EKATO ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ

ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΪΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ

ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ

A CENTURY OF RESEARCH

IN PREHISTORIC

MACEDONIA

1912 2012-

ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥΑρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Θεσσαλονίκης

22-24 Νοεμβρίου 2012

INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE PROCEEDINGSArchaeological Museum of Thessaloniki

22-24 November 2012

ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ

Ευαγγελία Στεφανή

Νίκος Μερούσης

Αναστασία Δημουλά

EDITORS

Evangelia Stefani

Nikos Merousis

Anastasia Dimoula

ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF THESSALONIKI

Το παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται κατά τις διατάξεις του ελληνικού νόμου (Ν. 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποι-ηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως η άνευ γραπτής άδειας του εκδότη κατά οποιοδήποτε τρόπο ή μέσο αντιγραφή, φωτοανατύ-πωση και εν γένει αναπαραγωγή, εκμίσθωση ή δανεισμός, μετά-φραση, διασκευή, αναμετάδοση στο κοινό σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή (ηλεκτρονική, μηχανική ή άλλη) και η εν γένει εκμετάλλευση του συνόλου ή μέρους του έργου.

ΙSBN 978-960-9621-14-4Έκδοση Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου Θεσσαλονίκης αρ. 22

© ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ 2014

Γενικός συντονισμός διοργάνωσηςΠολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ

Επιστημονική ΕπιτροπήΠολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ

Στέλιος Ανδρέου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘΝίκος Ευστρατίου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘΚώστας Κωτσάκης, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘΑικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου, Ομότιμη Καθηγήτρια

Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘΕυαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ

Οργανωτική ΕπιτροπήΕυαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ

Αναστασία Δημουλά, ΑρχαιολόγοςΟυρανία Πάλλη, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ

Αγνή Αποστολίδου, Αρχαιολόγος-Μουσειολόγος ΑΜΘΑβραάμ Παναγιωτίδης, Πληροφορικός

ΕπιμέλειαΕυαγγελία Στεφανή, Νίκος Μερούσης, Αναστασία Δημουλά

CoordinationPolyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMTh

Scientific CommitteePolyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMThStelios Andreou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUThNikos Efstratiou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUThKostas Kotsakis, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUThAikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou, Professor Emeritus of Prehistoric Archaeology AUThEvangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMTh

Organising CommitteeEvangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMThAnastasia Dimoula, ArchaeologistOurania Palli, Archaeologist AMThAgni Apostolidou, Archeologist-Museologist AMThAvraam Panagiotidis, IT Services

EditorsEvangelia Stefani, Nikos Merousis, Anastasia Dimoula

Παραγωγή | Production

w w w.zit i .gr

ΧΟΡΗΓΟΙ ΕΚΔΟΣΗΣ | SPONSORS

Undertaken with the assistance of the Institute of Aegean PrehistoryINSTAP

11ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Περιεχόμενα | Contents

Πρόλογος | Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Σημείωμα των επιμελητών | Editors' note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Στιγμιότυπα του συνεδρίου | Conference snapshots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Συντομογραφίες | Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Οι αρχαιολογικές έρευνες στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα και το ιστορικό περιεχόμενο της Προϊστορίας

Γιώργος Χ. Χουρμουζιάδης 23Archaeological research in Northern Greece and the historical content of Prehistory

Giorgos Ch. Chourmouziadis

Η ιστορία της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: ιστορικές και κριτικές προσεγγίσειςThe history of prehistoric research in Macedonia: historical and critical approaches

Οι αρχές της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη ΜακεδονίαΚατερίνα Ρωμιοπούλου

31The beginnings of prehistoric research in Macedonia

Katerina Romiopoulou

Το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης και οι προϊστορικές σπουδέςΑικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου

37The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the prehistoric studies

Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou

The contribution of the British School at Athens and its membersto a century of prehistoric research in Macedonia

Ken Wardle 45Η συμβολή της Βρετανικής Σχολής Αθηνών και των μελών τηςσε έναν αιώνα προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία

Ken Wardle

A century of research in Dikili TashRené Treuil

57Ένας αιώνας έρευνας στο Ντικιλί Τας

René Treuil

12 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Η προϊστορική έρευνα στη Θάσο: 1922-2012Στρατής Παπαδόπουλος • Νεραντζής Νεραντζής

67Research on the Prehistory of Thasos: 1922-2012

Stratis Papadopoulos • Nerantzis Nerantzis

Eustratios Pelekidis and the British Salonika Force MuseumAikaterini Kanatselou • Andrew Shapland

91Ο Ευστράτιος Πελεκίδης και η συλλογή της Βρετανικής Δύναμης της Θεσσαλονίκης

Αικατερίνη Κανατσέλου • Andrew Shapland

Το έργο του W.A. Ηeurtley στη Μακεδονία μέσα από το αρχείοτης Αρχαιολογικής Υπηρεσίας και της Βρετανικής Αρχαιολογικής Σχολής

Μαρία Παππά 101The work of W.A. Heurtley in Macedonia through the archivesof the Greek Archaeological Service and the British School at Athens

Maria Pappa

Lithics in the Prehistory of Macedonia: historical and methodological approachesGeorgia Kourtessi-Philippakis

113Τα λίθινα στην Προϊστορία της Μακεδονίας: ιστορική και μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση

Γεωργία Κουρτέση-Φιλιππάκη

Η παλαιολιθική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία: σε αναζήτηση της δυναμικής τηςΝίκος Ευστρατίου

125Palaeolithic research in Macedonia: in search of its dynamics

Nikos Efstratiou

Εκατό χρόνια νεολιθικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: τάσεις και κατευθύνσειςΚώστας Κωτσάκης

133A hundred years of neolithic research in Macedonia: trends and directions

Kostas Kotsakis

Εκατό χρόνια έρευνας στην Εποχή του Χαλκού της Μακεδονίας: τι άλλαξε;Στέλιος Ανδρέου

141One hundred years of research in the Bronze Age of Macedonia. What changed?

Stelios Andreou

ΕπισκοπήσειςReviews

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H αρχαιολογική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου.Απολογισμός και προοπτικές

Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη 153The archaeological research in Early Iron Age Macedonia. Review and perspectives

Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki

Χρονολόγηση | Θέσεις και ΕποχέςChronology | Sites and Eras

Νεάντερνταλ στη ΜακεδονίαΝένα Γαλανίδου • Νίκος Ευστρατίου

181Neanderthals in Macedonia

Nena Galanidou • Nikos Efstratiou

Αναζητώντας την ταυτότητα και τη σπουδαιότητα του σπηλαίου Πετραλώνωνγια την ελληνική και ευρωπαϊκή Προϊστορία

Ανδρέας Ι. Ντάρλας 195In search of the identity of Petralona cave and its importancefor the Greek and European Prehistory

Andreas I. Darlas

Χρονολόγηση με άνθρακα-14 των μεγάλων πολιτισμικών αλλαγών στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία: πρόσφατες εξελίξεις

Γιάννης Μανιάτης 205Radiocarbon dating of the major cultural changes in prehistoric Macedonia: recent developments

Yannis Maniatis

Intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field in prehistoric Macedonia:a multidisciplinary approach for material selection

Despoina Kondopoulou • Christina Rathossi • Elina Aidona• Gregory Fanjat • Evdokia Tema • Konstantinos Efthimiadis

223Ένταση του μαγνητικού πεδίου της γης στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία:μία διεπιστημονική προσέγγιση για την επιλογή του υλικού μελέτης

Δέσποινα Κοντοπούλου • Χριστίνα Ράθωση • Ελίνα Αηδονά• Gregory Fanjat • Ευδοκία Τέμα • Κωνσταντίνος Ευθυμιάδης

Περί προϊστορικών θέσεων στη δυτική Μακεδονία: νομοί Κοζάνης και ΓρεβενώνΓεωργία Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη

233About prehistoric sites in western Macedonia: prefectures of Kozani and Grevena

Georgia Karamitrou-Mentessidi

14 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Γεωφυσική έρευνα και αρχαιολογική πραγματικότηταστον νεολιθικό οικισμό Προμαχών-Topolniča

Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη • Henrieta Todorova• Ιωάννης Ασλάνης • Ivan Vajsov • Μάγδα Βάλλα

251Geophysical investigation and archaeological realityin the neolithic settlement Promachon-Topolniča

Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki • Henrieta Todorova• Ioannis Aslanis • Ivan Vajsov • Magda Valla

Η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία.Μια συνθετική επαναπροσέγγιση των αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων

Ιωάννα Μαυροειδή 261Early Bronze Age in Macedonia. A synthetic re-approach of the archaeological evidence

Ioanna Mavroeidi

Αρχοντικό Γιαννιτσών, ένας οικισμός της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη ΜακεδονίαΑικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου • Εύη Παπαδοπούλου

271Archondiko Giannitson, an Early Bronze Age settlement in Macedonia

Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou • Evi Papadopoulou

Η στρωματογραφική ακολουθία του νότιου τομέατου προϊστορικού οικισμού του Αρχοντικού Γιαννιτσών

Δόμνα Ισαακίδου 281The stratigraphic sequence of the south sectorof the prehistoric settlement of Archontiko Giannitson

Domna Isaakidou

Η Μέση Εποχή Χαλκού στη ΜακεδονίαΙωάννης Ασλάνης

291Middle Bronze Age in Macedonia

Ioannis Aslanis

Η προϊστορική Όλυνθος. Μια τούμπα της Εποχής του Χαλκούανάμεσα στα Καρπάθια και στο Αιγαίο

Barbara Horejs • Reinhard Jung 299Prehistoric Olynthus. Α Bronze Age moundbetween the Carpathians and the Aegean

Barbara Horejs • Reinhard Jung

Does time stand still in the Aegean? Early Iron Age chronology at Kastanas revisitedStefanos Gimatzidis

303Σταμάτησε ο χρόνος στο Αιγαίο; Αναθεώρηση της χρονολόγησηςτης Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου στον Καστανά

Στέφανος Γιματζίδης

15ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Ο χώρος και οι νοηματοδοτήσεις τουSpace and its meanings

Settlement and housing during the 6th millennium BCin western Thessaloniki and the adjacent Langadas province

Stavros Kotsos 315Οικισμός και κατοικία κατά την έκτη χιλιετία π.Χ.στη δυτική Θεσσαλονίκη και στην επαρχία Λαγκαδά

Σταύρος Κώτσος

Ο οικισμός του Κλείτου Κοζάνης στο ευρύτερο φυσικό και ανθρωπογενές περιβάλλον της Νεότερης και Τελικής Νεολιθικής περιόδου

Χριστίνα Ζιώτα 323The settlement of Kleitos Kozanis in its wider natural and anthropogenic environment during the Late and Final Neolithic periods

Christina Ziota

Αρχιτεκτονικές μορφές της Προϊστορίας στην κοιλάδα του μέσου ρουτου Αλιάκμονα

Αρετή Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη 337Architectural forms of Prehistory in the valley along the middle reachesof the Aliakmon river

Areti Hondrogianni-Metoki

Ενσωματώνοντας το παρελθόν, προσδιορίζοντας το παρόν,νοηματοδοτώντας το μέλλον: αναγνώριση και ερμηνεία πρακτικών δομημένης(εν)απόθεσης στο νεολιθικό οικισμό Αυγής Καστοριάς στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα

Γεωργία Στρατούλη • Νίκος Κατσικαρίδης • Τάσος Μπεκιάρης • Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη 349Integrating the past, determining the present, establishing the future:identification and interpretation of structured depositionat the neolithic settlement of Avgi in Kastoria, Northern Greece

Georgia Stratouli • Nikos Katsikaridis • Tasos Bekiaris • Vasiliki Tzevelekidi

Αναζητώντας κοινωνικές ταυτότητες: η συμβολή των θερμικών κατασκευώνστην οργάνωση του χώρου στη νεολιθική Μακεδονία

Εβίτα Καλογηροπούλου 359In search of social identities: the contribution of thermal structures in the organisation of space in neolithic Macedonia

Evita Kalogiropoulou

Περίκλειστος κόσμος. Μια συζήτηση για τους περιβόλους στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία με αφορμή το Δισπηλιό Καστοριάς

Σταμάτης Χατζητουλούσης • Τάσος Σιάνος • Γιάννης Σταυριδόπουλος • Κοσμάς Τουλούμης 373Enclosed world: a discussion about enclosures in prehistoric Macedoniabased on Dispilio, Kastoria

Stamatis Chatzitoulousis • Tasos Sianos • Giannis Stavridopoulos • Kosmas Touloumis

16 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Κοινοτικά έργα και μνημειακότητα στους οικισμούς της Μακεδονίαςκατά την Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού

Ευαγγελία Στεφανή 381Communal works and monumentality in the settlements of Macedonia during the Late Bronze Age

Evangelia Stefani

Μεταβολές στη βλάστηση της Μακεδονίας κατά το Μέσο Ολόκαινο:ανθρωπογενής επίδραση ή απόκριση στην κλιματική διακύμανση;

Κατερίνα Κούλη 401Vegetation dynamics in Macedonia during the Middle Holocene:human impact versus climate change?

Katerina Kouli

Η φυσική βλάστηση και οι προϊστορικές κοινότητες της Μακεδονίας.Μια σύνθεση των πληροφοριών της ανθρακολογικής έρευνας

Μαρία Ντίνου 409Natural vegetation and prehistoric communities in Macedonia, Greece.A synthesis of the results of wood charcoal analysis from prehistoric sites

Maria Ntinou

Φυτά και άνθρωποι στην προϊστορική Βόρεια Ελλάδα. Τα αρχαιοβοτανικά δεδομέναΣουλτάνα-Μαρία Βαλαμώτη

419Plants and people in prehistoric Northern Greece: the archaeobotanical evidence

Soultana-Maria Valamoti

Invitation to dinner. Practices of animal consumption and bone depositionat Makriyalos I (Pieria) and Toumba Kremastis Koiladas (Kozani)

Vasiliki Tzevelekidi • Paul Halstead • Valasia Isaakidou 425Πρόσκληση σε γεύμα. Πρακτικές κατανάλωσης και απόθεσης οστών ζώωνστον Μακρύγιαλο Πιερίας και στην Τούμπα Κρεμαστής Κοιλάδας Κοζάνης

Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη • Paul Halstead • Βαλασία Ισαακίδου

The vertebrate fauna from a Late Neolithic settlement in eastern Macedonia.Τhe case of Promachon sector - preliminary results

George Kazantzis 437Η σπονδυλωτή πανίδα ενός οικισμού της Νεότερης Νεολιθικής περιόδουστην ανατολική Μακεδονία: η περίπτωση του ελληνικού τομέα του Προμαχώνα– αρχικά αποτελέσματα

Καζαντζής Γιώργος

Παλαιοπεριβάλλον - Αρχαιοβοτανική - Ζωοαρχαιολογία | Φυσική ΑνθρωπολογίαPaleoenvironment - Archaeobotany - Zooarchaeology | Physical Anthropology

17ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Οι αλιευτικές δραστηριότητες στην Προϊστορία της Βόρειας Ελλάδας:ένα πανόραμα των αρχαιοζωολογικών δεδομένων

Τατιάνα Θεοδωροπούλου 453Fishing activities in the Prehistory of Northern Greece:a panorama of the archaeological evidence

Tatiana Theodoropoulou

Όψεις της διατροφής και του υλικού πολιτισμούτης Νεολιθικής και της Εποχής Χαλκού στην κεντρική Μακεδονία.Μια οστρεοαρχαιολογική προσέγγιση

Ρένα Βεροπουλίδου 465Aspects of Neolithic and Bronze Age diet and material culturein central Macedonia: the evidence from shell analyses

Rena Veropoulidou

Αρχαίο DNA: εφαρμογές, προοπτικές, περιορισμοίΧριστίνα Παπαγεωργοπούλου

477Ancient DNA: applications, perspectives, limitations

Christina Papageorgopoulou

Από τα αντικείμενα στις ιδέες: Τεχνολογίες - Τεχνουργήματα - ΕπικοινωνίαFrom objects to ideas: Technologies - Artefacts - Communication

Lete I. The pottery of a neolithic site in central Macedonia 100 years afterAnastasia Dimoula • Areti Pentedeka • Konstantinos Filis

491Λητή I. Η κεραμική μίας νεολιθικής θέσης στη Μακεδονία 100 χρόνια μετά

Αναστασία Δημουλά • Αρετή Πεντεδέκα • Κωνσταντίνος Φίλης

Pottery and stylistic boundaries.Early and middle neolithic pottery in Macedonia

Dushka Urem-Kotsou • Anna Papaioannou• Trisevgeni Papadakou • Niki Saridaki • Zoe Intze

505Κεραμική και στυλιστικά όρια.Η κεραμική της Αρχαιότερης και της Μέσης Νεολιθικής στη Μακεδονία

Ντούσκα Ούρεμ-Κώτσου • Άννα Παπαϊωάννου• Τρισεύγενη Παπαδάκου • Νίκη Σαριδάκη • Ζωή Ιντζέ

Συνταγές υλικών και κεραμική παραγωγήτων νεολιθικών οικισμών της ανατολικής Μακεδονίας

Παρασκευή Γιούνη 519Clay recipes and ceramic productionof the neolithic settlements in eastern Macedonia

Paraskevi Yiouni

18 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Ταυτότητες ανθρώπων και διακοσμημένα κεραμικά σκεύηκατά τη Νεότερη Νεολιθική στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα:παραδείγματα από την κεραμική παράδοση «μαύρο σε ερυθρό»

Δήμητρα Μαλαμίδου 527Human identities and decorated clay potsduring Late Neolithic in Northern Greece:examples from the "black-on-red" pottery tradition

Dimitra Μalamidou

Συνέχειες και ασυνέχειες στην κεραμική των πρώιμων φάσεωντου νεολιθικού Δισπηλιού

Μαρίνα Σωφρονίδου • Σαράντης Δημητριάδης 537Continuity and discontinuity in the pottery of the early phasesof neolithic Dispilio

Marina Sofronidou • Sarantis Dimitriadis

Εικόνες και αφηγήσεις από τα διακοσμημένα θραύσματα του ΔισπηλιούΕυαγγελία Βούλγαρη

549Images and narratives from the decorated sherds of neolithic Dispilio

Evangelia Voulgari

Η κεραμική παράδοση των προχωρημένων φάσεωντης Πρώιμης Εποχής Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία

Γιώργος Δελιόπουλος • Ιωάννης Παπαδιάς • Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου 561The pottery tradition during the later phasesof the Early Bronze Age in Macedonia

Giorgos Deliopoulos • Ioannis Papadias • Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou

Η κατανάλωση της κεραμικής και η ενδοκοινοτική οργάνωσηστο τέλος της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία:παρατηρήσεις στη χειροποίητη κεραμική από την Τούμπα Θεσσαλονίκης

Ευαγγελία Βλιώρα • Ευαγγελία Κυριατζή • Στέλιος Ανδρέου 575Pottery consumption and intra-site organisationin the end of the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia:observations on the hand-made pottery from Toumba Thessaloniki

Evangelia Vliora • Evangelia Kiriatzi • Stelios Andreou

The Late Bronze Age pottery of Macedonia:comparisons with the plain of Korçë

Tobias Krapf 585Κεραμική της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού από τη Μακεδονία:συγκρίσεις με την πεδιάδα της Κορυτσάς

Tobias Krapf

19ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

In search of social networks during the Neolithic Periodin Macedonia (Νorthern Greece): the case of chipped stone industries

Odysseas Kakavakis 599Αναζητώντας τα κοινωνικά δίκτυα της Νεολιθικής Εποχήςστην περιοχή της Μακεδονίας: η περίπτωση του πελεκημένου λίθου

Οδυσσέας Κακαβάκης

Ο χαλαζίας ως πρώτη ύλη στις λιθοτεχνίες της προϊστορικής ΜακεδονίαςΟυρανία Πάλλη

607Quartz as raw material in the chipped stone industries of prehistoric Macedonia

Ourania Palli

Η λιθοτεχνία του Ηλιότοπου, μιας προϊστορικής θέσης του ανατολικού ΛαγκαδάΣοφία Λύχνα • Μαρία Χάδου

615The lithic industries from Iliotopos, a prehistoric site in eastern Langadas

Sofia Lychna • Maria Chadou

«Είμαστε μόνοι τριγυρισμένοι από νεκρές εικόνες».Προβλήματα των νεολιθικών μαρμάρινων ανθρωπόμορφων ειδωλίωνμε αφορμή παραδείγματα απο την Ημαθία

Νίκος Μερούσης 625"And we’re alone surrounded by dead images".Problems of neolithic marble human figurines according to examples from Emathia

Nikos Merousis

Η αναπαράσταση των ανθρώπων στη νεολιθική ΜακεδονίαΣτράτος Νανόγλου

639The representation of humans in neolithic Macedonia

Stratos Nanoglou

Ταξίδια του νεολιθικού Spondylus.Αρχαιολογικές καταδύσεις στα βαθιά νερά της αιγαιακής Προϊστορίας

Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου • Φώτης Υφαντίδης 645The journeys of neolithic Spondylus: a chronicle of research in the prehistoric Aegean

Marianna Nikolaidou • Fotis Ifantidis

Η μουσική στις προϊστορικές κοινωνίες.Η περίπτωση του νεολιθικού οικισμού του Δισπηλιού Καστοριάς

Χρύσα Τσαγκούλη 661Music in prehistoric communities.The example of the neolithic settlement at Dispilio of Kastoria

Chrysa Tsangouli

20 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ | CONTENTS

Θεωρητική αρχαιολογία και νέα μουσειολογίαΔημήτριος Β. Γραμμένος

673Theoretical archaeology and new museology

Dimitrios Grammenos

Ευτυχώς, τα στεφάνια μας είναι ακάνθιναΑναστασία Χουρμουζιάδη

677Thank God, our wreaths bear thornes

Anastasia Chourmouziadi

Οι αρχαιολόγοι και οι αρχαιο-«λόγοι».Οι ταυτότητες των ερευνητών, οι «λόγοι» και η αναπλαισίωσή τουςστην προϊστορική αρχαιολογία της Μακεδονίας

Κοσμάς Τουλούμης 685The archaeologists and the archaeo-“logoi”.The identities of the scholars, the “discourses” and their re-contextualizationin the prehistoric archaeology of Macedonia

Kosmas Touloumis

Από τη «Θεά της Παλαιάς Ευρώπης» στην αρχαιολογία του φύλου:η κληρονομιά της Marija Gimbutas

Δήμητρα Κοκκινίδου • Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου 695From the “Goddess of Old Europe” to gender archaeology:the legacy of Marija Gimbutas

Dimitra Kokkinidou • Marianna Nikolaidou

Επίλογος: πού είμαστε τώρα, πού θα είμαστε αύριοΚώστας Κωτσάκης

707Epilogue: where we stand now, where we will be tomorrow

Kostas Kotsakis

Κατάλογος συμμετεχόντων . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

Μουσειολογία | Κοινωνική ΑρχαιολογίαMuseology | Social Archaeology

21ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ | ABBREVIATIONS

ΑΑΑ Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών, ΑθήναΑΔ Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, ΑθήναΑΕ Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς, ΑθήναΑΕΜΘ Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη,

ΘεσσαλονίκηΑΕΜΘ 20 χρόνια Π. Αδάμ-Βελένη & Κ. Τζαναβάρη (επιμ.), 2009.

Επετειακός τόμος, Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 20 χρόνια, Θεσσαλονίκη

Αρχαία Μακεδονία ΙΙΙ Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Γ’ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 21-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 1977, Θεσσαλονίκη 1983

Αρχαία Μακεδονία IV Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Δ’ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 21-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 1983, Θεσσαλονίκη 1986

Αρχαία Μακεδονία V Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ε΄ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 10-15 Οκτωβρίου 1989, Θεσσαλονίκη 1993

Αρχαία Μακεδονία VI Ανακοινώσεις κατά το ΣΤ΄ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 15-19 Οκτωβρίου 1996, Θεσσαλονίκη 1999

Αρχαία Μακεδονία VII Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ζ΄ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 14-18 Οκτωβρίου 2002, Θεσσαλονίκη 2007

ΠΑΕ Πρακτικά της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας,Αθήνα

AJA American Journal of Archaeology, Cambridge, MassBAM Beiträge zur ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie

des Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes, BonnBAR British Archaeological Reports, OxfordBSA The Annual of the British School at Athens, LondonBCH Bulletin de Correspodance Helénique, ParisJAS Journal of Archaeological Science, AmsterdamPPS Proceedings of Prehistoric Society, Cambridge

Συντομογραφίες | Abbreviations

315 19122012. A CENTURY OF RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA

Stavros Kotsos

Settlement and housing during the 6th millennium BCin western Thessaloniki and the adjacent Langadas province

A n important source of information for the multitude of questions posed by research on the Neolithic

Period is the space in which a neolithic community de-veloped. The organisation of a settlement, the architec-ture of the houses and associated structures, the use of communal space, the differentiation between isolated structures and clusters, the recognition of sanctuaries or gathering places, the storage of goods and carrying out of everyday tasks, as well as many other issues related to daily life and the organisation of a community, may be approached through the investigation of both the space that a settlement occupies and its surrounding area. Yet settlements that have been investigated on a large scale are very few. The difficulties of conducting large scale excavations that cover the entirety or a large part of a settlement restrict our knowledge to what-ever is revealed within a few trenches1. In many cases attempts have been made to bridge this gap, where possible2, by trial trenching or surface survey or a com-bination of both, but this still provides scant coverage.

The large scale development projects and the in-creased building activity of the last two decades have resulted in an increase in archaeological work and the excavation of large parts of sites3. These excavations

1. Apart from the area covered by excavation, another important factor is the state of preservation of the remains. The deposits of settlements at the tops of hills are usually heavily eroded. The exca-vation of a settlement of this type, even if it covers its entire area, is very likely to yield little evidence.

2. At the site of Perivolaki, in the Langadas basin, cores were drilled along the route of the Egnatia highway, in order to determine the boundaries of the settlement, as its deposits, although very thick, lie under lacustrine deposits (Λιούτας & Κώτσος 2001, 201). This strategy could not be applied to Stavroupoli in Thessaloniki, as the site is covered by modern buildings.

3. The largest rescue excavation of the past few years was con-ducted at Makriyalos, Pieria. In the 5 ha that were excavated valuable and unique evidence was revealed both about the organisation of the settlement itself and the organisation of its society (Pappa &

gave the opportunity, in many cases, to record whole plans of houses or at least whatever is preserved of them, evidence for their spatial arrangement, and also evidence for the activities that took place both inside the settlement and on its periphery.

In the area discussed in this paper, numerous recent rescue projects, some large-scale (e.g. the construction of the Egnatia highway) and some smaller-scale (such as the works to restore Lake Koronia), have located new sites and some of these were investigated by excavation. Construction activity and other works in the urban envi-ronment of Thessaloniki gave valuable evidence on the neolithic site of Stavroupoli, located in the western part of the city. Here, the excavation of more than 20 building plots, coupled with archaeological monitoring of sub-sur-face work on public utility networks and road remodeling, revealed more than 3000 m² of the neolithic settlement4. Our knowledge of the organisation of neolithic communi-ties in western Thessaloniki and in the adjacent Langadas area, which is presented briefly in the present paper, is based on archaeological investigations conducted in set-tlements of the late Early Neolithic and Middle Neolithic at Lete I and III, Mikri Volvi and Evangelismos and of the Late Neolithic at Pente Vryses, Zagliveri5, Ag. Lydia, Plato-ma Asprovaltas, Koronia, Assiros and Kavalari. However, the fullest array of evidence for the Late Neolithic in the area comes from the settlement of Stavroupoli (fig. 1).

The settlementsIn the Langadas basin there are currently 27 known sites dating to the Neolithic Period6. Given that a large part of

Besios 1999, 177-195. Παππά 2008).4. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2002, 2004.5. Παππά & Αδακτύλου 2000.6. The neolithic sites known until 1997 in the area are published

in Γραμμένος et al. 1997. From 1997 onwards five more sites were lo-

316 STAVROS KOTSOS

of neolithic settlements can be distinguished: (1) those in plains; (2) those on gentle slopes, at the base of hills or on low natural hillocks; and (3) those occupying the tops of isolated hills (i.e., Ag. Lydia and Platoma in As-provalta). The settlements in the first two groups are characterised as flat-extended and excluding the settle-ment at the military camp of Assiros15, most have an area of 1-2 ha and only a few exceed 5 ha.

Almost all the investigated sites are represented by just one layer of habitation and only at Stavroupoli, which has been investigated on a larger scale, we can verify the existence of multiple habitation phases.

Based on the agricultural productivity potential of the wider area of the settlements, 80% are characterised by good to high productivity and only 6 sites are situated in hilly areas of restricted productivity.

Intra-community organisationof the settlementsThe richest evidence on settlement organisation comes from the excavations at Stavroupoli. The total extent of occupation deposits is now estimated at approximately 11.2 ha. It seems, however, that the site was never inhab-ited simultaneously over its entire area. The initial habita-tion, conventionally named Stavroupoli Ia16, must have taken place, according to the radiocarbon dates, between

15. Κωτσάκης & Ανδρέου 1992, 349-356.16. During the study of the first plots excavated in Stavroupoli,

the existence of two phases was initially noted (I and II). Later it was shown that the first phase should be divided into two subphases: Ia, which is characterised by semi-subterranean houses, and I, in which above-ground wattle-and-daub houses appeared. Thus subphase Ia was distinguished from I, which should more correctly be referred to as Ib. The study of the pottery is in progress and it may prove necessary to distinguish further phases.

its western side has been systematically investigated by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki intensive survey project7, the location of more sites would have been ex-pected in this fertile basin of approximately 70 x 15 km8. Recent research shows that the sparse record to date is partly due to the burial of sites by later stream alluvium, at least in lower-lying areas9, while settlements situated on slopes or the tops of low hills are eroded to such an extent that their recognition is rendered almost impos-sible. This hypothesis has been confirmed by the dis-covery of two neolithic settlements, one under 1 m thick deposits, on the route of the Egnatia highway at Komvos Serron (Lete III)10, and the other under 4 m of deposits on the eastern shore of lake Koronia. Perivolaki, where sherds possibly dating to the Late Neolithic were found 8 m deep may be a third such example11. The settlements of Ag. Lydia12, Platoma in Asprovalta13 and Mikri Volvi are examples of the latter category of eroded sites14.

Based on geomorphological location, three groups

cated in Assiros, Evangelismos, Komvos Serron (Lete III) and Koronia.7. Kotsakis 1989. Κωτσάκης & Ανδρέου 1992.8. As a comparison we could mention the Pelagonia area, of simi-

lar size, where so far more than 70 sites dating to the Neolithic have been located (Naumov et al. 2009).

9. Research to this end has not yet been conducted in the region, but coring at the neolithic settlement of Kavalari A discovered that the neolithic deposits lie approximately 3 m deep (Κωτσάκης & Αν-δρέου 1992, 352). A similar occurrence has been noted in northern Pieria, under riverine deposits more than 8 m thick (Kotsakis 2007, 3. Krahtopoulou 2003). Generally on the absence of sites of the Early Neolithic in central Macedonia see Ασλάνης 1992, 226-230. Kotsos & Urem-Kotsou 2006.

10. Τζαναβάρη et al. 2002.11. Λιούτας & Κώτσος 2001, 201.12. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2001, 393-441.13. Αδάμ-Βελένη et al. 2002, 171-182.14. Λιούτας & Κώτσος 2006.

Fig. 1. Distribution of sites in western Thessaloniki and the Langadas province.

317SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING DURING THE 6TH MILLENNIUM BC IN WESTERN THESSALONIKI AND THE ADJACENT LANGADAS PROVINCE

settlement. Its location within, rather than on the edge of, the settlement may indicate that the extent of habi-tation was smaller in some part of this phase.

The duration of the Stavroupoli I phase must have been quite lengthy and included more than five habitation ho-rizons, judging by the successive buildings reconstructed in the same space and with the same technique.

In the last phase, Stavroupoli II, the settlement must have reached its largest extent, estimated at 11.2 ha. Finds from this period were revealed in almost all the excavat-ed plots. Even in cases where the deposits were eroded, finds were preserved in refuse pits cut into the deposits of previous phases. According to the pottery, this phase must be dated towards the end of the Late or to the Fi-nal Neolithic20. Although the architectural remains of this phase are very few, they suggest that buildings contin-ued to be rectangular in plan. In contrast to the previous

20. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2004.

5890 and 5640 BC, over an area of 0.5-0.6 ha (fig. 2)17.A second nucleus was created approximately 200 m

north of the initial settlement (fig. 2), where a 14C sam-ple from the lowest layer in this area dated the earliest habitation between 5697 and 5531 BC. Judging by the plots excavated so far, this second nucleus must have been of the same size as the initial one. In the space between these two nuclei, no continuous habitation layer of this phase was found but only a few pits, which, based on their small size, were probably for storage.

In the next phase (Stavroupoli I), dated on the basis of ceramic typology to the early Late Neolithic, both the plan of the settlement and the building technique of the houses changed. The area of the settlement increased, reaching 8 ha. The settlement must have been ellip-soidal, occupying a low ridge. Whereas in phase Ia the houses were semi-subterranean with a roughly circular plan, in phase I they were built above the ground, with a rectangular plan and clay plastered floors. Ovens and hearths are located both inside and outside the houses. To this phase belongs the ditch, part of which was re-vealed approximately in the middle of the area of neo-lithic deposits18. In some places it seems that the ditch was reinforced with two parallel stone walls constructed along its southern side19. From the parts excavated so far it is not possible to determine neither the course of the ditch nor whether it encircled the Stavroupoli I

17. The initial establishment was located in the area of Dagli St., between Oreokastrou St. and Pasteur St.

18. The section of the ditch was located in the 106 Oreokastrou St., and 4, 6 and 12 Kountouriotou St. plots.

19. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2004, 20.

Fig. 2.Part of the urban planof Stavroupoliwith the excavated plots.

Fig. 3. Pit house of the phase Stavroupoli Ia.

318 STAVROS KOTSOS

Fig. 4.Remains of House Bfrom the settlement

of Mikri Volvi.

pits may be associated with storage come from Stav-roupoli, where two almost whole pithoi had been placed in such pits22. In only one case, at the settlement of Mikri Volvi, was there a pit found with more clear indications of use for storage, as its walls and base were lined with a thin layer of clay. The stored goods could have been products such as seeds or even water, necessary for both the daily needs of the settlement and the watering of domestic animals. The pits found at a long distance from the settlements did not have dimensions consistent with their being a subterranean part of a house and so they may well be related to temporary constructions, possibly for keeping domestic animals, that have not left any vis-ible trace. Some of the pits cut into layers of clay are very likely to have been dug for clay extraction.

The housesNeolithic houses uncovered in the settlements in this area represent almost all the known types. Most preva-lent is that consisting of a pit 50-80 cm deep, ellipsoidal or irregular in shape. The shape of the pit in many cases is due to the joining of two or more smaller pits. On available evidence, the existence of a vertical clay wall, surrounding the pit as part of the superstructure, does not seem likely, since concentrations of clay debris have not been found in or around the pits. In some of the pits, approximately in the centre of the floor, holes were found for posts that supported a roof. The roof must have been pitched and was probably made of organic materials, maybe a frame of branches and reeds set

uniformity in size and shape of the pits, both those containing pithoi and those that yielded only a few sherds, we may infer that, after the abandonment of this large storage area, intact pithoi were removed and those which had broken were abandoned in situ.

22. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2004.

Late Neolithic phase (Stavroupoli I), the walls of these buildings more frequently had stone foundations, while the reddish colour of the deposit which characterises the Stavroupoli II phase suggests that the upper parts of the walls were probably constructed with mudbricks.

Both in the Stavroupoli settlement and in those of the Langadas area, the activities of the inhabitants were identified not only within the boundaries of the inhab-ited space. Thus at Stavroupoli, in some cases within a short distance from the boundaries of the settlement and in one case at a distance of 350 m, pits were found that yielded finds dated to phase I (early Late Neolithic). In Lete I, at a distance of 800 m from the site of the neolithic settlement, a pit was found which contained a small amount of pottery and an assemblage of 145 flint and quartz tools. A cluster of six pits, at a distance of 280 m from the settlement, was excavated in Pente Vryses of Langadas, yielding a small quantity of pottery and one of them 12 clay sling bullets. In Mikri Volvi a large number of pits of approximately 1 m diameter and containing only a few sherds were located at the boundaries of the settlement (fig. 5).

The interpretation of the use of such pits presents several difficulties. An initial hypothesis, based on similar examples from other sites, could be their use as stor-age facilities, in which storage vessels (pithoi) or baskets were placed21. Further indications that some of the small

21. Kotsos, in preparation. The practice of storing agricultural products in pits outside the settlement has been reported at the settlement of Vamvakia, 1,5 km east from the site of Mikri Volvi, dated to the Early Iron Age. During the construction of the Egnatia highway, on a mound located approximately 200 m to the north-west of the hill on which the deposits of the settlement have been located and in an area of approximately 1 ha, 81 pits were excavated with diameter 1-1.50 m and depth 0.50-1.80 m. In 33 of these pits, large storage vessels (pithoi) were preserved broken but in situ. Judging by the

319SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING DURING THE 6TH MILLENNIUM BC IN WESTERN THESSALONIKI AND THE ADJACENT LANGADAS PROVINCE

directly on the ground. Neolithic houses of similar con-struction are known widely across the Balkans23.

Variability has also been noted in the interior lay-out of the houses. In the excavated houses at Lete III and Pente Vryses, hearths or ovens were found within the pits, raised 20-30 cm above the floor (fig. 10). In Stavroupoli during the Middle Neolithic (phase Ia), the ovens were constructed in a depression cut in the wall of the pit. Judging from the position of these ovens it seems that they were inside the pit house (fig. 3). Never-theless, ovens have also been found at a short distance outside from the houses. Near the main pit house there was usually a second smaller pit which might have func-tioned as an auxiliary space. In two cases close to the house large pithoid vessels were found placed within pits cut in the natural soil (fig. 8).

This type of semi-subterranean house does not seem to be characteristic of a specific period of the Neolithic in the region under study, as is the case in the Balkans interior - in Starčevo contexts, dating to the Early and Middle Neolithic24. In the region discussed in this paper the earliest houses of this type have been found in the settlements of Lete I and III which, based on pottery, are dated to the end of the Early Neolithic and the begin-ning of Middle Neolithic. Probably of the same period is a pit excavated at Mikri Volvi, which characteristics re-semble a pit house25. The semi-subterranean houses of Stavroupoli phase Ia (fig. 2), which date between 5890 and 5531 BC, belong to the following period. The latest houses of this type come from small-scale excavations at the settlements of Pente Vryses (fig. 10), Assiros and Zagliveri, which date to the Late Neolithic26.

The above-ground rectangular type of house has only been observed at Mikri Volvi, which dates to the Middle Neolithic, and in the Late Neolithic phases of Stavroupoli (phases I and II). In Mikri Volvi, in the lowest part of the settlement where erosion was least severe, three houses were located and investigated. They were built with a wooden frame of posts and woven branch-es covered with clay (wattle and daub technique). In two of them, which were destroyed by fire, parts of the walls were found fallen onto the floor (fig. 3 and 4). The houses had earthen floors. We have no evidence as to their roofing. Probably the lack of evidence is due to the fact that they were made of perishable materials, such as wood and reed or straw, which after their de-

23. Bailey 2000, 154.24. Garašanin 1979, 120-122.25. Kotsos in preparation.26. On the Zagliveri excavation see Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2003,

49-75. The excavations of Assiros and Pente Vryses have not yet been published.

composition did not leave visible traces. In the interior of these two houses hearths were uncovered, raised above the floor on an earthen bench. The floors of the hearths were constructed of stone slabs plastered with clay which was burnt during use. On the perimeter of the floor the hearth was bounded by a row of small unworked stones. The best preserved hearth of one of the houses was quadrangular in shape (fig. 6).

Inside the houses at Mikri Volvi, no objects of every-day use were found, such as vessels or tools. The few sherds and stone tools found in the area of the houses come from the fill that covered their remains. Only in house C, which was not burned, was a small askoid ves-sel found intact next to the hearth. The houses were probably abandoned before their destruction by fire, as it seems improbable that no tools or vessels were kept inside them.

Fig. 5. Cluster of pits at the periphery of the settlement of Mikri Volvi.

Fig. 6. Raised hearth from the settlement of Mikri Volvi.

320 STAVROS KOTSOS

located at the foot of the hills surrounding the basin and are dated, based on pottery, to the end of the Early Neolithic and to the Middle Neolithic. This distribution of settlements might, apart from social and economic factors, reflect the size of lakes Koronia and Volvi, which, being karstic, do not have a stable level but fluctuate according to climatic conditions and tectonic activity. If the lakes were more extensive in the earlier Neolithic than today, with a maximum possible level of 68-69 m (the lowest part of the Rentina straits through which excess water would drain to the sea), then the settle-ments of that period should be sought on the perimeter of the basin and on some of the low hillocks located be-tween the two lakes but rising above their highest pos-sible water level. The deposits of Lete III and the lowest part of Mikri Volvi overlie a layer of lacustrine deposits, meaning that these settlements were established within the area previously covered by the lakes.

During the Late and Final Neolithic, settlement lo-cation becomes more diverse. Most settlements are located in the lowlands, near the shores of the two lakes or on the plateaus that surround them, but two new types of settlement also appear: a) on the sum-mits of isolated hills (in the Asprovalta area) and b) in areas with land of low productivity (mounds north of the lakes).

The criteria for the choice of settlement location, however, are unclear. All the settlements, apart from Stavroupoli which was continuously inhabited, are more or less represented by a single phase. This indicates mobility at least within the boundaries of the region. For some reasons the inhabitants, at least in the Langadas area, chose to re-locate their settlements. Some pre-conditions, such as the existence of drinkable water, are obvious. Thereafter, did neolithic settlers choose site lo-cations on the basis of their lifestyle and the memories of community members or did the natural resources of a new environment shape the economy of the set-tlement? In the Langadas area, middle neolithic settle-ments established in areas suitable for both cultivation and animal husbandry were abandoned and new late neolithic settlements were established in locations sur-rounded either by highly productive land or by land of apparently low productivity.

A clear picture of intra-community organisation of settlements does not emerge from the available data. In settlements with semi-subterranean houses, however, the latter were arranged both in groups and isolated with plentiful open space around them. In settlements with rectangular buildings, these appear to be placed at some distance from each other, with communal space between them. Hence, some diversity is apparent in

In Stavroupoli I and II no burned houses have been discovered. Judging by the preserved parts of floors, some of which end in a right angle, we can conclude that at least some of them must have been rectangu-lar. Evidence for the construction of the walls has been preserved in very few cases, usually a few pieces of burnt clay with imprints of branches that come from the wall structure. The lack of structural evidence sug-gests that many of the houses had walls made of per-ishable organic materials, such as wood, which might have been plastered with a thin layer of clay that left no trace27. The technique of mudbrick construction was also known in that period. In Stavroupoli phase I, house walls were found, preserved up to a height of 30-40 cm, which were built with unfired mudbricks in the shape and size of a bread loaf (fig. 9). For the construction of the foundations of the same building the use of stones was observed, but only in some parts and not along the whole length of the wall28.

Only at Stavroupoli have human modifications of the space around and between houses been identified and these only in the phase corresponding to the early Late Neolithic (Stavroupoli I). These mainly consist of cob-bled surfaces, created from a layer of small stones which must have come from the streams adjacent to the set-tlement. The dimensions of these cobbled areas remain unknown since they were preserved only fragmentarily and mostly over a relatively small area. The largest cob-bled space, with an area of more than 37 m², was exca-vated in the 6 Kountouriotou St. plot29. Its boundaries lie outside the excavated area and so are unknown.

The ovens during this phase of the Stavroupoli set-tlement had the form of a low, upright cylinder, with a large opening in its upper part with a diameter a little less than its base, used for placing the material for bak-ing. A second smaller opening at its base must have served for adding fuel and drawing air (fig. 7)30. Dur-ing the conservation of an oven of this type, pieces of mudbricks were found in its interior, which probably covered its upper opening.

DiscussionThe earliest settlements in the region under discussion (Lete I and III, Mikri Volvi and Evangelismos) have been

27. The evidence was similar at Selevac in Serbia, where the ex-cavators interpreted the absence of remains indicating the construc-tion techniques and materials of the walls as implying a wooden frame with a thin layer of clay that left no trace (Tringham & Krstić 1990, 108-112).

28. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2004, 55-61.29. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2004, 146-147.30. Γραμμένος & Κώτσος 2002, 140, 293-294.

321SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING DURING THE 6TH MILLENNIUM BC IN WESTERN THESSALONIKI AND THE ADJACENT LANGADAS PROVINCE

Every day activities, such as those related to food preparation, took place during the entire 6th millennium both inside the houses and outside them, in intervening open spaces, which in some cases were surfaced with cobbles. The discovery of pithoi shows that the storage of goods in ceramic vessels was a common practice from the Middle Neolithic, while some goods were also stored, as in later periods, outside the settlements.

AcknowledgementsThe author is greatly indebted to Prof. Paul Halstead for valuable suggestions and comments on the manu-script. Trisevgeni Papadakou and Marcus O’Connor are thanked for the English translation of the text.

the spatial organisation of neolithic settlements in the region. Evidence for a central building or shrine has not been found.

As regards the houses, it seems that the semi-sub-terranean type is most prevalent, appearing at all the sites and in all periods of the Neolithic. In Stavroupoli, however, it is restricted to the initial (Middle Neolithic) phase of the settlement, giving way to above-ground rectangular houses in the immediately following (Late Neolithic) phase. During the Late Neolithic, while dwell-ings at Stavroupoli are exclusively of the latter type, in isolated sites, such as Zagliveri and Pente Vryses, and also at Assiros, the use of semi-subterranean houses continued.

Fig. 7. Part of a clay floor with a cylindrical oven from the plot of 3 Doiranis St. in Stavroupoli.

Fig. 8. Pithoid vessel from the plot of 98 Oreokastrou St. in Stavroupo-li.

Fig. 9. Part of a mudbrick wall from the plot of 14 Dagli St. in Stav-roupoli.

Fig. 10. Pit house with a hearth on the floor at Pente Vryses.

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