Filsafat ilmu

STRUKTUR PENGKAJIAN ILMIAH

PENGAJUAN MASALAH :1. Latar Belakang Masalah2. Identifikasi Masalah3. Pembatasan Masalah4. Perumusan Masalah5. Kegunaan Penelitian

PENYUSUNAN KERANGKA TEORITIS DAN PENGAJUAN HIPOTESIS :1. Pengkajian teori yang dipergunakan2. Pembahasan penelitian yg relevan3. Penyusunan kerangka berfikir dalam pengajuan hipotesis (dengan menya- takan postulat, asumsi dan prinsip sekiranya ada)4. Perumusan hipotesis

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN :1. Tujuan Penelitian2. Tempat & Waktu Penelitian3. Metode Penelitian4. Teknik Pengambilan Contoh5. Teknik Pengumpulan Data6. Teknik Analisis Data

MASALAH

PENYUSUNAN KERANGKA BERFIKIR

HIPOTESIS

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

HASIL PENELITIAN :1. Deskripsi Variabel Penelitian2. Pengujian Persyaratan Analisis3. Pengujian Hipotesis4. Penafsiran5. Kesimpulan Pengujian Hipotesis

PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS

KESIMPULAN

KESIMPULAN, IMPLIKASI & SARAN :1. Kesimpulan yg merupakan sintesis dari berbagai penemuan penelitian2. Pembahasan kesimpulan penelitian3. Dari berbagai teori keilmuan dan hasil penelitian yang relevan4. Pengkajian implikasi penelitian5. Pengajuan saran

METODE ILMIAH PENELITIAN ILMIAH

IKHTISAR PROSES RISET

Teori dan Konsep

Masalah

Hipotesis

Temuan Terdah

ulu

Temuan

Hipotesis

Disain

Riset

Instrumen

Sampel

HASIL

Membaca & berfikir

Deduksi

Riset & Penelahaan

Induksi

Diskusi/Tafsiran

Tulislaporan

Menjabarkan variabel secara operasional

Memilih/ mengembangkan

Menerapkan Menerap

kan

Membuat Disain

Pengumpulan dan pengolahan data

CONSEDERATIONS AND STEPS IN

FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH

PROBLEM

CONSEDERATIONS AND STEPS IN

FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH

PROBLEM

METHODS, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS OF DATA

COLLECTION

METHODS, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS OF DATA

COLLECTION

RESEARCH DESIGN :

THEORY AND FUNCTIONS

RESEARCH DESIGN :

THEORY AND FUNCTIONS

LITERATURE

REVIEW

FORMULATION OF A

RESEARCH PROBLEM

CONSEPTUALISATION OF A RESEARCH

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION OF A

RESEARCH TOOL

SELECTION OF SAMPLE

DATA COLLECTI

ON

DATA

ANALYSIS

REPORT

WRITING

VARIABLES AND HYPOTHESES :

DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY

LITERATURE

REVIEW

RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH DESIGN

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

FIELD TESTING

OF RESEARC

H INSTRUME

NT

SAMPLING THEORI,

CONSIDERATIONS AND DESIGN

SAMPLING THEORI,

CONSIDERATIONS AND DESIGN

DEVELOPING A

CODEBOOK

CODING

EDITING OF DATA

METHODS OF DATA

PROCESSING AND

INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTING

METHODS OF DATA

PROCESSING AND

INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTING

PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC

WRITING

PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC

WRITING

WHAT AND WHY

HOW

Operational Steps

Needed Theoretical Knowledge

Needed Intermediary Steps

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

RESEARCH PURPOSE

RESEARCH QUESTION

HYPOTHESIS

Exploratory Research1. What new product

should be developed ?2. What product appeal

will be effective in advertising ?

3. How can our service be improved ?

 What alternative ways are there to provide lunches for school children? What benefits do people seek from the product ?What is the nature of any customer dissatisfaction ?

 Boxed lunches are than other forms. Constructs unknowsSuspect that an image of impersonalization is a problem

Descriptive Research4. How should a new

product be distributed ?

5. What should be the target segment?

 6. How should our

product be changed?

 Where do people now buy similar products ?What kinds of people now buy the products, and who buys our brand ?What is our current image ? 

 Upper-class buyer use specialty stores, and middle-class buyers use department stores.Older people buy our brand, whereas the young married are heavy users of competitors.We are regarded as being conservatives and behind the times.Causal Research

7. Will an increase in the service staff be profitable ?

8. Which advertising program for public transit should be run ?

9. Should a new budget or ”no frills” class of airfare be introduced ?

 What is the relationship between size of service staff and revenue ?What would get people out of cars and into public transit ?Will the ”no frills” airfare generate sufficient new passengers to offset the loss of revenue from exiting passengers who switch from economy class ?

 For small organizations, an increase of 50% or less will generate marginal revenue in excess of marginal costs.Advertising program A generates more new riders than program B.The new airfare will attract sufficient revenue from new passengers.

THREE RESEARCH APPROACHES