Pertumbuhan MikrobaFisiologi PertumbuhanKurva Pertumbuhan Respirasi

Fisiologi Pertumbuhan MikrobaPeningkatan jumlah sel, bukan ukuranSatu sel koloni (ribuan sel)

Pertumbuhan MikrobaKontrol pertumbuhan:infeksi Industri dan bioteknologi

Faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhanNutrisiLingkungan: temperatur, pH, tekanan osmosisGeneration time

Chemical Requirements#1 = airElementsC (50% of cells dry weight) H, O, N, P, SmineralOrganikSumber energi glukosaVitamin (koenzim)Beberapa asam amino purin dan pirimidin

Environmental Factors Influencing GrowthTemperatureO2 pHOsmotic PressureOthers: radiation, atmospheric pressure

Bacterial DivisionBacteria divide by binary fissionAlternative meansBuddingConidiospores (filamentous bacteria)Fragmentation

Fig. 7.13

Generation TimeTime required for cell to divide/for population to doubleAverage for bacteria is 1-3 hoursE. coli generation time = 20 min20 generations (7 hours), 1 cell becomes 1 million cells!

Standard Growth Curve

Phases of GrowthLag phase making new enzymes in response to new mediumLog phase exponential growthDesired for production of productsMost sensitive to drugs and radiation during this period

Phases of GrowthStationary phase nutrients becoming limiting or waste products becoming toxic death rate = division rateDeath phase death exceeds division

Measuring GrowthDirect methods count individual cellsIndirect Methods measure effects of bacterial growth

RESPIRASIAerobAnaerobFermentasi

Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATPThe breakdown of organic molecules is exergonicFermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATPAnaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2

Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respirationAlthough carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A PreviewHarvesting of energy from glucose has three stagesGlycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate)The citric acid cycle (completes the breakdown of glucose)Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis)

Figure 9.UN05

Figure 9.6-1Electrons carried via NADHGlycolysisGlucosePyruvateCYTOSOLMITOCHONDRIONATPSubstrate-level phosphorylation

Figure 9.6-2Electrons carried via NADHElectrons carried via NADH and FADH2Citric acid cyclePyruvate oxidationAcetyl CoAGlycolysisGlucosePyruvateCYTOSOLMITOCHONDRIONATPATPSubstrate-level phosphorylationSubstrate-level phosphorylation

Figure 9.6-3Electrons carried via NADHElectrons carried via NADH and FADH2Citric acid cyclePyruvate oxidationAcetyl CoAGlycolysisGlucosePyruvateOxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosisCYTOSOLMITOCHONDRIONATPATPATPSubstrate-level phosphorylationSubstrate-level phosphorylationOxidative phosphorylation

Katabolisme Protein dan Lipid

*****************Figure 9.UN05 In-text figure, p. 167

*Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration.*Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration.*Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration.