Ringkasan Mid Peltim

8/12/2019 Ringkasan Mid Peltim

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Jenis Pelabuhan

1. Ocean Ports

Pelabuhan yang terletak di pantai,

muara pasang surut atau muara sungai di

mana pelabuhan dapat dicapai

langsung oleh kapal-kapal laut.2. Inland waterway ports

port terletak di aliran sungai dan danau

Alamnya

Pelabuhan terbuka, kapal dapat

merapat langsung tanpa bantuan

pintu air,umumnya berupa pelabuhan

yang bersifat tradisional.

Pelabuhan tertutup, kapal masuk

harus melalui pintu air

Pelayanannya

Pelabuhan Umum, diselenggarakan

untuk kepentingan masyarakat yang

secara teknis dikelola oleh Badan

Usaha Pelabuhan (BUP).

Pelabuhan Khusus,dikelola untuk kepentingan sendiri guna menunjang

kegiatan tertentu, baik instansi

pemerintah, maupun badan usaha

swasta.

Lingkup Pelayaran

Pelabuhan Internasional Hub, utama primer yang

melayani nasional dan internasional dalan jumlah besar.

dan merupakan simpul dalam jaringan laut internasional.

Pelabuhan International, utama sekunder yang melayani

nasional maupun internasional dalam jumlah besar yang

juga menjadi simpul jaringan transportasi laut

internasional.

Pelabuhan Nasional, utama tersier yang melayani

nasional dan internasional dalam jumlah menengah.

Pelabuhan Regional,pelabuhan pengumpan primer ke

pelabuhan utama yang melayani secara nasional.

Pelabuhan Lokal, pelab uhan pengumpan sekunder yang

melayani lokal dalam jumlah kecil.

Perdagangan Luar Negeri

Pelabuhan Ekspor

Pelabuhan Impor

Kapal yang Diperbolehkan Singgah Pelabuhan Laut, Pelabuhan yang

boleh dikunjungi kapal negara-

negara sahabat.

Pelabuhan Pantai , pelabuhan yang

hanya boleh dikunjungi kapal

nasional.

Wilayah Pengawasan Bea Cukai

Custom port, adalah wilayah dalam

pengawasan bea cukai.

Free port. adalah wilayah pelabuhan

yang bebas diluar pengawasan bea

cukai.

Kegiatan Pelayarannya

Pelabuhan S amudra, contoh:

Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok. Pelabuhan Nusantara, contoh:

Pelabuhan Banjarmasin.

Pelabuhan Pelayaran Rakyat,

contoh: Pelabuhan Sunda Kelapa

Peranannya

Transito, pelabuhan yang

mengerjakan kegiatan transhipment

cargo, seperti Pelabuhan Singapura.

Ferry, pelabuhan yang mengerjakan

kegiatan penyebrangan,

seperti Pelabuhan Merak.


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Berth Structure

Berths, Fendering ,Jetties, Pier Caisso

The design wave height Hdes, which should be

chosen for the design may, depending on the

severity of the allowable risk, be as follows:Type of structure Hdes/Hs

Erosion protection 1.0 to 1.4

Rubble-mound breakwater 1.0 to 1.5

Concrete breakwater 1.6 to 1.8

Berth Structures 1.8 to 2.0

Structure with high safety requirements 2.0

The purpose of a berth structure is mainly to provide a

verticalfront where ships can berth safely. The berth fronts are

constructed according to one of the following two main

principles,

as illustrated in figure 3.4.1. A. :

Solid Berth Structure : The fill is

extended right out to the berth front

where the a vertical front wall is

constructed to resist the horizontal load

from the fill and a possible useful load.

Open Berth Structure : From the top of

a dredged or filled slope and out to the

berth front a load bearing slab is

constructed on columns or lamella walls.

In open structures all vertical loads are

transmitted via the columns or lamella

walls to rock, or to a load resistant sub

soil stratum.

The bearing of horizontal loads can take place at three

levels :

and bottom level

General consideration

General considerations should be taken before making a

quay

wall are whether the quay wall are built along shore line,

inland

or in deep water.

A choice of quay wall structure is strongly affected

by some boundary condition, such as:

since it

has more or less 50% geotechnical problem.

forces

(bollard, fenders)

loads, ice loads


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Persyaratan Fasilitas:

Dimensi : Kedalaman Air (sepanjang dermaga,

kanal masuk & kolam pelabuhan); panjang

pelabuhan, lebar apron

Beban : muatan bergerak pada apron ; peralatan

cargo handling;beban bangunan ; gayamerapat/berlabuh ; gaya bollard

Utilitas : power supply CHE ; lighting ; telephone ;

water & bunker oil pipelines ; fire fighting equipment.

Lokasi : Lokasi Optimal

Site Condition:

Topography ;

so il conditions ;

seismicity ;

water level & wa

climatic condition

corrosivity.

Physical Condition:

BASIC DESIGN DATA

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL

HYDROGRAPHIC

TOPOGRAPHIC

ANALYSIS DESIGN PARAMETER

TIDE

CURRENT

WIND

WAVE

Geological and Geotechnical

Geologist: the age of rocks may give important

indication with respect to joints and fissures

Rocks exposed in coastal cliffs will give indication of

resistance against wave attack

Geologic description of the area: major or minor faults

-> seismicity must be studied.

Volcanic activity, which has taken place in the region,

within last 2000 years should be considered in the site

selection

The Main Purpose: To locate suitable materials within a

reasonable distance from the port

To obtain the first impression of the

foundation condition

Topographic

Location Control

- General

- Visual Methods

- Radio-positioning Methods

- Electro-Optical, Infra-red and Laser Systems

Wave

Waves are the major factor in determining the

geometry and

composition of the beachs and significantly influence the

planning and design of habours, waterways, shore

protection

measures, coastal structures, and other coastal works.

Waves provide an important energy source for forming

beaches, sorting bottom sediments on the shoreface;

transporting bottom materials on shore, offshore, and

along

shore; and for causing many of the forces to which coastal

structures are subjected.

An adequate understanding of the mechanics of wave

motion is

essensial in the planning and design of coastal works.


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Bathymetry

1. General

2. Echo Sounder

- General

- Calibration

- Transmission Frequencies- Beam Width

3. Side-Scan Sonar

4. Direct Measurement

5. Spacing and Direction of Sounding Profiles

6. Wire Sweep

7. Reduction of Soundings

Pengetahuan mengenai arus ombak sangat penting

karena:

Ship access manoeuvres to a harbour

Dimensioning of nautical access channels and harbour

entrance

Erosion and sedimentation of the sea-bottom, and

beach erosion

Working condition at s ea during the building of a newport

Bottom erosion at the breakwater front, during

construction and after completion

Scour around marine structures

Laying of communication cables, power ca bles and

pipelines on and into the sea-bottom

Yachting

etc

Type of Meassuring Eqp.

mechanical current mete rs anchored to the bottom

(screw system mounted in a fish shaped swimming

device)

magnetic devices

indirect systems measuring the velocity of suspended

material (generally double head ultrasonic systems)

floating devices coupled with aero -photography ( very

unreliable).

Etc

Topography

1. Location Control- General

- Visual Methods

- Radio-positioning Methods

- Electro-Optical, Infra-red and Laser Systems

Meteorology and Climatology

1. General

2. Wind

- General

- Wind Sensors

- Exposure and Level of Measurements

- Presentation and Use of Wind Data

- Alternative Wind Information

Oceanographic and Hydraulic1. Current Meter Observations

- General

- Direct Reading Current Meters

- Recording Current Meters

2. Float Tracking

- General

3. Sediment Transport

- General

4. Sediment Transport in Current

- General

- Measuring Suspended Sediment Load

5. Sediment Transport with Waves

- Movement due to wave-generated currents

- Littoral Drift

- Rip Currents


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SITE CONDITION

1. TOPOGRAPHY

Contour choice of construction : (sea ward, land

ward or between)

2. SOIL CONDITIONa. Calculate Earth Pressure

Bearing Capacity

Stability of structures

b. Analysis if subsidence of files or structures may occur

c. Assess the method and cost of dredging, excavation

and pile driving.

3. SEISMICITY

- Horizontal acceleration

4. WATER LEVEL & WAVE CONDITION

- Variation in water level determine the effective

weight of soil and the

hydrostatic

pressure difference on wall with low or nopermeability

- Long period of wave

5. CLIMATIC CONDITION

- Data wind speeds and direction wind loads on

mooring vessel, buildings,

cranes etc.

- Climate the arrangement of storm water run off

Curing of concrete in extreme

high/low temp.

BERTH & TERMINAL DESIGN IN GENERAL

lay out & design of structures, foundations & pavement.

or combination of supported deck & land area

immediately adjacent to the ship along their entire length.

(Connected to berthing, mooring & CH).

-ships

manifold. * Need 1 loading platform. * Need berthing &

mooring platform.

no. of haches along the ship. * Permanent conueying

systems. * Finger piers & offshore installations land.

only one loading platform (Ramp).

TRAFFIC FORECASTING


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The essence of port traffic foresting :

through ?

frequency of call will result

in ?The most useful control statistic to each terminal :

-round time

ranes or ramps

Trend of Traffic:

The fact that over the last few years a particular

class of traffic has been increasing does not in itself

mean that the trend will continue. Trends can reverse

themselves very quickly.

In developing countries, the reasons of traffic increase willbe one of the following:

a) Traffic is directly dependent on the GNP;

b) Traffic in a specific commodity or product has been

deliberately developed or run down (e.g. national self-

sufficiency in a major foodstuff; development of a

new industry or of mines);

c) A gradual shift in regional centers of production or

consumption is occurring;

d) A gradual shift in transport technology or routing is

occurring (from break-bulk shipment to containers;

from maritime to overland transport, etc.).

FORECASTING PROCEDURE

1. Analyze past traffic

1.1. Define route, etc.

1.2. Choose cargo classification

1.3. Tabulate

1.4. Calculate trends and analyze their causes

1.5. Extract seasonal effects

2. Review market influences on traffic

and technological trends

2.1. Survey shippers opinions

(public and private)

2.2. Survey shipping co mpanies plans

3. Estimate systematic traffic growth rates

3.1. GNP- linked cargoes

3.2. Special cargoes

3.3. Regional/hinterland trends

4. Investigate expected traffic-influencing

events

4.1. Industry plans4.2. Agriculture plans

4.3. Transport links/transit policies

5. Combine all information into alternative

growth and technology scenarios

5.1. Identify principal scenario themes

5.2. Combine all data for each theme

5.3. Remove numerical inconsistencies

5.4. Write scenarios

6. For each scenario, tabulate annual

forecast in each traffic class

6.1 Tonnages (weight tons)

6.2 Numbers/sizes of ships

6.3 Seasonal effects


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Y = A + BX

Traffic Forecasting (Peramalan Lalu Lintas) Pelabuhan

merupakan bagian dasar dan utama dalam perencanaan

suatu pelabuhan

Peramalan Lalu Lintas Pelabuhan meliputi:

Type dan tonase komoditi yang melalui

pelabuhan

Jenis pengemasan komoditi Type kapal yang keluar masuk pelabuhan

The requires of traffic forecasting, are:

a. The reguler collection of a small number of essential

traffic statistics to serve as a control

b. Giving a port manager (e.g.) the head of the permanent

planning unit, where this exists) the responsibility for

reactiving the planing process when predetermined

deviations from forecast are reached

The most useful control statistics available from the ship

and shift

records which should kept are:

1. The total tonnage handled

2. The average ship turn-round time

3. The average tonnage loaded and discharged per ship

4. The volume of special traffic handled at a multi purpose

terminal

5. The percentage of ships with a specified type of

equipment6. The average ship length

7. The maximum draught on arrival and maximum ship

length

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