DASAR-DASAR DASAR-DASAR PERLINDUNGAN PERLINDUNGAN

TANAMANTANAMANTEKNIK PENGENDALIANTEKNIK PENGENDALIANTEKNIK PENGENDALIANTEKNIK PENGENDALIAN

TEKNIK PENGENDALIANTEKNIK PENGENDALIAN

CARA

CARA

MEKANIS

CARA

HAYATI

CARA

KIMIA

TEKNIK PENGENDALIAN

TANAMAN

KULTUR

RESISTEN

TEKNIS

FISIK PERATURAN

Pengendalian Pengendalian Fisik dan MekanikFisik dan Mekanik

Tindakan yang dilakukan Tindakan yang dilakukan dengan tujuan secara langsung dengan tujuan secara langsung dan tidak langsung :dan tidak langsung :

1.1. Mematikan OPTMematikan OPT2.2. Mengganggu aktivitas fisiologisMengganggu aktivitas fisiologis3.3. Memodifikasi lingkungan Memodifikasi lingkungan

sehingga kurang sesuai bagi sehingga kurang sesuai bagi perkembangan OPTperkembangan OPT

Pengendalian FisikPengendalian Fisik

Cara ini lebih mengacu pada Cara ini lebih mengacu pada pemanfaatan dan memodifikasi faktor pemanfaatan dan memodifikasi faktor lingkungan fisik untuk mencegah lingkungan fisik untuk mencegah atau meminimalkan masalah OPTatau meminimalkan masalah OPT

Pengendalian FisikPengendalian Fisik

Perlakuan Suhu dan KelembabanPerlakuan Suhu dan Kelembaban

Lampu PerangkapLampu Perangkap

Gelombang suaraGelombang suara

Penghalang dan BarierPenghalang dan Barier

Perlakuan Perlakuan Suhu dan Suhu dan

kelembabankelembaban

Tindakan ini dapat mempengaruhi Tindakan ini dapat mempengaruhi penyebaran, fekunditas, kecepatan penyebaran, fekunditas, kecepatan perkembangan, lama hidup dan perkembangan, lama hidup dan mortalitas OPT. Biasanya sangat mortalitas OPT. Biasanya sangat berhasil diterapkan dalam ruang berhasil diterapkan dalam ruang tertutuptertutup

Penggunaan Penggunaan Lampu Lampu perangkapperangkap

Beberapa serangga hama dapat Beberapa serangga hama dapat tertarik dan terperangkap dengan tertarik dan terperangkap dengan cara ini, namun cara ini tidak cara ini, namun cara ini tidak terlalu spesifikterlalu spesifik

Penghalang Penghalang atau Barriersatau Barriers

Penghalang sangat efektif mencegah Penghalang sangat efektif mencegah serangan OPT, seperti meninggikan serangan OPT, seperti meninggikan pematang, lembaran plastik sebagai pematang, lembaran plastik sebagai pagar keliling, pembungkusan buah pagar keliling, pembungkusan buah dan lain-lain. Cara ini lebih dan lain-lain. Cara ini lebih menekankan aspek pencegahan menekankan aspek pencegahan

Pengendalian MekanikPengendalian Mekanik

Cara ini bertujuan untuk Cara ini bertujuan untuk mematikan atau menghilangkan mematikan atau menghilangkan OPT secara langsung baik OPT secara langsung baik dengan tangan atau bantuan dengan tangan atau bantuan alat dan bahan lainalat dan bahan lain

Pengendalian MekanikPengendalian Mekanik

Pengambilan Pengambilan dengan tangandengan tangan

GropyokanGropyokan Memasang Memasang

perangkapperangkap PengusiranPengusiran Cara lainCara lain

Pengambilan Pengambilan dengan dengan tangantangan

Pengumpulan kelompok telur, Pengumpulan kelompok telur, ulat, kumbang, atau bagian ulat, kumbang, atau bagian tanaman terserang mis. tanaman terserang mis. rogesanrogesan untuk penggerek pucuk tebuuntuk penggerek pucuk tebu

GropyokaGropyokann

Biasanya dilakukan untuk Biasanya dilakukan untuk pengendalian tikus. Agar berhasil pengendalian tikus. Agar berhasil harus dilakukan saat sawah bero harus dilakukan saat sawah bero dan dilakukan secara masal dan dan dilakukan secara masal dan terkoordinasi terkoordinasi

Perangkap serangga berguna untuk Perangkap serangga berguna untuk mendeteksi dan pengelolaan. Ada mendeteksi dan pengelolaan. Ada banyak jenis perangkap spt. banyak jenis perangkap spt. yellow yellow sticky trap, pheromone trap, pitfallsticky trap, pheromone trap, pitfall dlldll. .

MemasanMemasang g perangkapperangkap

PengusiranPengusiran

Sasarannya adalah mengusir hama Sasarannya adalah mengusir hama yang ada di pertanaman atau yang yang ada di pertanaman atau yang sedang menuju ke pertanaman. sedang menuju ke pertanaman. Banyak cara misal memasang orang-Banyak cara misal memasang orang-orangan di sawah, menciptakan orangan di sawah, menciptakan suara gaduhsuara gaduh

Cara lainCara lain

Teknik lain disini termasuk Teknik lain disini termasuk menggoyang-goyang pohon, menggoyang-goyang pohon, menyikat, mencuci, memisahkan menyikat, mencuci, memisahkan bagian tanaman terserang, bagian tanaman terserang, memukul, menggunakan alat memukul, menggunakan alat penghisap serangga dll.penghisap serangga dll.

Cultural ControlsCultural Controls

Manipulation of cultural practices Manipulation of cultural practices to the disadvantage of the pestto the disadvantage of the pest

Cultural ControlCultural Control Soil Preparation and Soil Preparation and

NutritionNutrition SanitationSanitation Plant selectionPlant selection RotationRotation Planting datesPlanting dates

Soil Preparation and Soil Preparation and NutritionNutrition

SanitationSanitation Plant selectionPlant selection RotationRotation Planting datesPlanting dates

Multiple Cropping/ Multiple Cropping/ Mix CroppingMix Cropping

InterplantingsInterplantings Trap cropsTrap crops

Soil Soil Preparation Preparation and Nutritionand Nutrition

Soil Soil Preparation Preparation and Nutritionand Nutrition

• Healthy soil encourages healthy, Healthy soil encourages healthy, unstressed plants. unstressed plants.

• Proper pH and fertilization are Proper pH and fertilization are important.important.

• Uncomposted organic matter can Uncomposted organic matter can encourage pests.encourage pests.

• Healthy soil encourages healthy, Healthy soil encourages healthy, unstressed plants. unstressed plants.

• Proper pH and fertilization are Proper pH and fertilization are important.important.

• Uncomposted organic matter can Uncomposted organic matter can encourage pests.encourage pests.

Soil Soil Preparation Preparation and Nutritionand Nutrition

Soil Soil Preparation Preparation and Nutritionand Nutrition

• Plants with adequate nutrition can Plants with adequate nutrition can grow more vigorously, allowing grow more vigorously, allowing them to better tolerate pest damage them to better tolerate pest damage or to compete better with weedsor to compete better with weeds

• Soil cultivation can kill pests by Soil cultivation can kill pests by exposing them to sunlight, predators exposing them to sunlight, predators and injuring themand injuring them

• Plants with adequate nutrition can Plants with adequate nutrition can grow more vigorously, allowing grow more vigorously, allowing them to better tolerate pest damage them to better tolerate pest damage or to compete better with weedsor to compete better with weeds

• Soil cultivation can kill pests by Soil cultivation can kill pests by exposing them to sunlight, predators exposing them to sunlight, predators and injuring themand injuring them

SanitatioSanitationn

SanitatioSanitationn

• Removal of rubbish, infested or Removal of rubbish, infested or decaying matter as well as crop decaying matter as well as crop residues from around and in fields residues from around and in fields can often eliminate breeding sites can often eliminate breeding sites for pestsfor pests

• Cleaning equipment before moving Cleaning equipment before moving from infested areasfrom infested areas

• Removal of rubbish, infested or Removal of rubbish, infested or decaying matter as well as crop decaying matter as well as crop residues from around and in fields residues from around and in fields can often eliminate breeding sites can often eliminate breeding sites for pestsfor pests

• Cleaning equipment before moving Cleaning equipment before moving from infested areasfrom infested areas

Using seeds and planting materials Using seeds and planting materials which are free of weed seeds, insects and which are free of weed seeds, insects and diseases. diseases. Buy plants from reputableBuy plants from reputablesources and choose resistant sources and choose resistant cultivars when possible.cultivars when possible.

Using seeds and planting materials Using seeds and planting materials which are free of weed seeds, insects and which are free of weed seeds, insects and diseases. diseases. Buy plants from reputableBuy plants from reputablesources and choose resistant sources and choose resistant cultivars when possible.cultivars when possible.

Plant Plant SelectionSelection

Crop Crop RotationRotationCrop Crop RotationRotation

Planting similar crops in successive Planting similar crops in successive years tends to increase pest years tends to increase pest problemsproblems..

Planting similar crops in successive Planting similar crops in successive years tends to increase pest years tends to increase pest problemsproblems..

Crop Crop RotationRotationCrop Crop RotationRotationWorks on a limited number of Works on a limited number of pests, by replacing the host plant pests, by replacing the host plant with another crop for a period of with another crop for a period of time, allowing the pest population time, allowing the pest population to be reduced due to lack of a host. to be reduced due to lack of a host.

Works on a limited number of Works on a limited number of pests, by replacing the host plant pests, by replacing the host plant with another crop for a period of with another crop for a period of time, allowing the pest population time, allowing the pest population to be reduced due to lack of a host. to be reduced due to lack of a host.

Crop Crop RotationRotationCrop Crop RotationRotation

For this strategy to work:For this strategy to work:• The pest can not be highly mobileThe pest can not be highly mobile• The host range of the pest can not be wideThe host range of the pest can not be wide• The source of the pest must be within the fieldThe source of the pest must be within the field• The pest must not be able to survive in the soil The pest must not be able to survive in the soil

for a long period of timefor a long period of time

For this strategy to work:For this strategy to work:• The pest can not be highly mobileThe pest can not be highly mobile• The host range of the pest can not be wideThe host range of the pest can not be wide• The source of the pest must be within the fieldThe source of the pest must be within the field• The pest must not be able to survive in the soil The pest must not be able to survive in the soil

for a long period of timefor a long period of time

Planting Planting DatesDates

Some pests can be avoided by planting a Some pests can be avoided by planting a crop before a pest moves into the area.crop before a pest moves into the area.

Some root rot and germination problems Some root rot and germination problems can be avoided by later plantings.can be avoided by later plantings.

Some pests can be avoided by planting a Some pests can be avoided by planting a crop before a pest moves into the area.crop before a pest moves into the area.

Some root rot and germination problems Some root rot and germination problems can be avoided by later plantings.can be avoided by later plantings.

Multiple Multiple Cropping / Cropping / Mixed CroppingMixed Cropping

Growing a variety of crops together in the Growing a variety of crops together in the

same location:same location:• Increases the habitat for pest predatorsIncreases the habitat for pest predators• Limits the number of food plants for Limits the number of food plants for

specific pestsspecific pests

InterplantingInterplantingss

Avoid placing all plants of one kind Avoid placing all plants of one kind together. Alternate groups of different together. Alternate groups of different plants within rows or patchesplants within rows or patches..

Avoid placing all plants of one kind Avoid placing all plants of one kind together. Alternate groups of different together. Alternate groups of different plants within rows or patchesplants within rows or patches..

Trap CropsTrap Crops

Plant a crop that is more attractive Plant a crop that is more attractive to a pest than the one you intend to to a pest than the one you intend to grow.grow.Crops which are planted to attract Crops which are planted to attract pests away from the main croppests away from the main cropThen treat the pest on the infested Then treat the pest on the infested decoy plants.decoy plants.

Plant a crop that is more attractive Plant a crop that is more attractive to a pest than the one you intend to to a pest than the one you intend to grow.grow.Crops which are planted to attract Crops which are planted to attract pests away from the main croppests away from the main cropThen treat the pest on the infested Then treat the pest on the infested decoy plants.decoy plants.

Cultural ControlsCultural Controls

AdvantagesAdvantages• Low cost (in most Low cost (in most

cases)cases)• Effects on non-target Effects on non-target

organisms loworganisms low• No Toxicity or residue No Toxicity or residue

problemsproblems

DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Not always applicableNot always applicable• May not be sufficiently May not be sufficiently

effectiveeffective• Usually preventive in Usually preventive in

nature, so it requires nature, so it requires planningplanning

• May interfere with May interfere with normal cultural normal cultural operationsoperations

Plant ResistancePlant Resistance

The use of species or varieties of plants The use of species or varieties of plants that can grow and produce despite that can grow and produce despite

the presence of the pest.the presence of the pest.

Methods of Plant Methods of Plant ResistanceResistance

Use of crop varieties which resist pest Use of crop varieties which resist pest attack or damageattack or damage

Use of varieties which inhibit pest attack Use of varieties which inhibit pest attack through toxic or repellent compounds or through toxic or repellent compounds or through physical factors such as color or through physical factors such as color or toughnesstoughness

Use of varieties which have a high tolerance Use of varieties which have a high tolerance to pest damageto pest damage

Plant ResistancePlant Resistance

AdvantagesAdvantages No harmful effects on No harmful effects on

natural enemies of natural enemies of pests or other non-pests or other non-target organismstarget organisms

No toxicity or residue No toxicity or residue problemsproblems

Can beCan be a permanent a permanent solutionsolution

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Pest resistant varieties or species of Pest resistant varieties or species of

cultivated plants not available for cultivated plants not available for all pestsall pests

Level of control may not be Level of control may not be sufficientsufficient

Discovery and development is slowDiscovery and development is slow Resistant varieties may not be Resistant varieties may not be

agronomically acceptableagronomically acceptable Always preventative in nature and Always preventative in nature and

thus require forward planningthus require forward planning

Biological ControlBiological Control

The use predators, The use predators, parasites, pathogens, parasites, pathogens, and competitors to and competitors to control pestscontrol pests

Types of Biological Types of Biological ControlControl

Conservation of a naturally occurring enemies of Conservation of a naturally occurring enemies of pests: Not performing practices, such as use of a pests: Not performing practices, such as use of a broad spectrum insecticide, which could damage broad spectrum insecticide, which could damage the naturally occurring biological control the naturally occurring biological control organism. Also, providing a favorable site for the organism. Also, providing a favorable site for the development of a biological control organismdevelopment of a biological control organism..

Types of Biological Types of Biological ControlControl

Classical Biological Control: Introduction Classical Biological Control: Introduction of a biological control organism. Examples of a biological control organism. Examples of this include introducing a predator of an of this include introducing a predator of an insect pest or planting a cover crop or living insect pest or planting a cover crop or living mulch to compete with weedsmulch to compete with weeds

Augmentation: Applying the natural Augmentation: Applying the natural enemies of a pest as a biological pesticide.enemies of a pest as a biological pesticide.

Biological ControlBiological Control

AdvantagesAdvantages Low costLow cost Has the potential to be Has the potential to be

permanentpermanent Not harmful to non-Not harmful to non-

target organismstarget organisms No toxicity or residue No toxicity or residue

problemsproblems

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Not always applicableNot always applicable Level of control may Level of control may

not be sufficientnot be sufficient Research costs are Research costs are

high and may not high and may not produce resultsproduce results

Chemical ControlChemical Control

The use of toxic The use of toxic substances or pesticides substances or pesticides to kill or repel peststo kill or repel pests

The decision to use a The decision to use a pesticide should be based pesticide should be based on:on:

information obtained from information obtained from monitoring/scoutingmonitoring/scouting

knowledge of thresholdsknowledge of thresholds an awareness of potential benefits and an awareness of potential benefits and

risks associated with a treatmentrisks associated with a treatment

Questions to be thought Questions to be thought through carefully before using through carefully before using a pesticide:a pesticide:

Is the pest you want to control listed on Is the pest you want to control listed on the pesticide label?the pesticide label?

Does the label state that it controls the Does the label state that it controls the pest or does it suppress the pest?pest or does it suppress the pest?

Are you familiar with the relevant Are you familiar with the relevant university research and university research and recommendations?recommendations?

Is the recommended rate of application Is the recommended rate of application economical for your operation?economical for your operation?

Questions continuedQuestions continued Is the pesticide a restricted use product?Is the pesticide a restricted use product? How toxic is the pesticide? dermally? How toxic is the pesticide? dermally?

orally?orally? Does the pesticide have the potential to Does the pesticide have the potential to

contaminate ground water, even when contaminate ground water, even when label recommendations are followed?label recommendations are followed?

Will the use of this pesticide expose Will the use of this pesticide expose humans to health or safety riskshumans to health or safety risks

Will use of this pesticide threaten wildlife Will use of this pesticide threaten wildlife populations?populations?

Chemical ControlChemical Control

AdvantagesAdvantages

Applicable to most pestsApplicable to most pests Curative in effectCurative in effect Grower may apply when Grower may apply when

and where requiredand where required Enable high levels of Enable high levels of

control of most pests to control of most pests to be achieved, so thatbe achieved, so that

Non-blemished produceNon-blemished produce

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

May harm natural May harm natural enemies and other enemies and other non-target organismsnon-target organisms

Resistance to the Resistance to the pesticide can developpesticide can develop

Often toxic to users Often toxic to users and may present and may present residue problemsresidue problems

Costs are high and Costs are high and recurring as control recurring as control is not permanentis not permanent

KARANTINA KARANTINA (PENGATURAN)(PENGATURAN)