roland isakaZe

quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebiistoriul wyaroebSi adreqristianuli xanis quTaisis eklesiebis moxseniebis sul oriode SemTxveva fiqsirdeba da orive ax. w. VIII s-is 30-iani wlebis movlenebTan kavSirSi: 1. "daviT da konstantines wamebis" mixedviT, im tbis Tavze, romelSic Cayares murvan yrus brZanebiT nawamebi Zmebi, idga "...taZari wmidaTa kozman da damianesi" (daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv. 158); 2. anakofiasTan arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sasikvdilod daWrili qarTlis erismTavar stefanozis Svili miri ubarebs Zmas (arCils), rom "...mamaca Cueni mokuda SfoTsa amas Sina da ver warveciT igi mcxeTas, warscen Zvalni misni da dahflen saydarsa quTaTissa" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 241). istoriuli wyaroebis simciris fonze TvalSisacemia quTaisis naqalaqaris arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad (1984-2009 ww.) aRmoCenili IV-VIII ss-Ta eklesiebis simravle. Tanac aRsaniSnavia, rom naqalaqaris (da saerTod Zveli quTaisis) didi nawili jerac gauTxrelia, xolo diubua de monperes mier 1833 wels Sedgenil quTaisis gegmaze (diubua, 1859, sur. 4) asaxul 16-mde (8 marcxena da 8 marjvena [bagratis taZrisa da citadelis eklesiis gamoklebiT] sanapiroze) eklesias Soris absoluturi umravlesoba Seuswavleli da dauTariRebelia. es ori momenti kidev ufro zrdis adreqristianuli eklesiebis raodenobis matebis albaTobas. adreqristianuli sakulto arqiteqturis ramdenime fena gamoiyo bagratis taZris interiersa da eqsterierSi 2003-2005-2006-2007 da 2009 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad1. maT Soris qronologiurad yvelaze Zveli eklesiis naSTebi TariRdeba ax. w. IV siT da warmoadgens didi zomis samnavian bazilikas (sur. 1. dawvrilebiT ix.: o. lanCava.., 2004; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006, gv. 4 da Smd; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006a; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2007; o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 112-113), sworkuTxa minaSenebiT CrdiloeTisa (sanaTlavi [baptisteriumi] da masze dasavleTidan midgmuli saTavsi) da samxreTis mxareze. dasavleTiT gamoiyofa narTeqsic (interieris zomebi: ZiriTadi nawili - 27X10,6 m; narTeqsi - 10,6X6,4 m; sanaTlavi - 8,8X5,2 m; sanaTlavze dasavleTidan midgmuli saTavsi - 5,4X5,2 m; samxreTis saTavsi - daaxl. 7,4X5,8 m.). kvlevis am etapze gaurkvevelia bazilikis afsidebis mowyobis sakiTxi. aseve ucnobia navebis gamyofi svetebis raodenoba. fundamentebi, romelTa simaRle meryeobs reliefis Sesabamisad, nagebia riyis qviTa da1

. Zeglis arqeologiuri kvleva jerjerobiT dausrulebelia. imis gamo, rom 2009 wlis samuSaoebi damTavrda dekembris Sua ricxvebSi, warmodgenil grafikul ilustraciaze asaxulia mxolod 2007 wlisaTvis arsebuli situacia.

quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi

Warbkiriani, maRali xarisxis duRabiT, kedlebis fasadebi amoyvanilia myife jiSis TeTri kirqvis mcire zomis, Sublgamoyvanili qvebiT, Sida sivrce Sevsebulia natexi qviTa da analogiuri duRabiT, "SeZlebisdagvarad daculia rigebis horizontaloba, riTac igi waagavs romaul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi kargad cnobil Opus incertum-s." kedlebis sigane 1,4 m-ia, minaSenebSi 1 m. analogiuri teqnikiTaa nagebi ax. w. IV s-iT daTariRebuli vardcixis (v. jafariZe, 1989, gv. 112 da Smd.), noqalaqevisa (p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, 1991, gv. 17 da Smd.) da sakuTriv quTaisis (o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 109-115, sur. 95-97-98-100-101; o. lanCava, 1996, gv. 79-98, sur. 5-6-11-12) safortifikacio da saero nagebobebi. bazilikis ZiriTad nawilsa da narTeqsSi dafiqsirda samSeneblo anatkecebze dafenili kirxsnaris iatakis Txeli (10 sm-de) Sre. sanaTlavis kedlebi, iataki da saritualo arxebi ki SedarebiT dabali xarisxis hidravlikuri xsnaris Txeli SriTaa Selesili. CrdiloeTis kedlis dasavleT nawilSi SemorCenilia rbili jiSis kirqvisgan gamoTlili karis zRurbli, romelic sanaTlavze dasavleTidan miSenebul saTavsSi gadis. karis naSTi dafiqsirda narTeqsis dasavleTis kedlis centrSic. 2009 wlis samuSaoebma uCvena, rom drois raRac monakveTSi (ix. qvemoT), bazilikis funqcionireba Sewyvetilia, risi dasturicaa Tavdapirvel iatakze dafenili 0,4 m-de simZlavris miwis fena, romelSic ikiTxeba ngrevisa da naxanZrali Sreeebi. mTlianad dangreuli Cans narTeqsi. nawilobriv dangreul dasavleTis kedelze Signidan midgmulia Sereuli samSeneblo masaliTa da uxarisxo kirxsnariT saxeldaxelod naSenebi, TiTqosda orsaTavsiani nagebobis naSTebi, romelic aRniSnul naxanZral-nangrev fenas azis. nagebobis ZiriTadi nawili gauTxrel farTobSi gadis, gaTxrebiT gamovlenili monakveTebi ki bagratis taZris mSeneblobis drosaa dazianebuli, ris gamoc gegmis warmodgena am etapze pirobiTia. erTi "saTavsis" interierSi fiqsirebulia lokaluri, xangrZlivi cecxlisagan gadawiTlebuli miwuri iatakis done, romelsac uSualod adevs bazilikis ganaxlebis droindeli (ix. qvemoT) hidravlikurxsnariani iataki. amave periodisaa meore "saTavsSi" dafiqsirebuli farTo, brtyelZiriani, sadazedapiriani qvevric. arc qvevri da arc xangrZlivi, lokaluri cecxli qristianul msaxurebas ar ukavSirdeba. SesaZlebelia, es yvelaferi drois raRac monakveTSi lazTa mefe waTes iranTan urTierTobis da Sesabamisad cecxlis kultis arsebobis gamoZaxilic iyos. am konteqstSi sainteresoa ioane malalas cnoba, rom lazTa mefe waTe 523 wlamde (bizantiaSi gaqristianebamde) "...gadavida warmarTTa sarwmunoebaze ...msxverplebsac wiravda da yovelgvar sparsul wess asrulebda" (georgika, 1936, gv. 263-264), gaqristianebam ki ixsna "...igi warmarTuli sarwmunoebisagan, uwminduri msxverplisagan da eSmakTa cdunebisagan" (georgika, 1936, gv. 266). analogiur cnobebs gvawvdian Teofane JamTaaRmwereli (georgika, 1941, gv. 77-78) da "pasqaluri qronika" (georgika 1941, gv. 11-13). am cnobebis mixedviT prof. n. lomouri askvnis, rom waTe ki ar gamazdeanebula, aramed warmarTTa, "elinTa sarwmunoebaze" (ioane malala), gadavida (n. lomouri, 1968, gv. 87-88).

r. isakaZe

ioane malalas fraza - "yovelgvar sparsul wess asrulebda" - vfiqrobT, ufro mazdeanobis sasargeblod metyvelebs. aseve esmis es pasaJi b. diasamiZes (b. diasamiZe, 1999, gv. 56). V s-is 50-60-ian wlebSi bizantiis formaluri vasalobidan TavdasaRwevad gubaz mefis sparseTTan kavSiris pirvel warumatebel cdas Sedegad svanTa separatizmi da "bizantiis poziciebis gaZliereba" (n. lomouri) mohyva. wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo axla Znelia iranelTa gaaqtiurebis qronologiuri mijnis dadgena. "pasqaluri qronikis" mixedviT, "...miRebuli iyo... rodesac lazTa mefe gardaicvleboda, sparselTa maSindeli mefe maT sxva mefes dauyenebda". aqedanac Cans, rom sparselTa gavlena sakmao xnis ambavia da waTes "warmarTTa sarwmunoebaze" gadasvla am procesis kulminacia iyo. "cxadia es niSnavs, rom aseTi precedenti waTemdec yofila..." (d. musxeliSvili, 2004, gv. 160). akad. d. musxeliSvilis azriT, V s-is 60-iani wlebis bolosTvis irani imorCilebs egrisis samefos. es xdeba qarTlis mefe vaxtang gorgaslis uSualo monawileobiT Tu iniciativiT, xolo kavadis dros (488-523 ww.) "...udavo unda iyos, rom...egrisi iranis qveSevrdomia" (d. musxeliSvili, 2004, gv. 159, 161). gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi aqvs n. lomours (n. lomouri 1989; n. lomouri, 2004, gv. 7-14). Tu zemoaRniSnuli xangrZlivi, lokaluri cecxlisgan gadawiTlebuli sqeli (10-15 sm-de) fenis wyaroebiseul pasaJebTan Cveneuli dakavSireba sworia, maSin bazilikis pirveli ngrevis (kvlevis am etapze ngrevis masStabebis warmodgena Znelia) fena da saxeldaxelod gamarTuli nageboba V s-is bolo - VI s-is pirveli meoTxediT SeiZleba davaTariRoT. momdevno etapze bazilika safuZvlianad ganuaxlebiaT: aRdgenilia CrdiloeTis kedlis nawili, Sendeba axali narTeqsi, romlis saxuravis TaRebis gadasayvanad gaCenilia ori sworkuTxa sveti, interierSi Cndeba kargad damuSavebuli qvebiT amoyvanili sworkuTxa svetebi, interierisa da narTeqsis iatakebi mopirkeTebulia sagangebo momzadebaze dafenili maRali xarisxis hidravlikuri xsnariT. Zeglis stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, bazilikis aRdgena unda momxdariyo daaxl. 523-530 ww. (saomari moqmedebebis gaaqtiurebamde). sanaTlavis iataksa da saritualo arxebSi Caleqil ngrevis fenaSi (romelsac qveS naxanZrali Sre udevs) in situ dafiqsirebuli samSeneblo (maRalbortiani [h=7 sm.] kramitebi da sxvadasxva zomis agurebi) da sayofacxovrebo (pirqediani, farToZiriani dergebi, Txelkedliani, moCalisfrokeciani, viwrod tandaRaruli amfora) keramikis fragmentebi VI s-iT TariRdeba. bazilikis meore da saboloo ngreva VI s-is SuaxanebSi "did omianobas," konkretulad ki quTaisSi dabanakebul iranelTa (mermeroes) garnizons unda davukavSiroT. VII s-Si, savaraudod, herakle keisris laSqrobebidan (VII s. 20iani wlebis bolo) sergi barnukis Zis ajanyebamde (697 w.), am adgilze axali eklesia augiaT, romelic imdenadaa dazianebuli, rom gegmis aRdgenac ki ver xerxdeba. gansakuTrebiTaa dazianebuli aRmosavleTis nawili da afsidebis gegmis dadgena rTulia. dasavleTis kedlis centralur

quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi

da samxreTis kedlis dasavleT nawilSi karis Riobebi fiqsirdeba. kedlebis sigane 1,4 m-s Seadgens da nagebia saSualo zomis zedapirdakeWnili, uxeSad damuSavebuli kvadrebiT. samxreTis kedlis (kedlebis maqsimalurad SemorCenili simaRle 0,5 m.) dasavleT nawilSi erTsafexuriani cokoli gamoiyofa. miuxedavad imisa, rom interieris morTulobis elementebi kvlevis am etapze ucnobia, Zeglis gabaritebi (rac TiTqmis bagratis taZris tolia) gvaZlevs safuZvels warmovidginoT samnaviani bazilika, gare sworkuTxedSi Cawerili naliseburi afsidebiT, romlebic momdevno etapebis mSeneblobaSia CarTuli, sadReisod ki restavraciis SriTaa gadafaruli da aRar ikiTxeba (sur. 1. dawvrilebiT ix.: o. lanCava.., 2004; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006, gv. 4 da Smd; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006a; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2007; o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 150-152). swored es aris qarTul wyaroSi moxseniebuli "quTaTisis saydari," romelSic unda daekrZalaT stefanoz erisTavi. murvan-yrus laSqrobis Sedegad dazianebuli "saydari" safuZvlianadaa gadakeTebuli leon II-is mier VIII s-is bolos 2: gafarToebulia interieri, romelsac sam navad yofda jvris formis svetebi. samxreTis sworkuTxa mklavSi sanaTlavia mowyobili, risi dasturicaa Rariani kramitebiT Sedgenili arxebi; dasavleTidan gaCnda SesaniSnavad damuSavebuli safasado qvebiT agebuli narTeqsi, centrSi jvris formis svetebs dayrdnobili TaRovani talaniT. naliseburi absidebi Zvel gegmazea morgebuli da gare sworkuTxedSi Cawerili. am bazilikis kedlebis qsovili (aseve sarkmlebis, sarTulis gamyofi TaRebis, afsidiswina mrgvali svetebis naSTebi) organuladaa CarTuli bagratis taZris struqturaSi da sarTulnaxevris simaRleze dRemde kargad ikiTxeba. interieris elementebi ki bagratis taZris iatakis donezea nivelirebuli. am fenas ekuTvnis warweriani (g~b) antefiqsic (sur. 3). momavali gaTxrebi, calkeuli arqiteqturuli fenebis xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi kvleva da wyaroebis analizi Zeglis stratigrafiis dazustebis, zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebis da zogierTi TariRis dakonkretebis saSualebas mogvcems. quTaisis naqalaqaris teritoriaze V-VII ss-iT daTariRebul abanos kopleqsSi (abano, wylis rezervuari, "mosasvenebeli saxli," SeSis sawyobi) Sedis mcire zomis ornaviani darbazuli tipis eklesia, romelzec ori samSeneblo Sre ganirCeva (o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 129-132. sur. 134, 135, 136, 137; sur. 4 #3; sur. 7).prof. o. lanCava 2007 wels gamocemul monografiaSi `quTaTisis saydris" ganaxlebas arCils ukavSirebs da VIII s-is 40-iani wlebiT aTariRebs (o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 151). TavisTavad arCilis samSeneblo aqtivoba quTaisSi gamoricxuli araa, leon II-is samSeneblo saqmianoba ki wyaroebiTac gamokveTilia (. , 1851, . 50; qarTlis cxovreba, 1973, gv. 796) da arqeologiuri masalis konteqstic ufro amaze miuTiTebs (o. lanCava, 1996, gv. 188-202); vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnuli samSeneblo periodis adreul publikaciaSi (o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2004, gv. 138) mocemuli TariRis (VIII s-is bolo) koreqtirebisTvis kvlevis am etapze masala arasakmarisia.2

r. isakaZe

pirvel etapze igi erTnavian, Sverilabsidian darbazs warmoadgenda (interieris zomebi: 6,6X4,5 m.). mogvianebiT CrdiloeTidan SedarebiT momcro, aseve Sverilabsidiani navi miuSenebiaT (interieris zomebi: 4,05X1,95 m.). Tavdapirveli navis dasavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT samxreTis kedlebi (sigane 0,7 m.) fundamentis donezea dangreuli, Tumca gegmis aRdgena xerxdeba. iatakis done orive navSi waSlilia. gegmaSi kvadratuli navebisgan absidebi mxrebiT gamoiyofa. mTavari navis dasavleTis kedlis centrSi 1,7 m-is siganis karia gaWrili, xolo CrdiloeTis kedlisa da absidis rkalis SeerTebis adgilze meore navTan (kedlebis sigane 0,54 m.) damakavSirebeli 0,74 m-is siganis Riobia datovebuli. eklesiis CrdiloeTis navs, romelic, prof. o. lanCavas azriT, samkveTlos unda warmoadgendes. dasavleTis kedlis gaswvriv gauyveba mcire zomis (1,95X0,6 m.) ganyofileba (gamyofi kedlis sigane 0,4 m.), romlis kirxsnariani iataki saerTo donidan 0,6 m-iTaa amaRlebuli. eklesiis kedlebi maqsimum 1,5 m-is simaRlezea SemorCenili. mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebulia kirqva, riyisqva da zoggan aguric. SeZlebisdagvarad daculia rigebis horizontaloba ("izodomuri" wyoba), Tumca gvxvdeba "Tevzifxuri" wyobac (opus spikatum). gadaxurvaSi gamoyenebuli yofila orive tipis (soleni, kalipteri) kramitebi, romlebic mravlad aRmoCnda ngrevis fenaSi. V-VI ss-iT daTariRebuli orabsidiani eklesia aRmoCenilia biWvinTaSi, dasturdeba pontos auzSic (dawvr. ix.: o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 145, sqolio 31). abanos kompleqsis eklesia mcire eklesiaTa rigisaa da mcirericxovani mrevlisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. adreqristianuli eklesia aRmoCenilia quTaisis citadelSic (sur. 4, #2), sadac gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gaiwminda nangrevebis saxiT SemorCenili XIII s-is (gvian Sua saukuneebSi araerTgzis gadakeTebuli) wm. giorgis saxelobis darbazuli eklesia (a. gabriaZe, 1998, gv. 88-91; c. CaCxunaSvili, 1999, gv. 46-52). eklesiis restavraciis procesSi gviandeli iatakebis qveS dafiqsirda Zveli eklesiis naSTebi, romelzec ori samSeneblo fena gamoiyofa. Tavdapirveli fena warmoadgens naxevarwriuli Sverili afsidebiT daboloebul samnavian bazilikas. kargad ikiTxeba reliefiT ganpirobebul orsafexurian cokolze amoyvanili samxreTis kedlis, centraluri da samxreTis afsidebis erTi rigi, aseve CrdiloeTis kedlisa da afsidebis interieri. danarCen kedlebze cokoli ar gamoiyofa. yviTel gruntSi Casmuli, riyis qviTa da maRalxarisxiani duRabiT Sedgenili fundamentis simaRle saSualod 1 metria, siganec amdenive. CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis kedlebi nawilobriv kirqvis kldovan baqanzea daSenebuli. eklesiis sigrZe 12,5 m-s Seadgens (interierSi - 10,2 m.), sigane - 8,06 m (interierSi - 6,28 m.)., kedlebis SemorCenili simaRle - 0,6 m, sigane 0,89 m, afsidis kedlebis sigane - 0,75-0,85 m. gegmaSi kvadrats miaxloebuli Sida sivrce sworkuTxa burjebis ori wyviliT sam nawiladaa gayofili. afsidebis win damatebiT ori mcire zomis sworkuTxa burjia "albaT afrebis gadasayvanad." kedlebis SemorCenil doneze karis naSTi ar

quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi

ikiTxeba. kanonikis Sesabamisad, igi dasavleTis kedlis centrSi unda vivaraudoT (sur. 5). Zeglis stratigrafiis, gaTxrebisas mopovebuli mcirericxovani arqeologiuri masalisa da xuroTmoZRvruli analizis safuZvelze pirveli samSeneblo fena V-VI ss-Ta mijniT TariRdeba (c. CaCxunaSvili, 1999, gv. 46-52, nax. 1; o. lanCava, 1996, gv. 137-142, sur. 24-25-27; o. lanCava, 2006, gv. 159-163; o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 126-128, sur. 130-131-132133). xuroTmoZRvrul formas paralelebi eZebneba rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve bizantiur samyaroSi (c. CaCxunaSvili, 1999, sqolio 8; o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 144, sqolio 23). eklesia, rogorc Cans, VI s-is SuaxanebSi bizantia-iranis omianobas Seewira da, savaraudod, ganaaxles VIII s-is meore naxevarSi, murvan yrus laSqrobis Semdeg, roca citadelSi Sendeba aguris orsarTuliani samefo sasaxle (o. lanCava, 2007, gv, 153-154, sur. 156). am etapze mTlianad ganaxlebulia (gafarToebulia) dasavleTis kedeli, centraluri afsidis naxevarwre centrSi odnav Setexili swori xaziTaa Secvlili, CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan ki ori sworkuTxa saTavsia miSenebuli (sur. 6). samxreTis saTavsze SedarebiT kargad ikiTxeba fasadis erTi rigi da gegma (interierSi - 2,8X2,45 m; kedlebis sigane - 0,74 m, fundamentis sigane - 1 m-de), CrdiloeTis mxares ki erTmaneTs adevs sul mcire sami sxvadasxva drois minaSenis (maT Soris erTi XVIII s-is Turquli meCeTis - r. isakaZe, 2006, gv. 113-119) mxolod fundamentebi da pirveli minaSenis gegmisa da zomebis (interierSi daaxl. 3,5X2 m, fundamentis sigane - 1 mde) aRdgena kvlevis am etapze miaxloebiTia3. "daviT da konstantines wamebis" mixedviT, lodebSebmuli nawamebi Zmebi "...STayarnen... mdinaresa mas fasonsa, romel ars eniTa qarTuliTa rioni" (daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv. 157). ramdenime abzacis qvemoT "wamebis" avtori kidev ufro azustebs am adgils: "...adgilsa mas, romelsa ganeCina mZlavrsa, mdinaresa tbasa mas zeda, romelsac Sen ars taZari wmidaTa kozman da damianesi" (daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv. 158). qarTuli saistorio, saeklesio da xalxuri tradiciiT, Zmebi mxeiZeebis martvilobis adgilad quTaisi, xolo gansasveneblad misgan aRmosavleTiT mdebare mowameTis monasteria miCneuli. prof. T. beraZe xaragaulis r-is soflebis - amaSukeTisa da bJinevis teritoriaze dadasturebuli toponim "kozmanis mTis," kozmanis saxelobis eklesiis da hidronim "wyalwiTelas" meSveobiT argveTis erisTavTa martvilobisa da gansasvenebel adgils md. Zirulas xeobaSi varaudobs (T. beraZe, 1974, gv. 96-97), xolo n. balanCivaZis mixedviT,3

eklesiis eqsterieris gaTxra dausrulebelia da, Sesabamisad, gare saTavsebis (gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTis) gegmac srulad ar aris gamokveTili. kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba Zeglis stratigrafiisa da gegmis calkeuli detalebis koreqtireba.

r. isakaZe

"mTavrebi awames da daaxrCves gviandeli saCxeiZos dasavleTiT, rioncxeniswylis xerTvisis raionSi (n. balanCivaZe, 1976).4" quTais-mowameTis sasargeblod wyaroseul sxva argumentebTan erTad is pasaJic metyvelebs, sadac wamebulTa gadasvenebis mimarTulebaa naCvenebi: "_aiqveniT gvamni wmidaTa magaT mowameTani da wariyvaniT tyiT kerZo aRmosavaliT da sada-igi gTndesT, mun dakrZaleniT..." (daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv. 160). vaxuSti bagrationis mixedviTac, erisTavebi "...moswyvidian tanjviTa quTaTis." wyaroSi figurirebs quTaisi, mdinare rioni da tba, rac erTi SexedviT gaugebrobas qmnis, Tumca mematianis miniSneba, vfiqrobT, savsebiT naTelia: wamebuli Zmebi Cayares iq, sadac mZlavrad momdinar rions Rrma ube (tba) hqonda gaCenili, romlis Tavzec idga taZari. quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis amJamindeli monacemebiT, rionis marcxena sanapiros saqalaqo ganaSenianebis pirveli niSnebi ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi isaxeba (mwvaneyvavilas X-XI s-is eklesia) da Seuqcevadi xdeba XVI s-is Suaxanebidan (r. isakaZe, 2006, gv. 38-43 da Smd., sqolio 4, gv. 155). istoriulad ganaSenianebul marjvena sanapiroze wyaroSi aRweril adgils miesadageba dRevandeli "wiTeli xidis" zemoT yazbegisa da daviT da konstantines quCebis gasayarTan arsebuli monakveTis reliefi, sadac mdinare samxreTiT mkveTr mosabruns akeTebs, riTac kldovan sanapirosTan sakmaod Rrma ubes da, Sesabamisad, morevs aCens, rac gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia wyaluxvobisas (sur. 3). diubua de monperes gegmaze (romelic, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, 1822 wlis quTaisis gegmis mixedviT Seudgenia) aRniSnul monakveTSi #31-iT ("qvis Zveli eklesiebis narCenebi" [am nomriT gegmaze ramdenime sxvadasxva eklesiaa aRniSnuli - r.i.]) moniSnulia eklesia da mis qveS organyofilebiani, gaurkveveli daniSnulebis nageboba (sur. 4, #4). gegmis mixedviT, eklesia oTxi Zveli quCis (gzis) gasayarTan, kldis qimze mdebareobs da zemodan dascqeris izogifsebiT naCveneb, mTeli sanapiros gaswvriv gawolil orterasian kldovan ferdobs, romelsac gza gauyveba. es "cixedarbazis gza" "foTis gzis" (diubuas mixedviT) Crdilo-aRmosavleT gagrZelebas warmoadgens, romelic "wiTeli xidis" mimdebare monakveTidan zemoaRniSnul orterasian kldovan ferdobze adis, "xorxebTan" (e.w. "gabaSvilis gorisa" da "cacxvebis ubnis" gamyofi xevi da Rele [l. jiqia, 1995, gv. 147-149], romelic "wiTeli xididan" 50-iode metrSi mdinares uerTdeba), rionis muxlis Sesabamisad uxvevs, sanapiros miuyveba da naqalaqaris galavanSi Sedis. gzis calkeuli monakveTebi kerZo mosaxleTa ezoebSi (daviT da konstantines q. me-3 Ses.) dResac ikiTxeba, erTi toti ki sagangebodaa4

mowameTis gaTxrebis Sedegebis gacnobisas b-nma T. beraZem CvenTan saubarSi aRniSna, rom misi es mosazreba erTgvar samuSao hipoTezad rCeba. n. balanCivaZe, romelsac quTaisis Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb araerTi saintereso da originaluri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli, samwuxarod, sagazeTo statiaSi wyaros ar uTiTebs da arc raime argumentiT amagrebs Tavis mosazrebas.

quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi

aRniSnuli diubuas gegmaze (sur. 4, literi A, #17, "quCa qveda qalaqSi") da TiTqmis mTlianadaa SemorCenili bagratis q. me-2 SesaxvevSi. am gzis "xorxebisa" da eklesiis mimdebare monakveTs aRwers n. nikolaZe Tavis mogonebebSi: "es saxeli ("xorxi" - r.i.) erqva Zlier viwro biliks, romelzedac ori imeruli jori Zlivs auvliden mxars erTmaneTs, da romelic kldeSi gamokveTli iyo mTis kideze, rionis marjvena napiriT, sadac Semdeg, 1859-1860 ww. mTeli ferdobi laRmebiT CaTales da gzatkecili gaiyvanes TeTri xidedan Zvel Cangreul xidemde. am xorxze Cinebulad gaxednil jorebsac ki eZnelebodaT siaruli, iseTi sazareli iyo rionis jurRmulis zevidan danaxva" (n. nikolaZe, 1984, gv. 10). sul mcire IV-VI ss-Si (adreSuasaukuneebis cixe-qalaqTan erTad formirebuli es gza da "qveda qalaqis" infrastruqturis didi nawili Tavdapirvel reliefTan erTad XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi axali gzis gayvanas Seewira, roca sanapiros gaswvrivi kldovani ferdobi "laRmebiT CaTales" (o. lanCava, 2006, gv. 79-156). am konteqstSi sainteresoa XIX s-is ori publikacia: gazeT "mwyemsis" mixedviT, murvan-yrum nawamebi Zmebi Caayrevina "...kldidgan rionSi....im adgilis cota qvemoT, sadac uwin yofila Zvel q. quTaisSi, mTaze aSenebuli wmida kosmisa da damianes ekklesia" ("mwyemsi" 1884, gv. 13-14); gazeT "kvalis" mixedviT: "...miiyvanes... mowameni tbasa zeda, saca idga saydari kozman da damianesi...es tba iyo Seqmnili quTaisis kldis gamo, romelzedac rioni Tavs gadadioda, radgan maSin jer kidev ar iyo klde ise garRveuli, rogorc aris xorxis TavSi" (g. wereTeli, 1893, gv. 7). vfiqrobT, mTeli zemoT motanili msjeloba sakmarisia imis sailustraciod, rom kozman da damianes saxelobis eklesia dRevandeli "wiTeli xidis" zemoT, "xorxis TavSi," miaxloebiT vaJa-fSavelas, yazbegisa da daviT da konstantines quCebis gasayarTan mdebareobda da dRes an mTlianad waSlilia, anda Tanamedrove dasaxlebiT da infrastruqturiT aris gadafaruli. saarqivo masalis mixedviT irkveva, rom sruliad gansxvavebul cnobebze dayrdnobiT analogiur daskvnamde misula petre Wabukiani. quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis arqivSi or gansxvavebul egzemplarad daculia petre Wabukianis xelnaweri naSromi "istoriis, arqeologiis da bunebis ZeglTa aRricxva quTaisis olqSi (dawyebulia 1933 wlis 1 ivnisidan)".5 pirveli egzemplaris me-5 punqti: "goraze yazbegis quCaze kldeze eklesiis naSTebi. kozma da damanes saxelobis. gadmocemiT daviT da konstantines salocavi. iqve qvemoT yofila qvabulebi, sadac imalebodnen xsenebuli gmirebi. qvabulebi mospobilia gzis gayvanis dros XIX s-Si (q.i.m. arqivi, #133/1, gv. 7); me-16 punqti: "molotovis quCaze, rionis pirad wiTelsa da jaWvis xidebs Sua daviT da konstantines saxelTan dakavSirebuli bunebrivi gvirabi, romelicquTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis arqivSi daculi aRniSnuli naSromis Sesaxeb inforacia mogvawoda arqivis direqtorma b-nma m. kezevaZem.5.

r. isakaZe

imave dros Rvarsadenia mrTeli gorisTvis" (q.i.m. arqivi, #133/1, gv. 9). meore egzemplaris me-12 punqti: "yazbegis quCaze kldeze cixis naSTebi. kozman da damianes eklesiis naSTi. VII. sauk." (q.i.m. arqivi, #133/ 2, gv. 4); 29-e punqti: "molotovis quCaze, rionis pirad, wiTelsa da jaWvis xidebs Sua, marjvena mxareze "daviT da konstantines" gamoqvabuli." (q.i.m. arqivi, #133/2, gv. 5)6. 1956 wels petre Wabukianis daxmarebiT qarTvel mTamsvlelTa jgufma (alioSa nemsiwveriZe, givi yalambegaSvili, foto korespodenti bondo maRlaferiZe) orive im gamoqvabulSi SeaRwia, romelTac, xalxuri gadmocemiT, Zmebi mxeiZeebis saxeli ukavSirdeba. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom mTamsvlelTa gaangariSebiT daaxl. 2 km-is sigrZis gvirabs zog adgilze xelovnuri damuSavebis (gafarToebis) kvali etyoba (n. cxvediani, 2007). samomavlod "daviT da konstantines wamebis" yvela arsebuli redaqciis teqstologiuri kvleva, saarqivo (gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos centraluri arqivSi daculi "gzaTa mimosvlis me-8 olqis fondi" [XIX s.]) da XIX-XX ss-is mijnis presis masalebis Seswavla, agreTv aRniSnuli ubnisa da gamoqvabulebis arqeologiuri gamokvleva adreqristianuli xanis saqarTvelosa da konkretulad quTaisis istoriis axal furclebs gadaSlis.

6

xelnaweriT sargeblobisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT muzeumis direqcias da xelnawer da ZvelnabeWd wignTa koleqciebis ganyofilebis kurators q-n c. mumlaZes.

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sur. 1

sur. 3

r. isakaZe

sur. 5

sur. 6

sur. 7

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damowmebuli literatura n. balanCivaZe, 1976 - n. balanCivaZe, mowameTa, gaz. quTaisi, 17. 08. 1976. T. beraZe, 1974 - T. beraZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierTi geografiuli adgilis lokalizaciisaTvis, `macne", istoriis... seria, #1, Tb., 1974. a. gabriaZe, 1998 - a. gabriaZe, quTaisis citadelis wm. giorgis eklesia, Ziebani, #1, Tb., 1998. georgika, 1936 - georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, t. III, Tb., 1936. georgika, 1941 - georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, IV, nakv. I, Tb., 1941. daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979 - daviT da konstantines wameba, Zveli qarTuli moTxroba, r. TvaraZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1979. b. diasamiZe, 1999 - b. diasamiZe, qristianobis istoriisaTvis dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1999. diubua, 1859 - Frederik Dubois de Montfereus, Voyage autour du Caucase.., I, Paris, 1859. p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, 1991 - p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, cixe-gojiarqeopolisi-noqalaqevi, Tb., 1991. r. isakaZe, 2006 - r. isakaZe, quTaisi XV-XVIIII ss-Si, sakandidato disertacia, xelnabeWdi, quTaisi, 2006. o. lanCava, 2006 - o. lanCava, quTaisis Sidacixis bazilika, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, X, quTaisi, 2006. o. lanCava, 2007 - o. lanCava, quTaisis arqeologia, quTaisi, 2007. o. lanCava, 1996 - o. lanCava, quTaisi egris-lazikis cixe-qalaqTa sistemaSi, quTaisi, 1996. o. lanCava.., 2004 - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe. d. berZeniSvili, quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2003 wlis angariSi, quTaisi, 2004. o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006 - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, d. berZeniSvili, m. WumburiZe, n. qarciZe, quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2005 wlis savele samuSaoebis winaswari angariSi, quTaisi, 2006. o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006a - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, d. berZeniSvili, m. WumburiZe, n. qarciZe, oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis institutisa da akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis erToblivi arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier bagratis taZris interierSi 2006 wlis ivlis-oqtomberSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi, quTaisi, 2006. o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2007 - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oT. lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis centrisa da akaki wereTlis universitetis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier quTaisSi, bagratis taZris eqsterierSi 2007 wels (15 ivnisi-30 agvisto) Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi, quTaisi, 2007. n. lomouri, 1968 - n. lomouri, egrisis samefos istoria, Tb., 1968. n. lomouri, 1989 - n. lomouri, saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierToba V saukuneSi, Tb., 1989.

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n. lomouri, 2004 - n. lomouri, saqarTvelos politikuri viTarebis garkvevisaTvis (V s-is meore naxevari), saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis `narkvevebi", IX, Tb., 2004. d. musxeliSvili, 2004 - d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 2004. `mwyemsi" 1884 - mowameTis monasteri imereTSi da wmidani mowameni daviT da konstantine, gaz. `mwyemsi", #11, 1884. n. nikolaZe, 1984 - n. nikolaZe, mogonebebi, Tb., 1984. c. CaCxunaSvili, 1999 - c. CaCxunaSvili, uqimerionis wm. giorgis sax. eklesia quTaisSi, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa dacvis mTavari sammarTvelos `weliwdeuli", III (1997-1999 ww.), Tb., 1999. n. cxvediani, 2007 - n. cxvediani, miwisqveSa quTaisi, gaz. `postskriptumi", #2 (398), 2007. g. wereTeli, 1893 - g. wereTeli, wminda mowameni daviT da konstantine, gaz. `kvali", #45, 1893. v. jafariZe, 1989 - v. jafariZe, vardcixis naqalaqari, Tb., 1989. l. jiqia, 1995 - l. jiqia, `zeqedas mTis" lokalizaciisaTvis, eTnografiuli quTaisi-I, XIX s-is II naxevari, quTaisis muzeumis masalebi, krebuli VII, quTaisi, 1995.

ROLAND ISAKADZEEARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN KUTAISIHistorical sources have only two instances to mention the early Christian churches of Kutaisi and both are dated in relation of the events of the 30s of the 8th century. Considering this fact the present archaeological discoveries of the multitude of churches, belonging to the 4th-8th centuries, become a noteworthy issue. The more so, the number of churches is likely to increase parallel to the subsequent excavations. Chronologically, the most ancient of the churches is the 4th century big three nave basilica discovered during the excavation of the Bagrati Cathedral. In about the 5th-and the early half of 6th centuries the edifice seems have been substantially rebuilt. The two nave small church with protruded apses discovered in the "Inner City" territory revealing two construction layers and belonging to the Bath complex is of 5th-7th centuries. Dated the close of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th century is a three apse church discovered under the floor of the 13th century Citadel Church. The church has the well-definable traces of the later reconstruction of 7th-8th centuries. The 4th century big basilica was presumably destroyed during the Iran invasion in

quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi

6th century. In the 7th century we see the new basilica in the same place, which according to Kartlis Tskhovteba (The Georgian Chronicles) is called Kutaisi Saqdari (church). Leon II, the king of Egris-Apkhzeti, carried out reconstruction works at the end of the 8th century after it had been damaged during the invasion of the Arabs headed by Murvan the Deaf. The wall texture of the new basilica is organically included in the Bagrati Cathedral building and is easily discernable up to the storey and a half level. As for the elements of the interior they are erased on the floor level. It is the ruined layer of this basilica where archaeologists discovered inscribed antefix (G "B). I think that Kozma and Damiane Church, up to the Red Bridge, mentioned in "the Life of David and Konstantine" must have been located at the fork of the present A.Kazbegi and David and Konstantine streets which is either covered by the present houses or was lost in the 60s of the 19th century during the Lechkhumi road construction when the historically inhabited slope was cut off by "making use of explosive materials" (N.Nikoladze)