Download - Kartveluri Memkvidreoba XIII Isakadze Roland

1. Zeglis arqeologiuri kvleva jerjerobiT dausrulebelia. imis gamo, rom 2009wlis samuSaoebi damTavrda dekembris Sua ricxvebSi, warmodgenil grafikulilustraciaze asaxulia mxolod 2007 wlisaTvis arsebuli situacia.

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quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebiquTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebiquTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebiquTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebiquTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi

istoriul wyaroebSi adreqristianuli xanis quTaisis eklesiebismoxseniebis sul oriode SemTxveva fiqsirdeba da orive ax. w. VIII s-is30-iani wlebis movlenebTan kavSirSi: 1. "daviT da konstantines wamebis"mixedviT, im tbis Tavze, romelSic Cayares murvan yrus brZanebiTnawamebi Zmebi, idga "...taZari wmidaTa kozman da damianesi" (daviT dakonstantines wameba, 1979, gv. 158); 2. anakofiasTan arabTa winaaRmdegbrZolaSi sasikvdilod daWrili qarTlis erismTavar stefanozis Svilimiri ubarebs Zmas (arCils), rom "...mamaca Cueni mokuda SfoTsa amasSina da ver warveciT igi mcxeTas, warscen Zvalni misni da dahflensaydarsa quTaTissa" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 241).

istoriuli wyaroebis simciris fonze TvalSisacemia quTaisisnaqalaqaris arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad (1984-2009 ww.) aRmoCeniliIV-VIII ss-Ta eklesiebis simravle. Tanac aRsaniSnavia, rom naqalaqaris(da saerTod Zveli quTaisis) didi nawili jerac gauTxrelia, xolodiubua de monperes mier 1833 wels Sedgenil quTaisis gegmaze (diubua,1859, sur. 4) asaxul 16-mde (8 marcxena da 8 marjvena [bagratis taZrisada citadelis eklesiis gamoklebiT] sanapiroze) eklesias Sorisabsoluturi umravlesoba Seuswavleli da dauTariRebelia. es orimomenti kidev ufro zrdis adreqristianuli eklesiebis raodenobismatebis albaTobas.

adreqristianuli sakulto arqiteqturis ramdenime fena gamoiyobagratis taZris interiersa da eqsterierSi 2003-2005-2006-2007 da2009 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad1. maT Sorisqronologiurad yvelaze Zveli eklesiis naSTebi TariRdeba ax. w. IV s-iT da warmoadgens didi zomis samnavian bazilikas (sur. 1. dawvrilebiTix.: o. lanCava.., 2004; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006, gv. 4 da Smd; o.lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006a; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2007; o. lanCava, 2007,gv. 112-113), sworkuTxa minaSenebiT CrdiloeTisa (sanaTlavi[baptisteriumi] da masze dasavleTidan midgmuli saTavsi) da samxreTismxareze. dasavleTiT gamoiyofa narTeqsic (interieris zomebi: ZiriTadinawili - 27X10,6 m; narTeqsi - 10,6X6,4 m; sanaTlavi - 8,8X5,2 m; sanaTlavzedasavleTidan midgmuli saTavsi - 5,4X5,2 m; samxreTis saTavsi - daaxl.7,4X5,8 m.).

kvlevis am etapze gaurkvevelia bazilikis afsidebis mowyobissakiTxi. aseve ucnobia navebis gamyofi svetebis raodenoba. fundamentebi,romelTa simaRle meryeobs reliefis Sesabamisad, nagebia riyis qviTa da

Warbkiriani, maRali xarisxis duRabiT, kedlebis fasadebi amoyvaniliamyife jiSis TeTri kirqvis mcire zomis, Sublgamoyvanili qvebiT, Sidasivrce Sevsebulia natexi qviTa da analogiuri duRabiT, "SeZlebisdagvaraddaculia rigebis horizontaloba, riTac igi waagavs romaulxuroTmoZRvrebaSi kargad cnobil Opus incertum-s." kedlebis sigane 1,4m-ia, minaSenebSi 1 m. analogiuri teqnikiTaa nagebi ax. w. IV s-iTdaTariRebuli vardcixis (v. jafariZe, 1989, gv. 112 da Smd.), noqalaqevisa(p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, 1991, gv. 17 da Smd.) da sakuTriv quTaisis (o.lanCava, 2007, gv. 109-115, sur. 95-97-98-100-101; o. lanCava, 1996, gv. 79-98,sur. 5-6-11-12) safortifikacio da saero nagebobebi.

bazilikis ZiriTad nawilsa da narTeqsSi dafiqsirda samSenebloanatkecebze dafenili kirxsnaris iatakis Txeli (10 sm-de) Sre. sanaTlaviskedlebi, iataki da saritualo arxebi ki SedarebiT dabali xarisxishidravlikuri xsnaris Txeli SriTaa Selesili. CrdiloeTis kedlisdasavleT nawilSi SemorCenilia rbili jiSis kirqvisgan gamoTlilikaris zRurbli, romelic sanaTlavze dasavleTidan miSenebul saTavsSigadis. karis naSTi dafiqsirda narTeqsis dasavleTis kedlis centrSic.

2009 wlis samuSaoebma uCvena, rom drois raRac monakveTSi (ix.qvemoT), bazilikis funqcionireba Sewyvetilia, risi dasturicaaTavdapirvel iatakze dafenili 0,4 m-de simZlavris miwis fena, romelSicikiTxeba ngrevisa da naxanZrali Sreeebi. mTlianad dangreuli CansnarTeqsi. nawilobriv dangreul dasavleTis kedelze Signidan midgmuliaSereuli samSeneblo masaliTa da uxarisxo kirxsnariT saxeldaxelodnaSenebi, TiTqosda orsaTavsiani nagebobis naSTebi, romelic aRniSnulnaxanZral-nangrev fenas azis. nagebobis ZiriTadi nawili gauTxrelfarTobSi gadis, gaTxrebiT gamovlenili monakveTebi ki bagratis taZrismSeneblobis drosaa dazianebuli, ris gamoc gegmis warmodgena am etapzepirobiTia. erTi "saTavsis" interierSi fiqsirebulia lokaluri,xangrZlivi cecxlisagan gadawiTlebuli miwuri iatakis done, romelsacuSualod adevs bazilikis ganaxlebis droindeli (ix. qvemoT)hidravlikurxsnariani iataki. amave periodisaa meore "saTavsSi"dafiqsirebuli farTo, brtyelZiriani, sadazedapiriani qvevric. arcqvevri da arc xangrZlivi, lokaluri cecxli qristianul msaxurebas arukavSirdeba. SesaZlebelia, es yvelaferi drois raRac monakveTSi lazTamefe waTes iranTan urTierTobis da Sesabamisad cecxlis kultis arsebobisgamoZaxilic iyos. am konteqstSi sainteresoa ioane malalas cnoba, romlazTa mefe waTe 523 wlamde (bizantiaSi gaqristianebamde) "...gadavidawarmarTTa sarwmunoebaze ...msxverplebsac wiravda da yovelgvar sparsulwess asrulebda" (georgika, 1936, gv. 263-264), gaqristianebam ki ixsna"...igi warmarTuli sarwmunoebisagan, uwminduri msxverplisagan da eSmakTacdunebisagan" (georgika, 1936, gv. 266). analogiur cnobebs gvawvdianTeofane JamTaaRmwereli (georgika, 1941, gv. 77-78) da "pasqaluri qronika"(georgika 1941, gv. 11-13). am cnobebis mixedviT prof. n. lomouriaskvnis, rom waTe ki ar gamazdeanebula, aramed warmarTTa, "elinTasarwmunoebaze" (ioane malala), gadavida (n. lomouri, 1968, gv. 87-88).

quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi

ioane malalas fraza - "yovelgvar sparsul wess asrulebda" - vfiqrobT,ufro mazdeanobis sasargeblod metyvelebs. aseve esmis es pasaJib. diasamiZes (b. diasamiZe, 1999, gv. 56).

V s-is 50-60-ian wlebSi bizantiis formaluri vasalobidanTavdasaRwevad gubaz mefis sparseTTan kavSiris pirvel warumatebelcdas Sedegad svanTa separatizmi da "bizantiis poziciebis gaZliereba"(n. lomouri) mohyva. wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo axla Znelia iranelTagaaqtiurebis qronologiuri mijnis dadgena. "pasqaluri qronikis"mixedviT, "...miRebuli iyo... rodesac lazTa mefe gardaicvleboda,sparselTa maSindeli mefe maT sxva mefes dauyenebda". aqedanac Cans,rom sparselTa gavlena sakmao xnis ambavia da waTes "warmarTTasarwmunoebaze" gadasvla am procesis kulminacia iyo. "cxadia es niSnavs,rom aseTi precedenti waTemdec yofila..." (d. musxeliSvili, 2004, gv.160).

akad. d. musxeliSvilis azriT, V s-is 60-iani wlebis bolosTvisirani imorCilebs egrisis samefos. es xdeba qarTlis mefe vaxtanggorgaslis uSualo monawileobiT Tu iniciativiT, xolo kavadis dros(488-523 ww.) "...udavo unda iyos, rom...egrisi iranis qveSevrdomia" (d.musxeliSvili, 2004, gv. 159, 161). gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi aqvs n.lomours (n. lomouri 1989; n. lomouri, 2004, gv. 7-14).

Tu zemoaRniSnuli xangrZlivi, lokaluri cecxlisgan gadawiTlebulisqeli (10-15 sm-de) fenis wyaroebiseul pasaJebTan Cveneuli dakavSirebasworia, maSin bazilikis pirveli ngrevis (kvlevis am etapze ngrevismasStabebis warmodgena Znelia) fena da saxeldaxelod gamarTuli nagebobaV s-is bolo - VI s-is pirveli meoTxediT SeiZleba davaTariRoT.

momdevno etapze bazilika safuZvlianad ganuaxlebiaT: aRdgeniliaCrdiloeTis kedlis nawili, Sendeba axali narTeqsi, romlis saxuravisTaRebis gadasayvanad gaCenilia ori sworkuTxa sveti, interierSi Cndebakargad damuSavebuli qvebiT amoyvanili sworkuTxa svetebi, interierisada narTeqsis iatakebi mopirkeTebulia sagangebo momzadebaze dafenilimaRali xarisxis hidravlikuri xsnariT. Zeglis stratigrafiisgaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, bazilikis aRdgena unda momxdariyo daaxl.523-530 ww. (saomari moqmedebebis gaaqtiurebamde).

sanaTlavis iataksa da saritualo arxebSi Caleqil ngrevis fenaSi(romelsac qveS naxanZrali Sre udevs) in situ dafiqsirebuli samSeneblo(maRalbortiani [h=7 sm.] kramitebi da sxvadasxva zomis agurebi) dasayofacxovrebo (pirqediani, farToZiriani dergebi, Txelkedliani,moCalisfrokeciani, viwrod tandaRaruli amfora) keramikis fragmentebiVI s-iT TariRdeba. bazilikis meore da saboloo ngreva VI s-is SuaxanebSi"did omianobas," konkretulad ki quTaisSi dabanakebul iranelTa(mermeroes) garnizons unda davukavSiroT.

VII s-Si, savaraudod, herakle keisris laSqrobebidan (VII s. 20-iani wlebis bolo) sergi barnukis Zis ajanyebamde (697 w.), am adgilzeaxali eklesia augiaT, romelic imdenadaa dazianebuli, rom gegmisaRdgenac ki ver xerxdeba. gansakuTrebiTaa dazianebuli aRmosavleTisnawili da afsidebis gegmis dadgena rTulia. dasavleTis kedlis centralur

r. isakaZe

2 prof. o. lanCava 2007 wels gamocemul monografiaSi ̀ quTaTisis saydris" ganaxlebasarCils ukavSirebs da VIII s-is 40-iani wlebiT aTariRebs (o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 151).TavisTavad arCilis samSeneblo aqtivoba quTaisSi gamoricxuli araa, leon II-issamSeneblo saqmianoba ki wyaroebiTac gamokveTilia (Ð. Èîñåëèàíè, 1851, ñòð. 50; qarTliscxovreba, 1973, gv. 796) da arqeologiuri masalis konteqstic ufro amaze miuTiTebs(o. lanCava, 1996, gv. 188-202); vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnuli samSeneblo periodisadreul publikaciaSi (o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2004, gv. 138) mocemuli TariRis (VIIIs-is bolo) koreqtirebisTvis kvlevis am etapze masala arasakmarisia.

da samxreTis kedlis dasavleT nawilSi karis Riobebi fiqsirdeba. kedlebissigane 1,4 m-s Seadgens da nagebia saSualo zomis zedapirdakeWnili,uxeSad damuSavebuli kvadrebiT. samxreTis kedlis (kedlebis maqsimaluradSemorCenili simaRle 0,5 m.) dasavleT nawilSi erTsafexuriani cokoligamoiyofa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom interieris morTulobis elementebi kvlevisam etapze ucnobia, Zeglis gabaritebi (rac TiTqmis bagratis taZristolia) gvaZlevs safuZvels warmovidginoT samnaviani bazilika, garesworkuTxedSi Cawerili naliseburi afsidebiT, romlebic momdevnoetapebis mSeneblobaSia CarTuli, sadReisod ki restavraciis SriTaagadafaruli da aRar ikiTxeba (sur. 1. dawvrilebiT ix.: o. lanCava..,2004; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006, gv. 4 da Smd; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe..,2006a; o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2007; o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 150-152). sworedes aris qarTul wyaroSi moxseniebuli "quTaTisis saydari," romelSicunda daekrZalaT stefanoz erisTavi.

murvan-yrus laSqrobis Sedegad dazianebuli "saydari"safuZvlianadaa gadakeTebuli leon II-is mier VIII s-is bolos2:gafarToebulia interieri, romelsac sam navad yofda jvris formissvetebi. samxreTis sworkuTxa mklavSi sanaTlavia mowyobili, risidasturicaa Rariani kramitebiT Sedgenili arxebi; dasavleTidan gaCndaSesaniSnavad damuSavebuli safasado qvebiT agebuli narTeqsi, centrSijvris formis svetebs dayrdnobili TaRovani talaniT. naliseburiabsidebi Zvel gegmazea morgebuli da gare sworkuTxedSi Cawerili.

am bazilikis kedlebis qsovili (aseve sarkmlebis, sarTulis gamyofiTaRebis, afsidiswina mrgvali svetebis naSTebi) organuladaa CarTulibagratis taZris struqturaSi da sarTulnaxevris simaRleze dRemdekargad ikiTxeba. interieris elementebi ki bagratis taZris iatakisdonezea nivelirebuli. am fenas ekuTvnis warweriani (g~b) antefiqsic(sur. 3).

momavali gaTxrebi, calkeuli arqiteqturuli fenebisxelovnebaTmcodneobiTi kvleva da wyaroebis analizi Zeglisstratigrafiis dazustebis, zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebis da zogierTiTariRis dakonkretebis saSualebas mogvcems.

quTaisis naqalaqaris teritoriaze V-VII ss-iT daTariRebul abanoskopleqsSi (abano, wylis rezervuari, "mosasvenebeli saxli," SeSis sawyobi)Sedis mcire zomis ornaviani darbazuli tipis eklesia, romelzec orisamSeneblo Sre ganirCeva (o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 129-132. sur. 134, 135, 136,137; sur. 4 #3; sur. 7).


pirvel etapze igi erTnavian, Sverilabsidian darbazs warmoadgenda(interieris zomebi: 6,6X4,5 m.). mogvianebiT CrdiloeTidan SedarebiTmomcro, aseve Sverilabsidiani navi miuSenebiaT (interieris zomebi:4,05X1,95 m.). Tavdapirveli navis dasavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT samxreTiskedlebi (sigane 0,7 m.) fundamentis donezea dangreuli, Tumca gegmisaRdgena xerxdeba. iatakis done orive navSi waSlilia. gegmaSi kvadratulinavebisgan absidebi mxrebiT gamoiyofa. mTavari navis dasavleTis kedliscentrSi 1,7 m-is siganis karia gaWrili, xolo CrdiloeTis kedlisa daabsidis rkalis SeerTebis adgilze meore navTan (kedlebis sigane 0,54m.) damakavSirebeli 0,74 m-is siganis Riobia datovebuli.

eklesiis CrdiloeTis navs, romelic, prof. o. lanCavas azriT,samkveTlos unda warmoadgendes. dasavleTis kedlis gaswvriv gauyvebamcire zomis (1,95X0,6 m.) ganyofileba (gamyofi kedlis sigane 0,4 m.),romlis kirxsnariani iataki saerTo donidan 0,6 m-iTaa amaRlebuli.

eklesiis kedlebi maqsimum 1,5 m-is simaRlezea SemorCenili.mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebulia kirqva, riyisqva da zoggan aguric.SeZlebisdagvarad daculia rigebis horizontaloba ("izodomuri" wyoba),Tumca gvxvdeba "Tevzifxuri" wyobac (opus spikatum). gadaxurvaSigamoyenebuli yofila orive tipis (soleni, kalipteri) kramitebi,romlebic mravlad aRmoCnda ngrevis fenaSi.

V-VI ss-iT daTariRebuli orabsidiani eklesia aRmoCeniliabiWvinTaSi, dasturdeba pontos auzSic (dawvr. ix.: o. lanCava, 2007, gv.145, sqolio 31). abanos kompleqsis eklesia mcire eklesiaTa rigisaa damcirericxovani mrevlisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

adreqristianuli eklesia aRmoCenilia quTaisis citadelSic (sur.4, #2), sadac gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gaiwminda nangrevebis saxiTSemorCenili XIII s-is (gvian Sua saukuneebSi araerTgzis gadakeTebuli)wm. giorgis saxelobis darbazuli eklesia (a. gabriaZe, 1998, gv. 88-91; c.CaCxunaSvili, 1999, gv. 46-52).

eklesiis restavraciis procesSi gviandeli iatakebis qveS dafiqsirdaZveli eklesiis naSTebi, romelzec ori samSeneblo fena gamoiyofa.

Tavdapirveli fena warmoadgens naxevarwriuli Sverili afsidebiTdaboloebul samnavian bazilikas. kargad ikiTxeba reliefiT ganpirobebulorsafexurian cokolze amoyvanili samxreTis kedlis, centraluri dasamxreTis afsidebis erTi rigi, aseve CrdiloeTis kedlisa da afsidebisinterieri. danarCen kedlebze cokoli ar gamoiyofa. yviTel gruntSiCasmuli, riyis qviTa da maRalxarisxiani duRabiT Sedgenili fundamentissimaRle saSualod 1 metria, siganec amdenive. CrdiloeTisa daaRmosavleTis kedlebi nawilobriv kirqvis kldovan baqanzea daSenebuli.eklesiis sigrZe 12,5 m-s Seadgens (interierSi - 10,2 m.), sigane - 8,06 m(interierSi - 6,28 m.)., kedlebis SemorCenili simaRle - 0,6 m, sigane -0,89 m, afsidis kedlebis sigane - 0,75-0,85 m. gegmaSi kvadrats miaxloebuliSida sivrce sworkuTxa burjebis ori wyviliT sam nawiladaa gayofili.afsidebis win damatebiT ori mcire zomis sworkuTxa burjia "albaTafrebis gadasayvanad." kedlebis SemorCenil doneze karis naSTi ar

r. isakaZe

3 eklesiis eqsterieris gaTxra dausrulebelia da, Sesabamisad, gare saTavsebis(gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTis) gegmac srulad ar aris gamokveTili. kvlevis dasrulebisSemdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba Zeglis stratigrafiisa da gegmis calkeuli detalebiskoreqtireba.

ikiTxeba. kanonikis Sesabamisad, igi dasavleTis kedlis centrSi unda

vivaraudoT (sur. 5).

Zeglis stratigrafiis, gaTxrebisas mopovebuli mcirericxovani

arqeologiuri masalisa da xuroTmoZRvruli analizis safuZvelze

pirveli samSeneblo fena V-VI ss-Ta mijniT TariRdeba (c. CaCxunaSvili,

1999, gv. 46-52, nax. 1; o. lanCava, 1996, gv. 137-142, sur. 24-25-27; o.

lanCava, 2006, gv. 159-163; o. lanCava, 2007, gv. 126-128, sur. 130-131-132-

133). xuroTmoZRvrul formas paralelebi eZebneba rogorc saqarTveloSi,

aseve bizantiur samyaroSi (c. CaCxunaSvili, 1999, sqolio 8; o. lanCava,

2007, gv. 144, sqolio 23).

eklesia, rogorc Cans, VI s-is SuaxanebSi bizantia-iranis omianobas

Seewira da, savaraudod, ganaaxles VIII s-is meore naxevarSi, murvan

yrus laSqrobis Semdeg, roca citadelSi Sendeba aguris orsarTuliani

samefo sasaxle (o. lanCava, 2007, gv, 153-154, sur. 156). am etapze

mTlianad ganaxlebulia (gafarToebulia) dasavleTis kedeli, centraluri

afsidis naxevarwre centrSi odnav Setexili swori xaziTaa Secvlili,

CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan ki ori sworkuTxa saTavsia miSenebuli

(sur. 6). samxreTis saTavsze SedarebiT kargad ikiTxeba fasadis erTi

rigi da gegma (interierSi - 2,8X2,45 m; kedlebis sigane - 0,74 m, fundamentis

sigane - 1 m-de), CrdiloeTis mxares ki erTmaneTs adevs sul mcire sami

sxvadasxva drois minaSenis (maT Soris erTi XVIII s-is Turquli meCeTis

- r. isakaZe, 2006, gv. 113-119) mxolod fundamentebi da pirveli minaSenis

gegmisa da zomebis (interierSi daaxl. 3,5X2 m, fundamentis sigane - 1 m-

de) aRdgena kvlevis am etapze miaxloebiTia3.

"daviT da konstantines wamebis" mixedviT, lodebSebmuli nawamebi

Zmebi "...STayarnen... mdinaresa mas fasonsa, romel ars eniTa qarTuliTa

rioni" (daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv. 157). ramdenime abzacisqvemoT "wamebis" avtori kidev ufro azustebs am adgils: "...adgilsa mas,

romelsa ganeCina mZlavrsa, mdinaresa tbasa mas zeda, romelsac Sen ars

taZari wmidaTa kozman da damianesi" (daviT da konstantines wameba,1979, gv. 158).

qarTuli saistorio, saeklesio da xalxuri tradiciiT, Zmebi

mxeiZeebis martvilobis adgilad quTaisi, xolo gansasveneblad misgan

aRmosavleTiT mdebare mowameTis monasteria miCneuli.

prof. T. beraZe xaragaulis r-is soflebis - amaSukeTisa da

bJinevis teritoriaze dadasturebuli toponim "kozmanis mTis," kozmanissaxelobis eklesiis da hidronim "wyalwiTelas" meSveobiT argveTis

erisTavTa martvilobisa da gansasvenebel adgils md. Zirulas xeobaSi

varaudobs (T. beraZe, 1974, gv. 96-97), xolo n. balanCivaZis mixedviT,


"mTavrebi awames da daaxrCves gviandeli saCxeiZos dasavleTiT, rion-

cxeniswylis xerTvisis raionSi (n. balanCivaZe, 1976).4"quTais-mowameTis sasargeblod wyaroseul sxva argumentebTan erTad

is pasaJic metyvelebs, sadac wamebulTa gadasvenebis mimarTulebaanaCvenebi: "_aiqveniT gvamni wmidaTa magaT mowameTani da wariyvaniTtyiT kerZo aRmosavaliT da sada-igi gTndesT, mun dakrZaleniT..."(daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv. 160). vaxuSti bagrationismixedviTac, erisTavebi "...moswyvidian tanjviTa quTaTis." wyaroSifigurirebs quTaisi, mdinare rioni da tba, rac erTi SexedviT gaugebrobasqmnis, Tumca mematianis miniSneba, vfiqrobT, savsebiT naTelia: wamebuliZmebi Cayares iq, sadac mZlavrad momdinar rions Rrma ube (tba)hqonda gaCenili, romlis Tavzec idga taZari.

quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavlis amJamindeli monacemebiT, rionismarcxena sanapiros saqalaqo ganaSenianebis pirveli niSnebi ganviTarebulSua saukuneebSi isaxeba (mwvaneyvavilas X-XI s-is eklesia) da Seuqcevadixdeba XVI s-is Suaxanebidan (r. isakaZe, 2006, gv. 38-43 da Smd., sqolio4, gv. 155).

istoriulad ganaSenianebul marjvena sanapiroze wyaroSi aRweriladgils miesadageba dRevandeli "wiTeli xidis" zemoT yazbegisa da daviTda konstantines quCebis gasayarTan arsebuli monakveTis reliefi, sadacmdinare samxreTiT mkveTr mosabruns akeTebs, riTac kldovansanapirosTan sakmaod Rrma ubes da, Sesabamisad, morevs aCens, racgansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia wyaluxvobisas (sur. 3).

diubua de monperes gegmaze (romelic, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs,1822 wlis quTaisis gegmis mixedviT Seudgenia) aRniSnul monakveTSi#31-iT ("qvis Zveli eklesiebis narCenebi" [am nomriT gegmaze ramdenimesxvadasxva eklesiaa aRniSnuli - r.i.]) moniSnulia eklesia da mis qveSorganyofilebiani, gaurkveveli daniSnulebis nageboba (sur. 4, #4).gegmis mixedviT, eklesia oTxi Zveli quCis (gzis) gasayarTan, kldis qimzemdebareobs da zemodan dascqeris izogifsebiT naCveneb, mTeli sanapirosgaswvriv gawolil orterasian kldovan ferdobs, romelsac gza gauyveba.es "cixedarbazis gza" "foTis gzis" (diubuas mixedviT) Crdilo-aRmosavleTgagrZelebas warmoadgens, romelic "wiTeli xidis" mimdebare monakveTidanzemoaRniSnul orterasian kldovan ferdobze adis, "xorxebTan" (e.w."gabaSvilis gorisa" da "cacxvebis ubnis" gamyofi xevi da Rele [l. jiqia,1995, gv. 147-149], romelic "wiTeli xididan" 50-iode metrSi mdinaresuerTdeba), rionis muxlis Sesabamisad uxvevs, sanapiros miuyveba danaqalaqaris galavanSi Sedis.

gzis calkeuli monakveTebi kerZo mosaxleTa ezoebSi (daviT dakonstantines q. me-3 Ses.) dResac ikiTxeba, erTi toti ki sagangebodaa

r. isakaZe

4 mowameTis gaTxrebis Sedegebis gacnobisas b-nma T. beraZem CvenTan saubarSi aRniSna,rom misi es mosazreba erTgvar samuSao hipoTezad rCeba. n. balanCivaZe, romelsacquTaisis Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb araerTi saintereso da originaluri mosazreba aqvsgamoTqmuli, samwuxarod, sagazeTo statiaSi wyaros ar uTiTebs da arc raimeargumentiT amagrebs Tavis mosazrebas.

aRniSnuli diubuas gegmaze (sur. 4, literi A, #17, "quCa qveda qalaqSi")da TiTqmis mTlianadaa SemorCenili bagratis q. me-2 SesaxvevSi. am gzis"xorxebisa" da eklesiis mimdebare monakveTs aRwers n. nikolaZe TavismogonebebSi: "es saxeli ("xorxi" - r.i.) erqva Zlier viwro biliks,romelzedac ori imeruli jori Zlivs auvliden mxars erTmaneTs, daromelic kldeSi gamokveTli iyo mTis kideze, rionis marjvena napiriT,sadac Semdeg, 1859-1860 ww. mTeli ferdobi laRmebiT CaTales dagzatkecili gaiyvanes TeTri xidedan Zvel Cangreul xidemde. am xorxzeCinebulad gaxednil jorebsac ki eZnelebodaT siaruli, iseTi sazareliiyo rionis jurRmulis zevidan danaxva" (n. nikolaZe, 1984, gv. 10).

sul mcire IV-VI ss-Si (adreSuasaukuneebis cixe-qalaqTan erTadformirebuli es gza da "qveda qalaqis" infrastruqturis didi nawiliTavdapirvel reliefTan erTad XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi axali gzisgayvanas Seewira, roca sanapiros gaswvrivi kldovani ferdobi "laRmebiTCaTales" (o. lanCava, 2006, gv. 79-156).

am konteqstSi sainteresoa XIX s-is ori publikacia: gazeT "mwyemsis"mixedviT, murvan-yrum nawamebi Zmebi Caayrevina "...kldidgan rionSi....imadgilis cota qvemoT, sadac uwin yofila Zvel q. quTaisSi, mTazeaSenebuli wmida kosmisa da damianes ekklesia" ("mwyemsi" 1884, gv. 13-14);gazeT "kvalis" mixedviT: "...miiyvanes... mowameni tbasa zeda, saca idgasaydari kozman da damianesi...es tba iyo Seqmnili quTaisis kldisgamo, romelzedac rioni Tavs gadadioda, radgan maSin jer kidevar iyo klde ise garRveuli, rogorc aris xorxis TavSi" (g.wereTeli, 1893, gv. 7).

vfiqrobT, mTeli zemoT motanili msjeloba sakmarisia imissailustraciod, rom kozman da damianes saxelobis eklesia dRevandeli"wiTeli xidis" zemoT, "xorxis TavSi," miaxloebiT vaJa-fSavelas, yazbegisada daviT da konstantines quCebis gasayarTan mdebareobda da dRes anmTlianad waSlilia, anda Tanamedrove dasaxlebiT da infrastruqturiTaris gadafaruli.

saarqivo masalis mixedviT irkveva, rom sruliad gansxvavebulcnobebze dayrdnobiT analogiur daskvnamde misula petre Wabukiani.

quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis arqivSi or gansxvavebulegzemplarad daculia petre Wabukianis xelnaweri naSromi "istoriis,arqeologiis da bunebis ZeglTa aRricxva quTaisis olqSi (dawyebulia1933 wlis 1 ivnisidan)".5 pirveli egzemplaris me-5 punqti: "gorazeyazbegis quCaze kldeze eklesiis naSTebi. kozma da damanes saxelobis.gadmocemiT daviT da konstantines salocavi. iqve qvemoT yofilaqvabulebi, sadac imalebodnen xsenebuli gmirebi. qvabulebi mospobiliagzis gayvanis dros XIX s-Si (q.i.m. arqivi, #133/1, gv. 7); me-16 punqti:"molotovis quCaze, rionis pirad wiTelsa da jaWvis xidebs Sua daviTda konstantines saxelTan dakavSirebuli bunebrivi gvirabi, romelic


5. quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis arqivSi daculi aRniSnuli naSromisSesaxeb inforacia mogvawoda arqivis direqtorma b-nma m. kezevaZem.

imave dros Rvarsadenia mrTeli gorisTvis" (q.i.m. arqivi, #133/1, gv. 9).meore egzemplaris me-12 punqti: "yazbegis quCaze kldeze cixis naSTebi.kozman da damianes eklesiis naSTi. VII. sauk." (q.i.m. arqivi, #133/2, gv. 4); 29-e punqti: "molotovis quCaze, rionis pirad, wiTelsa dajaWvis xidebs Sua, marjvena mxareze "daviT da konstantines" gamoqvabuli."(q.i.m. arqivi, #133/2, gv. 5)6.

1956 wels petre Wabukianis daxmarebiT qarTvel mTamsvlelTajgufma (alioSa nemsiwveriZe, givi yalambegaSvili, foto korespodentibondo maRlaferiZe) orive im gamoqvabulSi SeaRwia, romelTac, xalxurigadmocemiT, Zmebi mxeiZeebis saxeli ukavSirdeba. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa, rom mTamsvlelTa gaangariSebiT daaxl. 2 km-is sigrZisgvirabs zog adgilze xelovnuri damuSavebis (gafarToebis) kvali etyoba(n. cxvediani, 2007).

samomavlod "daviT da konstantines wamebis" yvela arsebuliredaqciis teqstologiuri kvleva, saarqivo (gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloscentraluri arqivSi daculi "gzaTa mimosvlis me-8 olqis fondi" [XIXs.]) da XIX-XX ss-is mijnis presis masalebis Seswavla, agreTv aRniSnuliubnisa da gamoqvabulebis arqeologiuri gamokvleva adreqristianulixanis saqarTvelosa da konkretulad quTaisis istoriis axal furclebsgadaSlis.

6 xelnaweriT sargeblobisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT muzeumis direqcias da xelnawerda ZvelnabeWd wignTa koleqciebis ganyofilebis kurators q-n c. mumlaZes.

r. isakaZe


sur. 1sur. 1sur. 1sur. 1sur. 1

sur. 3sur. 3sur. 3sur. 3sur. 3

r. isakaZe

sur. 5 sur. 5 sur. 5 sur. 5 sur. 5 sur. 6 sur. 6 sur. 6 sur. 6 sur. 6

sur. 7 sur. 7 sur. 7 sur. 7 sur. 7

damowmebuli literatura

n. balanCivaZe, 1976 - n. balanCivaZe, mowameTa, gaz. quTaisi, 17. 08. 1976.T. beraZe, 1974 - T. beraZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierTi

geografiuli adgilis lokalizaciisaTvis, `macne", istoriis... seria,#1, Tb., 1974.

a. gabriaZe, 1998 - a. gabriaZe, quTaisis citadelis wm. giorgiseklesia, Ziebani, #1, Tb., 1998.

georgika, 1936 - georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, t. III, Tb., 1936.

georgika, 1941 - georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, IV, nakv. I, Tb., 1941.

daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979 - daviT da konstantines wameba,Zveli qarTuli moTxroba, r. TvaraZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1979.

b. diasamiZe, 1999 - b. diasamiZe, qristianobis istoriisaTvis dasavleTsaqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1999.

diubua, 1859 - Frederik Dubois de Montfereus, Voyage autour du Caucase..,I, Paris, 1859.

p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, 1991 - p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, cixe-goji-arqeopolisi-noqalaqevi, Tb., 1991.

r. isakaZe, 2006 - r. isakaZe, quTaisi XV-XVIIII ss-Si, sakandidatodisertacia, xelnabeWdi, quTaisi, 2006.

o. lanCava, 2006 - o. lanCava, quTaisis Sidacixis bazilika,qarTveluri memkvidreoba, X, quTaisi, 2006.

o. lanCava, 2007 - o. lanCava, quTaisis arqeologia, quTaisi, 2007.o. lanCava, 1996 - o. lanCava, quTaisi egris-lazikis cixe-qalaqTa

sistemaSi, quTaisi, 1996.o. lanCava.., 2004 - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe. d. berZeniSvili, quTaisis

arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2003 wlis angariSi, quTaisi, 2004.o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006 - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, d. berZeniSvili,

m. WumburiZe, n. qarciZe, quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2005 wlissavele samuSaoebis winaswari angariSi, quTaisi, 2006.

o. lanCava, r. isakaZe.., 2006a - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, d. berZeniSvili,m. WumburiZe, n. qarciZe, oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis institutisada akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis erToblivi arqeologiurieqspediciis mier bagratis taZris interierSi 2006 wlis ivlis-oqtomberSiCatarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi, quTaisi, 2006.

o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, 2007 - o. lanCava, r. isakaZe, saqarTveloserovnuli muzeumis oT. lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis centrisa da akakiwereTlis universitetis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier quTaisSi,bagratis taZris eqsterierSi 2007 wels (15 ivnisi-30 agvisto) Catarebuliarqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi, quTaisi, 2007.

n. lomouri, 1968 - n. lomouri, egrisis samefos istoria, Tb., 1968.n. lomouri, 1989 - n. lomouri, saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierToba

V saukuneSi, Tb., 1989.


n. lomouri, 2004 - n. lomouri, saqarTvelos politikuri viTarebisgarkvevisaTvis (V s-is meore naxevari), saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifomuzeumis `narkvevebi", IX, Tb., 2004.

d. musxeliSvili, 2004 - d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIIIsaukuneebSi, Tb., 2004.

`mwyemsi" 1884 - mowameTis monasteri imereTSi da wmidani mowamenidaviT da konstantine, gaz. `mwyemsi", #11, 1884.

n. nikolaZe, 1984 - n. nikolaZe, mogonebebi, Tb., 1984.c. CaCxunaSvili, 1999 - c. CaCxunaSvili, uqimerionis wm. giorgis

sax. eklesia quTaisSi, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTadacvis mTavari sammarTvelos `weliwdeuli", III (1997-1999 ww.), Tb.,1999.

n. cxvediani, 2007 - n. cxvediani, miwisqveSa quTaisi, gaz.`postskriptumi", #2 (398), 2007.

g. wereTeli, 1893 - g. wereTeli, wminda mowameni daviT da konstantine,gaz. `kvali", #45, 1893.

v. jafariZe, 1989 - v. jafariZe, vardcixis naqalaqari, Tb., 1989.l. jiqia, 1995 - l. jiqia, `zeqedas mTis" lokalizaciisaTvis,

eTnografiuli quTaisi-I, XIX s-is II naxevari, quTaisis muzeumis masalebi,krebuli VII, quTaisi, 1995.

ROLAND ISAKADZE

EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN KUTAISI

Historical sources have only two instances to mention the early Christianchurches of Kutaisi and both are dated in relation of the events of the 30s of the 8th

century. Considering this fact the present archaeological discoveries of the multitudeof churches, belonging to the 4th-8th centuries, become a noteworthy issue. Themore so, the number of churches is likely to increase parallel to the subsequentexcavations.

Chronologically, the most ancient of the churches is the 4th century big threenave basilica discovered during the excavation of the Bagrati Cathedral. In about the5th-and the early half of 6th centuries the edifice seems have been substantially rebuilt.

The two nave small church with protruded apses discovered in the "InnerCity" territory revealing two construction layers and belonging to the Bath complexis of 5th-7th centuries. Dated the close of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th centuryis a three apse church discovered under the floor of the 13th century Citadel Church.The church has the well-definable traces of the later reconstruction of 7th-8th centuries.The 4th century big basilica was presumably destroyed during the Iran invasion in

r. isakaZe

6th century. In the 7th century we see the new basilica in the same place, whichaccording to Kartlis Tskhovteba (The Georgian Chronicles) is called Kutaisi Saqdari(church). Leon II, the king of Egris-Apkhzeti, carried out reconstruction works atthe end of the 8th century after it had been damaged during the invasion of the Arabsheaded by Murvan the Deaf. The wall texture of the new basilica is organicallyincluded in the Bagrati Cathedral building and is easily discernable up to the storeyand a half level. As for the elements of the interior they are erased on the floor level.It is the ruined layer of this basilica where archaeologists discovered inscribed antefix(G "B).

I think that Kozma and Damiane Church, up to the Red Bridge, mentioned in"the Life of David and Konstantine" must have been located at the fork of the presentA.Kazbegi and David and Konstantine streets which is either covered by the presenthouses or was lost in the 60s of the 19th century during the Lechkhumi roadconstruction when the historically inhabited slope was cut off by "making use ofexplosive materials" (N.Nikoladze)
