Helen Kember (2001)

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A study of metal contamination of

sediments within Lake Ullswater and

the Glenridding Beck catchment

Helen M. Kember

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Helen M Kember 23/01/01

Abstract

Greenside Lead and Silver Mine is located 2.5km west of Lake Ullswater, in the

northern part of the 2292km2 Lake District National Park. Following over a

decade and a half of activity, the mine was closed in 1962, when it was cleared of

most of its buildings and workings and the adits sealed off. Several attempts were

made to vegetate the substantial tailings dams that remain on the site, but were

mostly unsuccessful, a fact highlighted by the collapse of the western dam in

1988. The study of the metal contamination of sediments within Lake Ullswater

and the Glenridding Beck catchment was aimed at determining the overall impact

of the mining remains on the sediment chemistry of the catchment. Samples of

sediment were collected from the becks and lake, and analysed for the three

principal lead mining contaminants, copper, lead and zinc plus 15 other minor

elements. To establish the long-term fluctuations in metal concentrations, two

cores were extracted from the shore of the lake, close to the mouth of Glenridding

Beck, separated into discrete sections and analysed for minor element

concentrations, organic matter content and particle size distribution. Although a

significant decay in metal concentrations is seen with distance from the mine area

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Contents

ABSTRACT........................................................................................... .................................... 1CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2FIGURES................................................................................................................................... 3

1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 51.1 LOCATION .................................................................................................................... 51.2 GEOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 6

1.3 MINE HISTORY.............................................................................................................. 91.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 141.5 EXPECTATIONS ........................................................................................................... 14

1.6 R EPORT STRUCTURE .................................................................................................... 152 HYDROLOGY................................................................................................................. 16

2.1 CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS................................................................................... 162.2 MINE DRAINAGE ......................................................................................................... 17

2.3 WATER CHEMISTRY .................................................................................................... 173 METHODS....................................................................................................................... 20

3.1 SAMPLE LOCATIONS.......................................................................................................... 203.2 SAMPLE METHODS....................................................................................................... 273.3 BECK SEDIMENT ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 28

3.3.1 X-ray fluorescence 293.4 CORE SEDIMENT ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 29

3.4.1 XRF analysis 30

3.4.2 Organic matter content analysis 303.4.3 Grain size analysis 30

4 FINDINGS........................................................................................................................ 334.1 SURFACE SEDIMENT SAMPLES ...................................................................................... 33

4.1.1 Metal content 334.2 SEDIMENT CORE SAMPLES ........................................................................................... 37

4 2 1 Sample location 37

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List of Figures

Figure 1 Greenside Lead and Silver Mine. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 5Figure 2 The upper Swart Beck spoil heaps (looking south-east). ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 6Figure 3 An extract from the 1:25 000 Ordnance Survey map (Outdoor Leisure 5) of the area,..... 7Figure 4 A map of the mine area showing the locations of the mineral veins ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 9

Figure 5 South-easterly view of the western tailings dam as it was in 1954 (Murphy, 1996). ...... . 11Figure 6 the scar on the southern flank of the west tailings dam following the 1982 collapse. ..... 13

Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the tailings dam drainage systems........... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 19Figure 8: Location 1 Glenridding Beck above the hydro dam, facing west ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 21Figure 9: Location 2 West tailings dam, looking east ....... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 21

Figure 10: Location 3 High Horse Level spoil stream looking south ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 22Figure 11: Location 4 Swart Beck above Low Horse Level adit ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 22Figure 12: Location 5 Swart Beck below Low Horse Level adit ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 23Figure 13: Location 6 Swart Beck at confluence with Glenridding Beck ............ ...... ...... ...... .... 23

Figure 14: Location 7 East tailings dam drain trough ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 24Figure 15: Location 8 Roadside stream, facing north ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 24Figure 16: Location 9 Glenridding Beck downstream from Swart Beck, looking south ............ . 25

Figure 17: Location 10 Glenridding Beck at wooden footbridge ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 25Figure 18: Location 11 Glenridding Beck at the campsite........... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 26

Figure 19: Location 12 - Glenridding Beck mouth, facing north-north west ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 27Figure 20: Location 13 - Lake Ullswater shore, looking east ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 27Figure 21 The extraction mechanism being used to remove the corer from the ground......... ...... . 28Figure 22 The Makita Percussion drill in use. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 28

Figure 23 Photograph of core section A1, ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 31Figure 24 (left): Core section A1.1.......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 31Figure 25 (above): The upper section of core A4. ........ ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 32

Figure 26 (left): Core section A4.1, the lower section of core ............ ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 32Figure 27 A map of the mine area showing sample locations,........ ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 34

Figure 28 Concentration of lead measured in sediment samples from each location 35

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List of Tables

Table 1 Sample location number and name. ............................................................................... 20

Table 2 Description of the composition of the individual layers within cores A1 and A4........... ... 38Table 3 Weight and percentage of organic material in each layer of cores A1 and A4........... ...... 44Table 4 Percentage of each particle size found in the layers of core A1............ ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 45

Table 5 Percentage of each particle size found in the layers of core A4 ...................................... 46Table 6 Extract of the screening quick reference table for Inorganics in Solids. ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 53

Table 7 Concentrations of lead, copper and zinc in the east tailings dam. ........... ...... ...... ...... ...... 59Table 8 1994 rainfall readings taken at Grizedale Bridge........................................................... 68Table 9 1995 rainfall readings taken at Grizedale Bridge........................................................... 69

Table 10 1996 rainfall readings taken at Grizedale Bridge......................................................... 70

Table 11 Mean values of pH, conductivity, lead and zinc in water from the becks and lake ....... .. 71Table 12 Calibration ranges used in the xray fluorescence process........ ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 71Table 13 Results of the minor element analysis performed on the surface sediment samples. ...... . 72

Table 14 Results of the minor element analysis performed on core A1. ....................................... 73Table 15 Results of the minor element analysis performed on A4........ ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... 74Table 16 Weights and percentages of organic matter in each core layer. ........... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 75

Table 17 Grain size analysis data for the sections of core A1...................................................... 76Table 18 Grain size analysis for the sections of core A4. ............................................................ 77

Table 19 Tailings dam material and control site descriptions and organic matter content. ...... .... 78

Table 20 Minor element analysis results for samples collected from the control sites ...... ...... ...... 79Table 21 Minor element analysis results for samples collected from the west tailings dam .......... 80

Table 22 Minor element analysis results for samples collected from the east tailings dam........... 81

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1 Introduction

1.1 Location

The outstanding beauty and ecological variety of the Lake District National Park

make it one of the most prized and protected areas in the British Isles. Established

as a national park in 1951, the 2292 square kilometres that make up the park are

owned and maintained by various organisations including the National Park

Authority, Forest Enterprises, North West Water and the National Trust, as well as

a large number of private landowners (Lake District National Park Authority,

01/12/2000).

Lake Ullswater is located in the north of the park and at 7 miles in length is the

second largest of the lakes, with a maximum depth of 62.5 metres. In addition to

being a valued recreational area, the lake is also used for water supplies by North

West Water and is home to a rare and protected fish, the Schelly (Environment

Agency, 2000). It is for these reasons that the impacts of Greenside lead and

silver mine, 2.5km west of the lake, are of such concern.

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flows down Greenside Fell from Sticks Pass to Glenridding Beck below the mine.

Glenridding Beck then flows down the valley and enters Lake Ullswater. Anextract of the Ordnance survey map of the area is shown in figure 2.

The lake and shore are owned and maintained by the National Trust, with the

remaining area, including Greenside Fell and the mine being maintained by

National Parks. With the exception of the mine workings and tailings dams, thearea is classed as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and is currently being

considered as a possible Special Area of Conservation because it contains habitat

types and/or species which are rare or threatened under the European context

(Scott Doherty Associates, 1999). Additionally, the mine itself is a Scheduled

Ancient Monument and as such is considered to be of national importance.

1.2 Geology

Superficial deposits, both natural and man-made, dominate the surface geology of

the mine area. The natural deposits consist of glacial till in the valley, scree on the

hill slopes and fluvial sediments within the beck channels. Large areas of spoil

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7

Gillowers Level

Tailings dams

Middle Level

Chimney ending

on the Stang

17

18

Top Level

35 36 37 38

High Horse Level

Low Horse Level

Lucy Level

Swart Beck

Glenridding Beck

39

Figure 3 An extract from the 1:25 000 Ordnance Survey map (Outdoor Leisure 5) of the area, showing the mine, tailings dams and the

collapse holes which mark the sites of the early levels. Reproduced from Ordnance Survey maps by permission of Ordnance Survey on

behalf of Her Magestys Stationary Office, Crown Copyright NC/00/1125

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The bedrock is of the Birker Fell Formation, which is part of the Borrowdale

Volcanics Group. This is a fine-grained volcanic rock of the Ordovician Age,formed roughly 460 to 450 million years ago. The rock consists of basalt and

basaltic andesite, normal andesite, dacite and rhyolite. Lavas and pyroclastic

rocks in the form of sills, volcaniclastic sediments and lapilli tuffs are represented

within the rock (Moseley, 1990). The volcanic ashes and lavas were consolidated

by heat and pressure to form the hard greenish coloured rock found today.

Below the bedrock are the blue/black metasediments known as the Skiddaw

Slates. These consist of siltstone, mudstone and subsidiary greywacke sandstone,

which were deposited by turbidity currents on the continental slopes of the former

Iapetus Ocean (Moseley, 1990).

The effects of two mountain building events, the Caledonian and the Hercynian

Orogenies, can be identified in the Greenside Fell area. The folding, fracturing

and shearing of the rocks by these events created faults and fissures which later

became the focus of mining activity in the area. Under the correct conditions

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into three further shoots, separated by barren ground. Much later, a fourth shoot

was discovered deep in the mine beneath Glencoynedale to the north. Figure 4shows the locations of the veins in relation to Swart Beck and Glenridding Beck.

Glenridding Mine

Vein Plan

Reservoir

Sticks Gill

Glencoyne Head

Johnsons

Ross Vein

Lucy TongueVein

Glenridding Beck

Chimney

Chimney

MarshallsVein

Greenside Lode

North Cross Course (dead)

*

* - Level mouths/// - Processing areas---- - Approx course of

Lucy Level

*

*

ClayVein

Swart Beck

GlenriddingScrees

N

Figure 4 A map of the mine area showing the locations of the mineral veins,

processing areas and mine adits (Adapted from Adams, 1995). Not to scale.

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Available records identify six levels (see figure 2) from which ore was extracted

(Scott Doherty Associates, 1999):

Top level at 658.6m OD marked by the highest collapse hole shown on

figure 2 NGR NY 358 186

Middle level at 631.0m OD marked by the second collapse area (figure 2)

NGR NY 358 185

Gillowers Level at 581.5m OD NGR NY 358 183

High Horse Level driven at 550.1m OD NGR NY 358 182

Low Horse Level at 486.1m OD (1835) NGR NY 362 178

Lucy Level at 336.1m OD (1853) NGR NY 364 175

The Greenside Mining Syndicate are thought to have begun driving the High

Horse Level in the late 17th century and are likely to have constructed the early

dressing floor alongside Sticks Pass at 550m OD (Murphy, 1996). At this time the

ore would have been gained by hand-picking directly from the vein and then

dressed and washed by hand in the stream (Scott Doherty Associates, 1999).

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In 1853, the company began driving a new level along the Lucy Tongue Vein,which ran parallel to the Greenside lode. The level was driven along the Clay

Vein until, after numerous setbacks, it met the Greenside vein 16 years after

commencement.

When Captain William Henry Borlase became mine manager in 1890, he

convinced the company that due to the falling lead prices, modernisation was

required in order for the mine to survive. As a result, the machinery was replaced

and a hydroelectric plant and an electric locomotive were installed. Around the

time of the First World War, smelting at the mine ceased due to economic reasons

and the ore was taken by steam locomotive to Troutbeck Station where it was

transported by rail to Newcastle upon Tyne (Shaw, 1970).

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complaints from local residents over contamination of Glenridding Beck and Lake

Ullswater with slimes (suspended solids) from the washing mills, a slurrypumping system was installed to take the waste water from the mills to the top of

the spoil heaps. The waste was pumped into tailings ponds and the solids allowed

to settle out, before the clean water was decanted off and released into the beck

(Scott Doherty, 1999). According to Murphy (1996), by 1941 less than 1% of the

milled waste was ending up in the beck compared to the 44% recorded by the

company during the late 1920s and early 1930s.

In 1936, the company was taken over by the Basinghall Mining Syndicate Ltd of

London, who increased production at the mine and installed national grid

electricity. When a shaft sunk below the Lucy Level hit Skiddaw Slates during

World War 2, it was apparent that the ore vein was exhausted and in 1962, the

mine finally closed. At this point, the workings extended 430m below the Lucy

Tongue Level and 910m below the summit of Greenside Fell (Scott Doherty

Associates, 1999).

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to the mine, but considerable destruction to Glenridding Village bellow. The

company paid dearly in compensation for this disaster, almost resulting in itsdemise.

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1.4 Aims and Objectives

The aims of this investigation are as follows:

To ascertain the metal composition of sediments in Glenridding Beck, Swart

Beck and Lake Ullswater, concentrating on lead, copper, zinc and total metal

content.

To determine the changes in sediment metal content with distance from the

mine remains.

To identify the principle sources and sinks of metals within the catchment.

The identification of changes in metal composition of sediments with depth, to

give an indication of changes over time.

The project objectives are the collection and analysis of sediment samples from

Glenridding Beck, Swart Beck and Lake Ullswater and the extraction of two

sediment cores from the lakeshore. Stream sediments by their accumulating

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Mixing with extra clean sediment, especially as a contribution from a

tributary channel that is not mineralised.

Loss to, or exchange with, stored floodplain sediments.

Increases in metal concentrations are expected in areas of sediment deposition,

such as the lower reach of Glenridding Beck and the lake. The highest

concentrations are likely to be found in streams close to the dressing floors,

tailings dams and mine adits.

The results of the core analysis are expected to show a reduction in metal

concentration with decreasing depth, due to the closure and abandonment of the

mine in 1962. It is hoped that the results will reflect the flood events and tailings

dam collapse described in section 1.3, in the form of elevated metal concentrations

and the existence of tailings material within the sediment. A relationship between

the finer sediment fraction and metal concentrations is also anticipated, as metals

tend to adsorb to finer particles more readily than they do coarse grains.

1.6 Report structure

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2 Hydrology

2.1 Catchment characteristics

The Glenridding Beck is approximately 6km in length from the source to the lakeand has a catchment area of 8.37km

2(Scott Doherty Associates, 1999). The beck

has two main tributaries, Swart Beck and Red Tarn Beck, and a small number of

minor, unnamed tributaries. In the upper valley, the streams are narrow and fast

flowing, over beds of glacial deposits and bedrock. Lower in the valley,

Glenridding Beck slows and widens as the gradients decrease, and fluvial deposits

on the beds and along the banks become more prominent. As the beck reaches the

lake, it widens into a delta with banks of gravel and sands within the flow. This

area is periodically dredged to prevent the build of sediments in the beck mouth.

The climate in the area is harsh, with low temperatures and high winds throughout

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Vegetation in the valley is characteristic of upland areas, consisting mostly of

unimproved grassland. The poor quality and quantity of this vegetation restricts

loss of moisture by evapotranspiration, particularly during the winter months

when rainfall levels are high and temperatures are low.

2.2 Mine drainage

There are a number of inputs to the streams from the mine remains, in the form of

drainage systems installed whilst the mine was in operation. They are too

numerous to mention here, but most notable are the tailings dams and mine shaft

systems.

The tailings dams contain a network of pipes and channels that drain water from

the top of the dams and prevent water logging of the unstable spoil. Although

most are predominantly dry, several do contain water, particularly during rainfall.

Two stone-lined channels emerge from the spoil at the base of the east dam and

empty into a roadside culvert. Both flow continuously and are likely to be natural

springs from the underlying bedrock (Scott Doherty, 1999). The west dam is also

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In general, the pH of the catchment is moderately to slightly acidic, ranging on

average from 5.18 to 6.63. The maximum-recorded value of 7.31 occurred at the

Lucy Level Mine drainage pipe, and the minimum value of 4.36 was taken at

Glenridding Beck upstream of the mine area.

The average conductivity ranged from 39 s cm-1 to 107 s cm

-1, with a maximum

value of 300 s cm

-1

and a minimum value of 30s cm

-1

. The maximum andminimum values occurred at the Lucy Level Mine drain and upstream Glenridding

Beck respectively.

The catchment is classed as a salmonid watercourse with breeding trout and as

such has an environmental quality standard of 2 g l

-1

lead and 8 g l

-1

zinc(Environment Agency, 2000). With the exception of upstream Glenridding Beck,

each of the 16 locations tested contained concentrations of lead and zinc that

exceeded the environmental quality standards. The lead content of the water

ranged from 28.84g l-1to 80.61 g l

-1, excluding the lowest value of 1.41 g l-1.

Zi d f 56 26 l

-1

565 6 l

-1

i l di h l l f

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19

Figure 7Schematic diagram of the tailings dam drainage systems. (Adapted from Scott Doherty Associates, 1999).

Lucy TongueLevel

West tailings East tailings

Glenridding Beck

Swart Beck

Stone drainage channel

Stream

Dam and mine drainage

discharge point

LowerSwart Beck

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3 Methods

3.1 Sample locations

Sediment samples were taken from 13 locations within the Glenridding Beck

catchment. Five were collected from Glenridding Beck itself, three from Swart

Beck and one from Lake Ullswater. The remaining samples were taken from the

numerous spoil drainage streams within the mine area. The individual sample

locations are listed below, with a short description of the site, the grid reference

and a photograph. Each of the 13 sample locations was chosen for specific

reasons according to proximity to the mine remains and the likelihood of

contamination from the spoil. These reasons are detailed in table 1 below.

Table 1 gives the sample location number and name, and describes the reasons forthe choice of location.

Location name Reason for choice

1 Glenridding above the hydro dam Above mining remains, therefore uncontaminatedby the mine.

2 West spoil drain First major source of contamination to GlenriddingBeck from the mine remains.

3 i h l d i fl i j f i i S k

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Figure 8: Location 1 Glenridding Beck above the hydro dam, facing west NGR

363 173

Location 1 (figure 8) is above the mining remains and therefore should be free

from metal contamination.

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Figure 10: Location 3 High Horse Level spoil stream looking south NGR 358 182

The stream (in the channel on the left of figure 10) runs through the old High

Horse Level spoil heaps and dressing floors, and into Swart Beck. The spoil is

fine and sandy, with little vegetation to prevent erosion.

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Figure 12: Location 5 Swart Beck below Low Horse Level adit - NGR 363 178

The Low Horse Level adit (figure 12), situated in the ravine face, expels a

constant trickle of mine water into the beck below. Although the bed of the beck

is strewn with large rocks, a deep pool at the base of the slope provided a source

of fine sediment for sampling.

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the sediment at the base of Swart Beck was collected to compare against metal

levels downstream.

Figure 14: Location 7 East tailings dam drain trough NGR 367 173

A large metal trough is situated at the base of the eastern tailings dam (figure 14),

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A sample was collected from a drainage ditch that runs alongside the track to

Glenridding (figure 15). The ditch carries the water draining from the east tailings

dam.

Figure 16: Location 9 Glenridding Beck downstream from Swart Beck, looking

south NGR 366 174

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Location 10 (figure 17) is the site of a small deposition area on the nearside of the

beck, with a vertical rock face on the far side. The beck flows deeper and more

slowly here, with numerous deep pools.

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Figure 19: Location 12 - Glenridding Beck mouth, facing north-north west NGR

390 172

The mouth of the beck is wide and shallow, with several raised areas consisting of

gravel and larger rock fragments (figure 19).

Figure 20: Location 13 - Lake Ullswater shore, looking east NGR 390 172

The lakeshore (figure 20) is exposed and heavily eroded by wind and water. The

beach consists of mostly gravel with some sands and finer material. A sample was

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until a depth of 1m was reached (see figure 22). The drill was then detached and

the extraction mechanism used to remove the core from the ground, as shown in

figure 21. The Perspex holding tube was removed, capped at both ends and

labelled.

Figure 21The extraction mechanism being used toremove the corer from the ground.

Figure 22 The Makita Percussion drill in use.

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entire mould was then pressed at 551600 Pascal for one minute to form the

briquette.

3.3.1 X-ray fluorescence

Minor elemental analysis of the sediment samples was performed using a

Rhodium tube X-ray spectrometer. The process works by irradiating the sample

with continuous and characteristic radiation. The wavelengths contained in the

secondary fluorescent radiation emitted by the sample are qualitatively and

quantitatively characteristic of individual elements within the sample (Philips,

1990).

The secondary radiation is directed onto an analysing crystal, which diffracts it

into discrete wavelengths. The detected angle of diffraction can then be used to

determine the wavelength of the secondary radiation. A scan performed through

an angular range detects the presence of X-ray wavelengths that are characteristic

of each element present. This provides the qualitative analysis. As the

concentration of each element in the sample is proportional to the intensity of the

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3.4.1 XRF analysis

One sample from each section of the cores was prepared in the same manner asthe beck samples and the resulting briquettes analysed by X-ray fluorescence.

3.4.2 Organic matter content analysis

Approximately 2grams of each sample were placed in separate crucibles, weighed

and then heated in a furnace at 500 degrees centigrade for two hours to allow the

organic matter to burn away. After removal from the oven, the crucibles were

allowed to cool before being weighed again. The weight after baking was

subtracted from the initial weight to give the weight of organic matter in each

sample.

3.4.3 Grain size analysis

A sample from each section was put through a series of 13 sieves, ranging from

4mm to 63m. The quantity of sample retained in each sieve was placed into a

sample bag and weighed. After subtracting the weight of the empty bag from the

total weight, the proportions of the different grain sizes in each sample was

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31

Figure 23 (above): Photograph of core section A1, showing the differences in the grain size and colour of the layers.

Figure 24 (left): Core section A1.1, completing the

lower part of core A1.

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32

Figure 25 (above): The upper section of core A4. The dark, organic layer (7) can clearly be seen at the lower end.

Figure 26 (left): Core section A4.1, the lower

section of core

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4 Findings

4.1 Surface sediment samples

Although the samples were analysed for 18 minor metal elements, this report will

concentrate on lead, zinc, copper and total metal content of each location, with the

full results given in appendix D. Lead, zinc and copper were chosen as these are

the principle metal contaminants from the lead mine industry. To give anindication of the overall metal contamination, the sum of the individual metal

concentrations are given as total metal content. The results for arsenic were

thought to be unreliable due to interference from the high lead content and were

discarded.

4.1.1 Metal content

As many of the concentrations measured in the samples were outside the

calibration range (see appendix C for ranges), the values given here are computer

extrapolations and may not be exact. The results do, however, give an impression

of the level of contamination in the sediments and indicate the patterns of decay in

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34

HHLM High Horse Level MineLHLM Low Horse Level Mine

LTLM Lucy Tongue Level Mine

Tailings dams shown by hatched areas

Copper 49Lead 1019Zinc 187

Tot metal 3554

Copper 103

Lead 30871Zinc 187

Tot metals 32398

Copper 560

Lead 58687

Zinc 12358Tot metals 98855

Copper 270Lead 41994


Copper 502

Lead 36068


Copper 268

Lead 27201Zinc 3978

Tot metals 43603

Copper 267Lead 23612Zinc 3774

Tot metals 78388

Copper 98Lead 11106


Copper 86

Lead 7798


Copper 416

Lead 10928Zinc 3618

Tot metals 27910Copper 236Lead 13191

Zinc 2172

Tot metals 30071

Copper 181Lead 5896


Copper 533Lead 6412


Not to s cale

Lake

Ullswater

N

Glenridding Beck

Swart Beck

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1011

12

HHLM

LHLM

13

LTLM

Figure 27 A map of the mine area showing sample locations, concentrations in parts per million of lead, zinc, copper and total metals. Also shownare the tailings dams and main mine adits

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Figure 28 shows the concentration of lead measured in sediment samples from each

location.

Lead concentration in beck and lake sediments

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1-

Gle

nri

dding

Bec

ka

bove

hy

dro

dam

2-

Wes

ttailings

dra

in

3-

HHLdress

ing

floors

tream

4-

Swart

Bec

ka

bove

LHLa

dit

5-

Swart

Bec

kbe

low

LHLa

dit

6-

Swart

Bec

kbe

fore

con

fluence

7-G

lenri

dding

Bec

ka

fter

con

fluence

8-

Eas

ttailings

dra

introug

h

9-

Roa

dsid

es

tream

be

loweas

t

tailings

10

-Glenri

dding

Bec

ka

t

foo

tbri

dge

11

-Glenri

dding

Bec

ka

t

camps

ite

12-

Glenri

dding

Bec

kups

tream

ofL

ake

Ullswa

ter

13-

La

ke

Ullswa

ter

Sample location

Concentration(ppm)

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Figure 30 shows the concentration of copper measured in sediment samples from

each location.

Copper concentration in beck and lake sediments

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1-

Glenri

dding

Bec

ka

bove

hyd

rodam

2-

We

sttailings

dra

in

3-

HHLdressing

floors

tream

4-

Swart

Becka

bove

LHLa

dit

5-

Swart

Beck

be

low

LHLa

dit

6-

Sw

art

Bec

kbe

fore

c

on

fluence

7-

Glenrid

ding

Bec

ka

fter

con

fluence

8-

Eas

ttailings

dra

introug

h

9-

Roa

ds

idestre

am

be

loweas

t

tailings

10-

Glen

ridding

Bec

ka

t

fo

otbri

dge

11-

Glen

ridding

Bec

ka

t

c

amps

ite

12-

Glenri

dding

Bec

kups

tream

ofLa

keU

llswa

ter

13-

La

ke

Ullswa

ter

Sample location

Concentration(ppm)

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4.2 Sediment core samples

4.2.1 Sample location

The two sediment cores were extracted, roughly 5 metres apart, from an area of

the lakeshore close to the mouth of Glenridding Beck, as indicated in figure 32

below. These locations were chosen because this part of the shore is frequently

flooded during periods of heavy rainfall, and is likely to receive material carried

from the mine remains at these times.

A1A4

Lake

UllswaterGlenriddin Beck

Tree

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Table 2 Description of the composition of the individual layers within cores A1 and

A4.

CoreA1 Depth (cm) Composition CoreA4 Depth (cm) Composition

1 0 12 Fine gravel and sand,plant roots

1 0 14 Coarse gravel and sand,plant roots

2 12 17 Mixed gravel and sand 2 14 26 Fine sand and gravel

3 17 25 Fine, dark brown sandand silt, organic matter


4 25 28 Light coloured sandand clay

4 38 46 Coarse gravel and sand

5 28 29 Fine, dark brown sandand silt


6 29 41 Coarse and fine graveland sand

6 52 58 Fine gravel and sand

7 41 54 Dark brown sand andclay, organic matter


8 54 66 Coarse and fine gravel 8 67 85 Angular, light coloured

gravel

9 66 71 Dark coloured sandand clay

9 85 94 Fine gravel and dark brown sand

10 71 81 Coarse and fine gravel 10 94 114 Angular, light coloured

gravel

11 81 91 Fine gravel and sand

12 91 113 Coarse to fine gravel

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failed to reveal the expected pattern of increasing zinc concentration with depth

peaking at just 3500 ppm at roughly 60 cm depth. The copper content of core A1

increased gradually from 375 ppm at the surface to 1750 ppm at 120 cm. The

copper content of core A4 was much less defined, although the highest

concentration was found at 100cm indicating a general trend of increasing

concentrations with depth. The total metal content of both cores was found to

increase gradually with depth, although core A4 contained lower levels of metals

in comparison to core A1. This difference is to be expected given the lower

concentrations of lead, zinc and copper measured in core A4.

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41

Figure 35 Concentration of zinc measured in core A1. Figure 36 Concentration of zinc measured in core A4.

Concentration of zinc in core A4

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

120

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

25

20

15

10

Dep

th(cm)

Concentration (ppm)

Concentration of zinc in core A1

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

120

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

25

20

15

10

Dep

th(cm)

Concentration (ppm)

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42

Figure 37 Concentration of copper measured in core A1 Figure 38 Concentration of copper measured in core A4.

Concentration of copper in core A1

0 500 1000 1500 2000

120

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

25

20

15

10

Meandepthofsection(cm)

Concentration (ppm)

Concentration of copper in core A4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

120

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

25

20

15

10

Depth(cm)

Concentration (ppm)

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43

Figure 39 shows the total metal content measured in core A1. Figure 40 shows the total metal content measured in core A4.

Total metal content of core A1

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

120

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

25

20

15

10

Dep

th(cm)

Concemtration (ppm)

Total metal content of core A4

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

120

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

25

20

15

10

Dep

th(cm)

Concentration (ppm)

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4.2.4 Organic matter content

The weight of organic matter in each sample was divided by the initial sample

weight and multiplied by 100 to give the quantity of organic matter as a

percentage of the initial sample. Table 3 gives the weight and percentage of

organic matter in each sample. Full results are shown in appendix F.

Table 3 contains the weight and percentage of organic material in each layer of cores

A1 and A4.

CorenumberDepth

Organicmatterweight

Organicmatter

CORE

NUMBE

RDepth

Organicmatterweight

Organicmatter

A1 (cm) (g) % A4 (cm) (g) %

1 0 12 0.055 2.74 1 0 14 0.04 1.97

2 12 17 0.071 3.64 2 14 26 0.042 2.08

3 17 25 0.2 9.91 3 26 38 0.277 13.684 25 28 0.059 3.02 4 38 46 0.05 2.51

5 28 29 0.089 4.37 5 46 52 0.227 11.05

6 29 41 0.045 2.28 6 52 58 0.091 4.46

7 41 54 0.217 10.31 7 58 67 0.461 22.73

8 54 66 0.048 2.38 8 67 85 0.042 2.07

9 66 71 0.046 2.55 9 85 94 0.056 2.82

10 71 81 0.047 1.90 10 94 114 0.036 1.58

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45

Table 4 gives the percentage of each particle size found in the layers of core A1, with the median range shown in the grey cell.

Core A1

1

0-12cm

2

12-17cm

3

17-25cm

4

25-28cm

5

28-29cm

6

29-41cm

7

41-54cm

8

54-66cm

9

66-71cm

10

71-81cm

11

81-91cm

12

91-113cm

13

113-122cm

m % % % % % % % % % % % % %4000 10.49 14.92 1.90 1.81 0.83 42.63 3.02 32.78 15.31 55.12 18.06 53.58 47.75

2000-4000 12.18 7.47 1.57 5.37 2.72 11.74 3.35 13.17 8.07 11.48 12.70 13.82 18.11

1400-2000 6.68 5.32 3.25 8.29 3.55 8.11 3.06 7.81 1.75 5.64 10.84 3.67 6.27

1000-1400 7.55 4.82 2.25 11.28 4.21 7.50 3.64 7.93 6.08 4.07 10.42 3.37 4.21

850-1000 5.33 3.11 2.83 7.04 3.11 4.00 2.15 4.29 9.58 2.18 7.38 2.03 2.24

500-850 17.20 10.53 5.40 25.34 16.21 11.39 10.05 13.52 14.06 6.48 21.26 7.33 6.95

300-500 18.07 14.03 11.51 21.32 24.80 7.25 17.66 7.95 13.91 6.47 10.81 5.49 6.57

210-300 8.14 8.84 12.41 8.50 16.25 2.31 13.59 3.52 8.71 3.16 4.29 2.99 2.71

150-210 6.52 8.95 22.28 4.40 13.12 1.80 15.65 3.18 6.50 2.41 2.16 2.23 2.01

105-150 3.44 8.75 15.75 2.46 5.89 1.22 8.84 1.72 4.82 1.53 0.70 1.65 0.99

90-105 1.20 4.39 4.21 1.00 3.34 0.80 4.83 1.03 2.21 0.20 0.28 0.96 0.3263-90 0.94 3.61 5.77 1.46 1.93 0.63 5.48 0.65 3.89 0.37 0.32 0.81 0.32

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46

Table 5 gives the percentage of each particle size found in the layers of core A4, with the median range shown in the grey cell.

Core A41

0-14cm

2

14-26cm

3

26-38cm

4

38-46cm

5

46-52cm

6

52-58cm

7

58-67cm

8

67-85cm

9

85-94cm

10

94-114cm

m % % % % % % % % % %4000 39.30 13.15 0.29 57.79 12.47 25.94 10.77 41.37 69.92 31.45

2000-4000 14.38 13.65 0.49 11.54 10.17 14.31 10.20 12.08 8.21 22.37

1400-2000 7.77 11.56 2.95 5.28 7.68 7.54 8.41 6.72 2.52 10.39

1000-1400 5.84 10.05 3.64 4.20 6.17 7.37 5.01 5.16 1.91 8.48

850-1000 3.70 6.54 1.59 1.98 4.28 4.78 2.29 2.99 0.92 4.09

500-850 14.08 18.12 4.01 6.33 12.15 17.38 13.58 9.44 3.34 10.21

300-500 11.12 12.91 7.31 4.17 10.87 11.24 12.98 7.19 2.84 5.93

210-300 2.04 6.45 8.66 2.23 5.72 4.55 9.29 4.18 2.07 2.45

150-210 0.64 3.47 15.87 1.56 5.62 2.39 8.75 3.43 1.95 1.63

105-150 0.34 1.97 19.23 1.62 5.94 1.41 6.17 2.86 1.73 1.04

90-105 0.10 0.44 10.88 0.75 3.17 0.42 2.72 1.12 0.85 0.3063-90 0.11 0.71 7.87 0.76 3.43 0.60 3.18 0.61 1.07 0.38

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5 Discussion

5.1 Interpretation of results

The following section of the report is divided into two parts, the first describing the

beck and lake sediment results and the second discussing the core results.

5.1.1 Beck and Lake sediments

Analysis of the sediment samples collected from the lake and streams revealed

abnormally high concentrations of lead, copper and zinc, with total metal content

ranging between 1% and 10% mass per unit mass of sediment. The lowest metal

concentrations were found in the sediments of Glenridding Beck, upstream of the

mine workings (location 1), which contained 1019 ppm lead, 187 ppm zinc, 48 ppm

copper and a total metal content of 3554 ppm. However, these concentrations are

higher than the background levels anticipated, indicating that contamination is

reaching the beck from the smaller mining operations higher in the valley.

Sediments from the western tailings dam drainage stream were found to contain

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the Low Horse Level adit to Swart Beck (location 5) causes an increase in copper,

zinc and total metal content, although lead decreases further from 41994 ppm at

location 4, to 36068 ppm.

Due to the lack of suitable sample sites, the impact on Swart Beck from the Lucy

Level Mine drainage could not be identified. However, analysis of sediments from

Swart Beck, upstream of the confluence with Glenridding Beck and downstream of

the drainage pipe, revealed a substantial decay in lead, copper and zinc, with overall

metal content measuring 43603 ppm compared to 77309 ppm at location 5. This

suggests that the mine water does not contain enough metals to significantly

increase the sediment metal concentrations of Swart Beck.

The combined input of Swart Beck and the west tailings dam stream, however, has a

considerable effect on the sediment chemistry of Glenridding Beck, causing the lead

concentration to increase from 1019 ppm at location 1 to 23612 ppm downstream of

the confluence with Swart Beck. Overall metal content also shows a large increase

from 3554 ppm to 46337 ppm.

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levels of lead and total metal content. As the sediments in this part of the beck

contained a greater quantity of fine particles and organic material than those

upstream, it is probable that there is increased potential for adsorption of metals to

organic and inorganic particles. In addition, the sample was taken from a deep pool,

which is likely to collect metal laden particulates from the flow of water.

Sediment collected from the mouth of Glenridding Beck revealed a substantial

reduction in all metal concentrations, continuing the decay pattern seen further

upstream. With the exception of location 1, above the mine area, the concentration

of lead is lower here than at any other location. The lack of fine particles in this

area may be responsible for the drop in metal levels. The sample taken from the

shore of Lake Ullswater indicated that despite the decay in metal levels along the

Glenridding Beck, a substantial quantity of contamination is still reaching the lake.

5.1.2 Sediment cores

Analysis of the two sediment cores produced quite different results, indicating that

the two extraction locations are subject to different conditions. As expected, the

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organic matter content. When the two are plotted together (see figure 41), it

becomes apparent that the percentage of particles

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cm) and 7 (58 67 cm), which may indicate the presence of tree roots due to the

proximity of the core location to the tree.

Percentage of organic matter and particles

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5.2 Experimental Errors

The possible errors associated with this investigation are numerous and difficult to

quantify, due to the potential for sample contamination and the fact that many of the

minor element analysis results obtained were outside the calibration range. As

described in chapter 3.3.1, many of the results were extrapolations from the

minimum and maximum calibration values and may not be entirely accurate. In

addition, the calibration of the x-ray spectrometer is based upon basaltic rock

standards, which may not be suitable for sediment analysis. The use of riverine

sediment standards would remove this source of error. The instrumental systematic

errors are limited to the balance calibration error of +/- 0.001g and the spectrometer

error of approximately +/- 3%.

As plastics contain minute quantities of metals, it is possible that the samples could

have been contaminated by the trowel used to collect the sediment, the sample bags

used for storage and the other plastic apparatus used during sample preparation.

The Perspex tubes, metal corer and core catcher used to obtain the sediment cores

may also have been a source of contamination. A further source of contamination is

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5.3 Environmental Implications

5.3.1 Sediment contaminationThe severity of metal contamination in the Glenridding Beck catchment and Lake

Ullswater can only be realised when the concentrations measured are compared

against expected background levels and existing data collected from similar areas.

Information regarding background metal concentrations in freshwater sediments is

limited, although Nriagu (1978) conducted a survey of rivers and streams in variousparts of the world and calculated the average lead abundances for riverine sediments

to be 23 ppm. In a similar survey of world lakes, including Windermere and

Estwaite, the average lead content was found to be 16 ppm in pre-industrial

sediments and 95 ppm in surficial sediments (Nriagu, 1978). The lead content of

surficial sediments from Lake Ullswater at the mouth of Glenridding Beck (6412

ppm) is comparable to the 5000 ppm lead content of the most contaminated lake

surveyed, Lake Coeur DAlene in Idaho, which also receives massive discharges of

mine waste (Nriagu, 1978). It should be recognised, however, that due to the

variability of the natural geochemical background, natural levels of metals might be

as high or higher than man-made sources of pollution (Plant et al, 1997). It is

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Figure 43. Lead concentrations measured in water samples from the becks and lake.

Lead content of the water at sampled locations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1-G

lenri

dding

Bec

ka

bove

hy

dro

dam

2-

Wes

ttailings

dra

in

3-

HH

Ldress

ing

floors

tream

4-

Swart

Bec

ka

bove

LHL

adit

5-

Swart

Bec

kbe

low

LHL

adit

6-

Swart

Bec

kbe

fore

con

fluence

7-

Glenri

dding

Bec

ka

fter

con

fluence

8-Eas

ttailings

dra

introug

h

9-

Roa

ds

ides

tream

be

low

eas

ttailings

1

0-

Glenri

dding

Bec

ka

t

foo

tbri

dge

1

1-

Glenri

dding

Bec

ka

t

camps

ite

12-

Glenri

dding

Bec

k

upstreamo

fLa

ke

Ullswa

ter

13-

La

ke

Ullswa

ter

Sample location

Concentration(ppb)

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Figure 45 Concentration of zinc measured in water samples from the becks and lake.

Zinc content of water at sampled locations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1-

Glenri

dding

Bec

ka

bove

the

hy

dro

dam

2-

Wes

ttailings

dam

dra

in

3-

HHLdress

ing

floors

tream

4-

Swart

Be

cka

bove

LHLa

dit

5-

Swart

Bec

kbe

low

LHLa

dit

6-

Swart

Bec

kbe

fore

con

fluence

7-

Gle

nri

dding

Bec

ka

fter

con

fluence

8-

Eas

ttailings

dam

dra

in

troug

h

9-

Road

sides

tream

be

low

eas

ttailings

10-G

lenri

dding

Bec

ka

t

foo

tbri

dge

11-G

lenri

dding

Bec

ka

t

camps

ite

12-G

lenri

dding

Bec

k

ups

tream

ofLa

ke

Ullswa

ter

13-

La

ke

Ullswa

ter

Sample location

Co

ncentration(ppb)

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In the aquatic environment, heavy metals will be found in four main phases: in ion

exchange sites, incorporated into or onto the surface of inorganic precipitates or

incorporated into organic compounds (Dowdy & Volk, 1992). The pH of the water

determines the solubility of a metal; a low pH will cause many metals to become

increasingly soluble, and hence, more mobile and bioavailable than at higher pH

levels (Alloway and Ayres, 1993). When the pH increases, the ionic concentration

of the metal in solution decreases due to the occurrence of precipitation, thereby

reducing the mobility of the metal (Dowdy & Volk, 1992). At present, the minor

changes in pH along the catchment appear to have little effect on the water or

sediment chemistry. However, the slight to moderate acidity of the water means

that the metal cations will be bound less strongly to the sediments and any major

reduction in pH will cause an increase in mobilisation of metals from the solid to the

aquatic phase. This in turn will cause the metals to travel further in solution,

thereby increasing the extent of contamination from the mine. In addition, the

increased mobility and bioavailability of metals in acid conditions causes the

associated toxicity to be more severe than at higher pHs (Alloway and Ayres,

1993).

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sorting of heavy minerals according to their relative densities then counteracts this

dilution (Merefield, 1995). When the velocity of a stream slows, the large heavy

minerals will settle out first, followed by the smaller heavy minerals and then the

light minerals according to size and density (Merefield, 1995). The highest

concentrations are therefore likely to found on the insides of meanders, at the

confluence of a swift tributary with a slower main channel and in natural riffles

caused by imbedded rocks and other large objects. Concentrations of metals stored

in the sediments will also change according to the time of year, due to the changes

in the pattern and volume of rainfall with the seasons (Bradley, 1995).

5.3.3 Tailings dams

Ghosh (2000) performed analysis of the metal content of the tailings dam material,

again during the same period as the sediment analysis. A number of shallow (50 to60 cm) cores were extracted from the top of each dam, separated into discrete

sections according to grain size and colour, and the minor element composition

analysed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The organic matter content of the

samples was also determined and the results of the metal analysis and the organic

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Table 7 Concentrations of lead, copper and zinc measured in layers of core E,

extracted from the east tailings dam (Ghosh, 2000).

Although leachates from the dams are probably diminishing with time, as indicated

by the decreasing sediment metal content with decreasing depth seen in the lake

core results, the slump of the west dam in 1988 identified the most serious threat to

the catchment and lake. It was hoped that the effects of the collapse would be

evident in the lake sediment cores, but unfortunately, this was not the case. What is

evident is the magnitude of contamination reaching the lake by natural hydrological

processes, which together with the data in table 7, gives an idea of the damage that

Depth

(cm) Description

Pb

(ppm)

Cu

(ppm)

Zn

(ppm)

Total

metals

(ppm)

1-3 Root layer 4106 579.4 272.1 7030.5

4-6 Dark brown layer 4169 621.4 325.2 7533

6-17 Grey/brown layer 1993 85.4 1084.1 5013.6

25-27 Cream coloured clay layer 28949 565.1 16807 50749

37-38 Brown clay layer 13117 258 4975.8 22901

42-43 Ferrous red coloured layer 18602 1796.6 57936 83458

52-53 Grey clay layer 21115 578.9 12871 36722

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6 Conclusions

6.1 Summation of reportMetal contamination from the abandoned Greenside lead and silver mine was found

to be extensive, ranging from the headwaters of Swart Beck to Lake Ullswater in the

valley below. The principle sources of metals to the catchment were found to be the

High Horse Level dressing floors, the mine drainage waters and the two large

tailings dams above the confluence of Swart Beck with Glenridding Beck.Analysis of sediment samples taken from numerous locations along the length of

Glenridding Beck revealed the expected decay in metal concentrations with distance

from the mine remains. However, despite this decay the lake still receives sufficient

contamination to cause elevated concentrations of metals in both the sediments and

the water. Concentrations of lead and zinc in the water were found to exceed the

Environmental Quality Standards required of salmonid watercourses such as

Glenridding Beck and Lake Ullswater.

The slight to moderate acidity of the water within the catchment means that any

substantial reduction in pH would cause the mobilisation of metals from the

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population of biota, including the Schelly, which is rarely found in the United

Kingdom.

6.2 Future management

In light of the results obtained during this study and the issues discussed in the

previous chapters, it is apparent that the greatest threat to the water quality of the

Glenridding Beck catchment and Lake Ullswater is from the metal-laden tailings

dam material. In order to mitigate this threat, steps must be taken to, a) reduce theangle of repose of the dams in order to lessen the potential for collapse, b) cap the

tops of the dams to reduce the quantity of rainwater penetrating the material, and c)

encourage the growth of vegetation on the lower slopes of the dams to provide

stability. A further possible measure is the installation of troughs below the

drainage system outputs. The analysis results of sediments contained within thetrough at the base of the east dam suggest that this may be an efficient method of

removing particulate matter from the drainage water as it leaves the dams.

Management of the water quality within the lake requires regular monitoring of pH

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In conclusion, the severity of metal contamination revealed in this investigation

gives rise to concerns over the future health of the lake, and further investigation

and regular monitoring is recommended to assess the stability of the entire system.

Before the solutions can be proposed and implemented, the problem domain must

be fully understood.

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References

Adams, J., 1988. Mines of the Lake District fells, Dalesman, Clapham, p128.

Alloway, B.J., and Ayres, D.C., 1993. Chemical Principles of Environmental

Pollution, Blackie Academic and Professional, p154.

Bidoglio, G., and Stumm, W., 1994. Chemistry of Aquatic Systems: Local and

Global Perspectives, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, p343.

Brady, N.C., and Weil, R.R., 1999, The nature and Properties of Soils,Prentice-

Hall,127-128.

Bradley, S.B., 1995. Long-term Dispersal of Metals in Mineralised Catchments by

Fluvial Processes, In: Foster, I.D.L., Gurnell, A.M., and Webb, B.W. (eds.),

Sediment and Water Quality in River Catchments, John Wiley & Sons Ltd,

Chichester, p164-165.

Buchman, M.F., 1999. NOAA Screening Quick Reference Tables, NOAA

HAZMAT Report 99-1, Seattle WA, Coastal Protection and Restoration

Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 12 pages.

Dowdy, R.H., and Volk, V.V., 1992. Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil

Systems, p230.

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Moseley, F., 1990. The Lake District. Geologists' Association guides, Geologists'

Association, pp 11-14.

Murphy, S., 1996. Grey Gold: men, mining and metallurgy at the Greenside lead

mine in Cumbria, England, 1825 to 1962, Moiety Publishing, pp 6-8, 14-16,

28, 62, 69, 80, 387 & 437.

Nriagu, J.O., 1978. Biochemistry of Lead in the Environment, Vol. 1, Elsevier

Biomedical Press, Holland, pp55-60.

Ordnance Survey, 1997. Section of outdoor Leisure Map 5 reproduced by

permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's

Stationery Office, Crown Copyright NC/00/1125.

Philips. 1990. Introduction to X-ray Spectrometry, Customer Support Training

Booklet, Ch 2, pp 1-16 & Ch 4, pp 1-9.

Plant, J.A., Klaver, G., Locutura, J., Salminen, R., Vriana, K., and Fordyce, F.M.,

1997. The Forum of European Geological Surveys Geochemistry Task

Group Inventory 1994 1996, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol.

59, pp123-146.

Scott Doherty Associates, 1999. Greenside Mine, Glenridding Geo-environmental

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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the Environment Agency and the Lake District Nation Park

Association for providing invaluable information, and to Mr Guy Weller for his

time and assistance.

Thanks also Dr Andrew Binley for his time, guidance and patience, to Anita Ghosh

and Robert Maxwell for allowing the use of their data, and to Vicky Burnett and

Anne Wilkinson for their help during the sample analysis.

Finally, a very big thank-you to my family, especially to my husband for his endless

support and encouragement.

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Glossary

adit mine entrance

andesite a light-coloured volcanic rock, with identifiable crystals

anoxic deficiency or absence of oxygen

basalt a dark, fine grained, mafic igneous rock

bioavailable availability of substance for uptake by organisms

briquettes circular cakes of finely ground material used in x-ray fluorescence

analysis

chalcopyrite brass-yellow coloured mineral similar to pyrite, often found in

clumps

characteristic radiation when high energy electrons strike the target and orbital

electrons are removed from some of the target atoms, causing the movement

of electrons between electron shells and the emission an X-ray photon, the

energy of which is equivalent to the difference in energy levels between the

two shells involved

continuous radiation caused by the deceleration of the bombarding electrons as

they collide with electrons in the target (anode) material

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ion exchange the exchange of positively charged cations on a negatively charged

inorganic particle, i.e. a clay mineral

leachates materials in solution removed by the action of water

made ground areas of land that have been reformed by the action of man

metasediments sedimentary rock that has undergone regional metamorphism

mudstone a fine grained, sedimentary rock

orogeny mountain building event

oxidation the loss of electrons by a substance

pyroclastic rocks fragments of volcanic material ejected during an eruption

qualitative involving quality or kind

quantitative involving the measurement of quantity or amount

porphyry an igneous rock containing some large grains within a smaller-grained

matrix

reduction the gain of electrons by a substance

riverine sediments sediments from within a river or stream

rhyolite light-brown to grey, fine grained extrusive rock

scree debris formed by the weathering of rock

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Appendices

Appendix A Rainfall readings

Table 8 1994 rainfall readings taken at Grizedale Bridge NY391163 Altitude 146m

(Scott Doherty Associates, 2000).

Date Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1 13 37.5 3.5 2 0.5 0.5 3 3.5 0.5

2 9 23 3 0.5 17 7 14.5 13.5 11.5

3 27 7.5 4 22.5 17.5 12.5 30 4.5 8.5 16.54 3 0.5 35 5.5 15 0.5 5 4 12.5 13.5

5 6.5 11 6 8 2.5 1.5 3.5 0.5 17.5

6 0.5 10 12 21 1 2 4.5 23.5 20.5

7 3.5 7.5 6 0.5 7.5 0.5 63

8 9 25 22.5 26.5 0.5 3.5 7 24 3.5

9 12 0.5 1.5 8 2 3.5 21.5 6.5 7.5

10 1.5 9 0.5 15 45.5 1 16

11 24 6 2.5 23.5 0.5 3 3912 23.5 39.5 1 16 20 1

13 22.5 9 1 48.5 6.5

14 13.5 0.5 0.5 16.5 0.5

15 5.5 0.5 8 2 2.5 2.5 3.5 5.5

16 1 3 1.5 8 0.5 6.5 4

17 0.5 1.5 1 16 33

18 11 2.5 0.5 2.5 3 1 17.5 11.5

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Date Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec1 1 4 1.5 9 1.5

2 30.5 8 2 1.5 3 1

3 2 1 2 2.5 0.5 3 6.54 18.5 14 0.5 3.5 2 0.5

5 9 0.5 12.5 0.5 2

6 1 2 1 0.5 0.5 8.5 2.5 0.5 3.5

7 2.5 2.5 9.5 2.5 3.5 0.5

8 2.5 18 4.59 7.5 3 12.5 1

10 19 13.5 0.5 7 7

11 35 2 6.5 1 0.5 38 0.5

12 1 17 6 3.5

13 2.5 17 4

14 3.5 20 2.5 0.5 1.5 9.5 30

15 2.5 27 4.5 1.5 44.5 0.516 21.5 4.5 20 1.5 8.5 2 7.5

17 15 4 25.5 10.5 1 12

18 14.5 49.5 11.5 2 7.5 0.5 1 0.5

19 21 13.5 1 0.5 3 12.5 0.5

20 15.5 35 1.5 1 5.5 11.521 45 32.5 0.5 11 12.5

22 19 29.5 3.5 0.5 0.5 4.5 9

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Date Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec1 0.5 12 0.5 5.5 2 1.5 7 9.8

2 0.5 31 10 10.8

3 4 17 17.5 16 25 16.54 13 1.5 7 1.5 23.5 4

5 5.5 1.5 1 46.5

6 17 0.5 2 5.5 7 15 0.5

7 7.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

8 29.5 0.5 4 0.5 6 199 10 52 0.5 9.5 12.5 0.5 3

10 16.5 2 0.5 6 2 0.5

11 18.5 27 28 0.5 14.5 2.5 2.5 28 16.5

12 41 5 0.5 3 0.5

13 21 1.5 0.5 2 0.5

14 1 2.5 2.5 22.5 3.5

15 3 2 0.5 29.5 2.516 7 6 22.5 19.5 4.5

17 0.5 34.5 24 0.5 11 0.5 1

18 2 11.5 2.5 18.5 20.5

19 0.5 1 12 2 0.5 0.5 1.5 4.5

20 0.5 0.5 0.5 4.5 13.5 10.5 0.521 1.5 8 4 1.5 0.5 5.5

22 0.5 9.5 29.5 2 14.5 0.5 2

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Appendix B - Water analysis results

Table 11 Mean values of pH, conductivity, lead and zinc in water from the becks andlake (Maxwell, 2000).

Sample site pH Conductivity

(s cm-1)

Lead(ppb)

Zinc(ppb)

1 Glenridding Beck above hydro dam 1.41 3.72 33.80 5.70

2 West tailings drain NM NM NM NM

3 HHL dressing floor stream 80.61 56.26 43.67 NM4 Swart Beck above LHL adit 55.73 77.81 46.97 NM

5 Swart Beck below LHL adit 70.83 131.96 47.60 5.18

6 Swart Beck before confluence 32.88 130.32 94.53 6.31

7 Glenridding Beck after confluence 33.99 66.64 68.27 6.63

8 East tailings drain trough 35.5 565.6 107.19 6.27

9 Roadside stream below east tailings NM NM NM NM

10 Glenridding Beck at footbridge 51.27 76.01 52.39 5.42

11 Glenridding Beck at campsite 47.21 73.36 55.54 5.85

12 Glenridding Beck upstream of Lake Ullswater 28.84 60.52 51.21 5.81

13 Lake Ullswater 47.92 124.44 58.12 6.01N.B. NM indicates locations where no measurements were

Appendix C Calibration ranges

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Appendix D - Minor element analysis results for beck and lakesurface sediment samples

Table 13 contains the results of the minor element analysis performed on the surfacesediment samples collected from the becks and Lake.

Samplesite

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Element

GlenriddingBeck abovehydro dam

Westtailings

dam drain

HHLdressing

floor

stream

SwartBeckabove

LHL adit

SwartBeckbelow

LHL adit

Swart Beckbefore

confluence

GlenriddingBeck afterconfluence

Barium 941.9 22044.0> 26910.2> 11301.2> 17646.7>

Cerium 80 266.8>

Lanthanum 39.1 185.8 179.4

Lead 1019> 30871> 58687> 41994> 36068> 27201> 23612>Rubidium 108.6> 71.9>

Strontium 40.9<

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Appendix E Minor element analysis results for lake shore core sediment samples

Table 14contains the results of the minor element analysis performed on the sections within core A1.

Core number A1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth 0-12cm

12-17cm

17-25cm

25-28cm

28-29cm

29-41cm

41-54cm

54-66cm

66-71cm

71-81cm

81-91cm

91-113cm

113-122cm

Element ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Ppm ppm ppm ppm

Lead 7996 6514 1 0452 9967 10766 15086 18992 21796 1 4390 13748 16775 18282 20423

Barium 3505.8 4797.1 9209.1 5296.2 3191.5 4451.7 2069.3 3314 3275 4356.3 5605.6 8751.2 14489.5

Cerium 72.7 53.1 74.8 78.4 69.4 54.6 54.9 47.1 66.8 51.3 49.2 30.4 21.5

Chromium 87 48 134 129 122 136 97 90 88 73 63 92 83

Copper 277.4 145.6 290.3 299.3 320.3 536.2 264.1 476 342.8 440.9 691 1252.7 1769.7

Lanthanum 38.6 29.1 40.1 41.9 38.2 32.5 33.4 30 39.8 32.2 30.3 21.5 16.5Niobium 24.5 21.6 29.7 25.6 26.9 17.9 21.5 16.5 21.2 20.2 15.3 9.9 8.6

Nickel 136.3 72.6 126.5 136.3 149.7 180.6 150.9 194.7 151 1 60.3 210.6 353 708

Rubidium 115.9 112.6 114.4 113.3 108.2 92 96.9 91.7 106.3 103.7 101.9 78.3 63.8

Strontium

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Table 15 contains the results of the minor element analysis performed on the sections of core A4.

Core number A4 10-14cm

214-26cm

326-38cm

438-46cm

546-52cm

652-58cm

758-67cm

867-85cm

985-94cm

1094-114cm

Element Ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Ppm ppmLead 7023 8967 9092 11497 12651 10426 12831 17892 14633 13531

Barium 1595.7 5293.8 5806.4 6068 4039.7 3289.6 1980.9 2843.4 3182 4362.7

Cerium 54.6 54.5 80.4 79 67.4 60.9 60.4 70.2 64.1 45.5

Chromium 78 90 118 133 95 75 101 93 100 83

Copper 278.3 365.1 199.5 403.9 385 364.6 259.3 499.8 394.9 1081.9

Lanthanum 31.1 32 44.4 43.6 38.6 35.2 35.2 39.9 36.8 29.1

Niobium 21 21.7 31.7 26 23.4 23.3 23.6 18.7 20.8 14.8

Nickel 121.6 142.2 98.9 111.3 169.6 128.2 181 175.4 161.4 186.2

Rubidium 118.8 116.7 123.2 105.4 109.5 109 107.8 100.9 113.5 94.9

Strontium

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Appendix F Organic matter content of cores A1 and A4

Table 16 contains the weights and percentages of organic matter in each core layer, together with the measurements used for calculation and the

original section lengths.

Corenumber

Depth ofsection

Sectionlength

Crucibleweight

Initial sampleweight

Initial totalweight

Final totalweight

Organic matterweight

Organicmatter

A1 (cm) (cm) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)

1 0 12 12 13.235 2.009 15.244 15.189 0.055 2.74

2 12 17 5 13.599 1.949 15.548 15.477 0.071 3.64

3 17 25 8 13.807 2.018 15.825 15.625 0.2 9.91

4 25 28 3 12.389 1.952 14.341 14.282 0.059 3.02

5 28 29 11 12.893 2.038 14.931 14.842 0.089 4.37

6 29 41 12 12.968 1.976 14.944 14.899 0.045 2.28

7 41 54 13 15.233 2.104 17.337 17.12 0.217 10.31

8 54 66 12 10.342 2.017 12.359 12.311 0.048 2.38

9 66 71 5 15.981 1.807 17.788 17.742 0.046 2.55

10 71 81 10 12.232 2.474 14.706 14.659 0.047 1.9011 81 91 10 15.622 1.765 17.387 17.362 0.025 1.42

12 91 113 12 15.886 1.965 17.851 17.823 0.028 1.42

13 113 122 9 13.006 2.042 15.048 15.013 0.035 1.71

A4

1 0 - 14 14 12.805 2.026 14.831 14.791 0.04 1.972 14 - 26 12 15.944 2.015 17.959 17.917 0.042 2.08

3 26 - 38 12 12.566 2.025 14.591 14.314 0.277 13.68

4 38 - 46 8 15.565 1.996 17.561 17.511 0.05 2.51

5 46 - 52 6 15.509 2.054 17.563 17.336 0.227 11.05

6 52 - 58 6 12.893 2.041 14.934 14.843 0.091 4.46

7 58 - 67 9 16.795 2.028 18.823 18.362 0.461 22.73

8 67 85 18 16.044 2.033 18.077 18.035 0.042 2.07

9 85 94 9 15.686 1.986 17.672 17.616 0.056 2.82

10 94 115 21 16.649 2.283 18.932 18.896 0.036 1.58


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Appendix G Grain size analysis data for cores A1 and A4

Table 17 contains the grain size analysis data for the sections of core A1.

Core numberA1

10-

12cm

212-

17cm

317-

25cm

425-

28cm

528-

29cm

629-

41cm

741-

54cm

854-

66cm

966-

71cm

1071-

81cm

1181-

91cm

1291-

113cm

13113-

122cm

Grain size (um) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)

>4000 12.23 8.05 1.4 0.67 0.81 82.13 3.64 16.2 9.09 84.51 24.86 63.17 25.2

2000-4000 14.2 4.03 1.16 1.99 2.67 22.62 4.05 6.51 4.79 17.6 17.49 16.29 9.56

1400-2000 7.79 2.87 2.4 3.07 3.48 15.63 3.69 3.86 1.04 8.64 14.93 4.33 3.31

1000-1400 8.81 2.6 1.66 4.18 4.13 14.45 4.39 3.92 3.61 6.24 14.34 3.97 2.22

850-1000 6.22 1.68 2.09 2.61 3.05 7.7 2.59 2.12 5.69 3.34 10.16 2.39 1.18500-850 20.06 5.68 3.99 9.39 15.89 21.94 12.13 6.68 8.35 9.93 29.27 8.64 3.67

300-500 21.07 7.57 8.5 7.9 24.31 13.96 21.32 3.93 8.26 9.92 14.88 6.47 3.47

210-300 9.49 4.77 9.16 3.15 15.93 4.45 16.4 1.74 5.17 4.85 5.9 3.53 1.43

150-210 7.61 4.83 16.45 1.63 12.86 3.46 18.89 1.57 3.86 3.69 2.97 2.63 1.06

105-150 4.01 4.72 11.63 0.91 5.77 2.35 10.67 0.85 2.86 2.35 0.96 1.95 0.52

90-105 1.4 2.37 3.11 0.37 3.27 1.55 5.83 0.51 1.31 0.31 0.39 1.13 0.17

63-90 1.1 1.95 4.26 0.54 1.89 1.21 6.62 0.32 2.31 0.57 0.44 0.96 0.17

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Table 18 contains the grain size analysis for the sections of core A4.

Core number A4 1

0-14cm

2

14-26cm

3

26-38cm

4

38-46cm

5

46-52cm

6

52-58cm

7

58-67cm

8

67-85cm

9

85-94cm

10

94-114cmGrain size (um) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)

>4000 32.36 20.45 0.2 62.06 6.61 12.49 9.83 83.06 59.04 85.85

2000-4000 11.84 21.24 0.33 12.39 5.39 6.89 9.31 24.26 6.93 61.07

1400-2000 6.4 17.98 2 5.67 4.07 3.63 7.68 13.49 2.13 28.37

1000-1400 4.81 15.64 2.47 4.51 3.27 3.55 4.57 10.35 1.61 23.14

850-1000 3.05 10.17 1.08 2.13 2.27 2.3 2.09 6 0.78 11.17

500-850 11.59 28.18 2.72 6.8 6.44 8.37 12.4 18.95 2.82 27.86

300-500 9.16 20.08 4.96 4.48 5.76 5.41 11.85 14.44 2.4 16.2

210-300 1.68 10.03 5.87 2.39 3.03 2.19 8.48 8.39 1.75 6.68

150-210 0.53 5.4 10.76 1.68 2.98 1.15 7.99 6.88 1.65 4.46

105-150 0.28 3.06 13.04 1.74 3.15 0.68 5.63 5.74 1.46 2.84

90-105 0.08 0.69 7.38 0.81 1.68 0.2 2.48 2.24 0.72 0.81

63-90 0.09 1.1 5.34 0.82 1.82 0.29 2.9 1.23 0.9 1.03

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Appendix H Tailings dam material analysis

Table 19 Tailings dam material and control site descriptions and organic matter

content (Ghosh, 2000).

Sample site Depth(cm)

Description OrganicMatter %

Control 1 1-6 Root layer 13.89

Control 2 7-16 Dark brown soil 8.24

Control 3 7-30 6.31

Control 4 31+ 3.59

West dam

A7 10-11 Dark brown soil 22.12

B13 8-10 Dark brown soil 26.21

C20 1-6 Root layer 17.54

C21 7-13 Dark brown soil 38.99

C22 13-14 Brown layer 3.37

C23 14-25 Light brownlayer 34.97

C24 25-34 Grey, coursegrain

1.03

C25 34-36 Clay layer 1.82C26 36-39 Wetter clay 1.27

C27 39-54 Fine & coursegrey layer

1.86


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Table 20 Minor element analysis results for samples collected from the control sites (Ghosh, 2000).

Control site samples

Sample site& number

QCExpected

QC Actual QCDifference

Control 1 Control 2 Control 3 Control 4

Depth 1-6cm 7-16cm 7-30cm 31+ cm

Description Root layer Dark brown soil layer

OM % 13.89 8.24 6.31 3.59

Lead 7.5 9 -1.5 675> 509> 115> 62>

Barium 162 165.9 -3.9 459.3 463 464.3 517.6

Chromium 119 121 -2 281 298 193 195

Copper 113 112.4 0.6 61.5 66.4 48.5 72.4

Niobium 9.9 8 1.9 31.5 34.2 30.3 31

Nickel 75 76.2 -1.2 73.4 73.1 78.6 73.4

Strontium 186 181.6 4.4 48.6< 55.4< 14.7< 55.8 95.2> 113.2> 101.7>

Vanadium 257 264.6 -7.6 199.8 197.3 210.5 213.8

Yttrium 26 22.2 3.8 27.1 29.6 28.8 32.9

Zinc 84 80 4 152.8 131 133.1 101.9

Zirconium 99 100.7 -1.7 373.4> 420> 322.9> 349.5>

Tungsten 2.4< 3.7< 3.2< 4.3< 4 5283> 6813> 11950> 4473> 5026> 3032> 10355> 4709> 1844> 4362>

Barium 1696.3> 638.5 2219.2> 1063.9> 1435.8> 2802.9> 702 918.4 614.7 506.5 1066.5>

Chromium 155 147 92 224 63 25 10 9< 11 4< 174

Copper 245.1> 123.8 243.7> 394.4> 119.6 128.7 139.9 220.4> 219.1> 161.8> 389.7>Niobium 24.5 23.3 19 18.6 19.5 18.8 20.6 17.7 18.3 19.5 19.5

Nickel 67.9 58 77.3 91.8 56.5 82 49.8 121 108 51.8 75.5

Strontium 30.1< 128.7>

Vanadium 191 212.5 193 177.9 187.2 207.1 204.3 216 199.8 208.7 182.3

Yttrium 16.7 2043.5> 2003.1> 813.1> 377.7>

Zirconium 367.4> 321.5> 173.6 204.9 181.8 169.9 139.1 98.4 117.3 137.3 237.3

Tungsten 0.9< 1.2< 5.0< 0.9< 2.6< 4.6< 4.6< 11.6< 6.1< 2.7< 65.1 152.5> 23.4 19.2 16.3 24.7 17.2 16.1 117.3>


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Table 22 Minor element analysis results for samples collected from the east tailings dam (Ghosh, 2000).

East tailings dam samples

Sample site &number

E35 F40 F41 F42 F43 F44 F45 F46 G47 QCsample

Depth 7-13cm 1-3cm 4-6cm 6-17cm 25-27cm 37-38cm 42-43cm 52-53cm 56-58

Description Darkbrownlayer

Rootlayer

darkbrownlayer

Grey/brown layer

Creamcolouredclay layer

Brownclay

Redcolouredlayer

Grey clay Wet, coarse, greygrains

OM % 36.66 42.33 29.85 2.81 2.85 1.34 1.66 0.89 1.07

Lead 3925> 4106> 4169> 1993> 28949> 13117> 18602> 21115> 12865> 9

Barium 839.5 1053.5> 1333.6> 1148.0> 3252.1> 3729.0> 2417.2> 1102.1> 2087.1> 178.4

Chromium 196 208 217 26 27 31 30 21 29 124

Copper 470.4> 579.4> 621.4> 85.4 565.1> 258.0> 1796.6> 578.9> 232.9> 112.4

Niobium 20.8 17.3 20 18.2 10.3 16.7 9.1 12 17 8.3Nickel 86 87.5 91.8 48 676.7> 217 2249.9> 557.6> 131.5 76.6

Strontium 22.1

Vanadium 178.6 163.4 161.9 202.8 240.6 221.7 221 212.6 219.2 254.7

Yttrium 2.4 12870.5> 2684.0> 82

Zirconium 296.5> 237.4 261.7 173.1 0.2< 108.4 37.1 35.3 110.7 101.1

Tungsten 18.6 36.7 28.7 24 32.2 25.3 2.1

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