Artikel Bahasa Inggris Amalia 4311412056

8/12/2019 Artikel Bahasa Inggris Amalia 4311412056

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Nama : AMALIA CHOIRNI SOVAWI

NIM : 4311412056

Silver Nanoparticles in Medicine

Introduction

The field of nanotechnology has grown rapidly over the past few years and

has even ventured into the field of clinical medicine. Out of all kinds of

nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) seem to have attracted the most

interests in terms of their potential application. Indeed, the widespread use of this

precious metal in nano-size form from household paints (Holtz, et al., 2012) to

artificial prosthetic devices has imparted significant effects on our daily lives.

Since the first issue in March 2005, this journal has published many quality papers

on silver nanoparticles, both in basic science as well as in more clinically oriented

subjects. In this virtual issue, several important papers over these past few years

have been selected, which will provide readers with further and up-to-date

understanding of synthesis, biological actions, and present applications silver

nanoparticles in medicine.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

The first step in obtaining Ag NPs of different sizes is to produce them.

Although their traditional preparation is chemical synthesis based on the chemical

reduction of silver nitrate (Guzman, et al., 2012), Ag NPs can also be synthesized

using biological methods. As seen from the articles by Shahverdi (2007) and

Nanda (2009), Ag NPs can be made by reduction of aqueous Ag ion with the

culture supernatants of bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae or Staphylococcus

aureus. Furthermore, many others even reported the use of fungus to produce Ag

NPs (Gajbhiye, et al., 2009). The overall message here is that various methods

exist for the synthesis of Ag NPs and various preparation methods may result in

nanoparticles containing different substrates on their surface that are exposed to


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the biologic environment. No study has been done to compare the efficacy of

different types of Ag NPs made by different methods.

Biological actions of silver nanoparticles

It has been known for a long time that silver compounds are very effective

antibacterial agents against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The use of silver

in nanoparticle form (as compared to its ionic form) seems to have reduced

cellular toxicity but not antibacterial efficacy (Kim, et al., 2007). Indeed, in one of

the journals most cited articles, Kim et al (2007) demonstrated clearly that the

superior antibacterial properties of Ag NPs, are due to the formation of free

radicals from the surface of Ag. The antibacterial spectrum even extended to

antibiotic resistant organisms (Mohanty, et al., 2012). Furthermore, the addition of

antibiotics to Ag NPs has been shown to have synergistic effects against micro-

organisms (Dar, et al., 2013). Strydom et al (2013) also demonstrated that

modification of silver sulphadiazine using dendrimers increased the anti-bacterial

efficacy.

Apart from being an excellent anti-bacterial agent, Ag NPs appears to have

anti-inflammatory properties as well. Nadworny et al explored the effect of Ag

NPs using a porcine model of contact dermatitis. Here, it was confirmed that Ag

NPs had direct anti-inflammatory effects and improved the healing process

significantly when compared with controls (Nadworny, et al., 2008). Addition of

Ag NPs reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as

interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, although the

intracellular pathways involved still remains largely not elucidated.

Applications of silver nanoparticles in medicine

The availability of silver nanoparticles has ensured a rapid adoption in

medical practice. Their application can be broadly divided into diagnostic and

therapeutic uses. Early diagnosis to any disease condition is vital to ensure that

early treatment is started and perhaps resulting in a better chance of cure. This is

particularly true for cancer. Lin, et al (2011) reported silver nanoparticle based


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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in non-invasive cancer detection.

This approach is highly promising and may prove to be an indispensable tool for

the future.

In terms of therapeutics, one of the most well documented and commonly

used application of silver nanoparticles is in wound healing. Compared with other

silver compounds, many studies have demonstrated the superior efficacy of Ag

NPs in healing time, as well as achieving better cosmetic after healing. Although

the exact mechanisms for these biological effects has not yet been elucidated, an

article by Kwan, et al (2011) did shed some light on this subject. Here, it wasshown that in wounds treated with Ag NPs, there was better collagen alignment

after healing when compared to controls, which resulted in better mechanical

strength.

For oncology, Tse et al (2011) presented a novel method to selectively

destroy cancer cells. Human epidermoid cancer cell line was targeted with folated

silver-dendrimer composite nanodevices and the labeled cancer cells were

subsequently destroyed by the microbubbles generated through increased uptake

of laser light energy by Ag Nps.

Are silver nanoparticles toxic?

With the use of silver nanoparticles in many clinical conditions, potential

toxicity remains a concern. Indeed , hypersensitivity reactions have been reported

in a small proportion of burn patients who received ionic silver treatment. A few

in-vitro studies have also showed some evidence of nanoparticles being harmful

to some cell lines. The toxicity seems to correlate with smaller particle size

(Gutierrez, et al., 2012). In contrast, others have shown the relative non-toxic

nature of Ag NPs, and the overall significance and toxicity in the in vivo setting,

and the applicability to human are not known (Brandt, et al., 2012).

Currently, silver nanoparticle based wound dressings are used in the clinics

and these have been commonly used for many years with no reported systemic


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toxicity to the FDA thus far. Taken together, it would seem that silver

nanoparticles would be safe to use at low doses.

Conclusion

In this virtual issue, we have seen that the advance in nanotechnology has

enabled us to synthesize silver nanoparticles, which would appear to satisfy many

beneficial aspects for clinical use. Nonetheless, it is still far too early to say that

the panacea is already here. The exact cellular pathways are not known and

without further elucidation and study, we cannot guarantee there would not be any

complications for the silver nanoparticles after prolonged use. This will only be

resolved by further efforts through research.

References

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Shahverdi, A.R., Fakhimi A, Shahverdi HR, Minaian S. 2007.Synthesis and effect

of silver nanoparticles on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics

against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.Nanomedicine:

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Nanda, A., Saravanan M. 2009.Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from

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