Pertemuan 4 TCP-IP and Internet

8/12/2019 Pertemuan 4 TCP-IP and Internet

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Sistem Telekomunikasi

Modul-04

TCP/IP and the Internet


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Protokol

Protokoladalah sebuah aturan ataustandar yang mengatur komunikasi, danperpindahan data antara dua atau lebihkomputer.Protokol dapat diterapkan pada perangkat

keras, perangkat lunak atau kombinasi darikeduanya.Pada tingkatan yang terendah, protokol

mendefinisikan koneksi perangkat keras.Protokol perlu diutamakan pada

penggunaan standar teknis, untukmenspesifikasi bagaimana membangunkomputer atau menghubungkan peralatanperangkat keras.


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Beberapa Contoh Protokol

TCP/IP : internet

HTTP : akses internet

SMTP : pertukaran e-mail

FTP : mengunduh dan mengunggah

berkas

SIP : salah satu protokol VoIP


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TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol merupakansekumpulan protokol yang terdapat di dalam jaringan

komputer yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi atau bertukar

data antar komputer.

Merupakan protokol standart pada jaringan internet yang

menghubungkan banyak komputer yang berbeda jenis mesinmaupun sistem operasi agar dapat berinteraksi satu sama

lain.

Protokol yang digunakan pada jaringan ARPANET (Advance

Research Project Agency) lama kelamaan tidak mampu

menangani jumlah simpul yang terus berkembang DARPA mendanai pembuatan protokol komunikasi yang

lebih umum, yakni TCP/IP.

TCP/IP diadopsi menjadi standard ARPANET pada tahun

1983.


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Layanan TCP/IP Pengiriman file (File Transfer). File Transfer Protokol (FTP)

memungkinkan user dapat mengirim atau menerima file dari komputer

jaringan. Remote Login. Network Terminal Protokol (telnet). Memungkinkan user

untuk melakukan login ke dalam suatu komputer di dalam jaringan.

Computer Mail. Digunakan untuk menerapkan sistem e-mail.

Protokol yang digunakan:

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protokol) untuk pengiriman email

POP (Post Office Protokol) dan IMAP (Internet Message AccessControl) untuk menerima email

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) untuk mengirimkandata selain teks

Network File System (NFS). Pelayanan akses file jarak jauh yangmemungkinkan klien untuk mengakses file pada komputer jaringan jarakjauh walaupun file tersebut disimpan lokal.

Remote Execution. Memungkinkan user untuk menjalankan suatuprogram dari komputer yang berbeda.

Name Servers. Nama database alamat yang digunakan pada internet.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat). Memberikan layanan chat

Streaming (Layanan audio dan video). Jenis layanan yang langsungmengolah data yang diterima tanpa menunggu mengolah data selesai

dikirim.5


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Introduction

What is TCP/IP:

A software-based communications protocol used in networking

Provides network services: Telnet, email, etc

Provides a method for transfering information from one machine to another

Using the term TCP/IP usually refers to one or more protocols within the family, not just TCP

and IP

TCP/IP vs OSI Model

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TCP/IP Components

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A Quick Overview of TCP/IP Components(1/2)

Telnet: Provides a remote login capability.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Enables a file on one system to be copied to another system

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used for transferring electronic mail

Kerberos: Security protocol using uses a special application called an authentication serverto validate

passwords and encryption schemes

Domain Name System (DNS): Enables a computer with a common name to be converted to a special network address.

DNS provides a conversion from the common local name to the unique physical address ofthe device's network connection

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP):

Provides status messages and problem reports across a network to an administrator SNMP works with managers and agents, instead of clients and servers

An agent provides information about a device, whereas a manager communicates across anetwork with agents

Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN): a standard and flexible notation that describes data structures for representing, encoding,

transmitting, and decoding data

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A Quick Overview of TCP/IP Components(1/2)

Network File System (NFS): A set of protocols developed by Sun Microsystems to enable multiple machines to access

each other's directories transparently

Remote Procedure Call (RPC): A set of functions that enable an application to communicate with another machine (the

server)

It provides for programming functions, return codes, and predefined variables to supportdistributed computing

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP): A very simple, unsophisticated file transfer protocol that lacks security

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A communications protocol that provides reliable transfer of data

It is responsible for assembling data passed from higher-layer applications into standardpackets and ensuring that the data is transferred correctly

User Datagram Protocol (UDP):

A connectionless-oriented protocol, meaning that it does not provide for the retransmission ofdatagrams (unlike TCP, which is connection-oriented)

Internet Protocol (IP): Responsible for moving the packets of data assembled by either TCP or UDP across

networks

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): Responsible for checking and generating messages on the status of devices on a network

It can be used to inform other devices of a failure in one particular machine.

ICMP and IP usually work together9


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Reasons to use TCP/IP

TCP/IP is up and running and has a proven record.

TCP/IP has an established, functioning management

body.

Thousands of applications currently use TCP/IP and its

well-documented application programming interfaces.

TCP/IP is the basis for most UNIX systems, which are

gaining the largest share of the operating system market

(other than desktop single-user machines such as thePC and Macintosh).

TCP/IP is vendor-independent

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Cara kerja TCP/IP

TCP merupakan connection-oriented, yang berartibahwa kedua komputer ikut serta dalam pertukaran dataharus melakukan hubungan terlebih dulu sebelumpertukaran data berlangsung (dalam hal ini email). TCP

bertanggung jawab untuk meyakinkan bahwa emailtersebut akan sampai tujuan, memeriksa kesalahan danmengirimkan error ke lapisan atas hanya bila TCP tidakberhasil melakukan hubungan. Jika isi email tersebutterlalu besar untuk satu datagram, TCP akan

membaginya ke dalam beberapa datagram.

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Cara kerja TCP/IP IPbertanggung jawab setelah hubungan berlangsung.

Tugasnya adalah untuk merutekan paket data di dalamnetwork. IP hanya bertugas menjadi kurir dari TCP danmencari jalur yang terbaik dalam penyampaiandatagram. IP tidak bertanggung jawab jika data

tersebut tidak sampai dengan utuh, namun IP akanmengirimkan pesan kesalahan melalui ICMP (InternetControl Message Protokol) dan kemudian kembali kesumber data.

Karena IP hanya mengirimkan data tanpa mengetahui

urutan data mana yang akan disusun berikutnya, makamenyebabkan IP mudah untuk dimodifikasi di daerahsumber dan tujuan datagram.

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Arsitektur TCP/IP

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Application Layer

(SMTP, FTP, HTTP, dll)

Transport Layer

(TCP, UDP)

Internet Layer

(IP, ICMP, ARP)

Network Interface Layer

(Ethernet, SLIP, PPP)

Jaringan Fisik

TCP/IPStack


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Internet Layer (ICMP)

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol),

bertugas mengirimkan pesan-pesan

kesalahan dan kondisi lain yang

memerlukan perhatian khusus

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Internet Layer (ICMP)Beberapa pesan kesalahan ICMP, yaitu:

Destinat ion Unreachable, Pesan yang dihasilkan oleh routerjika paket gagal dikrim akibat putus jalur.

Netwo rk Unreachable, jaringan tujuan tidak dapat dihubungi

Host Unreachable, host tujuan tidak dapat dihubungi

Protoko l At Dest inat ion Unreachable, Protokol tidak tersedia

Port is Un reachable, port tidak tersedia Dest ination Network is Unknown, jaringan tujuan tidak dikenal

Dest ination Host is Unknow n, host tujuan tidak dikenal

Time Exceeded

Parameter Problem, terjadi kesalahan parameter dan letakoktet dimana kesalahan terdeteksi.

Source quench, yang terjadi karena router/host tujuanmembuang datagram karena pembatasan ruang buffer ataukarena datagram tidak dapat diproses.

Redirect, memberi saran kepada host asal datagram mengenairouter yang lebih tepat untuk menerima datagram tersebut

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Internet Layer (ICMP)

Beberapa ICMP Query Message, yaitu: Echo requestdan Echo reply message,

bertujuan memeriksa apakah sistem tujuandalam keadaan aktif.

TimeStamp dan TimeStamp Reply,menghasilkan informasi waktu yangdiperlukan sistem tujuan untuk memproses

suatu paket. Address Mask, untuk mengetahui berapa

netmask yang harus digunakan oleh hostdalam suatu network

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Internet Layer (ARP)

ARP (Address Reso lut ion Protoco l),digunakan untuk keperluan pemetaan IPaddress dengan ethernet address.

ARP bekerja dengan mengirimkan paketberisi IP address yang ingin diketahui alamatethernetnya ke alamat broadcast ethernet.

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Transfer of a datagram over an internetwork

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Internet Addresses

Three terms commonly used in the Internet relate toaddressing: name: is a specific identification of a machine, a user, or an

application. It is usually unique and provides an absolute targetfor the datagram.

address: typically identifies where the target is located, usuallyits physical or logical location in a network

Route: tells the system how to get a datagram to the address

name server: a network software package used toresolve the address and the route from the name.

Advantage of name server: addressing and routing unimportant to the end user System/network admin can freely change the network as

required

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Subnetwork Addressing

On a single network, several pieces of

information are necessary to ensure the correct

delivery of data. The primary components are:

the physical address the data link address.

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Physical Address

Each device on a network that communicates with others has a uniquephysical address,sometimes called the hardware address

For hardware, the addresses are usually encoded into a network interfacecard, set either by switches or by software

If the recipient's address matches the physical address of the device, thedatagram can be passed up the layers. If the addresses don't match, thedatagram is ignored

Ethernet and several others use 48 bits in each address

It is called a media access control (MAC) address

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The Data Link Address

The preamble is a set of bits that are used primarily to synchronize thecommunication process and account for any random noise in the first fewbits that are sent. At the end of the preamble is a sequence of bits that arethe start frame delimiter (SFD), which indicates that the frame followsimmediately.

The recipient and sender addresses follow in IEEE 48-bit format, followed

by a 16-bit type indicator that is used to identify the protocol The Data field is between 46 and 1,500 bytes in length

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) count, which is used to ensure that theframe's contents have not been modified during the transmission process.

Ethernet Frames

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Format IP Address

IP address merupakan bilangan biner 32 bit

yang dipisahkan oleh tanda pemisah berupa

tanda titik disetiap 8 bitnya.

Tiap 8 bit ini disebut dengan oktet.

Bentuk dari IP address adalah sebagai

berikut :

xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx

10000100.01011100.01111001.00000001

132 92 121 1 Dotted Decimal Notation25


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Network ID dan Host ID

Pembagian kelas-kelas IP berdasarkan padadua hal : Network ID dan host ID dari suatuIP.

Network ID adalah bagian dari IP addressyang digunakan untuk menunjuk jaringantempat komputer ini berada.

Host ID adalah bagian dari IP Address yang

digunakan untuk menunjuk workstation,server, router dan semua host TCP/IPlainnya dalam jaringan tersebut.

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Pembagian IP Address

Dikenal dua cara pembagian IP address:

Classfull Addressing

Classless Addressing

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Classfull Addressing

Merupakan metode pembagian IPberdasarkan kelas dimana IP Addressdibagi menjadi 5 kelas

Kelas A Kelas B

Kelas C

Kelas D

Kelas E

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IP Versi 4 IP Address merupakan pengenal yang

digunakan untuk memberi alamat pada tiap-tiapkomputer dalam jaringan.

Format IP Address adalah bilangan 32 bit yangtiap 8 bitnya dipisahkan oleh tanda titik.

Format IP Address dapat berupa biner(xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx) atau

berupa bilangan desimal yang masing-masingdipisahkan oleh titik (do tted decimal)(xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx)

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IP Addresses (IPv4) TCP/IP uses a 32-bit address to identify a machine on a network and the network to which

it is attached.

IP addresses identify a machine's connection to the network, not the machine itself Whenever a machine's location on the network changes, the IP address must be changed, too

IP address is the set of numbers many people see on their workstations or terminals, such as127.40.8.72, which uniquely identifies the device

IP (or Internet) addresses are assigned only by the Network Information Center (NIC) if a network is not connected to the Internet, that network can determine its own numbering

For all Internet accesses, the IP address must be registered with the NIC

There are four formats for the IP address, with each used depending on the size of the

network: Class A, B, C, and D

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IP Addresses (IPv4)

Class Aaddresses are for large networks that have many machines.The 24 bits for the local address (also frequently called the hostaddress) are needed in these cases. The network address is kept to7 bits, which limits the number of networks that can be identified.

Class Baddresses are for intermediate networks, with 16-bit local orhost addresses and 14-bit network addresses.

Class Cnetworks have only 8 bits for the local or host address,limiting the number of devices to 256. There are 21 bits for thenetwork address.

Class Dnetworks are used for multicasting purposes, when ageneral broadcast to more than one device is required.

The lengths of each section of the IP address have been carefully

chosen to provide maximum flexibility in assigning both network andlocal addresses.

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IP Addresses (IPv4)

IP addresses are four sets of 8 bits, for a total 32 bits, e.i.:

network.local.local.local for Class A

network.network.network.local for Class C

The IP addresses are usually written out in their decimalequivalents, instead of the long binary strings, example

147.10.13.28, network address is 147.10

local or host address is 13.28.

The actual address is a set of 1s and 0s. The decimal notation usedfor IP addresses is properly called dotted quad notation

if an address is set to all 1s, the address applies to all addresses onthe network, example: the address 147.10.255.255 for a Class Bnetwork (identified as network 147.10) would be received by alldevices on that network (255.255 being the local addressescomposed of all 1s), but the data would not leave the network.

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IP Address Class Network and Host Capacities

P Address

Class

Total # Of Bits

For Network

ID / Host ID

First Octet of

IP Address

# Of Network

ID Bits Used

To Identify

Class

Usable # Of

Network ID

Bits

Number of

Possible

Network IDs

# Of Host IDs

Per Network

ID

Class A 8 / 24 0xxx xxxx 1 8-1 = 7 27-2 = 126224-2 =

16,277,214

Class B 16 / 16 10xx xxxx 2 16-2 = 14 214= 16,384 216-2 = 65,534

Class C 24 / 8 110x xxxx 3 24-3 = 21 221= 2,097,152 28-2 = 254

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The Domain Name System Instead of using the full 32-bit IP address, many systems adopt more meaningful

names for their devices and networks. Network names usually reflect the organization's name Translating between these names and the IP addresses would be practically

impossible on an Internet-wide scale. To solve the problem of network names, the Network Information Center (NIC)

maintains a list of network names and the corresponding network gatewayaddresses.

This system grew from a simple flat-file list (which was searched for matches) toa more complicated system called the Domain Name System (DNS) when thenetworks became too numerous for the flat-file system to function efficiently.

DNS uses a hierarchical architecture, much like the UNIX filesystem. The first level of naming divides networks into the category of subnetworks, such as

com for commercial, mil for military, edu for education, and so on. Below each of these is another division that identifies the individual subnetwork,

usually one for each organization. This is called the domain name and is unique.

The organization's system manager can further divide the company's subnetworks asdesired, with each network called a subdomain. For example, the systemmerlin.abc_corp.com has the domain name abc_corp.com, whereas the networkmerlin.abc_corp is a subdomain of merlin.abc_corp.com.

A network can be identified with an absolute name (such as merlin.abc_corp.com) or arelative name (such as merlin) that uses part of the complete domain name.

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TCP/IP,Gateway and Routing Protocol

TCP/IP telah berkembang membentuk jaringan LANbahkan internet dengan ribuan server dan jaringan yangkompleks terhubung satu sama lain (internetworks).

Hal ini dimungkinkan dengan adanya perangkat-

perangkat berbasis IP seperti Gateway, Bride, Router dll. Penyampaian pesan dari satu komputer ke komputer

membutuhkan metode routing tertentu.

Metode untuk menyampaikan informasi routing dalam

jaringan sangat tergantung role network gateways. Terdapat protokol khusus yang dikembangkan untuk

berbagai macam gateway. Protocol ini bekerjabersama-sama dengan TCP.

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Gateways, Bridges, and Routers

Gateway adalah sebuah perangkat yang menjalankan fungsi

routing, biasa perangkat stand-alone yang juga menjalankan

translasi protokol dari satu jaringan ke jaringan lainnya :

Kemampuan konversi protokol sangat penting biasanya terjadi di layer

rendah (physical, data link, network) namun kadang-kadang termasuk

layer transport.

Konversi dapat terjadi dalam berbagai bentuk, misalnya ketika paket

berpindah dari format LAN ke Ethernet (terjadi perubahan format paket)

atau dari sebuah file yang mempunyai konvensi proprietary ke bentuk

lainnya.

Bridge adalah perangkat jaringan yang menghubungkan satu ataulebih jaringan yang menggunakan protokol yang sama. Bekerja

sampai layer 2 OSI

Router adalah sebuah node jaringan yang meneruskan (forward)

datagrams melalui jaringan IP. Bekerja sampai layer 3 OSI40


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Gateway Protocols


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Gateway Protocol

Gateway protocols are used to exchange informationwith other gateways in a fast, reliable manner

The Internet provides two types of gateways: core andnon-core

All core gateways are administered by the Internet NetworkOperations Center (INOC).

Non-core gateways are not administered by this central authoritybut by groups outside the Internet hierarchy

The origin of core gateways arose from the

ARPANET(Advance Research Project Agency) ARPANET called them stub gateways,

Any gateway not under direct control (non-core inInternet terms) was called a nonrouting gateway.

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Internet from the start

First, there was ARPANET

Routers had complete information about all the possible

destinationscore routers

R R

R

R

H

H

H


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Internet from the start

Then, LANs were connected to ARPANET

R RR

ARPANET

LAN LAN LAN

Core Routers


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Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol

(GGP)

The move to the Internet and its proliferation of gateways

required the implementation of the Gateway-to-Gateway

Protocol (GGP), which was used between core

gateways.

The GGP was usually used to spread information about

the non-core gateways attached to each core gateway,

enabling routing tables to be built.

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Interior and Exterior Gateway

Protocol The method of transferring routing information between interior

gateways is usually the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) or the

less common HELLO protocol, both of which are Interior Gateway

Protocols (IGPs).

These protocols are designed specifically for interior neighbors.

On the Internet, messages between two exterior gateways are

through the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).

RIP, HELLO, and EGP all rely on a frequent (every thirty seconds)

transfer of information between gateways to update routing tables. EGP is used between gateways of autonomous systems,

whereas the IGPs RIP and HELLO are used within the network itself.

GGP is used between core gateways.

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Routing and Routing Daemon


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Routing

Routing refers to the transmission of a packet of information from

one machine through another.

Each machine that the packet enters analyzes the contents of the

packet header and decides its action based on the information within

the header.

If the destination address of the packet matches the machine's

address, the packet should be retained and processed by higher-

level protocols.

If the destination address doesn't match the machine's, the packet is

forwarded further around the network.

Forwarding can be to the destination machine itself, or to a gateway

or bridge if the packet is to leave the local network.

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Routing (cont)

Routing is a primary contributor to the complexity of

packet-switched networks.

It is necessary to account for an optimal path from

source to destination machines

It is necessary to handle problems such as

a heavy load on an intervening machine or

the loss of a connection.

The route details are contained in a routing table

several sophisticated algorithms work with the routing table to

develop an optimal route for a packet.

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