Ok Kadar Abu Kencur

Vol 8(5) September-October 2009 507

Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 8(5), 2009, pp.507-513 Research Paper

IntroductionHerbs have been an integral part

of human life. Before he learned to huntanimals, primitive man had depended onplants for both food and medicine.Medicines from plants were used to curebut simultaneously magic spells wereintoned as the plant material was applied.This was the usual method of healing inmost part of the world1.Nutritive value of plant has itsown importance.Carbohydrates, fats and proteinsform the major portion of thediet, while minerals andvitamins form comparatively asmaller but never a lessimportant part2. The use andimportance of Ginger is well

known. In the present study, the medicinaland nutritional importance of certainplants of same family (Zingiberaceae)have been investigated and found to bequite interesting. The rhizomes ofAlpinia officinarum, A. galanga,A. zerumbet, A. calcarata andKaempferia galanga have beeninvestigated, accompanied by the study oftheir antimicrobial activity.

Nutritive value of some indigenous plantrhizomes resembling Ginger

A K Indrayan*, Pragya Agrawal, Anuj K Rathi, Ajat Shatru, Nitin K Agrawal and Durvesh K TyagiNatural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri University, Hardwar-249 404, Uttarakhand, India

* Correspondent author, E-mail : [email protected], Phone: + 91 1334 232465Received 15 April 2008; Accepted 3 February 2009

AbstractRhizomes of certain Ginger like species, viz. Alpinia officinarum Hance, A. galanga

Willd., A. zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & R M Smith (syn. A. speciosa K. Schum.), A. calcarataRosc. and Kaempferia galanga Linn. have high medicinal value belonging to family Zingiberaceae.These rhizomes have a good nutritive value also (350.9 Cal per 100 g) and are quite rich in proteinand carbohydrate, but low in fat. Rhizomes of A. officinarum, A. zerumbet and A. calcaratahave high iron content with a moderate and balanced content of carbohydrate, protein, fat and crudefibre. Rhizomes of A. galanga are lowest in fat content but richest in carbohydrate. A. calcaratais lowest in Mn, Ni and K but richest in Ca and Na. Study shows the biologically important metals Cr,Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca and Na to be sufficient in rhizomes of K. galanga. All these studied materials havea moderate to good antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: Alpinia galanga, Alpinia calcarata, Alpinia officinarum, Alpinia speciosa,Alpinia zerumbet, Kaempferia galanga, Antimicrobial activity, Mineral elements, Nutritivevalue, Trace elements, Zingiberaceae.

IPC code; Int. cl.8 A61K 36/906, A61K 125/00, A61P 31/00, A23L 1/00, A23L 1/29

A. officinarum A. officinarum Rhizome

A. galanga

A. zerumbet

A. galanga Rhizome

A. zerumbet Rhizome

Kaempferia galanga K. galanga RhizomeAlpinia calcarata A. calcarata Rhizome

Natural Product Radiance508

The plant Alpinia officinarumHance (Lesser galangal) known asChhota kolonjana in Hindi is a nativeof China but now cultivated in India inthe plains of West Bengal, Assam andEastern Himalayas. Its rhizomes furnishthe drug known as the lesser galangal,much used in indigenous medicine as anaromatic stimulant and carminative.A. officinarum has been used both inAyurvedic and Chinese medicine since veryearly times (c. AD 500 in China), and inEurope since the Middle Ages3. Therhizome is reported to be a very effectiveherb that acts mainly on the digestivesystem, also relieves pain, lowers feversand controls bacterial and fungalinfections3. It is given to young childrento make them talk early. Fourteenflavonoids of rhizoma galangae havebeen reported4, followed by theestablishment of antifungal activity of theflavonoids5. Components present in therhizomes are found to be antihepatotoxic6,chemopreventive agent7 anddermatophytoses8. Growth inhibiting effectof essential oil from rhizome on humanintestinal bacteria is reported9. Someantioxidative components from rhizomesare also isolated and characterised10.

Alpinia galanga Willd.(Greater galangal) known as Barakulanjan in Hindi is a native of Indonesiabut has now become naturalized in manyparts of India mainly in the EasternHimalayas and South-West India. Rawrhizome is a popular ingredient in manyIndonesian and Malaysian dishes for itsGinger-like flavour3. The plant is reportedto improve sexual attributes in male mice;it causes a significant gain in the weightof sexual organs and increases spermmotility and sperm count11. In indigenous

medicine, the rhizomes are used inrheumatism and catarrhal affections,especially in bronchial catarrh and inrespiratory troubles of children.Antitumour principles from rhizomehave been reported12. Gastric antisecretory,antiulcer and cytoprotective properties ofethanolic extract of A. galanga inrats have also been reported13. Ohigashi14

has designated this plant amongpromising cancer preventing dietaryplants.

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.)Burtt & R M Smith [syn. A. speciosa(Wendl.) K. Schum., Costus zerumbetPers. and Zerumbet speciosum Wendl.p.p.] the Light galangal, known asChatiun in Hindi is a handsome herb,occurring in the Eastern Himalayas fromWest Bengal eastwards and frequentlycultivated in gardens for its foliage andshowy flowers11, 15. Whole plant is fragrantlike the cardamom. The rhizomes areuseful in rheumatism and catarrhalafflictions. In afflictions of thegastrointestinal tract, the drug can be usedlike other volatile oils16. The rhizomesexhibit antiulcer activity17. The Rhizomescontain 5,6-dehydrokawain and dihydro5,6-dehydrokawain reported to inhibit theaggregation of ATP release from rabbitplatelets induced by arachidonic acid andcollagen18. Very recently the presence ofphenolic compounds in rhizomes has beenreported and their use as a source fornatural antioxidant in tea preparations orin food products such as meat, dairy andbakery has been suggested19.

Alpinia calcarata Rosc.(syn. A. bracteata Rosc., Renealmiacalcarata Haw) is known as Toroni inOriya and Kattchenu in Malyalam15. Itis often cultivated in gardens in Eastern

and Southern India for its white flowers11.Rhizome decoction of it was traditionallyused against inflammation, but now-a-days the herb is accredited withantitubercular properties and found goodin rheumatism, stomach disorder,bronchial catarrh and is a good tonic andstimulant20. Antinociceptive activities ofaqueous and ethanolic extracts ofrhizomes in rats have been reported21 in aSri Lankan sample. Recently the effect ofaqueous extract of A. calcaratarhizomes on reproductive competence ofmale rats has been investigated byRatnasooriya et al22.

Kaempferia galanga Linn.known as Chandramula in Hindi, is asmall handsome herb found throughoutthe plains of India and cultivated forornament and for its aromatic rhizome.The rhizomes are considered stimulating,expectorant, carminative and diuretic.They are used in the preparation of gargles.In Philippines, a decoction of the rhizomeis used for dyspepsia, headache andmalaria11. Cytotoxic principles inK. galanga have been isolated23.Ethanolic extract of the plant in vivoshows hypolipidemic action24. Recentlythe vasorelaxant effect of compound fromthe plant on smooth muscles of the rataorta has been reported followed by itsbioassay-guided isolation25. Very recently,a detailed study of the two species Rajaniand Kasthuri of this plant has beenpublished26.

A study of nutritive values of theplants is likely to prove quite useful,particularly if supported by antimicrobialactivities. In view of the developingawareness towards importance ofbalanced presence of various biologicallyimportant metals in our body, a study

Research Paper


towards the presence of such metals isalso conducted for these plants in thepresent work.

Materials and MethodsAuthenticated rhizomes of

A. officinarum were procured fromKolkata whereas rhizomes of A. galangaand A. zerumbet were purchased fromDehra Dun. The rhizomes of A. calcaratawere procured from Pantnagar, while thoseof K. galanga were procured fromCentral Plantation Crops Institute, Kerala,the authenticity further verified at ForestResearch Institute, Dehra Dun. Specimenof materials have been deposited in theHerbarium of Plant Medicine Section ofthe Chemistry Department of GurukulaKangri University under registry nos.12/15, 11/15, 17/15, 19/15 and 15/15,respectively and are available forinspection. Plant materials were washedwith lukewarm deionised water and driedin shade. The washed and dried materialswere grinded to fine powder and used toprepare the samples for mineral analysis27.

Analyses of materials for mineraland trace elements

In each case the powdered plantmaterial was taken in a precleaned andconstantly weighed silica crucible andheated in a muffle furnace to 400oC tillthere was no evolution of smoke. Thecrucible was cooled at room temperaturein a desiccator and carbon-free ash wasmoistened with concentrated sulphuric acid,heated on a heating mantle till the fumes ofsulphuric acid ceased to evolve. Cruciblewith sulphated ash was then heated in amuffle furnace at 600oC till the weight ofthe content was constant (~2 to 3h). Onegram of sulphated ash obtained above was

dissolved in 100 ml of 5% HCl to obtainthe solution ready for determination ofmineral elements through AtomicAbsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Standardsolution of each element was prepared andcalibration curves were drawn for each,using (Elmer Trans-3100) AAS.

Analyses of materials for nutritivevalue

For determination of nutritivevalue, the following parameters werestudied by using the crushed plantmaterial.

Determination of ash content wascarried out by weighing 5.0 g of samplein each case in a silica crucible whichhad previously been heated to about 600oCand cooled. The crucible was heated firstover a low flame till all the material wascompletely charred, followed by heatingin a muffle furnace for about 3-5 h at600oC. It was cooled in a desiccator andweighed. To ensure completion of ashing,the crucible was again heated in a mufflefurnace for half an hour, cooled andweighed. The procedure was repeated tilltwo consecutive weights were the sameand the ash was almost white or greyishwhite. Weight of ash gave the ash content28.

Usual method was adopted fordetermination of moisture content, 2.0 gof sample material was taken in each casein a flat bottom dish and kept overnightin an air oven at 100-110oC and weighed.The loss in weight gave the moisturecontent.

Crude fat was determined byextracting 20.0 g of moisture free samplein each case with petrol in a Soxhletextractor, heating the flask on a sand bathfor about 6 h till a drop taken fromdrippings left no greasy stain on filter

paper. After boiling with petrol, theresidual petrol was filtered using Whatmanno. 40 filter paper and the filtrate wasevaporated in a preweighed beaker.Increase in weight of beaker gave crudefat29.

Crude protein was determinedusing micro Kjeldahl method. One gramoven dried material was placed in thedigestion flask, 10 g of powderedpotassium sulphate, 0.5 g of coppersulphate and 25 ml of conc. sulphuricacid were added to it and digestionconducted by placing the flask in aninclined position and heating it below theboiling point of acid for about 5-15minutes. The temperature was raised untilthe acid boiled briskly. A funnel was placedin the mouth of the flask to restrict thecirculation of air. Heating was continuedtill the solution became clear. Thecontents were cooled and diluted byadding 200 ml of water. 0.5 g ofgranulated zinc and 50 ml of 40% NaOHsolution were added to make the reactionstrongly alkaline. The contents were mixedand at once attached to the distillationapparatus. In the receiving flask 25 ml0.1 N sulphuric acid was taken. When two-thirds of the liquid had been distilled, itwas tested for completion of reaction. Theflask was removed and titrated against 0.1N caustic soda solution using methyl redindicator for determination of Kjeldahlnitrogen, which in turn gave the proteincontent.

Because of its importance, thecrude fibre was determined to be reportedalong with the nutritive value. Fordetermination of crude fibre, theestimation was based on treating themoisture and fat free material with 1.25%dilute acid, then with 1.25% alkali, thus

Research Paper


imitating the gastric and intestinal actionin the process of digestion. 2.0 g of themoisture and fat free material was takenin a 400 ml beaker marked at 200 mllevel. Added 200 ml of 1.25% H

2SO

4 and

boiled for half an hour. After filtrationand washing, the residue was treated with200 ml of 1.25% caustic soda solution. Itwas filtered, washed with hot water andthen 1% HNO

3 and again with hot water.

Ignited the residue to get the ash, andweighed. The loss in weight gave theweight of crude fibre34.

Percentage of carbohydrate was given by:100 (% ash + % moisture + %fat + % protein).Nutritive value was finally determinedby:Nutritive value = (4 % protein) +

(9 % fat) + (4 % carbohydrate).Antimicrobial activity

Four microorganisms, the Gram(+) Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillussubtilis and the Gram () Escherichiacoli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,were used to determine the antibacterialactivity. The test pathogenic bacteria weremaintained on nutrient agar mediumslants at 4C. The media culture tubes andother materials were autoclaved at 15 lb/in2 for 15 minutes. Petridishes (90 mmdiam.) were sterilized at 110C for 24hours. Study was carried out by filter paperdisc diffusion method31. Extractedmaterials at 30% concentrations wereused for the assay. A control run wasconducted using 1% solution ofStreptomycin/Ofloxacin. Results recorded

are the averages of three replicates in eachcase.

Results and DiscussionResults of the presence of various

mineral elements in studied plantmaterials are given in Table 1, while theresults of nutritive values are given inTable 2, and also summarised in Fig. 1.Results of antimicrobial activity are givenin Table 3.

Among the various biologicallyimportant metals, the percentage ofchromium is lowest in all the studiedmaterials except A. calcarata (0.24 to0.76 ppm), but not low as compared tohoney (0.29 ppm). Chromium plays avital role in metabolism of carbohydratesand its deficiency leads to diabetes.Deficiency of chromium results in

Research Paper

Table 2 : Nutritive value of studied rhizomes

Name of species Ash content Moisture Crude fat Crude protein Carbohydrate Crude fibre Nutritive value(%) content (%) (%) (%) (%) (Cal/100 g)

(%)

Alpinia officinarum 3.22 12.4 2.26 5.25 76.9 17.0 348.9

Alpinia galanga 3.04 12.5 1.14 4.44 78.9 18.6 311.7

Alpinia zerumbet 7.21 9.11 2.01 5.64 76.0 8.60 344.6

Alpinia calcarata 2.4 14.5 1.68 6.39 75.0 7.25 340.8

Kaempferia galanga 3.42 11.0 1.70 7.88 76.0 9.00 350.9

Table 1 : Concentrations of various elements in ppm in rhizomes

Name of species Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Mg Ca Na K

Alpinia officinarum 0.680 72.30 85.50 21.02 0.753 9.331 569.5 438.8 152.8 3570

Alpinia galanga 0.283 12.44 17.23 0.328 0.485 6.038 968.0 348.3 31.80 1525

Alpinia zerumbet 0.242 9.491 54.80 0.140 1.872 1.660 575.2 681.0 285.9 2166

Alpinia calcarata 1.281 2.020 55.48 0.130 0.960 2.030 516.4 899.7 417.4 868.8

Kaempferia galanga 0.761 79.90 18.90 0.251 0.792 14.52 313.4 508.2 71.50 1375


Research Paper

Table 3 : Antimicrobial activity of the studied rhizomes (Concentration of solution = 30 %)

Name of species Inhibition zone (mm)

S. aureus B. subtilis E. coli P. aeruginosa Standard

Alpinia officinarum 210.3 90.2 80.2 100.3 39

Alpinia galanga 200.8 110.3 180.4 90.3 27

Alpinia zerumbet 120.5 120.4 90.2 100.2 31

Alpinia calcarata 170.5 110.3 140.6 110.4 28

Kaempferia galanga 140.6 80.2 90.2 80.2 28

Each value represents the mean of three replicates SE. Standard was 1% solution of Streptomycin in the case of A. officinarum, A. galanga andK. galanga and 1% solution of Ofloxacin in the case of A. zerumbet and A. calcarata.

crude fat

A. officinarum A. galanga A. zerumbet A. calcarata K. galanga

crude protein

crude fibre

Fig. 1: Percentages of crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

hyperglycaemia, growth failure, cataractand atherosclerosis32. Manganese is quitelow in A. calcarata (2.02 ppm) butmoderate in other species (4.56 to79.9 ppm). Mn is essential forhaemoglobin formation, but excess isharmful. Iron is sufficient in all the fivestudied materials. Importance of iron iswell known. Nickel is high in rhizomesof A. officinarum. It is an active metalin several hydrogenases and plant ureases.Chicks and rats raised on deficient Ni dietshow impaired liver function and

morphology33. Copper is quite low (0.48to 2.16 ppm) in all the studied materials.Cu is a component of many enzymesystems such as cytochrome oxidase, lysyloxidase and ceruloplasmin, an iron-oxidizing enzyme in blood34. Theobservation of anaemia in Cu deficiencymay probably be related to its role infacilitating iron absorption and in theincorporation of iron into haemoglobin.Percentage of zinc is moderate (1.66 to14.5 ppm). Zn is a component of manymetalloenzymes, including some enzymes

which play a central role in nucleic acidmetabolism35. In addition, Zn is amembrane stabilizer and a stimulator ofthe immune response. Its deficiency leadsto impaired growth and malnutrition.Magnesium and Calcium are required insufficient quantity by human body and inall the five studied materials they aresufficient. Mg has electrochemical andenzyme activating functions33. Mg isrequired in the plasma and extracellularfluid, where it helps to maintain osmoticequilibrium. It is required in manyenzyme-catalysed reactions, especiallythose in which nucleotides participatewhere the reactive species is themagnesium salt, e.g. MgATP2-. Lack of Mg isassociated with abnormal irritability ofmuscle and convulsions and excess Mg isassociated with depression of the centralnervous system. Ca is highest inA. calcarata rhizomes. Ca constitutes alarge proportion of the bone, humanblood and extracellular fluid; it isnecessary for the normal functioning ofcardiac muscles, blood coagulation andmilk clotting, and the regulation of cellpermeability. It also plays an importantpart in nerve-impulse transmission and in

Pe

rce

nta

ge


the mechanism of neuromuscular system.Sodium and Potassium take part in ionicbalance of the human body and maintaintissue excitability. Because of the solubilityof salts, Na plays an important role in thetransport of metabolites. K is ofimportance as a diuretic. Both are insuitable amounts in all the studiedmaterials except A. calcarata where Nais comparatively high and K is low.

The nutritive value of all the fivestudied materials is very good (311.7 to350.9 Cal/100g). The crude proteinis maximum in the rhizome ofK. galanga. Crude fibre is low inA. calcarata rhizomes. Though no studyof rhizome has been done earlier, Yeohand Wong36 have reported good nutritivevalue and high protein content in theleaves of K. galanga.

All the studied materials have agood to moderate activity towards thegrowth inhibition of all the four pathogenstaken.

ConclusionsAlpinia galanga, A.

zerumbet, A. officinarum and A.calcarata rhizomes seem to be thebalanced ones. A low fat and high proteindiet supplement is Kaempferiagalanga rhizome.

Results of antimicrobial study ofthese materials against certain Gram (+)and Gram () human pathogens indicategood to moderate inhibition. It furtherrecommends the possible edible use ofthese materials.

References1. Brown CE, Medicinal and Other Uses of North

American Plants, Dower Publication Inc, NewYork, 1979, p. 6.

2. Indrayan AK, Sharma S, Durgapal D, Kumar Nand Kumar M, Determination of nutritivevalue and analysis of mineral elements forsome medicinally valued plants fromUttaranchal, Curr Sci , 2005, 89 ,1252-1255.

3. Bown D, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses,A Dorling Kindersley Book, London, 1996,pp. 235-236.

4. Bleier W and Chirikdjian JJ, The flavonoidsof rhizoma galangae, Alpiniaofficinarum, Planta Med, 1972, 22,145-151.

5. Ray PG and Majumdar SK, Antifungalflavonoid from Alpinia officinarumHance, Indian J Exp Biol, 1976, 14,712-714.

6. Hinkino H, Kiso Y, Kato N, Hamada Y, ShioiriT, Aiyama R, Itokawa H, Kiuchi F and SankawaU, Antihepatotoxic actions of gingerols anddiarylheptanoids, J Ethnopharmacol,1985, 14, 31-39.

7. Heo MY, Sohn SJ and Au WW, Antigenotoxicityof galangin as a cancer chemopreventive agentcandidate, Mutat Res, 2001, 488, 135-150.

8. Natarajan V and Vembu B, Effect of Alpiniaofficinarum (Zingiberaceae) ondermatophytoses, J Ecotoxic EnvironMonit, 2002, 12, 77-79.

9. Moo KK, Byeoung SP, Byung SK and Hoi SL,Growth-inhibiting effect of herb plants onhuman intestinal bacteria, Agric ChemBiotechnol, 2001, 44, 185-189.

10. Ly TN, Shimoyamada M, Kato K and YamauchiR, Isolation and characterization of someantioxidative compounds from the rhizomesof smaller galangal (Alpinia officinarumHance), J Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51,4924-4929.

11. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of IndianRaw Materials and Industrial Products RawMaterials Series, Publications & InformationDirectorate, CSIR, New Delhi, 1959, Vol. V, p.314; Revised Ser, 1985, Vol. I:A, p. 197-198;

National Institute of Science Communication,CSIR, New Delhi, India, First Suppl Ser, 2000,Vol. I (A-Ci), p. 49.

12. Itokawa H, Morita H, Sumitomo T, TostsukaN and Takeya K, Antitumour principles fromAlpinia galanga, Planta Med, 1987,53, 32-33.

13. Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, AgeelAM, Al-Said MS and Tariq M, Gastricantisecretory, antiulcer and cytoprotectiveproperties of ethanolic extract of Alpiniagalanga Willd. in rats, Phytother Res,1990, 4, 112-114.

14. Ohigashi H, Promising cancer preventivedietary plants from the tropics and subtropics,and their active constituents, NipponNageikagaku Kaishi , 2002, 76 ,460-462.

15. Pullaiah T, Encyclopedia of World MedicinalPlants, Regency Publications, New Delhi,2006, Vol. I, p. 124, 127.

16. Nadkarni KM, Indian Materia Medica, PopularPrakashan, Bombay, 1976, Vol. I, p. 80.

17. Lin JH, Studies on the antiulcer componentsof the rhizome of Alpinia speciosa K.Schumann, Guoli Zhongguo YiyaoYangjiuso Yanjiu Baogao, 1982,147-162.

18. Teng CM, Hsu SY, Lin CH, Yu SM, Wang KJ, LinMH and Chen CF, Antiplatelet action ofdehydrokawain derivatives isolated fromAlpinia speciosa rhizome, Chin JPhysiol, 1990, 33, 41-48.

19. Elzaawely AA, Xuan TD and Tawata S, Essentialoils, kava pyrones and phenolic compoundsfrom leaves and rhizomes of Alpiniazerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt. & R.M. Sm.and their antioxidant activity, Food Chem,2007, 103, 486-494.

20. Guha Bakshi DN, Sensarma P and Pal DC, ALexicon of Medicinal Plants in India, NayaProkash, Calcutta, 1999, Vol. 1, p. 101-102.

21. Arambewela LSR, Arawwawala LDAM and

Research Paper


Ratnasooriya WD, Antinociceptive activities ofaqueous and ethanolic extracts of Alpiniacalcarata rhizomes in rats, JEthnopharmacol, 2004, 95, 311-316.

22. Ratnasooriya WD and Jayakody JRAC, Effectsof aqueous extract of Alpinia calcaratarhizomes on reproductive competence of malerats, Acta Biol Hung, 2006, 57, 23-35.

23. Kosuge T, Yokota M, Sugiyama K, Saito M,Iwata Y, Nakura M and Yamamoto T, Studieson anticancer principles in Chinese medicines.II. Cytotoxic principles in Biota orientalis(L.) Endl. and Kaempferia galanga L.,Chem Pharm Bull, 1985, 33, 5565-5567.

24. Achuthan CR and Padekkala J, Hypolipidemiceffect of Alpinia galanga (Rasna) andKaempferia galanga (Kachoori), AmalaRes Bull, 1995, 15, 53-56.

25. Othman R, Ibrahim H, Mohd, MA, MustafaMR and Awang K, Bioassay-guided isolationof a vasorelaxant active compound

from Kaempferia galanga L.,Phytomedicine, 2006, 13, 61-66.

26. Indrayan AK, Kurian A, Tyagi PK, Shatru A andRathi AK, Comparative chemical study of twovarieties of attractive medicinal plantKaempferia galanga Linn., Nat ProdRad, 2007, 6, 327-333.

27. Sondhi SM and Janani GK, Determination ofmineral elements in some ayurvedic bhasmasused for the cure of various ailments, IndianDrugs, 1995, 32, 125-128.

28. Woodman AG, The Book of Food Analysis,McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1941, Vol.IV, p. 23.

29. Wallis TE, Text Book of Pharmacognosy,5th Edn, CBS Publishers, New Delhi,1985.

30. Chopra SL and Kanwar JS, AnalyticalAgricultural Chemistry, Kalyani Publication,New Delhi, 1991, Vol. IV, p. 297.

Research Paper

31. Paech K and Tracey MV, Modern Methods ofPlant Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1955,Vol. III, p.716.

32. Saner G, Yuksel T and Gurson CT, Effect ofchromium on insulin secretion and glucoseremoval rate in the new born, Am J ClinNutr, 1980, 33, 232-235.

33. Huheey JE, Keiter EA and Keiter RL, InorganicChemistry: Principles of Structure andReactivity, Harper Collins College Publishers,New York, 1993, pp. 943-949.

34. Mills CF, Biochemical roles of trace elements,Prog Clin Biol Res, 1981, 77, 179-188.

35. Atukorala TMS and Waidyanatha US, Zinc andcopper content of some common foods, J Nat Sci Coun Sri Lanka, 1987, 15,61-69.

36. Yeoh HH and Wong PFM, Food value of lesserutilized tropical plants, Food Chem, 1993,46, 239-241.

Ok Kadar Abu Kencur

Documents

Transcript of Ok Kadar Abu Kencur