Prilaku biaya

31
Analisis Perilaku Biaya

Transcript of Prilaku biaya

Analisis Perilaku

Biaya

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-2

Pengklasifikasian biaya berdasar

perilaku biaya:

1. Biaya Tetap (Fixed cost)

biaya yang tidak berubah secara total dalam

hubungan dengan beberapa aktivitas atau output

yang dipilih

2. Biaya Variabel (Variable cost)

biaya yang berubah secara total dalam hubungan

dengan beberapa aktivitas atau output yang dipilih

3. Biaya Semivariabel (Semivariable cost)

biaya yang memiliki baik komponen tetap dan

variabel

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-3

Fixed CostsA cost that stays the

same as output

changes is a fixed

cost.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-4

Lease of

Machine

s

Number

of Units

$60,000 0 N/A

60,000 60,000 $1.00

60,000 120,000 0.50

60,000 180,000 0.33

60,000 240,000 0.25

Units

Cost

Fixed Costs

Total Fixed Cost GraphTota

l C

osts

$120,000

$100,000

$80,000

$60,000

$40,000

$20,000

601201802400

Units Produced (000)

F =

$60,000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-5

Variable Cost

A variable cost is a cost

that, in total, varies in

direct proportion to

changes in output.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-6

Total Variable Cost Graph

Cost of

Power

Number

of Units

$ 0 0 $ 0

12,000 60,000 0.20

24,000 120,000 0.20

36,000 180,000 0.20

48,000 240,000 0.20

Units

Cost

Tota

l C

osts

0

Units Produced (000)

$48,000

$36,000

$24,000

$12,000

60 120 180 240

Variable CostYv = .20x

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-7

A mixed cost is a

cost that has both a

fixed and a variable

component.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-8

Inserts

Sold

Variable

Cost of

Selling

40,000 $ 20,000 $30,000 $ 50,000 $1.25

80,000 40,000 30,000 70,000 0.86

120,000 60,000 30,000 90,000 0.75

160,000 80,000 30,000 110,000 0.69

200,000 100,000 30,000 130,000 0.65

Total

Selling

Cost

Fixed

Cost of

Selling

Selling

Cost per

Unit

Mixed Cost BehaviorTota

l C

osts

0

Units Sold (000)

$130,000

$110,000

$90,000

$70,000

$50,000

$30,000

40 80 120 160 180

200

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-9

Tujuan pemisahan biaya semivariabel:

Perhitungan tarif biaya overhead dan analisis varian

Persiapan anggaran fleksible dan analisis varians

Perhitungan biaya langsung dan analisis varians

Analisis titik impas dan analisis biaya-volume laba

Analisis biaya differensial dan komparatif

Maksimisasi laba dan minimisasi biaya jangka

pendek

Analisis anggaran modal

Analsis profitabilitas pemsaran berdasarkan daerah,

produk dan pelanggan.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-10

Asumsi-asumsi Fungsi Biaya

1. Perilaku biaya diperkirakan dengan fungsi

biaya linear dalam rentang yang relevan

Secara grafis, biaya total versus tingkat suatu

aktivitas tunggal yang berhubungan dengan

biaya itu adalah suatu garis lurus dalam

rentang yang relevan

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-11

Fungsi Biaya Linear

y = a + bX

Variabel Terikat:

Biaya yang

diprediksi

Variabel Bebas:

Pemicu Biaya

Titik Potong:

Biaya tetap

Kemiringan Garis:

Biaya variable

per unit

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-1212

Perilaku Biaya Campuran

(Mixed-Cost Behaviour)

Total Biaya

Biaya

Kuantitas Produk

Biaya Tetap

Biaya Variabel

Asumsi Linearitas

Total Biaya = Biaya Tetap + Total Biaya Variabel

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-13

Fungsi Biaya Tetap, Secara Grafis

Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000

$-

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-14

Fungsi Biaya Variabel, secara Grafis

Fungsi Biaya Total : Y = $5X

$-

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-15

Fungsi Biaya Total, secara Grafis

Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000 + $5X

$-

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-16

Fungsi-fungsi Biaya Digabungkan

$-

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Variable Cost Y = $5X

Fixed Cost Y = $10,000

Total Cost Y = $10,000 + $5XB

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-17

Metode Pemisahan Biaya

Semivariabel:

1. Metode Titik tertinggi dan terendah

2. Metode Scattergraph

3. Metode Least Square

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-18

Metode Tinggi-Rendah

Metode analisis kuantitatif paling sederhana

Menggunakan hanya nilai-nilai teramati yang

tertinggi dan terendah

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-19

Langkah-langkah dalam

Metode Tinggi-Rendah

1. Hitung biaya variabel per unit aktivitas

Biaya Biaya terkait Biaya terkait

Variabel per = tingkat aktivitas tertinggi tingkat aktivitas terendah

Unit Aktivitas Tingkat aktivitas tertinggi - Tingkat aktivitas terendah

{ - }

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-20

Langkah-langkah dalam

Metode Tinggi-Rendah

2. Hitung Biaya Tetap Total

3. Buat ringkas dengan menuliskan persamaan linear

Biaya Total dari tingkat aktivitas tertinggi atau terendah

– (Biaya Variabel per unit aktivitas X Aktivitas terkait dengan biaya total di atas)

Biaya Tetap

Y = Biaya Tetap + ( Biaya variabel per unit Aktivitas * Aktivitas )

Y = FC + (VCu * X)

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-21

High Low Method

Penentuan bagian Biaya Variabel dan biaya tetap didasarkan

pada pengamatan data masa lalu yaitu data pada posisi

ekstrim tinggi dan posisi ekstrim rendah.

Keunggulan:

- Mudah dilakukan

- Tidak perlu banyak data

Kelemahan :

-Tidak memperhatikan fluktuasi dan tendensi perkembangan

data biaya

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-22

Contoh :

Dari penelitian biaya pemeliharaan selama 5 (lima)

bulan terakhr sbb :

Bulan Jam Kerja Total Biaya

Januari

Februari

Maret

April

Mei

9.870

9.234

9.100

9.875

9.650

Rp. 109.415.000

Rp. 106.553.000

Rp. 105.950.000

Rp. 109.437.500

Rp. 108.425.000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-23

Pemisahan biaya……

Tertinggi 9.875 Rp. 109.437.500

Terrendah 9.100 Rp. 105.950.000

Perubahan 775 Rp. 3.487.500

3.487.500

Biaya Variabel = --------------------- = Rp. 4.500/jam kerja

775

Total Biaya Bulan Maret Rp. 105.950.000

Biaya Variabel 9.100 X 4.500 Rp. 40.950.000

Komponen Biaya Tetap Rp. 65.000.000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-24

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-25

Metode Scattergraph:

Langkah-langkahnya:

1. Buat grafik

2. Buat titik-titik di grafik

3. Tarik garis lurus dengan melewati titik-titik

4. Hitung biaya variabel dan biaya tetap

seperti dalam metode titik tertinggi dan

terendah

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-26

Metode Stand By Cost

Metode ini diterapkan apabila ada

kesempatan perusahaan dihentikan

semetara.

Padasaat perusahaan dihentikan maka biaya

yang tetap harus dikeluarkan disebut dengan

Stand by Cost yang dianggp setara dengan

Fixed Cost.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-27

Biaya Variabel per unit dihitung dengan rumus

Rata-rata Total Biaya – Stand by Cost

BVU = -------------------------------------------------------

Rata-rata Kapasitas

Dari data contoh sebelumnya :

Rata-rata Total Biaya = 539.780.500 / 5 = Rp. 107.956.100

Rata-rata Jam kerja = 4.729 / 5 = 9.546 jam kerja

Jika diketahui Stand by Cost = Rp. 67.000.000 maka sesuai dengan

rumus yang ada

107.956.100 – 67.000.000

Biaya Variabel = ------------------------------------- = Rp. 4.290/jam

9.546

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-28

Analisis Regresi / Least Square

Analisis Regresi adalah metode statistik yang

mengukur jumlah rata-rata perubahan dalam variabel

dependen yang terkait dengan suatu unit perubahan

dalam salah satu atau lebih variabel independen

Lebih akurat dari metode Tinggi-Rendah karena

persamaan regresi mengestimasi biaya menggunakan

informasi dari semua pengamatan; metode Tinggi-

Rendah menggunakan hanya dua pengamatan

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-29

Jenis-jenis Regresi

Simple – mengestimasi hubungan antara

variabel dependen dan satu variabel

independen

Multi – mengestimasi hubungan antara

variabel dependen dan dua atau lebih

variabel independen

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-30

Untuk mendapatkan persamaan garis regresi

Y = a + b X dapat dihitung dengan rumus

(Σ Y ) (ΣX2) - ( ΣX)( ΣX Y)

a = ----------------------------------------

n ΣX2 – (ΣX) 2

nΣX Y - ( ΣX)( ΣY)

b = --------------------------------------

nΣX2 - (ΣX) 2

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-31

n X Y X.Y X2

1 9.870 109,4 1.079.778 97.416.900

2 9.234 106,5 983.421 85.266.756

3 9.100 105,9 963.690 82.810.000

4 9.875 109,4 1.080.325 97.515.625

5 9.650 108,4 1.046.060 93.122.500

47.729 539,6 5.153.274 456.131.781

Persamaan garis projeksi menurut metode

least square :

Y = 64.615.260 + 4.537 X