Microbiology

• Mikrobiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari mikroorganisme

• Mikroorganisme adalah mahluk hidup yang berukuran sangat kecil yang tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang

• Mikroorganisme meliputi :Bakteri, fungi, protozoa, alga dan virus

• Beberapa mikroorganisme tersebut bersifat patogen

What is Microbiology?

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

• 1590 –Zacharias Janssen orang yang perama kali menemukan mikroskop cahaya

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

• 1676 – Anton Von Leeuwenhoek orang yang pertama kali melakukan observasi dari bakteri

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI• 1796 – Edward Jenner adalah orang yang

pertama kali menemukan Vaksin (Vaksin Cacar/ smallpox)

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

• 1857 – Louis Pasteur menyatakan tentang Teori Penyakit

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

• 1867 – Joseph Lister memperkenalkan Antiseptik untuk pembedahan

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI• 1884 – Robert Koch memperkenalkan Hukum

(Postulat) Koch tentang Penghantaran Penyakit

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI• 1885 - Louis Pasteur menemukan vaksin untuk

melawan rabies

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

• 1929 - Alexander Fleming menemukan antibiotik pertama yaitu Penicillin

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

• 1938 – First Electron Microscope

• The electron microscope is capable of magnifying biological specimens up to one million times. These computer enhanced images of 1. smallpox, 2. herpes simplex, and 3. mumps are magnified, respectively, 150,000, 150,000 and 90,000 times.

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

1953 Structure of DNA RevealedWatson & Crick

SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI

1954 – Jonas Salk menemukan vaksin Polio

Perkembangan Terbaru

• Rekayasa Genetika• Kloning• Proyek Rekayasa Genom Manusia• Bioteknologi• Siapa yang tahu perkembangan

berikutnya?

Ukuran Mikroorganisme

• Virus : 10 – 1000 nanometer *• Bakteria : 0,1 – 5 mikrometer** Mata manusia dapat melihat 1 mm (1 x 10-3 m)

* per milyard atau 1 x 10-9 m ** per sejuta atau 1 x 10-6 m

PERALATAN MIKROBIOLOGI

• MIKROSKOP CAHAYA- spesimen hidup

• Mikroskop elektron- Spesimen tidak hidup

• Inkubator : untuk menjaga mikroorganisme tetap tumbuh

TEKNIK PADA MIKROBIOLOGI• Pewarnaan : untuk melihat struktur

mikroba• Kultur mikroba:penumbuhan mikroba pada

media yang sesuai• Wadah kultur mikroba : cawan petri• Media kultur :

- makanan untuk mikroba- contohnya Agar (berasal dari Alga merah)- Kaldu nutrisi

TEKNIK KULTUR1. INOKULASI2. ISOLASI3. IDENTIFIKASI

BAKTERI• Bentuk Dasar

KOKUS BATANG SPIRALStaphylococcus

Streptococcus

• Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli

• Clusters: staphylococci

• Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli

Arrangements

The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation

• The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ Forms life.

• The alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.

Francisco Redi

Biogenesis Theory:

Maggots do not grow from meat

Francisco Redi

BUKTI PRO DAN KONTRA• 1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with

decaying meat.

Conditions Results

3 jars covered with fine net No maggots

3 open jars Maggots appeared

From where did the maggots come?What was the purpose of the sealed jars?Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

John Needham

Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.

• 1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.

Conditions Results

Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask

Microbial growth

From where did the microbes come?Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Louis Pasteur

• 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

Conditions Results

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed

Microbial growth

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed

No microbial growth

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

TEORI BIOGENESIS

• Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.

VIRUS

Microbes & DiseaseMicrobes both cause and prevent diseasesMicrobes produce antibiotics used to treat diseasesThe single most important achievement of modern medicine is the ability to treat or prevent microbial diseaseMost of this course will consider the physiology of microbes and their role in diseaseThe Germ Theory of Disease = Microbes cause disease!(yes, it wasn’t so long ago that humans didn’t know this)

Normal FloraThese are the ~harmless microorganisms found on your body.

Every part of your body that normally comes in contact with outside world (deep lungs and stomach are exceptions)

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

The Germ Theory of Disease1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a

bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

Koch was a physician and Pasteur’s young rival

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Koch's Postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Koch's Postulates are a sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.