HUKUM TATA NEGARA24 Oktober 2011

Heru Susetyo, SH. LL.M. M.Si.

Pengertian• Adalah hukum mengenai susunan suatu negara• Negara adalah suatu organisasi yang mengatur

keseluruhan hubungan antar manusia satu sama lain dalam masyarakat, dan menegakkan aturan tersebut dengan kewibawaannya.

• Negara memperlihatkan 3 kenyataan :1. Kekuasaan tertinggi2. Wilayah3. Warga Negara(Dedi Soemardi, Pengantar Tata Hukum Indonesia)

Negara sebagai Kekuasaan Tertinggi

1. Teori Teokrasi; mendasakan legitimasi kekuasaan negara pada kehendak Tuhan, tidak mungkin diadakan pemisahan antara negara dan agama.

2. Negara sebagai organisasi ekuatan belaka;3. Teori perjanjian; menitikberatkan kekuasaan

negara atas suatu perjanjian yang diadakan di antara anggota masyarakat.

4. Teori perjanjian Jean Jacques Rousseau; bahwa negara bersifat sebagai wakil rakyat yang mempunyai kekuasaan tertinggi adalah rakyat.

5. Teori kedaulatan negara; hukum ada karena negara menghendakinya, setiap tindakan pemerintah merujpakan kehendak negara, tindakannya tidak dapat dibatasi oleh hukum karena hukum buatan negara.

6. Teori kedaulatan hukum; negarapun tunduk terhadap hukum.

Negara berdasarkan dua asas pokok :1. Asas legalitas2. Asas perlindungan kebebasan dan hak

pokok manusia

POLITICAL SYSTEM• Presidential representative democratic republic• President is both head of state and head of

government• Multi-party system (there were last election in 2009 • Executive power is exercised by the government• Legislative power is vested in both the

government and two People’s Representative Councils

• The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature

• The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive, legislative and judicial power

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

POLITICAL SYSTEM (2)Legislative Branch• People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR)• Regional Representative Council (DPR) > 560 members• People’s Representative Council (DPD) > 4

representatives from each provinces =

Judicial Branch• Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)• Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) established

in 2003• Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) established in

2003

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

Administrative Divisions

• Provincies (Propinsi)• Regencies/ Cities (Kabupaten/ Kota)• Districts (Kecamatan)• Villages (Desa)

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONS1945 - 2011

• 1945 CONSTITUTION (1945 – 1949) and (1959 – now)

• REPUBLIC OF UNITED STATES OF INDONESIA CONSTITUTION (1949 – 1950)

• TEMPORARY CONSTITUTION (1950 – 1959)

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

FORMAL AMENDMENTS

• Took place a year after political revolution in 1998 (reform movement)

• Conducted by MPR (People’s Consultative Assembly) through MPR General Assembly in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2000

• There were four amendments up to now (1999, 2000, 2001, and 2001)

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

• The People Consultative Assembly (MPR) insisted to keep the original name of the constitution as 1945 Constitution though it had been amended for four times (1999-2000-2001-2002)

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

WHAT ARE REMAINED UNCHANGED

• Three things which remain unchanged from the entire amendment processes (1999 – 2002) are :

1. State’s Basic Foundation : PANCASILA (five pillars)

2. The original preamble of 1945 Constitution 3. Keeping the country as a United country not

as a federal or United of States, with the name of Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (The Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia).

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

AMENDMENT MODEL• Substantially the amendment model of

Indonesian Constitution 1945 (through MPR General Assembly 1999,2000, 2001, 2002) can be classified into three groups :

1. Abolishment and annulment some chapters/articles;

2. Adding some provisions or new state institutions

3. Modification of old provisions or old state institutions.

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

Some provisions which were annulled :

• People Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) was no more the highest state institution as its previous status.

• The legislative and judicative power of the president of Republic of Indonesia are limited and the power of legislative/ parliament were extended.

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

Some newly provisions and institutions

• The establishment of Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah)

• The establishment of Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi)

• New provisions on General Election on the constitution (previously only enacted in the Act)

• The establishment of Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial)

• New provision on The Central Bank on the constitution (previously only appear on the Act)

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

Some modification of provisions and institutions :

• Repositioning of the status and role of MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat – People Consultative Assembly)

• The Presidential and Vice President elections model were changed to direct election by the eligible voters.

• Additional provisions on human rights issues (ten sub articles)

• Additional provision on amendment of constitution.

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011

The Amendment of Constitution in Indonesia - Heru Susetyo 2011