SNI_01-3141-1998_produk peternakan

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W}w} Wmnb|

Lbdb` Wtb`db|dkwbwk @bwki`bc % LW@

Wtb`db| @bwki`bc K`di`mwkb

W@K 62%7242%2;;8



Lm|dbwb|ab` }w}cb` db|k Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb`

wtb`db| k`k dkwmt}o}k icmh Dm~b` Wtb`db|dkwbwk @bwki`bcemòbdk Wtb`db| @bwki`bc K`di`mwkb dm`nb` ̀ iei| ?

W@K 62%7242%2;;8

Vm`m|lktb` wtb`db| k`k dkcba}ab` wmtmcbh emevm|hbtkab` wme}b dbtb

db` ebw}ab` db|k lm|lbnbk vkhba. A|ktka db` wb|b` }`t}a vm`{mev}|`bb`

wtb`db| k`k# dbvbt dkwbevbkab` amvbdb ?

LBDB@ WTB@DB\DKWBWK @BWKI@BC % LW@

Wma|mtb|kbt ? V}wbt Wtb`db|dkwbwk % CKVK# Wbwb`b ^kd{b Wb|~iì Cb`tbk =

Obcb` Om`dm|bc Nbtit W}l|iti 26 % Tmcmvi` (6<2+ =<6:=>4# =<<2:8># =22=4<#

Vmw. <;:# 76=# 4=6# Jbx. =<6:=>4# =<6><<:# Tmcmx :<8>= VD KK KB# :<==4 KB

V]WBT WTB@DB\DKWBWK DB@ BA\MDKTBWK

LBDB@ BN\KLKW@KW# DMVB\TMEM@ VM\TB@KB@Ab`ti| V}wbt Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb` Nmd}`n J

Obcb` Hb|wiì \E @i. 7 \bn}`b` % Vbwb| Ek`nn}

Obab|tb 2<==6

Tcv.)Jbx. (6<2+ >8647:>

Mdkwk 2;;8



DBJTB\ KWK

Vm`dbh}c}b`

DBJTB\ KWK ............................................................................................ k

O]D]C .................................................................................................... 2

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v .............................................................................. 2

< Dmjk`kwk .......................................................................................... 2

7 W{b|bt E}t} ................................................................................... 24 Gb|b Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih .............................................................. 7

= Gb|b ]ok ............. ........................................................................... 7

: W{b|bt Vm`b`dbb .̀........... .............................................................. 7

> Gb|b Vm`nmebwb` ........................................................................... 7



W]W] WMNB\

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Wtb`db| k`k em|}vbab` \mzkwk W@K 62%7242%2;;< em`nm`bk wtb`db| w}w} wmnb|.

\mzkwk dk}tbebab` vbdb vm|w{b|btb` e}t} dm`nb` bcbwb` wmlbnbk lm|ka}t ?

b+ Em`}òb`n W}|bt Amv}t}wb` Lm|wbeb Em`tm|k Vm|dbnb`nb` db`

Aivm|bwk# Em`tm|k Vm|k`d}wt|kb` db` Em`tm|k Vm|tb`kb` @i. <7:)Avl)ZKK)2;8<#@i. 742)E)WA)>)2;8<# @i. =<2)Avtw)]e)2;8<.

l+ Em`}òb`n Amv}t}wb` Em`tm|k Vm|tb`kb` @i. >=2)Avtw)]e)26)2;8<.

g+ Emck`d}`nk ai`w}em`

d+ Em`d}a}`n vm|amelb`nb` bn|klkw`kw db` bn|ik`d}wt|k

m+ Em`}òb`n mawvi| ì`%eknbw

Wtb`db| k`k dkw}w}` wmlbnbk hbwkc vmelbhbwb` |bvbt%|bvbt tma`kw# v|bai`wm`w}wdb` tm|bahk| dk|}e}wab` dbcbe |bvbt ai`wm`w}w ̀ bwki`bc.

Hbdk| dbcbe |bvbt%|bvbt tm|wml}t ~bakc%~bakc db|k cmelbnb vm`mcktkb`#

vm|n}|}b` tk`nnk# v|id}wm`# ai`w}em` db` k`wtb`wk tm|abkt cbk``{b.

Wmlbnbk bg}b` dkbelkc db|k wtb`db| db` vm|bt}|b` Gidmx Bckem`tb|k}w

Gieekwwki`.



W]W] WMNB\

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v

Wtb`db| k`k emckv}tk dmjk`kwk# w{b|bt e}t}# gb|b }ok# w{b|bt vm`b`dbb`# db` gb|b

vm`nmebwb` w}w} wmnb|.

< Dmjk`kwk

W}w} e}|`k bdbcbh gbk|b` {b`n lm|bwbc db|k belk`n wbvk wmhbt db` lm|wkh# {b`n

dkvm|icmh dm`nb` gb|b {b`n lm`b|# {b`n ab`d}`nb` bcbek`{b tkdba dka}|b`nk

btb} dktbelbh wmw}bt} bvbv}` db` lmc}e em`dbvbt vm|cba}b` bvbv}`.

W}w} wmnb| bdbcbh w}w} e}|`k {b`n dkwml}tab` dkbtbw db` tkdba em`dbvbtvm|cba}b` bvbv}` amg}bck v|iwmw vm`dk`nk`b` tb`vb emevm`nb|}hk

ame}|`kb``{b.

7 W{b|bt E}t}

W{b|bt e}t} w}w} wmnb| wmvm|tk tblmc dklb~bh k`k ?



Tblmc 2

W{b|bt e}t} w}w} wmnb|Ab|batm|kwtka W{b|bt

b Lm|bt Om`kw (vbdb w}h} <>#=6

G+

ek`ke}e

2#6<86

l Abdb| cmeba ek`ke}e 7#6 -

g Abdb| lbhb` am|k`n tb`vb cmeba

ek`ke}e

8#6 -

d Abdb| v|itmk` ek`ke}e <#>-m ^b|`b# lb}# |bwb db` amam`tbcb` tkdba bdb vm|}lbhb`

j Dm|bobt bwbe : % >6

WH

n ]ok bcaihic (>6 -+ `mnbtkj

h ]ok abtbcbwm ebawke}e 7 (gg+

k B`nab |mj|bawk 7: % 78

o B`nab |md}atbwm < % = (obe+

a Gmeb|b` eka|ilb ebawke}e ?2 Titbc a}eb` 2 X 26

:GJ])ec

< Wbcei`mccb `mnbtkj

7 M. gick (vbtinm`+ `mnbtkj

4 Gickji|e <6)ec

= Wt|mvtigigg}w N|i}v L `mnbtkj

: Wtbvh{cigig}w b}|m}w 2 X 26< )ec

c O}ecbh wmc |bdb`n ebawke}e 4 X 26=

)ec

e Gmeb|b` cinbe lm|lbhb{b#

ebawke}e ?

2 Tkelbc (Vl+ 6#7 vve

< Wm`n (_`+ 6#= vve

7 Em|a}|k (Hn+ 6#= vve

4 B|wm` (Bw+ 6#= vve



` \mwkd} ? wmw}bk dm`nb` vm|bt}|b`

Amv}t}wb`% B`tklkitkab1 Lm|wbeb Em`tm|k Amwmhbtb` db`

% vmwtkwkdb)k`wmatkwkdb Em`tm|k Vm|tb`kb` {b`n lm|cba}

i Aiti|b` db` lm`db bwk`n `mnbtkj

v ]ok vmebcw}b` `mnbtkj

r Tktka lma} %6#=<66

G w)d %#=:66

G

| ]ok vm|ixkdbwm viwktkj

4 Gb|b Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih

Gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmw}bk dm`nb` Vm|bt}|b` Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb` {b`n

lm|cba} em`nm`bk Vmt}`o}a Tma`kw Vm`nb~bwb` Vm|mdb|b` db` Vm`n}okb`

A}bcktbw W}w} V|id}awk Dbcbe @mnm|k db` W}w} {b`n Lm|mdb|.

= Gb|b ]ok

Gb|b }ok w}w} wmw}bk dm`nb` Vm|bt}|b` Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb` {b`n lm|cba}em`nm`bk Vmt}`o}a Tma`kw Vm`nb~bwb` Vm|mdb|b` db` Vm`n}okb` A}bcktbw W}w}

V|id}awk Dbcbe @mnm|k db` W}w} {b`n Lm|mdb|.

: W{b|bt Vm`b`dbb`

Wmw}bk dm`nb` vm|bt}|b` Dmvb|tmem` Amwmhbtb` \mv}lcka K`di`mwkb {b`n

lm|cba} tm`tb`n cblmc db` vm|kacb`b` ebab`b`.

> Gb|b Vm`nmebwb`

W}w} wmnb| dkamebw dbcbe ~bdbh {b`n tm|t}t}v |bvbt# beb` wmcbeb

vm`{kevb`b` db` vm`nb`na}tb`# tkdba dkvm`nb|}hk db` emevm`nb|}hk kwk.



Ab|abw B{be Vmdbnk`n

Vm`dbh}c}b`

]`t}a em`nhk`db|k vmebwb|b` dbnk`n b{be {b`n emelbhb{bab` ai`w}em`#

tkdba cb{ba wmlbnbk lbhb` vb`nb` db` vmebcw}b`# vm|c} dkw}w}` wtb`db| ab|abw

b{be vmdbnk`n {b`n dbvbt dkcbawb`bab` icmh vb|b v|id}wm` db` dbvbt dktm|keb

icmh ai`w}em`. Wmcbk` kt} dm`nb` bdb`{b wtb`db| }`t}a ab|abw b{be vmdbnk`n#

ai`w}em` bab` cmlkh e}dbh em`m`t}ab` vkckhb``{b# v|id}wm` bab`

em`k`nabtab` }wbhb`{b }`t}a em`nhbwkcab` v|id}a {b`n lbka db`eme}`nak`ab` bdb`{b vm|wbk`nb` hb|nb {b`n wmhbt.



2 db|k 8


2 \}b`n Ck`na}v

Wtb`db| k`k emckv}tk acbwkjkabwk {b`n tm|dk|k db|k gb|b vm`b`nb`b`# gb|b

vmeiti`nb` ab|abw# }a}|b` db` e}t}1 vm|w{b|btb` {b`n emckv}tk lbhb` bwbc#

vm`{kbvb` ab|abw# vm`nicbhb` vbwgb vb`m`# lbhb` vmelb`t}# lbhb` tbelbhb`#

e}t} v|id}a bahk| db` vm`nmebwb` wm|tb gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih db`

emthidb b`bckwkw.

< Dkwa|kvwk

Ab|abw b{be vmdbnk`n kbcbh lbnkb` db|k b{be vmdbnk`n hkd}v# wmtmcbh

dkviti`n# dkl}c}k# dkamc}b|ab` om|ib` db` cmeba bldiek`bc`{b# dkviti`n

amvbcb db` cmhm| wm|tb amd}b abak`{b (gmam|+.

7 Acbwkjkabwk

7.2 Lm|dbwb|ab` gb|b vm`b`nb`b``{b# dklmdbab` emòbdk ?

7.2.2 Ab|abw wmnb| kbcbh ab|abw wmnb| {b`n lb|} wmcmwbk dkv|iwmw wmcbeb tkdba

cmlkh db|k : obe db` tkdba em`nbcbek vm|cba}b` cmlkh cbò}t.

7.2.< Ab|abw dk`nk` wmnb| kbcbh ab|abw wmnb| {b`n wmnm|b dkdk`nkàb` wmtmcbh

wmcmwbk dkv|iwmw wmhk`nnb w}h} dk dbcbe dbnk`n emòbdk b`tb|b 46%=6G.

7.2.7 Ab|abw lma} kbcbh ab|abw {b`n tmcbh em`nbcbek v|iwmw vmelma}b`

gmvbt btb} cbelbt dm`nb` w}h} vm`{kevb`b` b`tb|b 2<6G wbevbk dm`nb` w}h}

286G.



< db|k 8

7.< Lm|dbwb|ab` gb|b vmeiti`nb` ab|abw dklmdbab` emòbdk ?

7.<.2 Ab|abw }t}h

7.<.< Viti`nb` wmvb|}h (hbczmw+ ab|abw dklbnk emòbdk d}b viti`n wbeb

lmwb|.

7.<.7 Viti`nb` wmvm|mevbt (r}b|tmw+ ab|abw dklbnk emòbdk mevbt viti`n

wbeb lmwb|.

7.<.4 Viti`nb` lbnkb`%lbnkb` lbdb` (ghkam` vb|t btb} g}t }v+.

7.<.= ,Dmli`m, {bkt} ab|abw b{be vmdbnk`n tb`vb t}cb`n btb} tb`vb a}ckt db`

t}cb`n.

7.7 ]a}|b`

]a}|b` ab|abw dktm`t}ab` lm|dbwb|ab` lilit`{b.

Lilit ab|abw k`dkzkd}bc dktm`t}ab` icmh lilit ab|abw kt} wm`dk|k# lm|dbwb|ab`

vmelbnkb` wmlbnbk lm|ka}t ?

b+ ]a}|b` amgkc 6#8 % 2 an

l+ ]a}|b` wmdb`n 2 % 2#< an

g+ ]a}|b` lmwb| 2#< % 2#= an

7.4 E}t}

Tk`nabtb` e}t} ab|abw b{be vmdbnk`n lbka {b`n wmnb|# dk`nk` wmnb| db` lma}

dbvbt dklbnk dbcbe 7 (tknb+ tk`nabtb` e}t}.



7 db|k 8

4 Vm|w{b|btb`

4.2 Lbhb` bwbc btb} b{be hkd}v

Em`nn}`bab` b{be hkd}v {b`n wmhbt# wmw}bk dm`nb` amtm`t}b` vm|bt}|b` {b`n

lm|cba}.

4.< Vm`{kbvb` (v|igmwwk`n+ ab|abw ?

Vm`{kbvb` (v|igmwwk`n+ ab|abw vm|c} dkcba}ab` dm`nb` amtm`t}b`%amtm`t}b`

wmlbnbk lm|ka}t ?

4.<.2 Vmeiti`nb` dkcba}ab` dktmevbt {b`n lm|wkh# g}a}v bk lm|bwbc db|k

w}elm| lm|a}bcktbw lbka# db` ah}w}w.

4.<.< Gb|b vmeiti`nb` em`nka}tk vm|w{b|btb` bnbeb Kwcbe.

4.<.7 Vm`nmc}b|b` db|bh (lcmmdk`n+ hb|}w t}`tbw wmhk`nnb b{be lm`b|%lm`b|

ebtk.

4.<.4 Wmlmc}e vm`gbl}tb` l}c}# b{be dkwmd}h (wgbcdk`n+ dm`nb` tmevm|bt}|

=<6%:66 G# wmcbeb 7 % = em`kt.

4.<.= Wmtmcbh dkcba}ab` vm`gbl}tb` l}c}# ame}dkb` ab|abw b{be dkg}gk

dm`nb` bk| {b`n em`nbck| btb} dkdk`nk`ab` (ghkcck`n+ dm`nb` tmevm|bt}| 6 % =6

G.

4.<.: Vmem|kawbb` amwmhbtb` tm|hbdbv ab|abw dkcba}ab` wmlmc}e om|ib`

dkvkwbhab` db|k t}l}h icmh vmt}nbw {b`n lm|~m`b`n.

4.<.> Wmtmcbh vmem|kawbb` db` vm`g}gkb`# ab|abw dkdk`nk`ab`.



4 db|k 8

4.7 Vm`b`nb`b` Vbwgb Vb`m`

Vm`b`nb`b` Vbwgb Vb`m` lm|t}o}b` em`gmnbh vm|amelb`nb` eka|ilb

vmel}w}a {b`n tm|nici`n lbatm|k vw{gh|ivh{c# ahbek| db` abvb`n.

b+ Vm`g}gkb` ab|abw dkcba}ab` tm|vkwbh db|k om|ib`.

l+ Ab|abw hb|}w wmnm|b dkdk`nkàb` wmtmcbh wmcbwbk dkv|iwmw.

g+ ]`t}a vm`{kevb`b` dbcbe ob`nab ~bat} vm`dma (! < hb|k+ hb|}w

dkdk`nkàb` vbck`n tk`nnk vbdb w}h} 266 G.

d+ ]`t}a vm`{kevb`b` dbcbe ob`nab ~bat} vbòb`n hb|}w dklma}ab`.

4.4 Lbhb` vmelb`t}

Lbhb` vmelb`t} hb|}w lm|wkjbt tkdba lm|bg}`# e}dbh cb|}t dbcbe bk|# tkdba

em|}lbh |bwb db` em|}wba dbnk`n# wm|tb hkcb`n icmh vmebwbab` (gi`tih ghci| +.

4.= Lbhb` tbelbhb`

Lbhb` tbelbhb` hb|}w tkdba emelbhb{bab` amwmhbtb` wmlmc}e v|id}a

dkebwba eb}v}` wmtmcbh dkebwba (gi`tih ? bk|# nb|be+.

4.: E}t} V|id}a Bahk|

E}t} v|id}a bahk| dktm`t}ab` icmh ?

4.:.2 Ai`ji|ebwk

Lm`t}a am|b`nab db` t}l}h# tm|}tbeb dbdb# vbhb db` v}`nn}`n.

4.:.< Vm|dbnk`nb`

Amtmlbcb` dbnk`n vbdb t}cb`n dbdb# vbhb# lmtkw db` v}`nn}`n.



= db|k 8

4.:.7 Vm|cmebab`

Vm`{mlb|b` db` amtmlbcb` cmeba dklb~bh a}ckt.

4.:.4 Am}t}hb`

Bdb tkdba`{b t}cb`n {b`n vbtbh btb} hkcb`n# vm|wm`dkb` {b`n cmvbw# a}ckt {b`n

wilma btb} dbnk`n {b`n wilma eb}v}` hkcb`n# c}ab eb}v}` bdb`{b vm`mlbcb`.

4.:.= Vm|}lbhb` ~b|`b

Bdb tkdba`{b emeb|# ,J|mmm| l}|`, db` vm|}lbhb` ~b|`b {b`n dkwmlblab`

eka|ilb btb} bt%bt ai`tbek`b` cbk`.

4.:.: Amlm|wkhb`

Bdb tkdba`{b l}c}%l}c} lmwb| eb}v}` l}c} ob|}e {b`n tm|tk`nnbc# btb} aiti|b`

{b`n em`mevmc.

Tblmc 2

Vm|w{b|btb` tk`nabtb` e}t}

@i. Jbati| E}t} Tk`nabtb` E}t}

E}t} K E}t} KK E}t} KKK

2 < 7 4 =

2 Ai`ji|ebwk Wmev}|`b Licmh bdb gbgbt

wmdkakt tmtbvk

tkdba bdb vbdb

lbnkb` dbdb db`

vbhb

Licmh gbgbt

wmdkakt

< Vm|dbnk`nb` Tmlbc Wmdb`n Tkvkw

7 Vm|cmebab` G}a}v G}a}v Tkvkw



: db|k 8

2 < 7 4 =

4 Am}t}hb` Wmev}|`b T}cb`n

wmev}|`b# a}ckt

licmh wilma

wmdkakt# tmtbvk

tkdba vbdb

lbnkb` dbdb

T}cb`n licmh

bdb {b`n vbtbh#

}o}`n wb{bv

licmh tm|cmvbw

licmh tm|cmvbw.

Licmh bdb a}ckt

{b`n

wilma#tmtbvk

tkdba tm|cbc}

cmlb|

= Vm|}lbhb`

~b|`b

Lmlbw db|k

emeb| db`

–J|izm` l}|`―

Licmh bdb

emeb| wmdkakt

tmtbvk tkdba vbdb

lbnkb` dbdb db`

tkdba –J|izm`

l}|`―

Licmh bdb

emeb| wmdkakt

tmtbvk tkdba

bdb–J|izm`

l}|`―

: Amlm|wkhb` Lmlbw db|k l}c}

ob|}e

Licmh bdb l}c}

ob|}e wmdkakt

{b`n em`{mlb|#

tmtbvk tkdba vbdb

lbnkb` dbdb

Licmh bdb l}c}

ob|}e wmdkakt

Gbtbtb` ? Lkcb tkdba tm|ebw}a dbcbe vm|w{b|btb` Tk`nabtb` E}t}# dbvbt

dbvbt dkvm|dbnb`nab` em`obdk viti`nb` lbnkb`%lbnkb` lbdb` (ghkam` vb|t btb}

g}t }v+.

= Vm`nmebwb`

Vm`nmebwb` dm`nb` em`nn}`bab` lbhb` {b`n lbka wmlbnbk vmel}`na}w tkdba

em|}wba dbnk`n wm|tb tkdba emelbhb{bab` amwmhbtb` eb`}wkb.

Vbdb amebwb` {b`n dkn}`bab` dk~boklab` em`gb`t}eab` cblmc ?

b+ @beb db` bcbebt vm|}wbhbb` db`)btb} `iei| |mnkwtm|

l+ Om`kw b{be



> db|k 8

g+ Lilit

d+ Tk`nabtb` e}t}m+ Tb`nnbc abdbc}b|wb

Lkcb amebwb` lm|kwk cmlkh db|k wbt} viti`n# kwk`{b hb|}w wm|bnbe dbcbe hbc

om`kw tk`nabtb` e}t} db` tb`nnbc vmeb`m`b`.

]`t}a amebwb` viti`nb` lbnkb`%lbnkb` lbdb` tkdba dkgb`t}eab` lilit%

lilit`{b tmtbvk dkgb`t}eab` o}ecbh viti`nb``{b.

: Gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih db` emthidb b`bckwb

:.2 Gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih ?

Vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih dkcba}ab` dm`nb` em`nn}`bab` emthidb vm`nbelkcb`

gi`tih bgba wmdm|hb`b (wkevcm |b`die wbevck`n+ tb`vb vmekckhb` dm`nb`

vm|k`gkb` wmlbnbk lm|ka}t ?

:.2.2 Db|k wmo}ecbh vbwb| btb} |}ebh viti`n b{be {b`n bdb dkw}bt} dbm|bh

dkcba}ab` vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmgb|b bgba# wmlmwb| =- (ek`kebc 2 l}bh vbwb|

btb} 2 l}bh |}ebh viti`n b{be+. ]`t}a |}ebh viti`n b{be dklmdbab` b`tb|b

{b`n eidm|` db` t|bdkwki`kc /+

:.2.< Ame}dkb` dkcba}ab` vm`dbjtb|b` (ckwtk`n+ o}ecbh vmdbnb`n ab|abw

b{be {b`n bdb dktkbv%tkbv vbwb| {b`n dkbelkc wmlbnbk gi`tih (wbevcm+ db`

dkhkt}`n o}ecbh ab|abw b{be {b`n dko}bc.

]`t}a wmo}ecbh |}ebh viti`n b{be {b`n dkbelkc wmlbnbk gi`tih (wbevcm+

dkhkt}`n o}ecbh b{be {b`n dkviti`n db`)btb} o}ecbh ab|abw b{be {b`n

dkwkevb` (dklma}ab`+.

:.2.7 Db|k o}ecbh ab|abw b{be {b`n dko}bc dktkbv%tkbv vbwb| tm|wml}t# btb}

o}ecbh b{be {b`n dkviti`n db`)btb} o}ecbh ab|abw b{be {b`n dkwkevb`

dk|}ebh viti`n b{be dkcba}ab` vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmgb|b bgba wmlmwb| <-.

/+ ]`t}a vbwb| dklmdbab` lm|dbwb|ab` wt|btb vbwb| wmw}bk dm`nb` amtm`t}b` {b`n lm|cba}



8 db|k 8

:.< Vmt}nbw vm`nbelkc gi`tih

Vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih dkcba}ab` icmh vmt}nbw {b`n emem`}hk w{b|bt db` {b`n

dkt}`o}a icmh Dk|mat}| Om`dm|bc Vmtm|`bab`.

:.7 Emthidb B`bckwb

Om`kw Vmem|kawbb` ? Emthidb Vm`n}okb` @iei| ?

b + Vmem|kawbb` I|nb`icmvtka 668%EV)WVK%@BA

l+ Vmem|kawbb` ]ok Aml}w}ab` 66;%EV)WVK%@BA

g+ Vmem|kawbb` O}ecbh A}eb` 626%EV)WVK%@BA




Dm~b` Wtb`db|dkwbwk @bwki`bc % DW@


W@K 62%7;<4%2;;=



Lm|dbwb|ab` }w}cb` db|k Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb`


W@K 62 % 7;<4 % 2;;=




DM^B@ WTB@DB\DKWBWK @BWKI@BC % DW@




LBNKB@ V\I[MA VMELK@BB@ E]T] HBWKC VM\TB@[email protected]. 2;;8)2;;;


LBDB@ BN\KLKW@KW# DMVB\TMEM@ VM\TB@KB@

Ab`ti| V}wbt Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb` Nmd}`n J


Obab|tb 2<==6

Tcv.)Jbx. (6<2+ >8647:>

Mdkwk 2;;8



Dbjtb| Kwk

Hbcbeb`

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Dbjtb| Kwk .................................................................................. k

O}d}c .............................................................................................. 2

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v ............................................................ 2< Dkwa|kvwk ....................................................................... 2

7 Acbwkjkabwk ........................................................................ 2

4 Vm|w{b|btb` ......................................................................... 7

= Vm`nmebwb` .......................................................................... :

: Gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih db` emtidb b`bckwb ............................

>



Tmc}| B{be Ai`w}ewk

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Wtb`db| a}bcktbw tmc}| b{be vm|c} dktm|bvab` dbcbe vmebwb|b` tmc}| tm|}tbeb

}`t}a eme}dbhab` ai`w}em` dbcbe em`m`t}ab` vkckhb``{b wmhk`nnb bab`

cmlkh emelm|k amv}bwb` vbdb ai`}em` db` cmlkh emelm|k amvbwtkb` e}t}

}`t}a vmelmck. Wmcbk` kt} wtb`db| a}bcktbw o}nb lm|eb`jbbt }`t}a em`gmnbh

lm|mdb|`{b)vmebwb|b` tmc}| {b`n tkdba wmw}bk }`t}a lbhb` vb`nb` btb}

emelbhb{bab` ai`w}em`. Dm`nb` dmekakb` v|id}wm` bab` tm|b`nwb`n }`t}a

em`hbwkcab` tmc}| b{be {b`n lm|a}bcktbw lbka.



2 db|k :

Tmc}| B{be Ai`w}ewk

2 \}b`n ck`na}v

Wtb`db| k`k emckv}tk ?

2.2 Acbwkjkabwk {b`n lm|dbwb|ab̀ vbdb om`kw# ~b|`b am|blb`n (a}ckt tmc}|+#

db` lilit.

2.< Vm|w{b|btb` {b`n emckv}tk e}t}# vm`b`nb`b` vbwgb vb`m`# lbhb`

vmelb`t}# e}t} v|id}a bahk| db` vm`nmebwb` wm|tb gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih

db` emthidb b`bckwkw.

< Dkwa|kvwk

Tmc}| b{be ai`w}ewk wmnb| bdbcbh tmc}| b{be {b`n tkdba em`nbcbek v|iwmw

vm`dk`nk`b` db` tkdba em`nbcbek vm`b`nb`b` vm`nb~mtb` wm|tb tkdba

em`}`o}ab` tb`db%tb`db vm|t}el}hb` mel|ki {b`n omcbw# a}`k`n tmc}| lmc}e

tm|gbev}| dm`nb` v}tkh tmc}|# }t}h db` lm|wkh.

7 Acbwkjkabwk

7.2 Lm|dbwb|ab̀ Om`kw dklmdbab` ?

b+ tmc}| b{be |bw

l+ tmc}| b{be l}|bw (l}ab` |bw+

7.< Lm|dbwb|ab̀ ^b|`b Am|blb`n (A}ckt tmc}|+ dklmdbab` ?

b+ ~b|`b v}tkh

l+ ~b|`b giacbt



< db|k :

7.7 Lm|dbwb|ab` Lm|bt dklmdbab` em`obdk ?

b+ ]`t}a tmc}| b{be |bw

2+ Tmc}| mawt|b lmwb| dm`nb` lm|bt cmlkh db|k :6 n|be

<+ Tmc}| lmwb| dm`nb` lm|bt =: % :6 n|be

7+ Tmc}| wmdb`n dm`nb` lm|bt =2 % == n|be

4+ Tmc}| amgkc dm`nb` lm|bt 4: % =6 n|be

=+ Tmc}| mawt|b amgkc dm`nb` lm|bt a}|b`n db| 4: n|be.

l+ ]`t}a tmc}| b{be l}|bw

Dknici`nab` wmlbnbk tmc}| mawt|b amgkc vbdb b{be |bw.

7.4 Lm|dbwb|ab` e}t} dklmdbab` em`obdk ?

b+ E}t} amcbw 2

l+ E}t} amcbw <

g+ E}t} amcbw 7

4 Vm|w{b|btb`

4.2 Amlm|wkhb` tmc}|

hb|}w lm|wkh# Tmc}|%tmc}| {b`n aiti| licmh dklm|wkhab` ?

b+ Dm`nb` abk` cbv {b`n lm|wkh db` am|k`n

l+ Lkcb tmc}| tm|vbawb dkg}gk# hb|}w dkcba}ab` dm`nb` gb|b {b`n lm`b|

{bkt}?

2+ Bk| vm`g}gk hb|}w hb`nbt# w}h} ! 7=6 G db` lm|wkh.

<+ Hb|}w em`nn}`bab` dmtm|nm` ah}w}w }`t}a tmc}| btb} wm`{b~b Gc

(Gci|k`m Gievi}`d+.

7+ Wmtmcbh dkg}gk hb|}w wmnm|b dkam|k`nab`. Dbvbt dkn}`bab` bcbt

vm`nm|k`n.



7 db|k :

4.< Lbhb` Vmelb`t}

Lbhb` vmelb`t} hb|}w lm|wkjbt tkdba emelbhb{bab` amwmhbtb`# tkdba lm|lb}#

tkdba em`obdk emdk}e vm|t}el}hb` eka|ilb db` tkdba em`}|}`ab` a}bcktbw.

Gi`tih ? ]`t}a em`}t}v vi|k%vi|k am|blb`n dbvbt dkn}`bab` ek`{ba ek`m|bc

btb} ek`{ba wb{}| {b`n lm|a}bcktbw lbka db` cbk`%cbk`.

4.7 E}t} V|id}a Bahk|

E}t} tmc}| dktm`t}ab` icmh ?

4.7.2 A}ckt tmc}| (am|blb`n+

am}t}hb`# lm`t}a# amckgk`b`# amlm|wkhb`.

4.7.< Ab`ti`n }db|b

Amdbcbeb` |i`nnb }db|b# amlmlbwb` lm|nm|ba.

4.7.7 Ambdbb` v}tkh tmc}|

Amam`tbcb` db` amlm|wkhb`.

4.7.4 Ambdbb` a}`k`n tmc}|

Lm`t}a# viwkwk db` amlm|wkhb`.

4.7.4 Lb}

Lb} tmc}| hb|}w ahbw.



4 db|k :

Tblmc 2

Vm|w{b|btb` Tk`nabtb` E}t}

@i

.

Jbati| E}t} Tk`nabtb` e}t}


2 < 7 4 =

2. Am|blb`n

b. Am}t}hb` ]t}h ]t}h ]t}h

l. Lm`t}a ì|ebc ì|ebc licmh blì|ebcg. Amckgk`b` ckgk` (hbc}w+ licmh bdb

lbnkb`%lbnkb`

{b`n abwb|

licmh abwb|

d.

Amlm|wkh

b`

lm|wkh lmlbw

db|k aiti|b`

{b`n em`mevmc

eb}v}` ìdb

lm|wkh lmlbw

db|k aiti|b`

{b`n em`mevmc#

licmh bdbwmdkakt

ìdb

lm|wkh lmlbw

db|k aiti|b`

{b`n em`mevmc#

licm bdb ìdb

<. Ab`ti`n }db|b

(dkckhbt dm`nb` vm`m|ivi`nb`+

b

Amdbcbe

b`

a}|b`n db|k 6#=

ge

6#= % 6#; ge 2 ge btb} cmlkh

l

Amlmlbwb

` lm|nm|ba

tmtbv dktmevbt lmlbw lm|nm|ba lmlbw lm|nm|ba

db` e}`nak`

wmvm|tk l}wb

7 Ambdbb` v}tkh tmc}|

dkckhbt dm`nb` (vm`m|ivi`nb`+

b. Amlm|wkhb` lmlbw db|k ìdb

(db|bh# dbnk`n

btb} lm`db

bwk`n cbk``{b+

lmlbw db|k ìdb

(db|bh# dbnk`n

btb} lm`db

bwk`n cbk``{b+

licmh bdb

wmdkakt

ìdbtmtbvk tkdba

licmh bdb lm`db

bwk`n cbk``{b

l. Amam`tbcb` am`tbc wmdkakt m`gm| m`gm|# tmtbvk



= db|k :

a}`k`n tmc}|

lmc}etm|gbev}|

dm`nb` v}tkh

tmc}|

2 < 7 4 =

4 Ambdbb` a}`k`n tmc}|

(dkckhbt dm`nb` vm`m|ivi`nb`

b Lm`t}a l}cbt bnba nmvm`n nmvm`n

l Viwkwk dktm`nbh dktm`nbh bnba amvk`nnk|

g lb{b`nb`

lbtbw%lbtbw

tkdba omcbw bnba omcbw omcbw

d. amlm|wkhb` lm|wkh lm|wkh licmh bdb

wmdkakt `idb

= Lb} ahbw ahbw ahbw

= Vm`nmebwb`

Ah}w}w }`t}a vb|b vm`o}bc tmc}| {b`n em`nn}`bab` amebwb`# vm|c} em`nka}tk

vm|w{b|btb` wmlbnbk lm|ka}t ?

=.2 Lbhb` amebwb` tkdba lm|bg}` eb}v}` em`nmc}b|ab` lb}.

=.< Lbhb` amebwb` hb|}w ebev} emck`d}`nk am|blb`n db|k tmab`b`%

tbab`b` db|k c}b| {b`n em`nbaklbtab` am|}wbab`.

=.7 Vbdb amebwb` hb|}w dkgb`t}eab` ?

b+ @beb vm|}wbhbb`

l+ Lilit tmc}| db` o}ecbh l}tk| (amwmc}|}hb +̀ {b`n bdb dbcbe amebwb`

g+ ^b|`b am|blb`n tmc}|



: db|k :

d+ Tk`nabtb` E}t}

m+ Om`kw tmc}|

=.4 Tmc}| dbcbe wbt} amebwb` hb|}w emev}`{bk tk`nabtb` e}t} {b`n wbeb#

db` tk`nabtb` lilit {b`n wbeb.



> db|k :

: Gb|b Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih Db` Emtidb B`bckwkw

:.2 Gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih ?

Vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih dkcba}ab` dm`nb` em`nn}`bab` emthidb vm`nbelkcb`

gi`tih bgba wmdm|hb`b (wkevcm |b`die wbevck`n+ tb`vb vmekckhb` dm`nb`

vm|k`gkb` wmlbnbk lm|ka}t ?

:.2.2 Db|k wmo}ecbh vbwb| btb} tiai)~b|}`n {b`n em`o}bc tmc}| dkw}bt}

dbm|bh dkcba}ab` vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmgb|b bgba# wmlmwb| =- db|k wmtkbv wt|btb

vbwb| wmw}bk dm`nb` amtm`t}b` {b`n lm|cba} (ek`kebc+ 2 l}bh vbwb| btb} 2 l}bh

tiai)~b|}`n.

:.2.< Ame}dkb` dkcba}ab` vm`dbjtb|b` (ckwtk`n+ o}ecbh vmdbnb`n tmc}| {b`n

bdb dk vbwb| tm|wml}t db` dkhkt}`n o}ecbh tmc}| {b`n dko}bc. ]`t}a wmo}ecbh

tiai)~b|}`n {b`n dkbelkc wmlbnbk gi`tih (wbevcm+# dkhkt}`n o}ecbh tmc}| {b`n

dko}bc.

:.2.7 Db|k o}ecbh tmc}| {b`n dko}bc dkcba}ab` vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmgb|b

bgba wmlmwb| < -. Lkcb bdb d}b ebgbe am|blb`n (a}ckt tmc}|+# hb|}w dkbelkc

gi`tih db|k wmtkbv ~b|`b am|blb`n.

:.< Vmt}nbw vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih ?

Vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih dkcba}ab` icmh vmt}nbw {b`n dkt}`o}a icmh Dk|mat}|

Om`dm|bc Vmtm|`bab`. Vmt}nbw tm|wml}t hb|}w emem`}hk w{b|bt# {bkt} i|b`n {b`n

lm|vm`nbcbeb` btb} dkcbtkh cmlkh dbh}c}.

:.7 Emthidb B`bckwkw

b+ Vmem|kawbb` e}t} dm`nb` emthidb vm`m|ivi`nb` 622%EV)WVK%@BA

l+ Vmem|kawbb` e}t} dm`nb` emthidb vmemgbhb` 62<%EV)WVK%@BA



Tmc}| B{be Ai`w}ewk



W@K 62%7;<:%2;;=



Lm|dbwb|ab̀ }w}cb` db|k Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb`


W@K 6: % 7;<: % 2;;=





Wma|mtb|kbt ? V}wbt Wtb`db|dkwbwk % CKVK# Wbwb`b ̂ kd{b Wb|~i`i Cb`tbk =



LBNKB@ V\I[MA VMELK@BB@ E]T] HBWKC VM\TB@[email protected]. 2;;8)2;;;





Obab|tb 2<==6

Tcv.)Jbx. (6<2+ >8647:>

Mdkwk 2;;8



2 db|k =

Dbjtb| Kwk

Hbcbeb`

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Dbjtb| Kwk .................................................................................... k

O}d}c ................................................................................................ 2

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v .............................................................. 2

< Dkwa|kvwk .......................................................................... 2

7 Acbwkjkabwk .......................................................................... 2

4 Vm|w{b|btb` .......................................................................... <

= Vm`nmebwb` .......................................................................... =

: Gb|b Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih db` Emtidb B`bckwkw ................. :



< db|k =

Ab|abw Abelk`n)Dielb

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Dbcbe |b`nab em`k`nabtab` amn}`bb` v|id}awk dbnk`n dbcbe `mnm|k db`

vm|ck`d}`nb` tm|hbdbv v|id}wm` db` ai`w}em` dkvm|c}ab` bdb`{b wtb`db|

Ab|abw Dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb. Vm`{}w}`b` wtb`db| ab|abw abelk`n)dielb

k`k dkcba}ab` lm|dbwb|ab` wkt}bwk db` ai`dkwk dk K`di`mwkb em`nm`bk wkwtme

vmtm|`bab` )vmemckhb|bb` abelk`n)dielb {b`n dkn}`b`ab` wmlbnbk tm|`ba

viti`n# tma`ka vm`{melmckhb` wm|tb vm`b`nb`b` db` vm`kcbkb` e}t})a}bcktbw

db|k ab|abw abelk`n)dielb {b`n dkvm|icmh.


2 \}b`n Ck`na}v

Wtb`db| k`k emckv}tk dkwa|kvwk# acbwkjkabwk# vm|w{b|btb`# vm`b`dbb` db`

vm`nb~bwb` e}t} wm|tb vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih db` b`bckwkw.

< Dkwa|kvwk

Ab|abw abelk`n)dielb bdbcbh t}l}h abelk`n)dielb wmhbt {b`n tmcbh

dkwmelmckh# }t}h btb} dklmcbh emel}o}| wmvb`ob`n t}cb`n lmcbab`n`{b# wmtmcbh

dka}cktk# kwk vm|}t dkamc}b|ab` tb`vb amvbcb# abak lbnkb` lb~bh db` bcbt amcbek`

abelk`n)dielb ob`tb` btb} belk`n abelk`n)dielb lmtk`b {b`n tmcbh

emcbhk|ab` dkvkwbhacb` dm`nb`)btb} tb`vb mai|. Amvbcb dkviti`n dkb`tb|b

t}cb`n igkvktbc (iw iggkvktbcm+ dm`nb` t}cb`n tm`na}a vm|tbeb (Iw btcbw+. Abak

dmvb` dkviti`n dkb`tb|b gb|v}w db` emtbgb|v}w1 abak lmcbab`n dkviti`n

dkb`tb|b tb|w}w db` emtbtb|w}w. Okab dkvm|c}ab` }`t}a emekwbhab` mai|# ebab

vbck`n lb`{ba d}b |}bw t}cb`n lmcbab`n gigg{nmbc (Iw gb}dbckw+ tm|ka}t vbdb

ab|abw.



7 db|k =

7 Acbwkjkabwk

Ab|abw abelk`n)dielb dbcbe wtb`db| k`k dknici`nab` amdbcbe 7 (tknb+ om`kw

e}t}# {bkt} e}t} K# E}t} KK db` E}t} KKK.

4 Vm|w{b|btb`

b+ Tb`vb lbhb` vm`nb~mt db` lbhb` tbelbhb`

l+ W{b|bt e}t}

Tblmc 2

W{b|bt e}t}

@i Ab|batm|kwtka W{b|bt E}t}


2 < 7 4 =

2 Vm`bevbab` Bnba cmelbl Bnba am|k`n Am|k`n

< Tmawt}| Cmel}t db`

aievba

Bnba am|bw db`

a}|b`n aievba

Am|bw db` tkdba

aievba

7 ^b|`b Em|bh ahbw

dbnk`n db`

hieinm`

Em|bh ahbw

dbnk`n db` bnba

hieinm`

Em|bh ahbw

dbnk`n db`

hmtm|inm`

4 Cmeba

Vb`nn}c

Tmlbc bnba tkvkw tkvkw

= ]e}| E}db)dm~bwb E}db)dm~bwb E}db)dm~bwb

: Wbcei`mcb @mnbtkj @mnbtkj @mnbtkj

> M. Gick @mnbtkj @mnbtkj @mnbtkj

8 Lb} Wvmwkjka Wvmwkjka Wvmwkjka



4 db|k =

= Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nb~bwb` E}t}

Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nb~bwb` E}t} dkcba}ab` tmhbdbv wmtkbv ab|abw

abelk`n)dielb wmgb|b k`dkzkd}bc vbdb wbbt vmem|kawbb` viwt ei|tme# icmh

Vmt}nbw {b`n lm|~m`b`n.

: Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih db` B`bckwkw

:.2 ]`t}a vm`nmgmab` amelbck w}bt} om`kw e}t} db|k wmo}ecbh ab|abw

abelk`n)dielb dkcba}ab` dm`nb` gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmgb|b bgba db|k

wmtkbv vb|tbk ab|abw dm`nb` lm|vmdieb` vbdb dbjtb| dklb~bh k`k ?

Tblmc <

Vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih

O}ecbh Ab|abw O}ecbh Gi`tih

3 =6 <

=6 % 266 7

262 % <=6 4

<=2 % =66 :

=62 % 2666 8

:.< B`bckwkw

:.<.2 Vm`bevbab`# tmawt}|# ~b|`b db` }e}| dkcba}ab` wmgb|b zkw}bc.

:.<.< Tmlbc cmeba vb`nn}c dktm`t}ab` dm`nb` emtidb [mbtmw# @TE (2;:=+

bdbcbh wmlbnbk lm|ka}t ?

Tmlbc Cm`ba w}l a}tb` em|}vbab` b`nab |btb%|btb < ciabwk vm`n}a}|b` vbdb

ciabwk X db` ciabwk [ vbdb vm`bevb`n emck`tb`n k|kwb` {b`n dkl}bt }`t}a

emekwbhab` wmvm|mevbt dmvb` dm`nb` wmvm|mevbt lmcbab`n ab|abw# {bkt} vbdb

dbm|bh b`tb|b |}w}a am%26 db` am%22 ([mbtmw# 2;:=+.



= db|k =

Vm`n}a}|b` tmlbc cmeba w}la}tb` X kbcbh ciabwk {b`n em|}vbab` ob|ba tm|dmabt

nb|kw cbtm|bc ck`nab|b` itit ci`nkwwke}w di|wk dm`nb` vm|e}abb` cmeba w}la}tb` (nbelb|+. Vm`n}a}|b` tmlbc cmeba w}la}tb` [ kbcbh ciabwk {b`n

em|}vbab` ob|ba tmnba c}|}w vm|e}abb` cmeba w}la}tb` dm`nb` nb|kw btb} itit

t|bvmk}w. Tk`nabt amtmlbcb` cmeba w}la}tb` em|}vbab` k`dkabwk wtbt}w nkk

tm|`ba vbdb }e}| {b`n wbeb.

:.<.7 ]e}| dktm`t}ab` lm|dbwb|ab̀ dbjtb| dklb~bh k`k ?

Tblmc 7

Vm`m`t}b` }e}|

Aidm

`iei|

Wkjbt%wkjbt am|b`nab ]e}|

A|i`icinkw

:.<.7.2 \}bw%|}bw t}cb`n lmcbab`n wbg|bc lm|~b|`b

bl}%bl}b` db` em|}vbab` amwbt}b`.

T}cb`n |b~b` lbnkb` bahk| c}elb| tmcbh

wmev}|`b em`nbcbek vm`}cb`nb`#

lm|~b|`b ambl}%bl}b`. Wmlbnkb` lmwb|

t}cb`n |b~b` viwtm|ki| thi|bgkg em`nbcbek

vm`}cb`nb`. tknb vm|mevbt t}cb`n |b~b`

b`thm|ki| thi|bgkg em`nbcbek vm`}cb`nb`

t}cb`n |}w}a cmlb| db` vkvkh

Dm~bwb

:.<.7.< Vm`}cb`nb` cmlkh wmev}|`b cbnk

dklb`dk`nab` ab|abw amcievia }e}| <

tbh}`

T}b

:.<.4 Wbcei`mccb db` M. Gick dktm`t}ab` lm|dbwb|ab` Vm`n}okb` dm`nb`

emtidb {b`n gmvbt# wmw}bk dm`nb` vm|bt}|b` amwmhbtb` ebw{b|babt zmtm|k`m|

{b`n lm|cba}.



k

Dbjtb| Kwk

Hbcbeb`

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Dbjtb| Kwk ................................................................................. k

O}d}c ................................................................................. 2

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v .......................................................... 2

< Dkwa|kvwk ...................................................................... 2

7 Acbwkjkabwk ...................................................................... 2

4 Vm|w{b|btb` .......................................................... 2

= Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nb~bwb` E}t} ..................................... <

: Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih db` B`bckwkw ...................................... <



<


W@K Wtb`db| @bwki`bc K`di`mwkb

W@K 62%7;<=%2;;=




7

Lm|dbwb|ab̀ }w}cb` db|k Dmvb|tmem` Vm|tb`kb`wtb`db| k`k dkwmt}o}k icmh Dm~b` Wtb`db|dkwbwk @bwki`bc

em`obdk Wtb`db| @bwki`bc K`di`mwkb dm`nb` ̀ iei| ?

W@K 62 % 7;<= % 2;;=










4





Obab|tb 2<==6

Tcv.)Jbx. (6<2+ >8647:>Mdkwk 2;;>



=

Ab|abw Wbvk

Vm`dbh}c}b`



Ab|abw Dbnk`n Wbvk.

Vm`{}w}`b` wtb`db| ab|abw wbvk k`k dkcba}ab` lm|dbwb|ab` wkt}bwk db` ai`dkwk

dk K`di`mwkb em`nm`bk wkwtme vmtm|`bab` )vmemckhb|bb` wbvk {b`n dkn}`b`ab`

wmlbnbk tm|`ba viti`n# tma`ka vm`{melmckhb` wm|tb vm`b`nb`b` db` vm`kcbkb`

e}t})a}bcktbw db|k ab|abw wbvk {b`n dkvm|icmh.



2 db|k =

Ab|abw Wbvk

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v



< Dkwa|kvwk

Ab|abw wbvk bdbcbh t}l}h wbvk wmhbt {b`n tmcbh dkwmelmckh# }t}h btb} dklmcbh

emel}o}| wmvb`ob`n t}cb`n lmcbab`n`{b# wmtmcbh dka}cktk# kwk vm|}t dkamc}b|ab`

tb`vb amvbcb# abak lbnkb` lb~bh db` bcbt amcbek` wbvk ob`tb` btb} belk`n wbvk

lmtk`b {b`n tmcbh emcbhk|ab` dkvkwbhacb` dm`nb`)btb} tb`vb mai|. Amvbcb

dkviti`n dkb`tb|b t}cb`n igkvktbc (iw iggkvktbcm+ dm`nb` t}cb`n tm`na}a

vm|tbebe (btcbw+. Abak dmvb` dkviti`n dkb`tb|b gb|v}w db` emtbgb|v}w1 abak

lmcbab`n dkviti`n dkb`tb|b tb|w}w db` emtbtb|w}w. Okab dkvm|c}ab` }`t}a

emekwbhab` mai|# ebab vbck`n lb`{ba d}b |}bw t}cb`n lmcbab`n gigg{nmbc

(gb}dbckw+ tm|ka}t ab|abw.

7 Acbwkjkabwk

Ab|abw wbvk dbcbe wtb`db| k`k dknici`nab` amdbcbe 7 (tknb+ om`kw e}t}# {bkt}

e}t} K# E}t} KK db` E}t} KKK.

4 Vm|w{b|btb`

4.2 Tb`vb lbhb` vm`nb~mt db` lbhb` tbelbhb`

4.< W{b|bt e}t} dbvbt dkckhbt vbdb tblmc 2



< db|k =

Tblmc 2

W{b|bt e}t}



2 < 7 4 =



aievba

Bnba am|bw db`

a}|b`n aievba

Am|bw db` tkdba

aievba

7 ^b|`b Em|bh ahbwdbnk`n

Em|bh ahbwdbnk`n db` bnba

hmtm|inm`

Em|bh ahbwdbnk`n db`

hmtm|inm`

4 Cmeba

Vb`nn}c






=.2 Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nb~bwb` E}t} dkcba}ab` tmhbdbv wmtkbv ab|abw wbvk

wmgb|b k`dkzkd}bc vbdb wbbt vmem|kawbb` viwt ei|tme# icmh Vmt}nbw {b`n

lm|~m`b`n.


:.2 ]`t}a vm`nmgmab` amelbck w}bt} om`kw e}t} db|k wmo}ecbh ab|abw wbvk

dkcba}ab` dm`nb` gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmgb|b bgba db|k wmtkbv vb|tbk

ab|abw dm`nb` lm|vmdieb` vbdb tblmc < dklb~bh k`k ?



7 db|k =

Tblmc <

Vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih


3 =6 <

=6 % 266 7

262 % <=6 4

<=2 % =66 :

=62 % 2666 8

:.< B`bckwkw




Tmlbc Cmeba W}l A}tb` ?




dbm|bh b`tb|b |}w}a am %26 db` am %22 ([mbtmw# 2;:=+ wmvm|tk tm|tm|b vbdb

nbelb| 2.

Nbelb| 2

Vm`bevb`n Emck`tb`n \mgbhb` Ab|abw vbdb k|kwb` b`tb|b Dbm|bh \}w}a am%26

db` am%22 ( Db|k ? [mbtmw# 2;:=+.



4 db|k =

Amtm|b`nb` ? Cd 5 itit ci`nkwwke}w di|wk

T| 5 itit t|bvmk}w X 5 vm`n}a}|b` cmeba w}la}tb` ciabwk {b`n em|}vbab`

ob|ba tm|dmabt nb|kw cbtm|bc ck`nab|b` iti cb`nkwwke}w

di|wk dm`nb` vm|e}abb` cmeba w}la}tb`

[ 5 vm`n}a}|b` tmlbc cmeba w}la}tb` ciabwk {b`n

em|}vbab` ob|ba tmnba c}|}w vm|e}abb` cmeba w}la}tb`

dm`nb` nb|kw btbw itit t|bvmk}w.


nb|kw cbtm|bc ck`nab|b` itit ci`nkwwke}w di|wk dm`nb` vm|e}abb` cmeba

w}la}tb` (nbelb|+. Vm`n}a}|b` tmlbc cmeba w}la}tb` [ kbcbh ciabwk {b`n




:.<.7 ]e}| dktm`t}ab` lm|dbwb|ab̀ tblmc 7 dklb~bh k`k ?

Tblmc 7

Vm`m`t}b` }e}|

Aidm

`iei|


A|i`icinkw

2 < 7


ambl}%bl}b` db` w}dbh em|}vbab` wbt}

amwbt}b`. T}cb`n |b~b` lbnkb` bahk|c}elb| w}dbh em`nbcbek vm`}cb`nb` tmtbvk

ebwkh dbvbt dklmdbab` dm`nb` |}bw%|}bw

t}cb`n lmcbab`n. wmvb|}h t}cb`n |b~b`

viwtm|ki| thi|bgkg em`nbcbek vm`}cb`nb`1

wmvm|mevbt t}cb`n |b~b` t}cb`n |b~b`

b`thm|ki| thi|bgkg em`nbcbek vm`}cb`nb`.

T}cb`n |}w}a cmlb| db` vkvkh

E}db



= db|k =

2 < 7

:.<.7.< \}bw%|}bw t}cb`n lmcbab`n wbg|bc lm|~b|`bbl}%bl}b` db` em|}vbab` wbt} amwbt}b`.



lm|~b|`b ambl}%bl}b`. wmlbnkb` lmwb|

t}cb`n |b~b` viwtm|ki| thi|bgkg em`nbcbek

vm`}cb`nb`. . T}cb`n |}w}a cmlb| db` vkvkh

Dm~bwb

:.<.7.7 Vm`}cb`nb` cmlkh wmev}|`b cbnk

dklb`dk`nab` ab|abw amcievia }e}| =

tbh}`

T}b


emtidb {b`n gmvbt# wmw}bk dm`nb` vm|bt}|b` amwmhbtb` ebw{b|babt zmtm|k`m|

{b`n lm|cba}



k

Dbjtb| Kwk

Hbcbeb`

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Dbjtb| Kwk ................................................................................... k

O}d}c .............................................................................................. 2

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v ............................................................ 2

< Dkwa|kvwk ........................................................................ 2

7 Acbwkjkabwk ....................................................................... 2

4 Vm|w{b|btb` ........................................................................ 2

= Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nb~bwb` E}t} ...................................... <

: Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih db` B`bckwkw ..................................... <



<

Ab|abw Wbvk


W@K 62%7;7<%2;;=




7



W@K 62 % 7;7< % 2;;=










4





Obab|tb 2<==6Tcv.)Jbx. (6<2+ >8647:>

Mdkwk 2;;>



=

Wtb`db| Ab|abw Am|lb}

Vm`dbh}c}b`



Ab|abw Dbnk`n Am|lb}

Vm`{}w}`b` wtb`db| ab|abw am|lb} k`k dkcba}ab` lm|dbwb|ab` wkt}bwk db`

ai`dkwk dk K`di`mwkb em`nm`bk wkwtme vmtm|`bab` )vmemckhb|bb` am|lb}%am|lb}

{b`n dkn}`b`ab` wmlbnbk tm|`ba viti`n# tma`ka vm`{melmckhb` wm|tb

vm`b`nb`b` db` vm`kcbkb` e}t})a}bcktbw db|k ab|abw am|lb} {b`n dkvm|icmh.



2 db|k =

Wtb`db| Ab|abw Am|lb}

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v



< Dkwa|kvwk

Ab|abw am|lb} bdbcbh t}l}h am|lb} wmhbt {b`n tmcbh dkwmelmckh# }t}h btb}

dklmcbh emel}o}| wmvb`ob`n t}cb`n lmcbab`n`{b# wmtmcbh dka}cktk# kwk vm|}t

dkamc}b|ab` tb`vb amvbcb# abak lbnkb` lb~bh db` bcbt amcbek` am|lb} ob`tb`

btb} belk`n am|lb} lmtk`b {b`n tmcbh emcbhk|ab` dkvkwbhacb` dm`nb`)btb}

tb`vb mai|. Amvbcb dkviti`n dkb`tb|b t}cb`n igkvktbc (iw iggkvktbcm+ dm`nb`

t}cb`n tm`na}a vm|tbeb (Iw btcbw+. Abak dmvb` dkviti`n dkb`tb|b gb|v}w db`

emtbgb|v}w1 abak lmcbab`n dkviti`n dkb`tb|b tb|w}w db` emtbtb|w}w. Okab

dkvm|c}ab` }`t}a emekwbhab` mai|# ebab vbck`n lb`{ba d}b |}bw t}cb`n

lmcbab`n gigg{nmbc (Iw gb}dbckw+ tm|ka}t vbdb ab|abw.

7 Acbwkjkabwk

Ab|abw am|lb} dbcbe wtb`db| k`k dknici`nab` amdbcbe 7 (tknb+ om`kw e}t}# {bkt}

e}t} K# E}t} KK db` E}t} KKK.

4 Vm|w{b|btb`

4.2 Tb`vb lbhb` vm`nb~mt db` lbhb` tbelbhb`

4.< W{b|bt e}t}



< db|k =

Tblmc 2

W{b|bt e}t}



2 < 7 4 =



aievba

Bnba am|bw Am|bw db` tkdba

aievba

7 ^b|`b Em|bh ahbwdbnk`n db`

hieinm`

Em|bh ahbwdbnk`n db` bnba

hieinm`

Em|bh ahbwdbnk`n db`

hmtm|inm`

4 Cmeba

Vb`nn}c






Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nb~bwb` E}t} dkcba}ab` tmhbdbv wmtkbv ab|abw am|lb}

wmgb|b k`dkzkd}bc vbdb wbbt vmem|kawbb` viwt ei|tme# icmh Vmt}nbw {b`n

lm|~m`b`n.


:.2 ]`t}a vm`nmgmab` amelbck w}bt} om`kw e}t} db|k wmo}ecbh ab|abw

am|lb} dkcba}ab` dm`nb` gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih wmgb|b bgba db|k wmtkbv

vb|tbk ab|abw dm`nb` lm|vmdieb` vbdb tblmc dklb~bh k`k ?



7 db|k =

Tblmc <

Vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih


3 =6 <

=6 % 266 7

262 % <=6 4

<=2 % =66 :

=62 % 2666 8

:.< B`bckwkw




Tmlbc Cmeba W}l A}tb`




dbm|bh b`tb|b |}w}a am% 26 db` am% 22 ([mbtmw# 2;:=+ wmvm|tk tm|tm|b vbdb

nbelb| 2 ?

Nbelb| 2

Vm`bevb`n Emck`tb`n \mgbhb` Ab|abw vbdb k|kwb` b`tb|b Dbm|bh \}w}a am%26

db` am%22 ( Db|k ? [mbtmw# 2;:=+



4 db|k =

Amtm|b`nb` ? Cd 5 itit ci`nkwwke}w di|wk

T| 5 itit t|bvmk}wX 5 vm`n}a}|b` cmeba w}la}tb` ciabwk {b`n em|}vbab`

ob|ba tm|dmabt nb|kw cbtm|bc ck`nab|b` iti cb`nkwwke}w

di|wk dm`nb` vm|e}abb` cmeba w}la}tb`

[ 5 vm`n}a}|b` tmlbc cmeba w}la}tb` ciabwk {b`n

em|}vbab` ob|ba tmnba c}|}w vm|e}abb` cmeba w}la}tb`

dm`nb` nb|kw btbw itit t|bvmk}w.


nb|kw cbtm|bc ck`nab|b` itit ci`nkwwke}w di|wk dm`nb` vm|e}abb` cmeba

w}la}tb` (nbelb|+. Vm`n}a}|b` tmlbc cmeba w}la}tb` [ kbcbh ciabwk {b`n




:.<.7 ]e}| dktm`t}ab` lm|dbwb|ab̀ tblmc 7 dklb~bh k`k ?

Tblmc 7

Vm`m`t}b` }e}|

Aidm

`iei|


A|i`icinkw


bl}%bl}b` db` em|}vbab` amwbt}b`.



lm|~b|`b ambl}%bl}b`. Wmlbnkb` lmwb|t}cb`n |b~b` viwtm|ki| thi|bgkg em`nbcbek

vm`}cb`nb`. tknb vm|mevbt t}cb`n |b~b`

b`thm|ki| thi|bgkg em`nbcbek vm`}cb`nb`.

T}cb`n |}w}a cmlb| db` vkvkh

Dm~bwb

:.<.7.< Vm`}cb`nb` cmlkh wmev}|`b cbnk

dklb`dk`nab` ab|abw amcievia }e}| =

tbh}`

T}b



= db|k =


emtidb {b`n gmvbt# wmw}bk dm`nb` vm|bt}|b` amwmhbtb` ebw{b|babt zmtm|k`m|{b`n lm|cba}.



k

Dbjtb| Kwk

Hbcbeb`

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Dbjtb| Kwk . ......................................................................... k

O}d}c ..................................................................................... 2

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v .............................................................. 2

< Dkwa|kvwk ......................................................................... 2

7 Acbwkjkabwk ......................................................................... 2

4 Vm|w{b|btb` ......................................................................... 2

= Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nb~bwb` E}t} ....................................... <

: Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih db` B`bckwkw ...................................... <



Ab|abw Am|lb}


W@K 62%7;77%2;;=






W@K 62 % 7;77 % 2;;=

Vm`m|lktb` wtb`db| k`k dkcba}ab` wmtmcbh emevm|hbtkab` wme}b dbtbdb` ebw}ab` db|k lm|lbnbk vkhba. A|ktka db` wb|b` }`t}a vm`{mev}|`bb`












Obab|tb 2<==6Tcv.)Jbx. (6<2+ >8647:>

Mdkwk 2;;>



Dbnk`n Abelk`n)Dielb



W@K 62%7;48%2;;=



Lm|dbwb|ab` }w}cb` db|k Dmvb|tmem` Vm|dbnb`nb`

wtb`db| k`k dkwmt}o}k icmh Dm~b` Wtb`db|dkwbwk @bwki`bc


W@K .62%7;48%2;;=

Vm`m|lktb` wtb`db| k`k dkcba}ab` wmtmcbh emevm|hbtkab` wme}b dbtbdb` ebw}ab` db|k lm|lbnbk vkhba. A|ktka db` wb|b` }`t}a vm`{mev}|`bb`












Obab|tb 2<==6

Tcv.)Jbx. (6<2+ >8647:>Mdkwk 2;;8



k

DBJTB\ KWK

Hbcbeb`

Vm`dbh}c}b`

Dbjtb| Kwk ........................................................... k

O}d}c ........................................................... 2

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v ............................................................ 2

< Dkwa|kvwk ............................................................. 2

7 Acbwkjkabwk ............................................................. 2

4 Vm|w{b|btb` ............................................................. <

= Vm`b`dbb` db` Vm`nmebwb` ................................................... <

: Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih db` B`bckwb ........................................ 7



DBNK@N ABELK@N)DIELB

Vm`dbh}c}b ̀

Wtb`db| dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb dkw}w}` lm|dbwb|ab` hbwkc w}|zbk am dbm|bh

v|id}awk dk W}ebtm|b ]tb|b# Ob~b Lb|bt# Ob~b Tm`nbh# Ob~b Tke}|# DAK

Obab|tb# W}cb~mwk Wmcbtb`# Lbck db` @}wb Tm`nnb|b Lb|bt db` wt}dk v}wtbab dk

K`wtkt}t Vm|tb`kb` Lini| (KVL+ db` Lbcbk Vm`mcktkb` Tm|`ba# Gkb~k.

Wmtmcbh emevmcbob|k hbwkc w}|zbk tm|wml}t db` hbwkc w}|zbk dbcbe |b`nab

vm`{}c}hb` vmdieb` wtb`db| e}t} hbwkc tm|`ba icmh Dk|mati|bt Om`dm|bc

Vmtm|`bab` lmam|obwbeb dm`nb` KVL# wm|tb emevm|lb`dk`nab` dm`nb` wtb`db|eb}v}` vmdieb` vm`mcktkb` dbnk`n db|k B}wt|bckb)@m~ _mbcb`d# Om|eb` Lb|bt

db` Bem|kab Wm|kabt ebab dkw}w}`cbh wtb`db| dbnk`n abelk`n)Dielb

K`di`mwkb.



DBNK@N ABELK@N DIELB

2 \}b`n Ck`na}v

Wtb`db| k`k emckv}tk w{b|bt e}t}# gb|b vm`n}okb` e}t}# gb|b vm`nbelkcb`

gi`tih db` gb|b vm`nmebwb` dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb.

< Dkwa|kvwk

Dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb bdbcbh }|bt dbnk`n {b`n emcmabt vbdb am|b`nab

amg}bck }|bt dbnk`n db|k lbnkb` lklk|# hkd}`n db` tmck`nb {b`n lm|bwbc db|k

abelk`n)dielb {b`n wmhbt ~bat} dkviti`n.

7 Om`kw E}t}

Lm|dbwb|ab` vmeiti`nb` db` vm`b`nb`b``{b dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb

emev}`{bk d}b lm`t}a {bkt} wmnb| db` lma} wm|tb dkamcieviaab` dbcbe d}b

nici`nb` (amcbw+ {bkt} ?

7.2 Nici`nb` (amcbw+ K# emckv}tk dbnk`n lbnkb` ?

b+ Hbw

l+ Vbhb lmcbab`n

7.< Nici`nb` (amcbw+ KK# emckv}tk dbnk`n cbk` {b`n tkdba tm|ebw}a dbcbe

nici`nb` (amcbw+ K.

Wmtkbv nici`nb` (amcbw+ tm|wml}t dkbtbw tm|dk|k db|k tknb om`kw e}t} {bkt} e}t} K#

KK db` KKK.



4 W{b|bt E}t}

Tblmc 2

W{b|bt E}t}

Ab|batm|kwtk

a

W{b|bt e}t} Gb|b Vm`n}okb`


^b|`b Em|bh ahbw

dbnk`n wmnb|

Em|bh ahbw

dbnk`n wmnb|

Em|bh ahbw

dbnk`n wmnb|

I|nbìcmvtka

Lb} Ahbw dbnk`n

wmnb|

Ahbw dbnk`n

wmnb|

Ahbw dbnk`n

wmnb|

I|nbìcmvtka

Vm`bevbab` Am|k`n Cmelbl Lbwbh I|nbìcmvtka

Amam`{bcb` Am`{bc A}|b`n

Am`{bc

Cmelma I|nbìcmvtka

A}eb`)n|b

e (o}tb+ebaw.

6#= 6#= 6#= WV%WEV%;7%2;>=

vH =#7 % =#8 =#7 % =#8 =#7 % =#8 WV%WEV%72:%

2;8<

= Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih

=.2 Gb|b Vm`nbelkcb` Gi`tih

Gi`tih }`t}a vm`n}okb` hb|}w dkbelkc wmgb|b bgba db|k wmc}|}h vb|tbk lb|b`n

{b`n dkl}bt wm|bnbe (emev}`{bk vm|lb`dk`nb` aieviwkwk# lm`t}a# ~b|`b db`

}a}|b` {b`n wbeb+# lm|vmdieb` vbdb tk`nabk 2 dbcbe dbjtb| dklb~bh k`k.

Bvblkcb db|k hbwkc vm`n}okb` {b`n vm|tbeb tm|dbvbt amlm|btb` db|k vkhba {b`n

lm|wb`na}tb`# dbvbt dkbdbab` vm`n}okb` }cb`nb` dm`nb` lm|vmdieb` vbdb

tk`nabt < dbcbe dbjtb| dklb~bh k`k.



Tblmc <

Gb|b vm`nbelkcb` gi`tih

]a}|b` Vb|tbk

O}ecbh Gi`tih

(`+

O}ecbh gi`tih {b`n

tkdba emem`}hk

w{b|bt {b`n

dkvm|licmhab`

T`nabt 2 Tk`nabt

<

Tk`nabt

2

Tk`nabt

<

2 < 7 4 =

2 Lm|bt lm|wkh# a}|b`n db|k 2 an

4.866 btb} a}|b`n : 27 2 <

4.862 % <4.666 27 <2 < 7

<4.662 % 48.666 <2 <; 7 4

48.662 % 84.666 <; 48 4 :

84.662 % 244.666 48 84 : ;

244.662 % <46.666 84 2<: ; 27

Cmlkh db|k <46.666 2<: <66 27 2;

< Lm|bt lm|wkh# 2 an % 4#= An

<.466 btb} a}|b`n : 27 2 <

<.4662 % 2=.666 27 <2 < 7

2=.662 % <4.666 <2 <; 7 4

<4.662 % 4<.666 <; 48 4 :

4<.662 % ><.666 48 84 : ;

><.662 % 2<6.666 84 2<: ; 27

Cmlkh db|k 2<6.666 2<: <66 27 2;

7 Lm|bt lm|wkh# cmlkh db|k 4#=

An.

:66 btb} a}|b`n : 27 2 <

:62 % <.666 27 <2 < 7

<.662 % >.<66 <2 <; 7 4

>.<62 % 2=.666 <; 48 4 :

2=.662 % <4.666 48 84 : ;



<4.662 % 4<.666 84 2<: ; 27

Cmlkh db|k 4<.666 2<: <66 27 2;

/ Db|k wmtkbv gi`tih {b`n tm|belkc wmcb`o}t`{b dkg}vcka wmlb`{ba 6#= an

}`t}a dkb`bckwb.

=.< Vmt}nbw vm`nbelkc gi`tih.

Vmt}nbw vm`nbelkc gi`tih hb|}w emem`}hk w{b|bt# {bkt} i|b`n {b`n

lm|vm`nbcbeb` btb} dkcbtkh dbh}c} db` emev}`{bk kabtb` dm`nb` w}bt} lbdb`

h}a}e.

: Vm`nmebwb`

:.2 Gb|b vm`nmebwb`

Dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb {b`n dkvm|dbnb`nab` dbcbe lm`t}a wmnb|# tkdba vm|c}

dkamebw. Wmdb`nab` dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb dbcbe lm`t}a lma} {b`n

dkvm|dbnb`nab` wmgb|b vb|tbk lmwb| (~hicm wbcm+# dbvbt btb}v}` tkdba dkamebw

}`t}a {b`n dkvm|dbnb`nab` wmgb|b mgm|b` ~bokl dkcba}ab` vm`nmebwb`.

Wmtkbv lbnkb` dbnk`n {b`n dkamebw hb|}w em`nn}`bab` w}bt} ~bdbh {b`ndbvbt emck`d}`nk dbnk`n db|k am|}wbab` baklbt vm`nb|}h jkwka# akekb db`

eka|ilkicink. Lm|bt lm|wkh wmtkbv amebwb` ebawke}e 26 an.

:.< Vmelm|kb` em|ma

]`t}a dbnk`n {b`n dkamebw dklbnkb` c}b| wmtkbv amebwb` dkt}ckw dm`nb` lbhb`

{b`n tkdba e}dbh c}`t}| db` omcbw tm|lbgb b`tb|b cbk` ?

% V|id}awk K`di`mwkb

% @beb vm|}wbhbb`)vm`o}bc

% @beb lbnkb` dbnk`n

% Lm|bt lm|wkh

% Om`kw hm~b`

% Om`kw e}t}



Amtm|b`nb` ?

b 5 Hbw

l 5 Vbhb lmcbab`n

Nbelb| 2

Lbnkb`%lbnkb` dbnk`n abelk`n)dielb

SNI_01-3141-1998_produk peternakan

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