ISSN 1512-0597

'bt,fyb

cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc

;ehyfkb

= 5 2000

27

ybyj ifyifidbkb

@cFVOBKFLB RJVGJPBWBT<B# VNRDFH-FHFMCBC REKNEHBC RTHFVBRBC JHYFVTYNFWBFIB

vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc rthfvbrbc jh-

yfvtynfwbfib ufdhwtkt,ekb vjnbdb - jhvf-ub cgbhfkb^ pju]th ud[dlt,f t&o& @cfvobkf-lb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# wtynhib& bub akfyrbht-,ekbf jhb thsyfbhb^ thsvfytsbcfrty gbhbc-gbh ufvjcf[ekb abueht,bs (nf,& +1-5)& vfh-ytekbc hfbjyib ufs[hbkb lfyuhtekb uj-hbc .jhqfybc rthfvbrfpt jhvfub cgbhfkb ufvjcf[ekbf jhb ahbydtkbc sfy[kt,bs [4^ ceh& 56 - 5^ 13]. vcufdcb ufvjcf[ekt,ff fvb-hfybc ujhfpt \|++-f cfsfdcjib fqvjxtybk ths-ths zehztkpt [4^ ceh& 13 -3]. cjv[tsbc 'tukt,pt @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# pju]th c[df cf[bsfw ud[dlt,f% wtynhib utjvtnhbe-kb abuehff – cfvres[tlb fy hjv,b^ udth-lt,pt rb cgbhfkbf [8^ ud& 101^ 155-158].

@cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# [ibhfl ud[dlt-,f c[dflfc[df [fk[t,bc [tkjdyt,fib& [fk[e-hb [tkjdyt,bc pjubths nhflbwbek cathj-ib rb (yfmfhuj,f^ jhyfvtynb [tpt) ityfhxeyt-,ekbf xdty lhjvlt& fctsb ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc wtynhibf vsf^ vwtyfht^ .dfdbkb^ fylf fyshj-gjvjhaekb (fy pjjvjhaekb) abuehf^ udth-lt,pt rb vbcrty vbmwtekb fljhfynt,bc^ fy-lf w[jdtkt,bc abueht,b [9^ ud& 47]. fctsb rjvgjpbwbt,b gjgekfhekbf nhflbwbek hecek^ uthvfyek lf ,fknbbcgbhek [tkjd-yt,fib [9^ ud& 48^ yf[& 20 b-g]. gjgekfhekbf fctsb vjnbdt,b xbyeh nhflbwbek brjyju-hfabfib [9^ ud& 48].

@cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# xylt,f lf 'fk-pt ufdhwtkt,ekb [lt,f 'd&o& +++ fsfcok& obyf fpbfcf lf tudbgntib (nf,& ++)& ufvjcf[e-kt,t,b^ hjvtksf wtynhib [t^ qdsft,f^ fylf hfbvt c[df abuehff lf udthlt,pt jhb ths-vfytsbcrty vbnhbfkt,ekb fyshjgj- fy pjj-vjhaekb abueht,bf^ wyj,bkbf ievthek^ fmfleh^ 'dtk,f,bkjyeh^ [tseh^ [ehbnek [tkjdyt,fib&

@cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# ufvjxtyfc oby ecoht,c vf[kj,tkb fqvjcfdktsbc flhtcf-vbofsvjmvtlj rekneht,bc 'fkpt ibyffh-cj,hbdb lf vlblfhb jhyfvtynbc ufqfhb,t,f [14^ ud& 110].

'd&o& |++-+| fsfcok& vf[kj,tk fqvjcfd-ktsib ufdhwtkt,ekb b.j cbv,jkehfl 'fk-pt lfndbhsekb^ [ibhfl nhbfkbc ghbywbgpt fut,ekb^ vfylfkfc nbgbc jhyfvtynbfyb rthf-vbrf (nf,& +++^ +|)&

vfylfkf cfycrhbnekb cbn.dff lf ybiyfdc cfrhfkeh ]dfhc fy ohtc^ ,jh,fkc^ wtynhc [16^ ud& 16].

vfylfkf tc fhbc cfrhfkehb ufvjcf[ekt-,f^ hjvkbc wtynhib ]dfhbf^ fy hfbvt c[df abuehf^ vbc bhudkbd ohtf^ fy rdflhfnb^ hjvkt,cfw fmds t&o& @lthtayt,b# cbdhwtib& tc ufvjcf[ekt,f rbltd itvjcfpqdhekbf ohbs&

vfylfkf eybdthcfkehb cbv,jkjf& u& ne-rbc fphbs^ tc fhbc eybdthceevbc cmtvf [15^ ud& 29].

bub ufdhwtkt,ekbf .dtkf vcjakbj ht-kbubfib& itcf,fvbcfl wtynhib ufvjcf[ekbf qdsbcvij,tkb^ fy vfw[jdfhb^ mff,fc mdf^ fy ,elf&

kfvfbcneh cfv.fhjib vfylfkf tc fhbc cfv.fhjc vbsehb ufvjcf[ekt,f& wtynhib v,h'fyt,kbc flubkbf^ cfblfyfw bub cfv.fhjc fvj'hfdt,c [15^ ud& 29], (nf,& |1)&

vfylfkf cfae'dkfl eltdc rjcvbeh rfyjy-pjvbtht,fc ,eyt,fib^ vbrhj lf vfrhjrjcvjc-ib& vhfdkfl ud[dlt,f vfylfkfc ajhvbc cbvt-nhbekb cnhemneht,b& vfylfkfc ajhvbcff .dfdbkb^ sdfkb^ j,j,fc mctkb^ [bc zhbkb^ .byekbc rhbcnfkb [16, ud& 18].

hjujhw yblthkfyltkb v[fndfhb g& nj-htycvf othc^ vfylfkf fhbc flfvbfysf ibyf-ufyb cfzbhjt,bc^ ufhtvjcsfy ehsbthsitsfy-[vt,bc^ thsbfyj,bcf lf vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc cfiefkt,f [16^ ud& 35]&

vfylfkf fhmtnbgbf& tc wyt,f vjlbc fhmf-ekb lhjbc vbst,blfy lf pqfght,blfy lf cgjynfyehfl bcf[t,f sfyfvtlhjdt flfvbfybc mdtwyj,btht,blfy jwyt,t,ib^ cbpvht,ib^ afy-nfpbt,ib^ yf[fnt,ib [16^ ud& 17].

vfylfkf 'fkpt gjgekfhekb uf[lf sfyf-vtlhjdt acbmjsthfgbfib& vfc b.tyt,ty vtlb-nfwbbcfsdbc ufhtcfv.fhjcsfy /fhvjybekb sfy[vj,bc ituh'yt,bcfsdbc& cekbthfl fhfv-luhfl flfvbfyt,c ehxtdty vfylfkfc ufvjcf[-dfc yt,bcvbthb cfiefkt,bs ufhtvj cfv.fhjc-sfy /fhvjybbc lfcfv.fht,kfl [16^ ud& 35-36].

cojhtl tc fhmtnbgb b.j 'fkpt gjgekf-hekb 'd&o& |++-+| fsfcok& vf[kj,tkb fqvj-cfdktsbc vj[fnekb rthfvbrbc jhyfvtynfwb-fib&

;& l& ajhtcnbc fphbs^ tc ohbekb ufvj-cf[ekt,t,b cfv.fhjc eybdthcfkehj,fc ufl-vjudwtvty& wtynhib itvmvytkt,b fhbfy^ mfkt-,bc^ ]dht,bc^ fylf c[df cbv,jkjt,bc cf[bs^ vfs bhudkbd rb - cfpjufljt,f& .dtkf eo-.dtn rfdibhcf lf vj'hfj,fib fhbc [14^ ud& 37].

28

j,tblbc gthbjlbc ,jkjc jhyfvtynfwbf qfhb,lt,f [14^ ud& 110]. 'd&o& +++ fsfcoktekb-lfy rb vf[kj,tkb fqvjcfdktsbcf lf tudbg-nbc [tkjdyt,fib uf,fnjyt,ek flubkc brf-dt,c t&o& @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# ufvjcf-[ekt,f&

fv wdkbkt,fc ;& l& ajhtcnb ewyfeh at-yjvtyfl sdkbc& vbcb fphbs^ tc ufvjodtekbf @cgtwbfkbpfwbbc vtmfybpvbc# wdkbkt,bs – rthfvbrbc lfvpflt,f mfkbc [tkblfy uflflbc vfvfrfwbc [tkib [14^ ud& 110].

rthfvbrbc jhyfvtynfwbbc ufqfhb,t,f ;& l& ajhtcnbc fphbs^ ufvjodtekbf cjwbj-rek-nehekb wdkbkt,t,bs [14, ud& 110]. itcf,fvb-cfl bwdkt,f bltjkjubfw&

ytjkbsib ufdhwtkt,ekb ]dhbc^ fy dfh-crdkfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f bwdkt,f vwtyfhtekb (cfrhfkehb [bc) ufvjcf[ekt,bs& hmjcfyb w[jdtkt,b rb cfrhfkehb [bc vjgbhlfgbht v[fhtt,pt ufyfcf[btht,ty cfpjufljt,fc& tc vtnfajhekb ufvjcf[ekt,f – cfrhfkehb [t^ hjvtkbw ,flt,c cfpjufljt,bc ce,cnfywbfc lf f'ktdc cbwjw[kbctek 'fkfc^ etzdtkbf erdt vtatf^ hjvtkbw brfdt,c cwtybc wtynhc lf [tkv'qdfytkj,c vjmvtlt,fc& bub brfdt,c vtlbfnjhbc flubkc qdsft,fcf lf sfdbc [fk[c ijhbc& tc fhbc cfvtaj 'fkbc blt-jkjubbc xfvj.fkb,t,bc gbhdtkb wlt,b& vtat fhbc otchbubc ufhfynb& bub fotchbut,c flf-vbfysf w[jdht,fcf lf rjcvbeh rfyjypjvbt-ht,fc& bub fhbc eptyftcb qdsft,bc ufyut,f [14^ ud& 138-139]. u& dfuythbc fphbs^ vcufdcb rjvgjpbwbt,b uflvjudwtvty fhf rjyrhtnek ufvjcf[ekt,fc^ fhfvtl lbl^ ljuvfneh wyt-,fc [7^ ud& 50-52].

vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc rthfvbrfpt ufvjcf[ekb @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# wty-nhfkehb abuehf – jhvfub cgbhfkb^ r& rei-yfhbjdfcf lf n& xe,bybidbkbc fphbs^ cfrhf-kehb [bc ufycf[btht,fc ofhvjflutylf [10^ ud& 167]. f& ltvbh[fybfybc fphbsfw^ @cfvobkf-lb rjvgjpbwbt,bc# wtynhfkehb abuehf rj-cvbeh qth'c ufyfcf[btht,c [8, ud& 157-158]. xdtyb fphbs^ jhvfub cgbhfkb^ eptyftcb qdsft,bc cbv,jkj b.j [12].

eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv @cfvobkflb rjvgj-pbwbt,b# vnrdfh-fhfmcek rthfvbrfpt xylt,f vbcb fhct,j,bc ,jkj tnfgpt&

u& vbylbfidbkbc ufvjrdktdt,bs^ tc bc lhjf^ hjltcfw [lt,f lblb cjwbfkehb 'dht,b cf-pjufljt,fib% @bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv cfv[hts rfdrf-cbfib 'd&o& +++ fsfcoktekbc ief [fyt,blfy thsvfytsbc udthlbs fhct,j,c thsvfytsbcf-ufy cbvlblhbs ufyc[dfdt,ekb bylbdblefke-hb hbubsb cfvfh[t,b^ rjktmnbehb (cfj]f[j) .jhqfyt,b lf bylbdblefkehb c[dflfc[df pj-vbcf lf cbvlblhbc .jhqfyt,b^ hjvtksf ij-hbcfw cfrvfjl [ibhfl ud[dlt,f ufvjhxtekb

gfnbdbs lfrh'fkeksf ufycfcdtyt,kt,b^ cf-iefkt,fc udf'ktdc dbdfhfeljs^ hjv vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc abyfkehb^ fye flht.jhqfyekb tnfgbc cfpjufljt,f sfdbcb [fcbfsbs flhtrkfcj,hbdsfy eylf .jabkb.j vbf[kjt,ekb lf fvltyfl^ hf smvf eylf^ vfcib erdt sfdbcsfdfl buekbc[vt,f cfv[tl-hj-ltvjrhfnbekb cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc lfvf-[fcbfst,tkb ehsbthsj,t,b# [1^ ud& 95-96].

bpbfht,c hf /& rkftcybc lf r& crfkybrbc it[tlekt,fc flhtekb cf[tkvobajc xfvj.f-kb,t,bc tnfgt,bc sfj,fpt^ u& vbylbfidbkb itcf'kt,kfl vbbxytdc^ hjv 'd&o& +++ fsfcok& ief [fyt,blfy vfbyw rfdrfcbfib vnrdfh-fhfm-cbc reknehbc vfnfht,tkb njvt,b flhtekb cf[tkvobajc xfvj.fkb,t,bc + fy ++ cfat[eh-pt eylf vlufhb.dyty [1, ud& 96].

flhtekb cf[tkvobajt,bc cfo.bcb tnfgbc cfpjufljt,t,bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tk ehsb-thsj,t,c itcf,fvbcb bltjkjubfw eylf /mj-yjlf& dbyfblfy @cfvobkfl rjvgjpbwbt,ib# wtynhfkehb abuehf .jdtksdbc cfrhfkeh [tcsfy^ cfv.fhjc qth'sfyff ufbubdt,tkb^ xdty ufvjcf[ekt,t,ib rb wtynhfkehb abue-hf – jhvfub cgbhfkb^ eptyftcb qdsft,bc cbv,jkeh ufvjcf[ekt,fl itb'kt,f xfbsdf-kjc^ lfcfidt,fl vbudfxybf^ hjv fm cfmvt udfmdc njvbc ,tkflbc^ njvbc cfthj lf cf-cekbthj 'fkfeakt,bc vfnfht,kbc eptyftc hfyuib f.dfybc bltfcsfy&

]& ahtpthbc ufvjrdktdt,bs^ vcjakbjc sbsmvbc .dtkf [fk[ib b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb hovtyf^ hjv ,tkflc^ fy vtatc uffxybf pt,e-yt,hbdb sdbct,f^ hjvkbc vtidtj,bsfw vfc it-e'kbf ptvjmvtlt,f vjf[lbyjc fhf vfhnj flfvbfyt,pt^ fhfvtl ,eyt,bc 'fkt,ptw& fhmf-ek wbdbkbpfwbt,ib vtat qvthsbc vjyfwdkt b.j ltlfvbofpt^ qvthsbc idbkb^ vbcb ofh-vjvflutytkb lf otchbubc lfvfv.fht,tkb [11^ ud& 105].

itcf'kjf^ fvudfhb bltbc vfnfht,tkbf @cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b# vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rthfvbrfpt&1

'd&o& ++ fsfcok& ief [fyt,blfy obyf fpbbc [tkjdyt,fcf lf fhmbntmnehfib rdkfd sfdc bxtyc lf 'fkpt afhsjl dhwtklt,f cfrhf-kehb vfylfkf& vfylfkfc ghbywbgpt but,f mf-

1 vjudbfyj [fyfib^ 'd&o& ++ fsfcok& obyf fpbfib cfvobkflb rjvgjpbwbt,b eahj firfhfl b'tyc @bv-gthbek# [fcbfsc& fcbhbek vfufkbst,pt lf.hl-yj,bs^ c& gfhgjkf fcrdybc^ hjv cfrhfkehb [t fy-nbstnehb abueht,bs lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf bvgthbe-kb bltjkjubbcfsdbc& bub xylt,f cfvtaj nfycfw-vtkpt^ cfbedtkbhj yfofhvpt^ jabwbfkeh cf,tz-lfdt,pt^ rtlkbc v[fndhj,fib lf mfylfrt,t,pt cf-vtaj cfcf[ktib& fiehyfcbhafk ++-bc cfnf[nj jsf[ib^ rfk[fib bub wtynhfkeh vjnbdc ofhvj-flutyc [18, 163].

29

kfmt,b^ nf'ht,b^ .jhqfyt,b^ cfvfh[t,b [15], (nf,& |2^3* nf,& |+)& vfylfkfc [tkjdyt,fib uf,fnjyt,ek vlujvfhtj,fc fmdc& wtynhf-keh flubkc vfylfkfib brfdt,c f[kf fhf qdsft,hbdb 'fkf lf cfv.fhjc itvmvytkb ce-kb^ fhfvtl – vtat-qvthsb&

fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv 'd&o& +++ fsfcok& cfv[hts rfdrfcbehb .jhqfyt,b lf fyfnjkbfib fqvjxtybkb cfvtaj cfvfh[t,b^ hjvkt,bw fctdt vfylfkfc ghbywbgptf fut,e-kb^ cojhtl vtabc qdsft,hbj,bc bltbc vfnfht,tkb b.j&

fvltyfl^ vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc ,jkj tnfgpt cjwbfkeh-gjkbnbreh wdkbkt,t,c^ flhtekb cf[tkvobajc xfcf[dfc^ vj/.df wdkbkt,t,b bltjkjubfibw^ hfvfw fcf[df /gjdf rthfvbrbc jhyfvtynfwbfcf lf lfrh'fk-dbc hbnefkib&

N. Shanshashvili

"THREE-PART COMPOSITIONS" IN THE

ORNAMENT OF THE KURA-ARAXES

CULTURE

(Summary)

The paper deals with ornament characteristics

of the final stage of the Kura-Araxes Culture – the

so-called "three-part compositions": a double

spiral in the centre and two birds on each side.

In the 7th-5

th millennia B.C. richly ornamented

pottery was widespread in the Near East. An

ornamental type similar to mandala was charac-

teristic of this pottery. Mandala is of Sanskrit ori-

gin, meaning a holy magic disc, circle, wheel,

centre. Since the 3rd

millennium B.C. the orna-

ment of pottery became poor. So-called "three-

part compositions" prevailed in the part of the

Near East with a tree, deity or some other figure

represented in the centre, flanked on each side by

anthropo- and zoomorphic figures. Such rep-

resentations are known in Sumerian, Akkadian,

Ancient Babylonian, Hittite and Hurritic art.

Impoverishment of ornamentation on pottery

was possibly caused by socio-cultural changes.

The diffusion of "three-part compositions" was

possibly connected with the establishment of class

society. In the author's view, this process was

reflected in the ornamentation of the final stage of

the Kura-Araxes Culture.

kbnthfnehf

1& vbylbfidbkb u& flhtekb .jhqfyt,b

cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib& – lbcthnfwbf bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnbc [fhbc[bc vjcfgj-dt,kfl& s,&^ 1993 (byf[t,f fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc ,b,kbjstrfib)&

2& vbylbfidbkb u& flhtekb .jhqfyt,b cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib (cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb fcgtmnb)& – cflbcthnfwbj vfwyt bcn& vtwy& rfyl& cfvtwy& [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1993&

3& jh]jybrb't f& cfvw[t-]fdf[tsb flht-,hby]fjc [fyfib& s,&^ 1983&

4& mdtvj mfhskbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlb-wbbc itltut,b (1965-1971)& s,&^ 1975&

5& ifyifidbkb y& vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rek-nehbc thsb jhyfvtynekb vjnbdbc bynth-ghtnfwbbcfsdbc& s,&^ 1997&

6& xe,bybidbkb n& fvbhfybc ujhf& s,&^ 1963&

7. Âàãíåð Ã. Ê. Ïðîáëåìà æàíðîâ â äðåâíåðóññêîì èñêóññòâå. Ì., 1974.

8. Äåìèðõàíÿí À. Ð. Ê ïðîáëåìå ñèìâîëèêè òðåõ÷àñòíîé êîìïîçèöèè Äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè. – ÈÔÆ, 4, Åðåâàí, 1982, ñ. 98–165.

9. Åâñþêîâ Â. Â. Ìèôîëîãèÿ êèòàé-ñêîãî íåîëèòà. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1988.

10. Êóøíàðåâà Ê. Õ., ×óáèíèøâèëè

Ò. Í. Äðåâíèå êóëüòóðû Þæíîãî Êàâêàçà (V-III òûñ. äî í.ý.). Ë., 1970.

11. Ôðåçåð Äæ. Çîëîòàÿ âåòâü. Ì., 1986.

12. ×óáèíèøâèëè Ò. Ê äðåâíåé èñòîðèè Þæíîãî Êàâêàçà. Òá., 1971.

13. Ben-Tor A. The Archaeology of Ancient

Israel, Hew Haven. London, 1992.

14. Forest G. D. Mesopotamie. L'apparition de

l'État. VIIe-III

e Millenaires. Paris, 1996.

15. Brentjes B. Das Ur-Mandala (?) von

Daschly-3. - Ir.An., vol. XVIII, 1983, p. 24-49.

16. Huyser A. Das Mandala – Arbeitsbuch.

München, 1996.

17. Jastrow M. Bildermappe zur Religion

Babiloniens und Assyriens. Leipzig, 1912.

18. Parpola S. The Assyrian tree of life:

tracing the origins of Jewish monotheism and

Greek philosophy. - JNES, 52, n.3. 1993, p. 161-

208.

19. Prinz H. Altorientalische Symbolik.

Berlin, 1915.

20. Tobler A. Excavation at Tepe Gawra, vol.

II, Levels IX-XXX. Philadelphia, 1950.

30

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f

nf,& + – 1& iekfdthb [4^ ud& 113^ ceh& 56-13*

10^ ceh& 44-113]; 2& cflf[kj [10^ ceh& 44-112];

3. fvbhfybc ujhf [3^ nf,& +\8]; 4& lfyuhtekb ujhf [4^ ud& 113^ ceh& 56-2]; 5& fvbhfybc ujhf [3^ nf,& +\9]; 6& lfyuhtekb ujhf [4^ ud& 113^ ceh& 566]; 7. fvbhfybc ujhf [12, nf,& \\|++33^34* \+\2].

nf,& ++ – 1-3& 'dtkb tudbgnt [19^ nf,& +|2^3^5]; 4-7& fcehtsb [17^ ceh& 55^ 214-216].

nf,& +++ – 1-2& stat ufdhf^ \\-\|++ ljyt [20^ nf,& C\+\^ ceh& 72^ 71]; 3-6& stat ufd-hf^ A atyf [20^ nf,& C\+^ ceh& 18^ 21^ 15^ 16].

nf,& +| – 1& stk-u/fcekb^ dfhcrdkfdb^ rtlkbc v[fndhj,f [13^ nf,& |+++]; 2-9. cfvfhf [14^ ceh& 22].

nf,& | – 1& rkfcbrehb nb,tnehb vfylfkf [15^ ceh& 3]; 2–3& lfikb-3^ mfkfmbc utuvf lf fmcjyjvtnhbf [15^ ud& 33].

nf,& |+ – 1& fk-vfycehbc mfkfmb ,fqlfl-ib^ |+++ c& [15^ ceh& 11]; 2& fh;fy-.jhqfyb^ ne-df^ 'd&o& |+++ c& [15, ceh& 8]; 3& rjb-.hbkufy-.fkf^ [jhtpvekb mfkfmb^ 'd&o& +| c& [15^ ceh& 10].

Description of the Plates

Pl. I – 1. Shulaveri [4, p. 113, figs. 56-13; 10,

figs. 44-113]; 2. Sadakhlo [10, figs. 44-112]; 3.

Amiranis-gora [3, pl. IX8]; 4. Dangreuli-gora [4,

p. 113, fig. 562]; 5. Amiranis-gora [3, pl. IX9]; 6.

Dangreuli-gora [4, p. 113, fig. 566]; 7. Amiranis-

gora [12, pls. XXVII33,34; XIX2].

Pl. II – 1-3. Ancient Egypt [19, pl. IV2,3,5]; 4-7.

Assyria [17, figs 214-216; 55].

Pl. III – 1-2. Tepe-Gawra, levels XX-XVII [20,

pl. CXIX, fig. 72, 71]; 3-6. Tepe-Gawra, layer

"A" [20, pl. CXI, figs 18, 21, 15-16].

Pl. IV – 1. Tel-Ghasul [13, pl. VIII]; 2-9.

Samara [14, fig. 22].

Pl. V – 1. Classical Tibetan mandala [15, fig.

13]8 2-3. Dashly-3, plan of the city and

axonometry [15, fig. 11].

Pl. VI – 1. City of Al-Mansur in Baghdad, 8th

century [15, fig. 11]; 2. Arjan-barrow, Tuva, the

8th century B.C. [15, fig. 8]; 3. Koi-Krylgan-kala,

city of Khoresm, 4th century B.C. [15, fig. 10].

31

nf,& +

32

nf,& ++

33

nf,& +++

34

nf,& +|

35

Nf,& |

36

nf,& |+