DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Katno, Pramono S. Tingkat Manfaat dan ...

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55 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Katno, Pramono S. Tingkat Manfaat dan Keamanan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional. Balai Penelitian Obat Tawangmangu, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gajah Mada [press release]. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Farmasi UGM. 2. Faried A, Kurnia D, Faried L.S, Usman N, T. Miyazaki, Kato H. Anticancer effects of gallic acid isolated from Indonesian herbal medicine, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, on human cancer cell lines. Int j oncol [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2012 Nov 29];30(3): 605-13. Available from: Spandidos Publications 3. Amit KT, Madhumita R, Bhattacharya RK. Natural products as inducers of apoptosis: Implication for cancer therapy and prevention. Current Science [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 80(11):1387-96. Available from: Indian Institute of Science 4. Tazulakhova EB, Parshina OV, Guseva TS, Ershov FI. Russian experience screening, analysis, and clinical application of novel interferon inducers. J Interferon Cytokine Res [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 21(2): 65-73. Available from: Marry Ann Liebert Inc. publisher 5. Stagg J. Phyllanthus. c2006 [updated 2006 Jun 17; cited 2013 Feb 7]. Available from: http://www.supplementnews.org/phyllanthus.html cited 17/6/06 6. Williams JE. Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Uña de Gato and Sangre de Grando. Alternative Medicine Review [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29];6(6):567-79. Available from: Thorne Research, Inc. 7. Ahmed N, Agrawal SS, Chattervedi S, Tabassum N. Hepatoprotective studies on phyllanthus niruri on paracetamol induced liver cell damage in albino

Transcript of DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Katno, Pramono S. Tingkat Manfaat dan ...

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Katno, Pramono S. Tingkat Manfaat dan Keamanan Tanaman Obat dan Obat

Tradisional. Balai Penelitian Obat Tawangmangu, Fakultas Farmasi

Universitas Gajah Mada [press release]. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Farmasi UGM.

2. Faried A, Kurnia D, Faried L.S, Usman N, T. Miyazaki, Kato H. Anticancer

effects of gallic acid isolated from Indonesian herbal medicine, Phaleria

macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, on human cancer cell lines. Int j oncol [Internet].

2007 [cited 2012 Nov 29];30(3): 605-13. Available from: Spandidos

Publications

3. Amit KT, Madhumita R, Bhattacharya RK. Natural products as inducers of

apoptosis: Implication for cancer therapy and prevention. Current Science

[Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 80(11):1387-96. Available from: Indian

Institute of Science

4. Tazulakhova EB, Parshina OV, Guseva TS, Ershov FI. Russian experience

screening, analysis, and clinical application of novel interferon inducers. J

Interferon Cytokine Res [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 21(2): 65-73.

Available from: Marry Ann Liebert Inc. publisher

5. Stagg J. Phyllanthus. c2006 [updated 2006 Jun 17; cited 2013 Feb 7].

Available from: http://www.supplementnews.org/phyllanthus.html cited

17/6/06

6. Williams JE. Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants

of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Uña de Gato and

Sangre de Grando. Alternative Medicine Review [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012

Nov 29];6(6):567-79. Available from: Thorne Research, Inc.

7. Ahmed N, Agrawal SS, Chattervedi S, Tabassum N. Hepatoprotective studies

on phyllanthus niruri on paracetamol induced liver cell damage in albino

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17. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 11th

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18. Moslen, MT. Toxic responses of the liver. In: Klaasen, CD, Editor. Casarett

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23. Tim Penulis. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid I. 3rd

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Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2004. 226-7

24. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 11th

ed. Jakarta: EGC;

2007. 324-33

25. Schnellmann RG. Toxic responses of the kidney. In: Klassen CD. Casarett

and Doull’s toxicology the basic science of poisons. 6th

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26. Hodgson E, Levi PE. Nephrotoxicity. In: Hodgson E, editor. A Textbook of

modern toxicology, 3rd

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27. Cotran RS. Ginjal dan sistem penyalurannya. In: Robbins SL, Kumar V. Staf

Pengajar Laboratorium Patologi Anatomik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

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28. Underwood JCE. Sarjadi, editor. Patologi umum dan sistemik. 2nd

ed. Jakarta:

EGC; 2000

29. Ford-Martin PA, Best MA. Kidney Function Tests [Internet]. cited 2013 Jan

26. Available from: http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Kidney-

Function-Tests.html

30. Tim Penulis. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid II. 3rd

ed cetakan ke-2.

Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2004. 301

31. Lisdawati V. Mahkota Dewa, toksisitas, efek anti oksidan, dan efek anti-

kanker berdasarkan uji penapisan farmakologi [Internet]. c2002 [updated 2004

Jul 09, cited 2013 Jan 26]. Available from:

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msi-apt/

32. Sumastuti R, Sonlimar M. Efek sitotoksik ekstrak buah dan daun Mahkota

Dewa terhadap sel hela. Yogyakarta: Farmakologi FK UGM; 2003

33. Selamat B, Benny I, Djoko H, Dwi P, Riwanto I. Pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak

mahkota dewa (phaleria macrocarpa) dengan doxorubicin dan

cyclophosphamide terhadap ekspresi VEGF dan indeks apoptosis tumor

adenokarsinoma mamma mencit C3H. (in-press).

34. Sulaksana J, Jayusman DI. Meniran, Budi Daya dan Pemanfaatan untuk Obat.

Cetakan I, Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya; 2004.

35. Taylor. Technical Data Report for Chanca Piedra. In: Herbal Secrets of The

Rainforest, 2nd

ed, Austin India: Sage Press, Inc; 2003

36. Mangan Y. Cara Bijak Menaklukkan Kanker. Sehat dengan Ramuan

Tradisional. Cetakan keempat revisi, Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka; 2005.

37. Markom M, Hasan M, Daud WRW, Singh H, Jahim JM. Extraction of

hydrolisable tannins from Phyllanthus niruri Linn: effects of solvents and

extraction methods. Separation and Purification Technology [Internet]. 2007

[cited 2013 Jan 26]; 52(3): 487-96. Available from: ScienceDirect

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38. Liu L, Lin H. Genus Phyllanthus for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J

Viral Hepatitis [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2013 Jan 26]; 8(5): 358-62. Available

from: Wiley Online Library

39. Mustofa, Solikhah EN, Wahyuono S. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial

activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of Phyllanthus niruri Linn herbs

traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J. Trop Med

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from: Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region

40. Taylor, L. Chanca Piedra. In: The Healing Power of Rainforest Herb. Carson

City: Raintree Nutrition, Inc; 2005

41. Ma’at S. Imunomodulator manfaat dan bahayanya. Dalam: Kusmita L,

Djatmika. Imunomodulator dan Perkembangannya. Prosiding Seminar

Nasional Farmasi Tahun 2010 Cetakan ketiga. Semarang: Penerbit STIFAR

Yayasan Farmasi; 2010

42. Sumaryanto W. Analisis Urea-Kreatinin Tikus Putih pasca Pemberian Ekstrak

Buah Mahkota Dewa dan Herba Pegagan. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia.

2008; 6(1): 35-40

43. Edhiatmi M. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria

papuana) Dosis Bertingkat terhadap Struktur Histologik Hepar Mencit

BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran Universitas

Diponegoro;2006

44. Firdaus GI. Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri)

terhadap Hepar Mencit BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan

Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2010

45. Alboneh SFH. Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri)

terhadap Ginjal Mencit BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan

Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2010

46. Ali RB, Atangwho IJ, Kaur N, Abraika OS, Ahmad M, Mahmud R, et al.

Bioassay-guided antidiabetic study of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract.

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Molecules [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2013 July 22]; 17(5): 4986-5002. Available

from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547320

47. Gordon WP, Forte AJ, McMurtry RJ, Gal J. Hepatotoxicity and pulmonary

toxicity of pennyroyal oil and its constituent terpenes in the mouse.

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DOKUMENTASI PENELITIAN

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OUTPUT ANALISIS SPSS 11.5 FOR WINDOWS

1. Kadar AST

Tabel 4. Kadar AST

Sampel Kontrol P1 P2 P3

A 269 425 152 263

B 209 767 200 231

C 299 279 196 227

D 260 190 165 348

E 452 231 185 222

Rata-

rata

297,8 378,4 179,6 258,2

a. Analisis Deskriptif

Descriptives

PERLAKUA Statistic Std. Error

KADAR K Mean 297,80 41,184

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 183,45

Upper Bound 412,15

5% Trimmed Mean 294,17

Median 269,00

Variance 8480,700

Std. Deviation 92,091

Minimum 209

Maximum 452

Range 243

Interquartile Range 141,00

Skewness 1,541 ,913

Kurtosis 2,954 2,000

P1 Mean 378,40 104,948

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 87,02

Upper Bound 669,78

5% Trimmed Mean 367,28

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Median 279,00

Variance 55070,800

Std. Deviation 234,672

Minimum 190

Maximum 767

Range 577

Interquartile Range 385,50

Skewness 1,545 ,913

Kurtosis 2,155 2,000

P2 Mean 179,60 9,190

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 154,08

Upper Bound 205,12

5% Trimmed Mean 180,00

Median 185,00

Variance 422,300

Std. Deviation 20,550

Minimum 152

Maximum 200

Range 48

Interquartile Range 39,50

Skewness -,532 ,913

Kurtosis -1,887 2,000

P3 Mean 258,20 23,570

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 192,76

Upper Bound 323,64

5% Trimmed Mean 255,22

Median 231,00

Variance 2777,700

Std. Deviation 52,704

Minimum 222

Maximum 348

Range 126

Interquartile Range 81,00

Skewness 1,783 ,913

Kurtosis 3,056 2,000

b. Analisis Analitik

1). Uji Normalitas

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2). Uji Normalitas Setelah Data Ditransform dengan log-n

3). Uji One Way ANOVA

ANOVA

TRANS

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups ,198 3 ,066 3,191 ,052

Within Groups ,331 16 ,021

Total ,528 19

Tests of Normality

,295 5 ,179 ,861 5 ,233

,264 5 ,200* ,841 5 ,167

,204 5 ,200* ,918 5 ,519

,297 5 ,171 ,769 5 ,044

PERLAKUA

K

P1

P2

P3

KADAR

Stat ist ic df Sig. Stat ist ic df Sig.

Kolmogorov -Smirnova

Shapiro-Wilk

This is a lower bound of the true signif icance.*.

Lillief ors Signif icance Correctiona.

Tests of Normality

,247 5 ,200* ,926 5 ,568

,221 5 ,200* ,935 5 ,629

,217 5 ,200* ,912 5 ,482

,297 5 ,172 ,798 5 ,077

PERLAKUA

K

P1

P2

P3

TRANS

Stat ist ic df Sig. Stat ist ic df Sig.

Kolmogorov -Smirnova

Shapiro-Wilk

This is a lower bound of the true signif icance.*.

Lillief ors Signif icance Correctiona.

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2. Kadar ALT

Tabel 6. Kadar ALT

Sampel Kontrol P1 P2 P3

A 81 123 57 83

B 63 249 65 65

C 85 74 112 60

D 134 52 79 87

E 128 43 108 94

Rata-

rata

98,2 108,2 84,2 77,8

a. Analisis Deskriptif

Descriptives

PERLAKUA Statistic Std. Error

KADAR K Mean 98,20 13,926

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 59,53

Upper Bound 136,87

5% Trimmed Mean 98,17

Median 85,00

Variance 969,700

Std. Deviation 31,140

Minimum 63

Maximum 134

Range 71

Interquartile Range 59,00

Skewness ,295 ,913

Kurtosis -2,571 2,000

P1 Mean 108,20 37,830

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 3,17

Upper Bound 213,23

5% Trimmed Mean 104,00

Median 74,00

Variance 7155,700

Std. Deviation 84,591

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Minimum 43

Maximum 249

Range 206

Interquartile Range 138,50

Skewness 1,583 ,913

Kurtosis 2,314 2,000

P2 Mean 84,20 11,124

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 53,32

Upper Bound 115,08

5% Trimmed Mean 84,17

Median 79,00

Variance 618,700

Std. Deviation 24,874

Minimum 57

Maximum 112

Range 55

Interquartile Range 49,00

Skewness ,206 ,913

Kurtosis -2,768 2,000

P3 Mean 77,80 6,538

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 59,65

Upper Bound 95,95

5% Trimmed Mean 77,89

Median 83,00

Variance 213,700

Std. Deviation 14,618

Minimum 60

Maximum 94

Range 34

Interquartile Range 28,00

Skewness -,342 ,913

Kurtosis -2,416 2,000

b. Analisis Analitik

1). Uji Normalitas

Tests of Normality

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PERLAKUA

Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

KADAR K ,264 5 ,200(*) ,883 5 ,325

P1 ,257 5 ,200(*) ,829 5 ,137

P2 ,231 5 ,200(*) ,890 5 ,357

P3 ,239 5 ,200(*) ,911 5 ,474

* This is a lower bound of the true significance. a Lilliefors Significance Correction

2). Uji One Way ANOVA

ANOVA

KADAR

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 2816,600 3 938,867 ,419 ,742

Within Groups 35831,200 16 2239,450

Total 38647,800 19

3. Kadar Kreatinin

Tabel 8. Kadar Kreatinin

Sampel Kontrol P1 P2 P3

A 0,38 0,15 0,49 0,36

B 0,52 0,38 0,33 0,37

C 0,36 0,28 0,33 0,31

D 0,40 0,41 0,42 0,37

E 0,46 0,34 0,36 0,43

Rata-

rata

0,424 0,312 0,386 0,368

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a. Analisis Deskriptif

Descriptives

PERLAKUA Statistic Std. Error

KADAR K Mean ,4240 ,02926

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound ,3428

Upper Bound ,5052

5% Trimmed Mean ,4222

Median ,4000

Variance ,004

Std. Deviation ,06542

Minimum ,36

Maximum ,52

Range ,16

Interquartile Range ,1200

Skewness ,849 ,913

Kurtosis -,666 2,000

p1 Mean ,3120 ,04598

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound ,1843

Upper Bound ,4397

5% Trimmed Mean ,3156

Median ,3400

Variance ,011

Std. Deviation ,10281

Minimum ,15

Maximum ,41

Range ,26

Interquartile Range ,1800

Skewness -1,153 ,913

Kurtosis ,996 2,000

p2 Mean ,3860 ,03076

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound ,3006

Upper Bound ,4714

5% Trimmed Mean ,3833

Median ,3600

Variance ,005

Std. Deviation ,06877

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Minimum ,33

Maximum ,49

Range ,16

Interquartile Range ,1250

Skewness 1,019 ,913

Kurtosis -,265 2,000

p3 Mean ,3680 ,01908

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound ,3150

Upper Bound ,4210

5% Trimmed Mean ,3678

Median ,3700

Variance ,002

Std. Deviation ,04266

Minimum ,31

Maximum ,43

Range ,12

Interquartile Range ,0650

Skewness ,229 ,913

Kurtosis 1,848 2,000

b. Analisis Analitik

1). Uji Normalitas

Tests of Normality

PERLAKUA

Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

KADAR K ,243 5 ,200(*) ,922 5 ,544

p1 ,207 5 ,200(*) ,917 5 ,513

p2 ,247 5 ,200(*) ,867 5 ,254

p3 ,281 5 ,200(*) ,927 5 ,579

* This is a lower bound of the true significance. a Lilliefors Significance Correction

2). Uji One Way ANOVA

ANOVA

KADAR

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

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Between Groups ,033 3 ,011 2,030 ,150

Within Groups ,086 16 ,005

Total ,118 19