MINERAL

Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan:Pemerintah telah menetapkan Standar Pemerintah telah menetapkan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI).Nasional Indonesia (SNI).

Formulasi pakan berdasarkan Formulasi pakan berdasarkan kandungan analisa proximat, kandungan analisa proximat, Ca, PCa, P , ME, , ME, Asam amino essential dan juga Asam amino essential dan juga Digestible asam aminoDigestible asam amino

SSumber bahan baku umber bahan baku harusharus bebas B3 bebas B3 serta serta kkandungan antibiotikandungan antibiotik, m, melaminelamin, , dan kdan kandungan andungan bbahan ahan llainnya yang ainnya yang beracun dan berbahaya beracun dan berbahaya

BAHAN BAKU PAKAN

• Sumber Protein Sumber Protein

• Sumber LemakSumber Lemak

• Sumber KarbohidratSumber Karbohidrat

• FillerFiller

• BinderBinder

• Vitamin dan mineral mixVitamin dan mineral mix

• Bahan additif lainnyaBahan additif lainnya

BahanBahanMakananMakanan

Energi MetabolismeEnergi Metabolisme(kkal/kg)(kkal/kg)

Protein Protein KasarKasar(%)(%)

Lemak KasarLemak Kasar(%)(%)

Serat Serat KasarKasar(%)(%)

AirAir(%)(%)

CaCa(%)(%)

PP(%)(%)

Sumber EnergiSumber Energi

Jagung KuningJagung Kuning 3.4203.420 9,09,0 3,83,8 2,52,5 12,612,6 0,020,02 0,260,26

SorghumSorghum 3.3203.320 10,710,7 2,82,8 2,32,3 11,311,3 0,030,03 0,310,31

MenirMenir 3.3903.390 8,98,9 4,04,0 1,01,0 9,99,9 0,030,03 0,400,40

PadiPadi 2.6702.670 7,57,5 1,71,7 10,010,0 9,89,8 0,040,04 0,260,26

SaguSagu 3.5103.510 0,70,7 0,20,2 0,90,9 9,79,7 0,010,01 0,010,01

GaplekGaplek 3.3003.300 1,51,5 0,70,7 0,90,9 8,88,8 0,080,08 0,060,06

Dedak padiDedak padi 1.9501.950 10,210,2 7,97,9 8,28,2 10,110,1 0,070,07 1,131,13

Dedak gandumDedak gandum 1.2501.250 11,811,8 3,03,0 11,011,0 10,010,0 0,100,10 1,151,15

Dedak jagungDedak jagung 1.8201.820 10,910,9 6,16,1 8,08,0 10,410,4 0,040,04 0,790,79

MolaseMolase 1.9501.950 3,03,0 0,00,0 0,00,0 21,721,7 0,800,80 0,080,08

Sumber Protein nabatiSumber Protein nabati

Bungkil kelapaBungkil kelapa 1.7601.760 20,520,5 6,76,7 12,012,0 11,011,0 0,200,20 0,620,62

Bungkil kedelai Bungkil kedelai 2.2002.200 41,741,7 3,53,5 6,56,5 10,110,1 0,200,20 0,600,60

Bungkil Kc. tanahBungkil Kc. tanah 2.3702.370 40,240,2 6,06,0 7,67,6 9,79,7 0,160,16 0,540,54

KedelaiKedelai 2.4202.420 37,037,0 17,917,9 5,75,7 11,511,5 0,230,23 0,580,58

Kacang hijauKacang hijau 2.6002.600 24,224,2 1,11,1 5,55,5 10,410,4 0,200,20 1,701,70

Tpg daun turiTpg daun turi 1.5501.550 31,731,7 1,91,9 22,422,4 8,18,1 1,601,60 0,320,32

Tepung daun lamtoroTepung daun lamtoro 1.6001.600 23,223,2 2,42,4 20,120,1 7,97,9 1,491,49 0,390,39

Sumber Protein hewaniSumber Protein hewani

Tepung ikan Tepung ikan 2.4202.420 53,953,9 4,24,2 1,01,0 10,710,7 5,375,37 2,902,90

Tepung darahTepung darah 2.2402.240 80,180,1 1,61,6 1,01,0 9,19,1 0,280,28 0,200,20

Tepung dagingTepung daging 1.9101.910 50,050,0 8,68,6 2,82,8 10,910,9 6,106,10 4,104,10

KRITERIA PAKAN :KRITERIA PAKAN :

Kebutuhan & Keseimbangan Nut.Kebutuhan & Keseimbangan Nut.

Efisien : Harga per kg ikanEfisien : Harga per kg ikan

Limbah : Feses, N dan PLimbah : Feses, N dan P

NUTRIENNUTRIEN BAHANBAHAN JUMLAHJUMLAH SUBSTITUSISUBSTITUSI

Sumber Sumber ProteinProtein

t. ikan, b.kedelait. ikan, b.kedelai 20-40%20-40% Silase, keong, dll Silase, keong, dll

Sumber KHSumber KH t. terigu, jagungt. terigu, jagung 10-40%10-40% Dedak,pollard, dllDedak,pollard, dll

Sumber Sumber LemakLemak

m.ikan, m sawitm.ikan, m sawit 5-10%5-10% Minyak kelapa, Minyak kelapa, dllldlll

Vit. &Vit. & Mineral Mineral Vit. Mix, Vit. Mix, Min.mixMin.mix 3-7%3-7% Tetamin, dllTetamin, dll

BinderBinder CMCCMC 2-3%2-3% Terigu, sagu, dllTerigu, sagu, dll

Bahan AditifBahan Aditif Atraktan, Atraktan, BHT,BHABHT,BHA

1-5%1-5% Minyak cumi, dllMinyak cumi, dll

FORMULA UMUM PAKAN IKAN

FISH /SHRIMP FEED COMPOSITIONFISH /SHRIMP FEED COMPOSITION   (%) Inclusion Rate(%) Inclusion Rate

CornCorn 5 - 105 - 10

Soybean Meal (SBM)Soybean Meal (SBM) 20 - 3020 - 30

Corn Gluten Meal (CGM)Corn Gluten Meal (CGM) 55

Fish Meal (FM)Fish Meal (FM) 15 - 2015 - 20

Meat & Bone Meal (MBM)Meat & Bone Meal (MBM) 5 - 8 (fish feed)5 - 8 (fish feed)

Poultry MealPoultry Meal < 10 (fish) / < 5 (shrimp)< 10 (fish) / < 5 (shrimp)

DDGSDDGS < 5 (fish) / < 2 (shrimp)< 5 (fish) / < 2 (shrimp)

Feather MealFeather Meal 1 - 2 (fish)1 - 2 (fish)

Soy LecithinSoy Lecithin 1 - 2 (shrimp)1 - 2 (shrimp)

Fish OilFish Oil 22

Crude Palm Oil (CPO)Crude Palm Oil (CPO) 55

Rice BranRice Bran 15 - 2015 - 20

PremixPremix 1 - 21 - 2

EVALUASI IMPOR BAHAN BAKU PAKAN EVALUASI IMPOR BAHAN BAKU PAKAN IKAN & UDANG TAHUN 2007 IKAN & UDANG TAHUN 2007 BERDASARKAN SKTBERDASARKAN SKTSource: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKPSource: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP

No.No. Jenis Bahan Jenis Bahan Jumlah (Ton)Jumlah (Ton) %% Nilai (USD)Nilai (USD) %%

1.1. Wheat Flour/GlutenWheat Flour/Gluten 74.864,48274.864,482 40,4040,40 21.337.853,1021.337.853,10 31,2631,26

2.2. Soyabean Meal/LecithinSoyabean Meal/Lecithin 35.182,94535.182,945 18,9918,99 12.140.661,9612.140.661,96 13,4413,44

3.3. Fishmeal/Fishmeal/CrustaceanmealCrustaceanmeal

28.763,06528.763,065 15,5215,52 28.229.801,2228.229.801,22 31,2631,26

4.4. SquidmealSquidmeal 20.186,41020.186,410 10,8910,89 14.152.291,9014.152.291,90 15,6715,67

5.5. FillerFiller 7.086,6257.086,625 3,823,82 2.010.945,182.010.945,18 2,232,23

6.6. Vitamin/Vitamin/mineralmineral 5.208,8705.208,870 2,812,81 4.117.360,814.117.360,81 4,564,56

7.7. OilOil 1.444,2471.444,247 0,780,78 1.162.776,721.162.776,72 1,291,29

8.8. Shrimp/Fish FeedShrimp/Fish Feed 2.571,4752.571,475 1,391,39 1.777.915,401.777.915,40 1,971,97

9.9. Lain-lainLain-lain 10.004,80410.004,804 5,405,40 5.388.529,835.388.529,83 5,975,97

Impor Bahan Baku PakanImpor Bahan Baku PakanJanuari – September 2008Januari – September 2008Sources: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKPSources: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP

No.No. Jenis BahanJenis Bahan Jumlah Jumlah (MT)(MT)

%% Nilai (US $)Nilai (US $) %%

11 Wheat Gluten/FlourWheat Gluten/Flour 55.594,75055.594,750 35,7935,79 28.579.674,2028.579.674,20 26,6826,68

22 Soybean/LecithinSoybean/Lecithin 28.405,44828.405,448 18,2918,29 15.127.041,3515.127.041,35 14,1214,12

33 Fishmeal/CrustaceanmealFishmeal/Crustaceanmeal 34.851,48334.851,483 22,4422,44 35.599.142,8735.599.142,87 33,2433,24

44 SquidmealSquidmeal 16.516,10116.516,101 10,6310,63 13.472.094,5013.472.094,50 12,5812,58

55 Vitamin/Vitamin/mineralmineral 5.100,2845.100,284 3,283,28 4.951.550,674.951.550,67 4,624,62

66 YeastYeast 5.535,6945.535,694 3,563,56 3.285.912,483.285.912,48 3,073,07

77 Fish/Squid OilFish/Squid Oil 1.540,6201.540,620 0,990,99 2.129.900,742.129.900,74 1,991,99

88 FillerFiller 2.676,6502.676,650 1,721,72 1.247.464,991.247.464,99 1,161,16

99 Shrimp Feed/Fish FeedShrimp Feed/Fish Feed 645,920645,920 0,420,42 422.263,81422.263,81 0,390,39

1010 Lain-lainLain-lain 4.451,5564.451,556 2,872,87 2.285.766,002.285.766,00 2,132,13

T o t a lT o t a l 155.318,50155.318,5066

100,00100,00 107.100.811,61107.100.811,61 100,00100,00

Mineral elements have a great diversity of uses within the animal body. The following mineral elements are recognized as essential for body functions in fish:

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Sodium

• Molybdenum

• Chlorine

• Magnesium

• Iron

• selenium

• Iodine

• Manganese

• Copper

• Cobalt

• Zinc

• To these may be added fluorine and chromium which have also been shown to be essential for land animals

The prominence of each mineral element in body tissues is closely related to its functional role :

• As constituents of bones and teeth, minerals provide strength and rigidity to skeletal structures

• In their ionic states in body fluids they are indispensable for the maintenance of acid-base equilibrium and osmotic relationship with the aquatic environment, and for integration activities involving the nervous and endocrine systems

• As components of blood pigments, enzymes and organic compounds in tissues and organs they are indispensable for essential metabolic processes involving gas exchange and energy transactions.

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS • Calcium and phosphorus are usually discussed together because they occur in

the body combined with each other for the most part and because an inadequate supply of either limits the nutritive value of both.

• Almost the entire store of calcium (99 percent) and most of the phosphorus (80 percent) in the fish's body are present in bones, teeth and scales. There appears to be little variation in the composition of bone ash even though bone ash will decrease as a result of dietary deficiency in either calcium or phosphorus. This composition consists of calcium and phosphorus in the ratio of approximately 2:1.

• The one percent extra-skeletal calcium is widely distributed throughout the organs and tissues. Calcium in body fluids exists in two distinguishable forms, diffusable and non-diffusible. Non-diffusible calcium is bound to protein whereas the diffusible fraction is present largely as phosphate and bicarbonate compounds. It is this diffusible fraction that is of significance in calcium and phosphorus nutrition. Ionized calcium in the extracellular fluids and in the circulatory system participate importantly in muscle activity and osmoregulation.

• Large amounts of extra-skeletal phosphorus are present mostly in combinations with proteins, lipids, sugars, nucleic acids and other organic compounds. These phosphocompounds are vital exchange currencies in life processes and are distributed throughout the organs and tissues of the fish. The skin, like the skeleton, also appears to be an important repository for dietary phosphorus in some species

• Although their natural diets are rich in calcium, most fish are also capable of extracting dissolved calcium directly from their aquatic environment through the gills. After a 24-hour acclimatization period, channel catfish have been shown to efficiently extract calcium from rearing water containing 5 ppm of the mineral element. On the other hand, gill extraction of phosphorus is negligible and fish rely mainly upon dietary sources for this mineral element. Phosphorus present in plant phytate is poorly absorbed by fish.

• Absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus begins in the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Absorbed calcium is rapidly deposited as calcium salts in the skeleton but absorbed phosphorus is distributed to all the major tissues: viscera, skeleton, skin and muscle. Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by increasing water temperature and by the presence of glucose in the diet. Its recovery from tissues also increases with increasing dietary levels of the element. On the other hand, increasing dietary calcium is not accompanied by correspondingly higher retention of the mineral element in the tissues.

Feed ingredients vary widely in their calcium and phosphorus content:

• Fish meal, a principal ingredient in fish feeds, is Fish meal, a principal ingredient in fish feeds, is rich in both calcium and phosphorusrich in both calcium and phosphorus

• On the other hand, feed ingredients of plant origin On the other hand, feed ingredients of plant origin usually lack calcium and, despite a fairly high usually lack calcium and, despite a fairly high content of phosphorus the latter is predominantly content of phosphorus the latter is predominantly in the form of phytin or phytic acid which is not in the form of phytin or phytic acid which is not readily available for absorption by fishreadily available for absorption by fish

• Animal sources of calcium and phosphorus are Animal sources of calcium and phosphorus are generally better absorbed, although the generally better absorbed, although the stomachless carp cannot utilize bone phosphate stomachless carp cannot utilize bone phosphate present in fish meal as well as fish with functional present in fish meal as well as fish with functional stomachsstomachs

• Dicalcium phosphate has the highest Dicalcium phosphate has the highest availability (80 percent)availability (80 percent)

• Phosphorus availability of common Phosphorus availability of common feedstuffs varies from 33 percent for feedstuffs varies from 33 percent for grains to 50 percent for fish meal and grains to 50 percent for fish meal and animal by-products. Soybean meal has an animal by-products. Soybean meal has an intermediate phosphorus availability of intermediate phosphorus availability of 40 percent. 40 percent.

MAGNESIUMMAGNESIUM

• The bulk of magnesium in fish (60 percent The bulk of magnesium in fish (60 percent in the carp) is stored in the skeletonin the carp) is stored in the skeleton

• Magnesium constitutes a little over 0.6 Magnesium constitutes a little over 0.6 percent of the ash content of bones percent of the ash content of bones compared with 30 percent calcium and 15 compared with 30 percent calcium and 15 percent phosphoruspercent phosphorus

• The remaining 40 percent of the body's The remaining 40 percent of the body's magnesium is distributed throughout the magnesium is distributed throughout the organs and muscle tissues (where it plays organs and muscle tissues (where it plays vital roles as enzyme co-factors, and as vital roles as enzyme co-factors, and as an important structural component of cell an important structural component of cell membranes) and in extracellular fluids. membranes) and in extracellular fluids.

• Fish are capable of extracting magnesium from Fish are capable of extracting magnesium from the environment, although studies with the the environment, although studies with the common carp showed that, in this species, gill common carp showed that, in this species, gill extraction of this element is very limited. extraction of this element is very limited.

• In the common carp, as well as in the rainbow In the common carp, as well as in the rainbow trout, dietary magnesium levels do not affect trout, dietary magnesium levels do not affect calcium and phosphorus composition in the calcium and phosphorus composition in the whole body or skeleton despite sharp whole body or skeleton despite sharp reductions of up to 50 percent of tissue reductions of up to 50 percent of tissue magnesium when this magnesium when this mineral element was element was lacking in the diet (80 ppm) and retarded growth lacking in the diet (80 ppm) and retarded growth and behavioral abnormalities observed. and behavioral abnormalities observed.

• Although natural waters are a good Although natural waters are a good source of dissolved magnesium, fish do source of dissolved magnesium, fish do not extract this mineral element in not extract this mineral element in sufficient quantities to meet dietary sufficient quantities to meet dietary needs. Natural foods, as well as most needs. Natural foods, as well as most artificial feed ingredients of both animal artificial feed ingredients of both animal and vegetable origin, are adequate and vegetable origin, are adequate sources and deficiency under ordinary sources and deficiency under ordinary rearing conditions has not been observed rearing conditions has not been observed to date to date

OTHER ESSENTIAL INORGANIC ELEMENTS

• Dietary requirements of fish for most of the trace mineral elements have not been established

• Iron deficiency in the red sea bream results in a form of microcytic, hypochromic anaemia similar to iron deficiency anaemia in land animals. Common carp fed a semi-purified diet without supplementary iron grew normally but exhibited sub-clinical symptoms of hypochromic microcytic anaemia

• Iodine deficiency produces a goitrous condition in trout• Rainbow trout fed a semi-purified diet deficient in zinc (1

ppm) had increased mortality rate, cataracts in the eyes and erosion of the fins and of the skin. Protein digestibility was also reduced

• Manganese has also been shown to be essential for growth and survival of Tilapia mossambica and the rainbow trout.

• The roles of trace elements in fish, The roles of trace elements in fish, although not clearly defined, are probably although not clearly defined, are probably similar to those described for land animalssimilar to those described for land animals

• Fish in their natural habitats are probably Fish in their natural habitats are probably adequately provided for to meet the adequately provided for to meet the requirements for all the mineral elements. requirements for all the mineral elements. However, the intensive culture of certain However, the intensive culture of certain fish species in man-made ponds and fish species in man-made ponds and raceways, together with reliance on raceways, together with reliance on artificial feeding, make it necessary to artificial feeding, make it necessary to incorporate adequate quantities of mineral incorporate adequate quantities of mineral nutrients in the feed. For the most part, nutrients in the feed. For the most part, where exact requirements are not known, where exact requirements are not known, levels are arbitrarily based on land animal levels are arbitrarily based on land animal requirements requirements

Mineral element

Principal metabolic activities Requirement symptoms

Req./ kg dry diet

Calcium Bone and cartilage formation; blood clotting; muscle contraction

not defined 5g

Phosphorus Bone formation; high energy phosphate esters; other organo-phosphorus

compounds

Lordosis, poor growth

7g

Magnesium Enzyme co-factor extensively involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates

and proteins

Loss of appetite, poor growth,

tetany

500 mg

Sodium Primary monovalent cation of inter cellular fluid; involved in acid-base balance

and osmoregulation

not defined 1-3g

Potassium Primary monovalent cation of intra-cellular fluid; involved in nerve action and

osmoregulation

not defined 1-3g

Sulphur Integral part of sulphur amino acids and collagen; involved in detoxification of

aromatic compounds

not defined 3-5g

Chlorine Primary monovalent anion in cellular fluids; component of digestive juice

(HCl); acid-base balance

not defined 1-5g

Iron Essential constituent of haeme in haemoglobin, cytochromes,

peroxidases, etc.

Microcytic, homochronic

anaemia

50-00 mg

Mineral element

Principal metabolic activities Requirement symptoms

Requirement / kg

dry diet

Copper Component of haeme in haemocyanin (of cephalopods); co-factor in tyrosinase

and ascorbic acid oxidase

not defined 1-4g

Manganese Co-factor for arginase and certain other metabolic enzymes; involved in bone

formation and erythrocyte regeneration

not defined 20-50 mg

Cobalt Metal component of cyanocobalamin (B12).

Prevents anaemia; involved in C1 and C3

metabolism

not defined 5-10 mg

Zinc Essential for insulin structure and function; co-factor of carbonic anhydrase

not defined 30-100 mg

Iodine Constituent of thyroxine; regulates oxygen use

Thyroid hyperplasia

(goiter)

100-300 mg

Molybdenum Co-factor of xanthine, oxidase, hydrogenases and reductases

not defined (trace)

Chromium Involved in collagen formation and regulation of the rate of glucose

metabolism

not defined (trace)

Fluorine Component of bone appatite not defined (trace)