ansi-s2-chapter1-2

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI Rahajeng Ratnaningsih, S.Kom Email : Email : [email protected] [email protected]

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN

ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI

Rahajeng Ratnaningsih, S.KomEmail : Email : [email protected]

[email protected]

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Required Text BookSystem analysis and Design : Dennis & Haley WixomAnalisis dan disain sistem InformasiPendekatan terstruktur HM Jogiyanto

Andi Offset

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Tujuan PerkuliahanMemberi cara baru dalam memandang informasi un tuk menyelesaikan masalah bisnis Memperkenalkan konsep dan metode Analisa dan perancangan sistemMenjelaskan metode pengembangan sistem SDLC (System Development life cycle) dan pendekatan lainnyaMengajarkan metode yang efektif untuk mengumpulkan informasi pada tahapan analisaMengajarkan metode perancangan sistem untuk menyelesaikan masalah tertentu dengan teknologi

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Lingkungan Pengembangan System

Konsep dasar dari SIDefinisi Analisis dan perancangan SIANSI: Diskusikan pendekatan modernDiskusi Organization Role

System analystTipe sistem informasiSDLC :The System Development Life Cycle

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Teori SystemApakah System itu?System dan subsystemInformation Systems (IS) adalah sebuah system

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Apakah sistem itu?Kumpulan dari bagian-bagian yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai tujuan yang sama

ContohSistem tatasuryaSistem pencernaanSistem Transportasi umumSistem OtomotifSistem KomputerSistem Informasi

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Contoh SystemTatasurya adalah sebuah sistemAlasannya?

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Contoh systemSystem Informasi adalah sebuah sistem alasannya?

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Definisi lain:Sekumpulan dari objek-objek yang saling berelasi dan berinteraksi dan hubungan antar objek bisa dilihat sbg 1 kesatuan yang dirancang untuk mencapai 1 tujuan

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Elemen-elemen System

INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS

FEEDBACK

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Sistem tersusun atas beberapa sub sistem

Subsys A-2

Subsys A-3

SubsysB-2

SubsysB-1

System

Subsys B Elemental Part C

Subsys A-1

Elemental part B1

SubSys A

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What is subsystem?Subsistem adalah sistem di dalam sistem.

Automobile adalah sistem yang terdiri dari beberapa subsistem:

Engine systemBody systemwheel system

Setiap sub sistem bisa terdiri dari beberapa sub-sub --systems.

Engine system: carburetor system, generator system, fuel system, and so son

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Sistem Yang BurukTidak memenuhi kebutuhan user Performance buruk Reliabilitas rendah Kegunaan rendah Contoh-contoh kesulitan:

Tidak terjadwal Tidak ada rencana anggaran Bisa jalan = 100% over budget atau jadwal

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Alasan-alasan Kegagalan Sistem

ComplexityKebutuhan user yang berubahEstimasi yang burukManajemen yang burukHadirnya teknologi baru

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Konsep Sistem:Decomposition

Proses pembagian sistem ke dalam komponen-komponen yang lebih kecilMemungkinkan sistem analis untuk:

Memecah sistem menjadi bagian-bagian (sub sistem ) yang lebih kecil sehingga mudah di-manageFokus pada 1 area pada 1 waktu

Bisa membangun komponen-komponen secara paralel

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Important System ConceptsModularity

Proses membagi sistem menjadi modul-modul yang relatif sama ukurannyaModul menyederhanakan desain sistem

CouplingSubsystems yang saling bergantung 1 sama lain di-couple (dipasangkan)

CohesionDiperluas ke sub-sub sistem yang berdiri sendiri

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Computer-based Information Systems (CBIS)

vs Manual Systems

CBISSistem Informasi yang mengandalkan software dan hardware komputer untuk pemrosesan dan pengolahan informasi

Manual systemsUse paper + pencil technology

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Komponen CBISComputer-based Information System

Hardware Software People Procedures Information

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Data and InformationData adalah fakta mentah yang berkaitan dengan organisasi dan proses bisnisnyaData : Adalah kumpulan dari item seperti kata, angka, gambar, suara yang belum diorganisir dan hanya memiliki sedikit arti secara individual informasi: Data yang telah diolah atau diorganisir

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Data flow and processing logic

Data flow:Data in motion, moving from one place in a system to another

Processing logic:The steps by which data are transformed or moved and a description of the events that trigger these steps

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Processing logic exampleEvents: H-W = 0

Event-action: If H-W > 40 then

Pay = 40 *Pay-rate + (H-W – 40 ) *(1.5 *Pay-rate)Else Pay = Pay-rate *H-WEnd if

-- H-W …. Worked Hours

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DatabasesKumpulan dari data yang secara logis berhubungan yang didisain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan user dalam suatu organisasiDatabase – Files – Records -- Fields

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Tingkatan Managemen Data

databases

File 1 File 2 File N

Record 1 Record 2 Record N

Filed 1

Filed 2

Filed N

Character BYTE

Character BYTE

Character BYTE

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Traditional vs database approach

Traditional ApproachRedundant Data

Tax data

Personaldata

Payrollsystem

Personal data

Project data

Project Management System

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Database Approach

Tax data

Personaldata

Payrollsystem

Project Management System

Project data

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Pendekatan Pengembangan Sistem

Ada 3 pendekatan dalam pengembangan Sistem Informasi

– Process-oriented approach– Data-oriented approach– Object-oriented approach

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Pendekatan Pengembangan Sistem

Process-oriented approachPengembanagan sistem yang menitikberatkan pada bagaimana dan kapan data bergerak dan berubah dalam SI

Data-oriented approachPengembanagan sistem yang lebih menitikberatkan pada pengorganisasian data secara ideal daripadabagaimana dan kapan data digunakan

Object-oriented approach Pengembangan Sistem yang menitikberatkan pada objek daripada pada data dan proses (ex: UML)

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Apakah Sistem Informasi?Komponen yang saling berelasi bekerja bersama-sama untuk:

PengelompokanPemrosesanpenyimpananPenyebaran Informasi

Untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan, koordinasi, kendali, analisis dalam suatu organisasi

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Sistem yang menyediakan informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah organisasi

WHAT IS A COMPUTER BASEDINFORMATION SYSTEM?

Sistem Yang Menggunakan Komputer Untuk menyediakan informasi yang dibutuhkan

komputer

What is an Information System?

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Type-type sistem Informasi

1.Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

2.Management Information Systems (MIS)

3.Decision Support Systems (DSS)4.Expert System and Artificial

Intelligence (ES &AI)

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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

TPS adalah sistem informasi terkomputerisasi yang dikembangkan untuk penhgolahan data untuk transaksi rutinContoh : Mesin Cash RegisterMenyediakan Data untuk SIM

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Management Information Systems (MIS)

Sistem Informasi pada level management yang berfungsi untuk perencanaan, pengendalian dan pengambilan keputusan dengan menyediakan laporan secara rutin Mengumpulkan data dari TPS dan mengubahnya menjadi laporan yang dibutuhkan manager untuk mengambil keputusan

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Decision Support systems(DSS)

Sistem Informasi Pada level manajemen yang mengkombinasikan data dan tool model analisis untuk menghasilkan “saran” atau “alternatif”yang bisa digunakan sebagai pedoman pengambilan keputusan

sebuah DSS tersusun atas:Database ( bisa diambil dari TPS/MIS) Graphical/mathematical modelUser interface

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Expert System and Artificial Intelligence (ES & AI)

Knowledge representation describes the way an expert would approach the problem. It attempts to codify and manipulate knowledge rather than information, (for example if .. Then rule)User communication with an ES via an interactive dialogue. The ES asks questions ( that an expert would ask) and the end user supplies the answers.The answers are then used to determine which rules apply and the ES provides a recommendation based on the rule.Knowledge Engineers perform knowledge acquisition; they are similar with system analyst but are trained to use different techniques.

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Information Systems Applications

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System development for different IS types

1- TISIS characteristic:

High volume, data capture focusSystem development methods:

Process-orientedConcern with capturing, validating, and storing data with moving data between each required step

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System development for different IS types

2- MISIS characteristic:

Draws on diverse yet predictable data resources to aggregate and sumamrize data

System development methods:Data-orientedConcern with understanding relationship between data so data can be accessed and summarize in a variety ways

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System development for different IS types

3- DSSIS characteristic:

Provide guidance in identifying problem, finding and evaluating alternative solutions and selecting or comparing alternatives; potentially involves groups of decision making

System development methods:Data- and decision logic orientationDesign of user dialogue; group communication may be key an access to unpredictable data may be necessary

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System development for different IS types

4-ESIS characteristic:

Provide expert advice by asking users a sequence of questions dependent on prior answers that lead to a conclusion or recommendation

System development methods:A specialized decision logic orientation in which knowledge is elicited from experts and described by rule or other form

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End of chapter 1

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System Analysis and Design (SAD)

Analisis sistem didefinisikan sebagai bagaimana memahami dan menspesifikasi dengan detail apa yang harus dilakukan oleh sistem. sistem desain diartikan sebagai menjelaskan dengan detail bagaimana bagian-bagian dari sistem informasi diimplementasikan Analisis dan desain sistem informasi (ANSI) : Proses organisasional kompleks dimana sistem informasi berbasis komputer diimplementasikan

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System Analysis and Design (SAD)

Analysis: defining the problem From requirements to specification

Design: solving the problemFrom specification to implementation

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Why is it important?kesuksesan suatu sistem informasi tergantung pada analisis dan perancangan yang baik metode ANSI merupakan metode yang cukup lama dipakai untuk membangun software-software konvensional ANSI menawarkan profesi baru dalam dunia ITpermintaan akan keahlian sistem analis dari tahun ke tahun juga semakin meningkat.

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Views of Systems AnalysisBagaimana membangun sistem informasiBagaimana menganalisis kebutuhan dari sistem informasiBagaimana merancang sebuah Sistem Informasi berbasis komputerBagaimana memecahkan masalah dalam organisasi melalui sistem informasi

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System development methodology

Beberapa ahli membagi proses-proses dalam pengembangan system ke dalam sejumlah urutan yang berbeda-beda. Tetapi semuanya akan mengacu pada Proses-proses standard yang berikut ini:

AnalisisDesainImplementasiMaintenance

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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Pada perkembangannya, proses-proses standar tadi dituangkan dalam satu metode yang dikenal

dengan nama Systems Development Life

Cycle (SDLC) yang merupakan metodologi umum dalam pengembangan sistem yang

menandai kemajuan dari usaha analisis dan desain SI

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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Identifikasi dan seleksi proyekInisiasi dan perencanaan proyekAnalisisDesain

Desain logikalDesain Fisikal

Implementasi Maintenance

1.47

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1-Project identification and selection phase

Langkah pertama dalam SDLC keseluruhan informasi yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem diidentifikasi, dianalisis, diprioritaskan dan disusun ulang. Dalam langkah ini dilakukan beberapa hal diantaranya:

Mengidentifikasi proyek-proyek yang potensial, potensi dari proyek yang dimaksud adalah:Melakukan klasifikasi dan me-rangking proyekMemilih proyek untuk dikembangkan. Jika klasifikasi dan ranking telah ditetapkan maka proyek yang harus dikerjakan harus ditentukan.

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Cont.1- Project identifying and selectionThis stage is critical to the success of the rest of the project.People:

Users, analyst, system managers coordinating the project

Activities:Interviewing user management, summarizing the knowledge obtained estimating the scope of the project and documenting the result

Output:Feasibility report: problem definition and summarizing the objectives

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2-Project initiation and planning phase

Proyek SI yang potensial dijelaskan dan argumentasi untuk melanjutkan proyek dikemukakan. Rencana kerja yang matang juga disusun untuk menjalankan tahapan-tahapan lainnya. Pada tahap ini ditentukan secara detail rencana kerja yang harus dikerjakan, durasi yang diperlukan masing-masing tahap, sumber daya manusia , software, hardware maupun finansial diestimasi. Biasanya hal-hal tadi dituangkan dalam jadwal pelaksanaan proyek.

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3-Analysis phase

Tahapan analisis adalah tahapan dimana sistem yang sedang berjalan dipelajari dan sistem pengganti diusulkan. Dalam tahapan ini dideskripsikan sistem yang sedang berjalan, masalah dan kesempatan didefinisikan, dan rekomendasi umum untuk bagaimana memperbaiki, meningkatkan atau mengganti sistem yang sedang berjalan diusulkan.

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3-Analysis phase-contdTujuan utama dari fase analisis :

untuk memahami dan mendokumentasikan

kebutuhan bisnis (business need) dan

persyaratan proses (System Requirement)dari sistem baru.

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Cont.3- Analyzing systems needs

Ada 5 aktifitas utama dalam fase ini:

Pengumpulan informasiMendefinisikan sistem requirementMemprioritaskan requirementMenyusun dan mengevaluasi alternativeMereview requiremen dengan pihak manajemen.

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4-Design phase

Tahapan Desain adalah tahapan merubah requirement yang masih berupa konsep menjadi spesifikasi system yang riil. Tahapan disain system dapat dibagi menjadi 2 tahap :

Logical designPhysical design

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Logical Design

Logical Design adalah bagian dari fase desain dalam SDLC dimana semua fitur-fitur fungsional dari sistem dipilih dari tahapan analisis dideskripsikan terpisah dari platform komputer yang nanti digunakan

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4.1 Logical design output

Functional, Detailed specification of all system elements

InputOutputProcess

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4.2 Physical design outputTechnical Detailed specification of all system elements

programs, files,network, system softwareetc

Acquisition plan of a new technology

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Cont.4- Designing the recommended system

Pada tahapan desain ada beberapa aktifitas utama yang dilakukan yaitu:

Merancang dan mengintegrasikan networkMerancang Arsitektur aplikasiMendesain user interfaceMendesain sistem interfaceMendesain dan mengintegrasikan databaseMembuat prototype untuk detail dari desainMendesain dan mengintegrasikan kendali sistem

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5- ImplementationThe fifth phase of the SDLC in which the information system is

Coded, Tested, Installed, and Supported in the organization.

Outputs: Code, documentation, training procedures and support capabilities

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6-MaintancesThe final phase of the SDLC in which the information system is systematically repaired and improved

Output are:New versions of releases of software with associated updates to documentation, training, and support

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Disadvantages of traditional SDLC

It is too expensive (cost + time) when dealing with change once it is developedIt is structured approaches that requires to follow all its phasesMaintains costs are too expensive

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Chapter -2 The End

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Pendekatan-Pendekatan

Pengembangan Sistem

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Traditional SDLC

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Kelemahan :Terjadinya pembagian proyek menjadi tahap-tahap yang tidak fleksibel, karena komitmen harus dilakukan pada tahap awal proses.Hal ini mengakibatkan sulitnya untuk merespon perubahan kebutuhan pengguna (user).Model SDLC harus digunakan hanya ketika persyaratan dipahami dengan baik.

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Metode Pengembangan evolusioner

Validation Finalversion

Development Intermediateversions

Specification Initialversion

Outlinedescription

Concurrentactivities

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Metode Pengembangan evolusioner(2)

Pengembangan Eksplotari, Harusnya diawali dengan kebutuhan yang sudah dimengerti. Pendekatan ini biasa digunakan untuk mengembangkan system berdasar pesanan dari klien (custom product). Prototipe yang dapat dibuang (throw-away-prototype), metode ini berkonsentrasi pada eksperimen, dengan persyaratan pelanggan yang tidak dipahami dengan baik, cocok untuk pengembangan software jenis generic product.

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ProsMetode evolusioner lebih efektif dari pendekatan SDLC dalam menghasilkan sistem yang memenuhi kebutuhan langsung dari pelanggan. Karena untuk menghasilkan sistem informasi tidak harus menempuh keseluruhan tahap SDLC.

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ConsKurangnya visibilitas proses,jika sistem dikembangkan dengan cepat, tidaklah efektif dari segi biaya jika dihasilkan dokumen yang merefleksikan setiap versi sistem. Kedua, sistem seringkali memiliki struktur yang buruk hal ini disebabkan perubahan yang terus-menerus pada program cenderung merusak struktur perangkat lunak.Ketiga metode ini membutuhkan kemampuan pengembangan software dengan SDM yang sudah berpengalaman.

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Model Pengembangan Berorientasi Pemakaian Ulang (Re-Usable)

Requirementsspecification

Componentanalysis

Developmentand integration

System designwith reuse

Requirementsmodification

Systemvalidation

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4 Fase UtamaAnalisis Komponen, Spesifikasi persyaratan telah diketahui, komponen-komponen untuk implementasi spesifikasi tersebut akan dicari. Modifikasi Persyaratan. Persyaratan dianalisis menggunakan informasi tentang komponen yang didapat, kemudian dimodifikasi untuk merefleksikan komponen yang ada. Perancangan sistem dengan pemakaian ulang. Kerangka kerja sistem dirancang, atau kerangka kerja yang telah ada dipakai ulang. Pengembangan dan Integrasi. Perangkat Lunak yang tidak dapat dibeli akan dikembangkan dan komponen kemudian diintegrasikan untuk membantu sistem.

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Rapid Application Development

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RAD MethodologyAnalis bekerja dengan tim untuk mengidentifikasi requirement awal untuk sistemAnalis kemudian membangun prototype. Ketika sebuah prototype telah selesai. User bekerja dengan prototype itu dan menyampaikan pada analis apa yang mereka sukai dan yang tidak mereka sukai.Analis kemudian menggunakan feedback ini untuk memperbaiki prototypeVersi baru diberikan kembali ke userUlangi langkah-langkah tersebut sampai user merasa puas

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ProsPrototype melibatkan user dalam analisis dan desainPunya kemampuan menangkap requirement secara konkret daripada secara abstrak Untuk digunakan secara standalone

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ConsRAD mungkin mengesampingkan prinsip-prinsip rekayasa perangkat lunakMenghasilkan inkonsistensi pada modul-modul sistemTidak cocok dengan standarKekurangan prinsip reusability komponen

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OOAD

UMLDibahas pada pertemuan

tersendiri..!