is Snustad and Simmons‘“Principles of Genetics” translated to Czech by leading Czechbiologists.

WS18-6

TANI, Yoshio1 (1Hyogo Prefectural AmagasakiodaHigh School,Hyogo,Japan)

The research activities in the field of genetics in a superscience high school (SSH)

Amagasaki Oda High School has been working on researchinvestigation, and observation with an emphasis on environ-mental issues, collaborating with other Super Science high schoolstudents across Japan. We first introduce the Students todistribution investigation using familiar biology out in the fieldsubsequently. We analyze the genes of the samples we collected.So far we have analyzed, so far Kamenote (a kind of percebe),barnacles, skeleton shrimp, beetle, fireflies, pill bugs, dandelion,beech, marine plankton, Tirimen-jaco(dried young sardines), andthe like.We have identified the species of these organisms by theanalyzing their DNA. We also divided into them some groupsbased on the genetic results. We also verified r validity of theirmorphological classification. We also have to tried to clarify theirgenetic geographical distribution.Of these, we would like to continue to promote joint research incooperation with high school students around the world regard-ing Kamenote, barnacles and dandelions.

WS18-7

MASUYA, Hiroshi1, IKEUCHI, Tatsuro2, FUYAMA,Yoshiaki3 (1Tech. and Dev. Unit for Knowledge Base ofMouse Phenotype, Riken BRC, 2Tokyo Medical andDental Univ. (former), 3Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.(former))

Issues and problems on the revision of Japanese terms ingenetics

Genetics term committee of the genetics society of Japan isworking on the revision of Japanese translated term in geneticswhich is matched with recent biological studies. We proposed newterms “KENSEI” and “SENSEI” for replacement of “YUSEI” and“RESSEI” which are translation of dominant and recessiverespectively. It was pointed out that we should cooperate withother academic societies to expand our activity as all-Japanproposal. On the other hand, “KENSEI” and “SENSEI” arealready commonly used. Actually, multiple Japanese dictionariesprint these terms. Therefore, there is another opinion that textbook should put down the terms of both sides. This year, theGenetics Society of Japan participated in the Committee forTextbook Problems in the Union Japanese Biological Societies.We reviewed current situations and issues for genetics terms inJapan.


1 WS1 -2 278 - J-Stage

Documents

Transcript of 1 WS1 -2 278 - J-Stage