1-Pengantar geografi-Interaksi spasial.ppt

8/10/2019 1-Pengantar geografi-Interaksi spasial.ppt

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Tema Geografi

(Themes in World Geography)

Kuliah Pengantar Geografi Ke : 3-4

Ir. Sawitri subiyanto, Msi.


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Apa geografi itu?

Studi tentang variasi spasial (spasial variation)

Bagaimana - dan mengapaada perbedaan di

satu tempat dan tempat lain di permukaan bumi(differ from place to place on the surface of the

earth)

Studi tentang bagaimana pola spasial diamati

berkembang melalui waktu (spatial patterns

evolved through time)


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What is geography?

Geografi adalah ilmu spasial (Geography is a spatial

science)

Perilaku spasial orang (Spatial behaviorof people) Hubungan spasial antara tempat-tempat (Spatial

relationshipsbetween places)

Proses spasial yang menciptakan atau mempertahankan

perilaku tersebut dan hubungannya. (Spatial processesthat create or maintain those behaviors and

relationships)


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Spatial variation: predominant religion

(dominasi agama)


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Why spatial variation exists: earthquakes(Mengapa ada variasi spasial : gempa bumi)


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Changes over time: deforestationPerubahan dari waktu ke waktu: deforestasi


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Spatial behavior of people: population


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HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

How do humans and the environment affecteach other? We depend on it.

People depend on the Tennessee River for water and

transportation.

We modify it. People modify our environment by

heating and cooling buildings for comfort.

We adapt to it. We adapt to the environment by wearingclothing suitable for summer (shorts) and

winter (coats), rain and shine.


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Spatial relationships between places: trade


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Spatial processes: commuting and

urban form


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Berpolapikir Geografikal

Menurut definisi yang dikemukakan oleh Morrison (1993):

Geography is the study of space (spacial) in the sence of

position and relationships among positions on the surface of the

planet earth.

Geografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari ruang (keruangan) yangmengandung pengertian posisi dan relasinya diantara tempat-

tempat di permukaan planet bumi.

Dari pengertian dan definisi geografi di atas mengemukaadanya pola pikir spasial (spatial thinking) yang menjadi ciri

khas geografi.


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3 Ciri Khas Geografi

Spatial(Keruangan)

Ecological(Kewilayahan)

Regional(Gabungan antara Spatial danEcological)


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Prinsip Geografi

Penyebaran/distribusi(semua fenomena tersebartidak merata di permukaan bumi)

Interaksi (Hubungan saling kait dalam ruang)

Deskripsi(Geografi senantiasa menjelaskan segalasesuatu,melalui angka,tabel,grafik,gambar dsb)

Korologi (Gejala yang ditinjau sebarannya dalamruang beserta integrasi, interelasi dan interaksinya)


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Prasyarat Analisis Spasial

1. Berpola fikir geografikal: understandingspatial order

2. Memiliki spatial knowledge and spatial

skills

3. Memahami spatial framework

Remote sensing

Peta referensi

Survey dan Pemetaan Basis data SIG

Peta tematis

PengambilanKeputusan


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Memahami Elemen Spasial

1. Type of spatial objects and features2. Spatial phenomena

3. Spatial representation

Spatial Knowledge and Skill


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Spatial Points

Set of Spatial

Points

Spatial

universe

Spatial Area


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Ilustrasi Analisis Spatial

Titik : lokasi / tempat layanan

Garis: jaringan transportasi (jalan,

sungai, garis layanantransporatsi udaradapat

mempengaruhi alokasi tempat

layanan atau sebaliknya

Area: wilayah layanan jasa/ produk tertentu

untuk segmen pasar pada entitaswilayah layanan tersebut

Contoh

G i b t


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Garis batas

awal

Kabupaten A

Garis batas

pemekaran Daerah

Tipikal Konflik:) Konflik antara

pusat dengan

daerah (konflik

vertikal)

Antara Kab A1

dg Kab A2

(konflik

horizontal

Banyak keterkaitan fungsional pembangunan yang terpotong oleh akibat batas admnistrasi baru dan

menimbulkan resiko masalah pengambilan keputusan sampai pelaksanaan di lapangan

sekolah sekolah

Contoh


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Point object Line object Area object 3D object

REAL WORLD PHENOMENA

Point

Line

Polygon

Point object

Point object

Point object

Line object

Line object

Line object

Area object

Area object

Area object

3D object

3D object

3D object

Mengenal Elemen Spasial


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Representasi Elemen Spasial


PointLine

Point objectPoint object

Line objectLine object

Area objectArea object

3D object3D object


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Representasi Elemen Spasial


PointLine

Polygon

Point object

Point object

Point objectLine objectLine object

Line object

Area objectArea object

Area object

3D object3D object

3D object


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Spatial Pattern

REGULAR

RANDOM

CLUSTERED

Spatial Framework


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HillsMountains

RawaGambut Tebal

Rawa GambutGambut Tipis

Jalan PropinsiJalan Kabupaten

Jalan LainSungai

Pemukiman

Koridor 10 kmTapak Jalan Tol

# Kota Kecamatan

%U Kota Kabupaten

%[ Kota PropinsiBatas Kabupaten

20 0 20 Kilometers

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%U

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Aurd uri

Setangkaikecil

Lipatka in

Pangkalan Pasir

Belimbing

Pebadaran

Geronggang

Gungsahlan

Kotabangun

Pangakalan Kotabaru

Siabu

Mentulik

Langgam

Rantaubarangin

Muaramahat

MuaratakusDanaubingkuang

Teratahbulah

Telukkepih

Pangkalankabung

Parit

Tandun

BatugajahPetapahan

Pantaicermin

Parawang

Sukadamai

Senamaninik

Sikijang

TebingtinggiMinas

Teluklanc ang

Buatan

Rimbapandan

Kotalama

Pekalar

Muaradilam

Sunagimurai

Sontang

Kotatengah

TanjungmedanPujut

Sungaislalang

Tanahputih

Ujungtanjung

Banjarduabelas

Sedinginan

Sintong

Sikapas

Pematangbarangan

Janes

Duri

Balaipungut

Baganbesar

Pangkalanpasir

Sungaisahir

Guntung

Bukitbatu

Batupanjang

Pengalir

Teluklencah

Pangkalanyirih

Hutanraju

Dumai

Bangkinang

Pekanbaru

13

.35

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40

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92.06

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KOTA DUMAI

BENGKALIS

SIAK

KAMPAR

Proximity and Spatial Relation

Spatial Framework


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5 Konsep Tema Dasar di Geografi

Lokasi/Location

Tempat/Place

Hubungan antar Tempat /Interaksi(Human-Environment Interaction)

Pergerakan/ Movement

Regional/ Regions


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1) Lokasi : posisi relatif dan absolut di

permukaan bumi

Contoh/bentuk : Latitude and longitude,

site and situation, direction, distance, scale

Keahlian (skill): Map reading, identification

Pertanyaan : Where is ____? Where is____ relative to where I am?


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LOCATION

Where are we?

Absolute Location

A latitude and longitude

(global location) or a

street address (locallocation).

Paris France is 48o North

Latitude and 2oEast

Longitude.

The White House is

located at 1600

Pennsylvania Ave.

Relative Location

Described by landmarks,

time, direction or

distance. From one placeto another.

Go 1 mile west on main

street and turn left for 1

block.


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Relative and absolute location

Where were you born?

Where do you live?

Wheres the most beautiful place youve everbeen?


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Spatial Location and Reference

Geographical Grid

Lintang Utara

Lintang Selatan

Equator

Bujur Barat Bujur TimurMeridian

Latitude = Lintang

Longitude = Bujur


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Peta Referensi


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Memahami Skala


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130' 130'

115' 115'

11000' 11015'

110

1105 0 5 10 Kilometer

DP

DP

DP

DPSP

SP

Peat MappingUsing Land sat ETMLandsystem Boundary

DP

SP

Deep Peat

Shallow Peat

Ketapang

West Kalimantan

Legend

Peta Dari Citra Satelit


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2) Place: yaitu karakteristik fisik dan kekhasan

manusia pada suatu tempat (characteristics of

locales)

Contoh/bentuk: yaitu tentang fisk dan budayasuatu tempat (Physical and cultural landscapes,

sense of place)

Keahlian : mendiskripsikan (Description) dan

membandingkan (compare)

Questions: What does ____ look like? Why? How

is it different from ____?



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PLACE

What is it like there, what kind of place is it?

Human

Characteristics What are the mainlanguages, customs, and

beliefs.

How many people live,

work, and visit a place.

Physical

Characteristics Landforms (mountains,rivers, etc.), climate,

vegitation, wildlife, soil, etc.
http://www.swagattours.com/rajasthan-overview/gifs/people-rajasthan.jpg


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3) Hubungan antar tempat (Relationships within places):tentang pengembangan dan konsekuensi dari hubungan

manusia-lingkungan(human-environment relationships)

Contoh: Ekosistem (Ecosystems), sumber daya alam(natural resources), pencemaran lingkungan

(environmental pollution)

Keahlian : Evaluation, analysis

Pertanyaan: Apa hubungan manusia-lingkungan yangterjadi? Bagaimana mereka mempengaruhi tempat dan

penghuninya?



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4) Movement: pola dan perubahan dalam interaksi

spasial manusia di bumi (patterns and change in

human spatial interaction on the earth)

Sample terms: Migration, diffusion, globalization

Skills: Explanation, prediction

Questions: How has this spatial pattern

developed? Will it continue to change? Whatdoes it mean for the places involved?



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HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

How do humans and the environment affecteach other? We depend on it.

People depend on the Tennessee River for water and

transportation. We modify it.

People modify our environment by

heating and cooling buildings for comfort.

We adapt to it. We adapt to the environment by wearing

clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and

winter (coats), rain and shine.


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MOVEMENT

How are people, goods, ideas moved from

place to place?

Human Movement

Trucks, Trains, Planes

Information Movement

Phones, computer (email), mail

Idea Movement How do fads move from place to place?

TV, Radio, Magazines


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5) Regions: how they form and change

Sample terms: Formal vs. functional regions

Skills: Synthesis, application Questions: How has this spatial pattern

developed? Will it continue to change?

What does it mean for the places involved?



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REGIONS

How are Regions similar to and different from other

places?

Formal Regions

Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries

(States, Countries, Cities)

Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky

Mountain region, Chinatown).

Functional Regions

Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phonecoverage area).

Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)

Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)


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5 Konsep Tema Dasar di

Geografi


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5 Konsep Tema Dasar di

Geografi

Jika ingin mengingat :

MR. HELP!!! MMovement

RRegions

HEHuman Environment interaction

LLocation P- Place


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World-system

CORE - Industrialized, market-oriented countries

Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia.

PERIPHERY - Poor, ex-colonial nations

Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.

SEMI-PERIPHERY - Partially industrialized

ex-colonial nations (both exploited and exploiter)South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, etc.


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Not regional geography approach

Country-by-country, or region-by-region

Examines internal geography of each

world region.

Does not adequately show connections

between regions (basis of globalization)


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Systematic geography approach

Through human geographic lenses: Population geography

Cultural geography

Economic geography Urban geography

Political geography

Some environmental geography

P l i h


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Population geography

Growth in Periphery

Graying in Core

Resulting changes inmigration patterns

Causes and

consequences offorced migration.

Cultural geography


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Cultural geography

Relationship between

place & cultural identity.

Cultural homogenization(Americanization) fromglobalization?

Yet cultural differences

across places arebecoming significant?

E i h


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Economic geography

Rising economic

interdependence among

places.

Local responses in turn

affect globalization.

Glocalization a better

term than globalization?

li i l h


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Political geography

Economics supposedly erodingsignificance of borders.

Ethnic minorities feel theydeserve states of their own.

States under attack from above(global economics) and frombelow (ethnic communities).

Yet states are still powerful, andcan respond.

U b h


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Urban geography

Different types of citiesin core and periphery.

How globalizationaffects cities. Are they

still needed in theinformation age ?

Strong reasons for cities

to still exist.

S t Id tifi ti 0Model Geography


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Cities, Settlements, Urban hierarchies

System Identification, 0

Geographical

Form

Spatial Model

Analytical

Techniques

Heritage of

Spatial Model

Rank-size analysis, Nearest-neighbor analysis,

Quadrat analysis

Central-place theory, Gravity models, Weberian

models, Economic base models

Point set theory (Mathematics), Organization models

(Management), Packing theory (Mathematics)

1-Pengantar geografi-Interaksi spasial.ppt

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