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International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
1
ABSTRACTS
of
International Conference on
Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
October 1-3, 2013
Organized by
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
&
University of Kassel, Germany
Sponsored by German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) &
International Center for Development & Decent Work
(ICDD)
Edited by:
1. Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel
2. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal
3. Dr. Anjum Munir
4. Dr. Abdul Ghafoor
Department of Farm Machinery & Power
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBERING AGENCY
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF PAKISTAN, ISBN 978-969-9035-05-0
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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Preface
Energy needs are indelibly linked to Pakistan’s economic and sustainable growth
capabilities. Pakistan has been in increasing demand across various areas of energy
sources. Given the need for energy, the Government of Pakistan is doing its utmost
efforts to explore and promote renewable energies and energy efficiency. Potential for
almost all types of renewable energies exists in the country viz. solar (PV and thermal),
wind, biogas, micro-hydel/canal-fall, biodiesel production, biomass/waste to energy
production, geothermal, tidal/ocean energies etc. On an average solar global insolation
5–7 kWh m-2 day-1 exists in the country over 95% of its area. Wind speed 5–7 ms-1
persists in coastal regions of Sindh and Baluchistan provinces and in a number of North-
West Frontier Valleys. According to a survey, Pakistan possesses more than 20,000
MW of economically viable wind power potential. Moreover, 720 million kg day-1
animal dung can produce 1243 MW of electricity while 81 million tons of biomass can
contribute significantly for energy production without harmful effects on the
environment. The International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies would
go a long way in the mitigation of energy deficient scenario in Pakistan.
Objectives
- Dissemination of knowledge to the stakeholders (students, researchers, end-users etc.)
about renewable energy technologies viz. Solar thermal and solar PV, Wind, biogas, and
biomass etc.
- Capacity building of students, trainers and entrepreneurs for appropriate selection and
operation of efficient, economical and environment friendly renewable energy
technologies acceptable to end-users
Conference Thematic Areas
- Innovative technologies in solar thermal heating and cooling
- Off-grid and on-grid solar PV systems for household and industrial applications
(including solar pumping systems)
- Challenges/Impediments in the implementation of biogas technology in Pakistan
- Sustainable Power generation from agricultural wastes/biomass and bio-diesel
- Energy production potential in wind/hydel/geo-thermal and fuel cells
Dr. Anjum Munir
Chief Organizer / PI DAAD Project
Department of Farm Machinery and Power
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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CONFERENCE PROGRAM
DAY 1: October 01, 2013 (Tuesday)
Inaugural Session at New Senate Hall, UAF
08:00-09:00 Registration
09:00-09:05 Recitation from the Holy Quran by Hafiz Abdul Qahir
09:05-09:10 Naat-e-Rasool (S.AW) by Mr. Muhammad Nadeem
09:10-09:30 Welcome address by Prof. Dr. Iqrar Ahmad Khan (Sitara-e-Imtiaz)
Vice Chancellor, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
09:30-09:50 Keynote address by Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, DAAD Project
Coordinator, University of Kassel, Germany
09:50-10:10
Presentation on “Solar thermal electric power generation using
Scheffler reflectors” by Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler, Director, Simply
Solar/Solar Bruecke, Germany
10:10-10:30
Presentation on “Development of renewable energy technologies under
ICDD and DAAD Projects” by Dr. Anjum Munir, DAAD Project
Coordinator, Pakistan
10:30 -10:40 Address by Honorable Chief Guest
10:40-10:50 Address by Guest of Honor, Ms. Ursula Saarbeck, Director DAAD IC
Islamabad, Pakistan
10:50-11:00 Vote of Thanks by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Dean, Faculty of
Agricultural Engineering & Technology, UAF
11:00-11:30 Tea/Coffee Break
Technical Session 1 (Oral Presentations)
Chair: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, Co-Chair: Christian Schellert, Mr. Daniele Marrazzi
11:30-11:50
Quality aspects in solar drying of medical herbs by Mr. Christian
Schellert, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of
Kassel, Germany
11:50-12:10 Presentation by Prof. Dr. Rainer Kertess, CEO, STCS Ag, Switzerland
12:10-12:30
Solar drying modeling and simulation by Dr. Franz Roman
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel,
Germany
12:30-12:45 Installation of Solar PV System at UAF by Prof. Dr. Hubert Leitner,
CEO, Leitner Solar Ag, Italy
12:45-13:00 Steps towards complete solar energy supply for small food processing
units by Ms. Heike Hoedt, Vice President, Simply Solar, Germany
13:00-14:30 Lunch and Prayer
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
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Technical Session 2 (Oral Presentations)
Chair: Wolfgang Scheffler, Co-Chair: Franz Roman
14:30-14:45 Installation of Solar PV system at UAF by Prof. Dr. Anton Josef Hotz,
CAE Ag Solar and wind, Germany
14:45-15:00 Pakistan, Farmers and Green Agriculture Energy by Aamer Hayat
Bhandara, Pakpattan
15:00-15:15
Potential and future prospects of renewable energy in Pakistan by Mr.
Inam-ur-Rahman, CEO, REON Energy Solutions, Dawood Center,
Karachi
15:15-15:30 Presentation by Mr. Daniele Marrazzi, Deputy CEO, Leitner Solar Ag,
Italy
15:30-15:45
Provision of power to the new campus GC University, Faisalabad using
alternate energy sources by Dr. Farhat Abbas, Director ORIC, GC
University, Faisalabad
15:45-16:00 Biogas as alternative energy resource for rural community in Pakistan
by Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, AMRI Wing, Faisalabad
16:00-16:15 Lessons learnt from uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency
programs in Australia by Dr. Akhtar Abbas, Australia
16:15-16:30
Value addition to FYM as a substitute of energy production for rural
livestock farmers by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younis, Department of
Livestock, UAF
16:30-16:45
Current challenges in promoting the biogas technology in Pakistan by
Rana Aamir Shafiq and Naeem Ahmed, Pakistan Domestic Biogas
Programme (PDBP)
16:45-17:00 Efficiency of drip irrigation system with solar pump by Prof. Dr.
Muhammad Arshad, Department of Irrigation & Drainage, UAF.
Dinner for International Guests at 20:00
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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DAY 2: October 02, 2013 (Wednesday)
Technical Session 1 (Oral Presentations)
Chair: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Co-Chair: Shehzada Khuram & Prof. Dr. Anton
Josef Hotz
09:00-09:05 Recitation from the Holy Quran
09:05-09:10 Naat-e-Rasool (S.A.W) by Mr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Department of Textile
and Fibre Technology, UAF
09:10-09:30
Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying system
under forced convection by Lyes Bennamoun and Muhammad T.
Afzal, Director of Graduate, Studies, University of New Brunswick,
Canada
09:30-09:50
Energy at agriculture farms of Pakistan: status and future prospectus by
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Dean, Faculty of Agri. Engineering &
Tech. UAF
09:50-10:10 Energy Auditing of Tubewells by Prof. Dr. Allah Bakhsh, Chairman,
Director, Water Management, UAF
10:10 -10:30
Off-grid renewable energy solutions: making it work for Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa by Parvaiz Naim, Senior Sector Coordintor, KfW Office
Islamabad, Pakistan
10:30-10:45 Fabrication and evaluation of a downdraught gasifier running with
biomass for sustainable agriculture by Prof. Dr. Manzoor Ahmed, UAF
10:45-11:00 Renewable energy in agriculture: present status, issues and future
prospects by Munir Ahmad, Chief Scientist, PARC, Islamabad
11:00-11:30 Tea/Coffee
11:30-13:00 Technical Session 2 (Poster Session)
13:00-14:30 Lunch and Prayer
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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Technical Session 3 (Oral Presentations)
Chair: Prof. Dr. Anton Josef Hotz Co-Chair: Daniele Marrazzi
14:30-14:45
Sustainable Production of Bioethanol by using Augmented Bacterial
Cellulases by Mariyam Zameer, College of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
14:45-15:00
Potential of energy content in solid waste of Dental units in two
hospitals of Lahore by Umm-e-Hani Iqbal, College of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
15:00-15:15
Estimation of spatio-temporal solar radiation from satellite imagery in
data scarce environment by Dr. M. Jehanzeb M. Cheema, Department
of Irrigation & Drainage, UAF
15:15-15:30 Rural development through renewable energy development: A pro-poor
approach by Shoukat Ali
15:30-15:45 Potential of solar assisted cooling system in Pakistan by Dr. Abdul
Ghafoor
15:45-16:00 Promotion of biogas energy to stakeholders through socio-economic
approaches by Dr. Izhar Ahmad Khan
16:00-16:15 Renewable energy sources: A roadmap to sustainable rural
development in Pakistan by Dr. Babar Shahbaz
16:15-16:30
Pyrolysis of sewage sludge and municipal organic waste using as
renewable source for power generation by Syed Amjad Ahmad, Head,
Mechanical Engineering, NFC University, Faisalabad
16:30-16:45 Design, development and modeling of natural air dryer for rice by Ms.
Sidra Ashfaq
16:45-17:00 Solar energy: a way forward to development by: Saleem Ashraf,
Muhammad Iftikhar and Ghazanfar Ali Khan
17:00-17:15
Prediction of air distribution in an enhanced batch type food dryer for
spatial homogeneity of temperature using computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) by Waseem Amjad, DAAD Scholar, University of Kassel,
Germany
17:15-17:30
Physio-thermal characteristics of biomass briquettes by Mr.
Muhammad Azhar Ali, Dr. Abdul Nasir Awan, Department of
Structures & Environmental Engineering, UAF
Dinner for International Guests at 20:00
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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DAY 3: October 03, 2013 (Thursday)
Students Presentations (Venue: Video Conference Room, UAF)
Technical Session (Oral Presentations)
Chair: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, Co-Chair: Wolfgang Scheffler, Christian Schellert &
Franz Roman
09:00-09:10 Recitation from the Holy Quran and Naat-e- Rasool (S.A.W)
09:10-09:20 Solar water pumping system-prospects and testing in Pakistan for
irrigation purposes by Engr. Faizan Majeed
09:20-09:30 Design and development of solar roaster for value addition of
Agricultural products by Engr. Muhammad Tayyab
09:30-09:40 Value addition of agricultural products using solar distillation system by
Engr. Arslan Afzal
09:40-09:50 Efficiency calculation of a biomass boiler using direct and indirect
methods by Jahan Zeb Alvi
09:50-10:00 Optimization of solar distillation system and analysis of essential oils
using gas chromatography by Engr. Zawar Hussain
10:00-10:10 Design and development of solar assisted milk pasteurizer by Syed
Nabeel Husnain
10:10-10:20 Quality drying of ripened chillies using solar tunnel dryer by Engr.
Farhan Hussain
10:20-10:30 Design, development and installation of biogas plant for tubewell
operation at UAF by Engr. H. Abdul Qahir
10:30-10:40 Extraction of essential oils from citrus peels using solar distillation
system by Engr. Shazia Hanif and Tinat Anwar
10:40-10:50 Performance evaluation of SY-S60 Solar PV System by Engr.
Muhammad Usman Khan
10:50-11:00 Efficiency determination of a Scheffler fixed focus concentrator using
international procedure of solar cooker by Engr. Zuhair Qamar
11:00-11:10 Parametric study of a biogas plant to optimize the tube well operation
installed at UAF by Engr. Ghulam Murtaza
11:10-11:20 Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of solar parabolic
trough for domestic application by Engr. Muhammad Faheem
11:20-11:30 Modification and Evaluation of Downdraught Gasifier running with
Biomass by Engr. Muhammad Mubashar Omar
11:30-11:40
Comparative study of solar and conventional distillation systems based
on yield and composition of essential oils for eucalyptus camaldulensis
by Engr. Zeeshan Munir
11:40-12:00 Students Group Discussion Forum
12:00-12:30 Presentation to students on solar pumping by Christian Schellert
12:30-13:30 Lunch and Prayer
13:30-14:00 Visit of UAF Biogas Plant
14:00-14:30 Visit of Solar Distillation System and Rosa Lab
14:30-15:00 Visit of Solar roaster and solar tunnel dryer
15:00-16:30 Visit of PARS, UAF and Faisalabad City for International delegation
Note: Tea/coffee will be served during the session.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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LIST OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Sr. No. Title of Poster Presentation
01 Bioethanol production from starch bearing crop Maize
02 Bioethanol production using rice straw
03 Bioethanol, bio-hydrogen and biogas production from nitric acid pretreated
wheat straw by a flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
04 Biogas energy resource potential in Pakistan
05 Design and fabrication of opening and closing shutter with changing Sun
light intensity
06 Design and fabrication of semi-automatic granular material filling machine
using renewable energy
07 Design and fabrication of steam power plant using renewable energy
08 Design and fabrication of water pumping system using renewable energy
09 Designing and fabrication of automatic juice filling and packing machine
using renewable energy resources
10 Does nuclear energy an answer to energy crises in Pakistan
11 Energy crisis of Pakistan & potential of alternative energy sources in
Pakistan
12 Fabrication and performance study of a hybrid solar oven
13 Fabrication of solar hybrid refrigerator
14 Future of solar energy in agro-industrial sector of Pakistan
15 Generation of electricity through helical turbine using renewable energy of
low water head and high velocity
16 Legislation for GHGS: Kyoto Protocol and its implications to energy
production from non-renewable resource
17 Possible energy sources from industrial solid wastes
18 Use of paraffin oil to enhance the efficiency of a box type solar oven
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE A. National Committee
Prof. Dr. Iqrar Ahmad Khan (S.I)
Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal
Prof. Dr. Asif Ali
Prof. Dr. Allah Bakhsh
Dr. Anjum Munir
Prof. Dr. Manzoor Ahmad
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arshad
Dr. Abdul Nasir
Dr. Abdul Ghafoor
Engr. Muhammad Tayyab
Engr. Syed Nabeel Husnain
Vice Chancellor, University of Agriculture, FSD
Dean, Faculty of Agri. Engg. & Tech., UAF
Dirctor, ORIC, University of Agriculture, FSD
Chairman, Deptt. of I&D, UAF
(Chief organizer), Deptt: of FMP, UAF
Deptt. of FMP, UAF
Deptt. of Irrigation & Drainage, UAF
Chairman, Deptt. of SEE, UAF
(Conference Secretary), Deptt: of FMP, UAF
Deptt. of Farm Machinery & Power, UAF
Deptt. of Farm Machinery & Power, UAF
B. International Committee Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, University of Kassel, Germany
Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler, President, Simply Solar, Germany
Ms. Heike Hoedt, Vice President, Simply Solar, Germany
Mr. Christian Schellert, University of Kassel, Germany
Dr. Franz Roman, University of Kassel, Germany
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title of Abstract Page
No.
1 Solar drying plants –professional solutions for decentralized food
business 1
2 24h solar thermal electric power generation with Scheffler
reflectors 2
3 Steps towards complete solar energy supply for small food
processing units 3
4 Quality aspects in solar drying of medical herbs 4
5 Simulation of airflow distribution and solar drying of round hay
bales using computational fluid dynamics 5
6 Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying
system under forced convection 6
7 Development of renewable energy technologies under
ICDD and DAAD Projects 7
8 Physio-thermal characteristics of biomass briquettes 8
9 Energy auditing of tubewells 9
10 Efficiency of drip irrigation system with solar pump 10
11 Estimation of spatio-temporal solar radiation from satellite
imagery in data scarce environment 11
12 Lessons learnt from uptake of renewable energy and energy
efficiency programs in Australia 12
13 Energy at agriculture farms of Pakistan: status and future
prospectus 13
14 Renewable energy in agriculture: present status, issues and future
prospects 14
15 Off-grid renewable energy solutions: making it work for Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa 15
16 Biogas as alternative energy resource for rural community in
Pakistan 16
17 Value addition to FYM as a substitute of energy production for
rural livestock farmers 17
18
Prediction of air distribution in an enhanced batch type food dryer
for spatial homogeneity of temperature using computational fluid
dynamics (CFD)
18
19 Rural development through renewable energy development:
A pro-poor approach 19
20 Design, development and modeling of natural air dryer for rice 20
21 Potential of solar assisted cooling system in Pakistan 21
22 Pakistan, farmers and green agriculture energy 22
23 Popularizing renewable energy sources: need for media campaign
in Pakistan 23
24 Renewable energy sources: A roadmap to sustainable rural
development in Pakistan 24
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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25 Promotion of biogas energy to stakeholders through socio-
economic approaches 25
26 Development, installation and performance evaluation of a biogas
plant for tubewell operation 26
27 Pyrolysis of sewage sludge and municipal organic waste using as
renewable source for power generation 27
28 Sustainable Production of Bioethanol by using Augmented
Bacterial Cellulases 28
29 Potential of energy content in solid waste of Dental units in two
hospitals of Lahore 29
30 Design and development of a solar roaster for value addition of
agricultural products 30
31 Design and development of solar assisted milk pasteurizer based
Scheffler technology 31
32 Value addition of agricultural products using solar distillation
system 32
33 Efficiency Calculation of a biomass boiler using direct and
indirect methods 33
34
Design, development and performance evaluation of a distillation
system for essential oils extraction using Scheffler solar
concentrator
34
35 Optimization of solar distillation system and analysis of essential
oils using gas chromatography 35
36 Quality drying of ripened chilies using solar tunnel dryer 36
37 Solar water pumping system prospects and testing in Pakistan for
irrigation purposes 37
38 Design, development and installation of biogas plant for tubewell
operation at UAF 38
39 Quality drying of sliced potatoes using solar tunnel dryer 39
40
Comparative study of solar and conventional distillation system
based on yield and composition of essential oils for eucalyptus
camaldulensis
40
41 Parametric study of a biogas plant to optimize the tube well
operation installed at UAF 41
42 Design and development of a solar based double jacketed
autoclave for the sterilization of surgical instruments 42
43 Performance evaluation of SY-S60 PV Panel 43
44 Extraction of essential oils from citrus (Citrus sinensis L.
Osbeck.) peel using solar distillation system 44
45 Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of updraft rice
husk gasifier stove 45
46 Fabrication and characterization of a parabolic dish solar
concentrator 46
47 Bioethanol production from starch bearing crop Maize 47
48 Fabrication and performance study of a hybrid solar oven 48
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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49
Bioethanol, bio-hydrogen and biogas production from nitric acid
pretreated wheat straw by a flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae
strain
49
50 Bioethanol production using rice straw 50
51 Possible energy sources from industrial solid wastes 51
52 Use of paraffin oil to enhance the efficiency of a box type solar
oven 52
53 Does nuclear energy an answer to energy crises in Pakistan 53
54 Energy crisis of Pakistan & potential of alternative energy sources
in Pakistan 54
55 Biogas energy resource potential in Pakistan 55
56 Legislation for GHGS: Kyoto Protocol and its implications to
energy production from non-renewable resource 56
57 Future of solar energy in agro-industrial sector of Pakistan 57
58 Design and fabrication of semi-automatic granular material filling
machine using renewable energy 58
59 Designing and fabrication of automatic juice filling and packing
machine using renewable energy resources 59
60 Design and fabrication of opening and closing shutter with
changing Sun light intensity 60
61 Generation of electricity through helical turbine using renewable
energy of low water head and high velocity 61
62 Design and fabrication of water pumping system using renewable
energy 62
63 Design and fabrication of steam power plant using renewable
energy 63
64 Fabrication of solar hybrid refrigerator 64
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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Solar drying plants –professional solutions for decentralized food business
Oliver Hensel1* 1Universität Kassel - FG Agrartechnik Nordbahnhofstr. 1a D-37213 Witzenhausen,
Germany *Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel
Email: agrartechnik@uni-kassel.de
For long time solar drying plants have been seen as small scale applications on
household level for the rural poor only. Nowadays innovative development and
sophisticated engineering have let to the professional solar drying equipment which
allows to process agricultural products like fruits, vegetables, meat and spices on world
market quality standard. Recent solar dryers can easily cover the production quantity of
farmers (several 100 kg per day) and generate increased income by value addition.
Furthermore in the last years solar drying plants have been developed even for
professional industrial scale (up to several tons per day) without any deficiency in
product quality or reliability based only renewable energy. Besides the saving of energy
costs these dryers allow decentralized food processing in remote areas which perfectly
fits the character of agricultural production. The presentation gives a brief overview
about the engineering principles of solar dryers and documents the development of
modern drying equipment starting from early time solutions on household level up to
nowadays high performance industrial applications in both food and non-food
processing of agricultural products.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Solar drying, Food processing.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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24h solar thermal electric power generation with Scheffler reflectors
Wolfgang Scheffler1* 1G.v.Werdenbergstr.6, D-89344 Aislingen, Germany
*Corresponding Author: Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler
Email: W.Scheffler@simply-solar.de
Energy shortage affects industries in form of unavailability of electricity and power cuts
as well as high fuel prices for generators or thermal energy needs. Energy provided from
solar energy technologies can offer an alternative, but they require energy storage
solutions to match the demand with the availability. Concentrated solar energy
technology has become state of the art for large scale solar thermal electricity
production in a number of countries. It allows the use of a thermal storage to generate
power during non-sunshine hours. In India, a 1MW power plant is under construction,
which uses specially designed Scheffler reflectors and an innovative thermal storage in
solid iron to run a 1MW steam turbine during day and night. The same technology can
also provide high quality process heat for many industrial processes. This paper
describes the concept of the plant and focuses on the innovative storage concept that
allows the production of high pressure steam round the clock.
Keywords: On-grid & off-grid PV system; concentrated solar; Scheffler reflectors.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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Steps towards complete solar energy supply for small food processing units
Heike Hoedt1* 1G.v.Werdenbergstr.6, D-89344 Aislingen, Germany
*Corresponding Author: Ms. Heike Hoedt
Email: h.hoedt@simply-solar.de
Energy shortage is a phenomenon that affects small food processing industries in form
of unavailability of electricity and/or power cuts - as well as high fuel prices for diesel
generators or thermal energy needs. Energy provided from solar energy technologies
requires storage solutions which are often not available off the shelf. Solar based
cooling as well as process heat in form of steam or hot air can be available around the
clock using innovative thermal storage solutions. Safety of operation plays a very
important role when it comes to small/rural installations where highly qualified personal
may not always be available. Electricity from photovoltaic installations is usually stored
in batteries. Reducing the installed battery capacity is a key aspect to lower the cost of
electric storage. The presentation highlights key technical aspects for reaching a
complete solar energy supply in small food processing industries. Examples of
successful solutions in different countries offer an inspiring perspective.
Keywords: Solar thermal heating and cooling; on and off-grid solar PV.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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Quality aspects in solar drying of medical herbs
Christian Schellert1* 1Department of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Section of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstrasse 1a D 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany *Corresponding Author: Christian Schellert
Email: schellert@uni-kassel.de
Excellent final product quality is the key factor for a successful use of Solar Tunnel
Dryers. These dryers which operate with renewable energy can give an optimum
product quality but the results depend on several important technical, climatic and
product handling factors while each of them will influence the final result. The
harvested agricultural products will pass a huge change during the drying process e.g.
loss of water, textural changes, cracking and altering of shape etc. These factors will
influence the economic success of the drying procedure e.g. in medical herb
processing any loss of the sensible essential oils should be avoided. For that reason it
is necessary to develop adequate drying strategies based on lab and field trials to
investigate the optimal process parameters in order to obtain the required quality
characteristics. In this presentation Melissa officinalis L. is given as a sample to show
the development of an optimization procedure which enables to produce high quality
dried herbs for medical use. Experiments have been carried out at the Department of
Agricultural Engineering of Kassel University at Campus Witzenhausen where
shadow and sun drying was compared. In addition the effects of the temperature, the
position of the product inside the solar tunnel, the drying load and the air velocity on
drying time, color changes and essential oil content were investigated. Suggestions are
made of how to handle other medical plants with similar drying characteristics.
Keywords: Solar tunnel dryer, medicinal herbs, mellissa officinalis, essential oils.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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Simulation of airflow distribution and solar drying of round hay bales
using computational fluid dynamics
Franz Román1* 1University of Kassel, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a,
37213 Witzenhausen, Germany *Corresponding Author: Franz Román
Email: roman@uni-kassel.de
The artificial drying of hay in the form of round bales is challenging due to the nature of
the product and the deficient air distribution usually encountered in bale dryers.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software can be used successfully to understand
the air flow in convective dryers and search for design improvements. In this study, the
CFD software Fluent was employed to simulate the air flow in round bale dryers.
Additionally, through the coupling of a drying model, the drying process could be
simulated. A thin-layer drying equation for hay and an equilibrium moisture relationship
were used to simulate the drying of deep beds of product in 2 or 3 dimensions by
making use of the flow field computed by CFD. These equations as well as moisture and
energy sources were implemented in the software as user-define functions (UDF).
Another set of UDFs were implemented to account for the variable dry matter density
encountered in hay bales, which affects the resistance to airflow of the product and its
porosity. Moreover, by including a function defining time-dependent drying air
conditions as obtained by solar air heater, a solar drying simulation could also be
performed. The results show the effect of bale properties and drying conditions on the
drying behavior of hay bales.
Keywords: Drying simulation, computational fluid dynamics, solar drying.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
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Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying system
under forced convection
Lyes Bennamoun1, Muhammad T. Afzal1* 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of
NewBrunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada, E3B 5A3 *Corresponding author: Muhammad T. Afzal
Email: mafzal@unb.ca
Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying system was carried out
under forced convection mode. The design of the solar dryer is a simple one, consisting
of ten perforated trays and a total drying chamber volume of 1m3. The drying chamber
is connected to the solar air collector with an optimum surface of 3 m2. As it is well
known, solar drying performance depends on the weather changes and in order to limit
this effect, a heater is added at the inlet of the drying chamber. It allows control of the
drying air during unfavorable conditions at constant pre‐defined temperature. Modeling
was performed by applying heat and mass transfer balance on each component of the
solar dryer system to simulate the temperature and humidity of the drying air and the
product. The results of the thermal analysis shows that, using the optimum collector
surface of 3m2, heated air can reach a temperature of 67°C, and one day was still
sufficient to attain the equilibrium moisture content of the product. The exergy analysis
of the drying system shows that the inlet exergy varies from 17 to 311 kJ/kg, however
the exergy loss fluctuates between 8 and 92 kJ/kg with an overall exergy efficiency
varying between 50 and 70%. The collector surface area, the initial mass of the product
spread in the trays and its diameter, all influenced the solar drying behavior.
Keywords: Solar drying; modeling; thin layer drying; thermal energy; exergy analysis.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
19
Development of renewable energy technologies under
ICDD and DAAD Projects
Anjum Munir1, Oliver Hensel1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Anjum Munir
Email: anjum.munirl@uaf.edu.pk
Renewable sources of energy are very important for Pakistan as it is acutely short of
fossil fuels. Among renewable sources, solar energy is of special significance as it is
abundantly available. The per capita commercial energy supply in Pakistan is one of the
lowest in the world. About 68% of the population of Pakistan lives in the rural areas and
most of them has no access to commercial energy. In Pakistan, postharvest losses in
fruits and vegetables range from 25-40% or even greater. The implementations of food
processing facilities have been suggested to reduce food losses and to reduce seasonality
of food supplies. The solar energy can successfully be used for the processing of
perishable agricultural products and non-traditional high value products at farm level.
The work on the developments of solar based technologies for the value addition was
initiated by the projects under the International Center of Development and Decent
Work (ICDD) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Four solar based
technologies have been developed viz. solar roaster, solar distillation system, solar
tunnel dryer and solar autoclave. Solar roaster was developed in which thermal oil
circulates to heat the agricultural products. The ambient temperature was recorded in the
range of 10 to 15 °C, temperature of thermal oil at exit of the heat exchanger was
recorded and ranged from 0-200 °C, roasting temperature was measured that varies from
130 to 180°C for peanuts roasting, moisture contents of the product was decreased upto
5 to 6 %. The solar distillation system comprised of primary reflector, secondary
reflector, distillation still, condenser and Florentine flasks. Using solar distillation
system several experiments, different medicinal and aromatic plants like Eucalyptus,
Cumin, Cloves, Orange peel, etc. were processed successfully. Solar tunnel dryer (STD)
was developed for the dehydration of perishable agricultural products. The total length
and width of STD were 10 m2 and 1.22 m respectively. The air temperature for drying
was raised up to 8-14°C above ambient temperature. Successful experiments were
carried out on ripened chilies, apples and potatoes for quality drying. Solar autoclave
system comprised of stainless steel horizontal cylindrical autoclave chamber. A steam
receiver was used to collect the solar radiations from the focus of scheffler fixed focus
concentrator. The steam was produced by the receiver and transferred to autoclave for
sterilization. Biological tests were performed to determine the optimum combination of
temperature, pressure and time for the sterilization in the autoclave by measuring live
bacteria count by maintaining the pressure and temperature at 1 bar and 121°C
respectively. The results have shown that the solar based technologies can be used for
value addition of different agricultural products using solar energy.
Keywords: Value addition, solar distillation, solar tunnel dryer, solar roaster, autoclave
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
20
Physio-thermal characteristics of biomass briquettes
Muhammad Azhar Ali1*, Abdul Nasir1, Anjum Munir2, 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering
2 Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Azhar Ali
Email: azhar_ali@uaf.edu.pk
Pakistan’s energy supplies through gas, nuclear and hydal sources are 99% and only 1%
renewable sources contributes to the national energy proportions. Whereas the potential
of resources through renewable energy exist tremendously. Biomass is one of the
renewable energy resources. Access to commercial energy resources is limited and a
traditional method of using biomass is another constraint. In Pakistan non-scientific and
conventional energy techniques need an overall change to overcome shortage of energy
using modern technology of bio-energy. In Pakistan biomass is sufficient and can
contribute to explore trade and energy. Though the bio resources of Pakistan are
substantial whereas their contribution to useful energy is low due to low bulk density,
poor and no storage, handling and improper transportation. This study was taken up on
selection of raw biomass material, which includes rice straw, maize straw and cotton
stalks. These binderless briquettes was tested to evaluate their physo-thermal properties
such as bulk density, moisture contents, durability, calorific value, ash contents and
burning rate. The results shown that the burning rate, ash contents and durability was
significant at 1250 kg/m3 bulk density for maize straw, cotton stalks and rice straw
briquettes.
Keywords: Biomass; calorific value; bulk density; moisture contents; ash contents.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
21
Energy auditing of tubewells
Allah Bakhsh1*, Usman Saleem1, Abdul Khaliq1 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Allah Bakhsh
Email: bakhsh_uaf@yahoo.com
Groundwater pumping efficiencies can be improved by conducting the diagnostic
studies of the pump-motor set for suggesting the retrofit measures. The present
study was designed to assess energy requirements regarding pumping of groundwater
under existing motor-pump set arrangements at farmer’s field to improve pump-set
efficiency. The auditing of tubewells technique was used to study the performance
evaluation of 12 tubewells and energy consumption in four regions of Multan, Lodhran,
Karoor Pacca and Khanewal in southern Punjab for enhancing tubewell performance
because most of the pumps were working at low efficiency due to mismatch of pumpset
arrangement. Three numbers of tubewells were selected in each region for conducting
site survey with the help of necessary gadgets for measuring the required operating
parameters at which tubewells were being operated. XY Coordinate method was used to
measure the discharge and NANOVIP meter measured the input energy consumption.
Plump-bob method was used to measure the static water table. After analysis, the old
motor-pump sets were replaced with the new pump set arrangements by adopting proper
motor sizing mechanism before post auditing of the tubewells. By replacing the high HP
motor with right size motor, discharge of tubewells increased by 10 to 29% and
electricity consumption decreased by 20% and efficiency of the Tubewells improved
from 30 to 65%. By replacement of old pumpset arrangements of just 12 tubewells with
new motor pump sets, there was energy saving of 20% worth Rs. 5 lac per year. It is
recommended that farmers should use coupled motor-pump set arrangement for efficient
tubewell performance. Farmers should install their tubewells after proper sizing by the
use of motor-pump set sizing mechanisms. Farmers are encouraged for auditing of their
tubwells to save electricity and bills.
Keywords: Pumping efficiency; tubewells; pumpset; NANOVIP meter; plump bob.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
22
Efficiency of drip irrigation system with solar pump
Muhammad Arshad1*, Ayesha Saleem Mongat1, Aamir Shakoor1 and Lubna
Anjum1
Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Dr. Muhammad Arshad
E-mail: arsmrz@yahoo.com
For agricultural development and strong economy of the country, three important factors
i.e. land, energy and water plays an important role. Pakistan has one of the world best
irrigation system, but there is still water shortage in every part of the country. Average
annual rainfall is less than the total crop water requirement, so surface water is not
enough to fulfill the requirements in agriculture sector. To overcome water shortage
more than one million tubewells have been installed in country. The shortage of water is
still a big challenge not for government of Pakistan and also for the farmers. Moreover,
a lot of water is being wasted through inefficient irrigation system and ultimately results
in low crop water productivity. The pressurized irrigation system (drip irrigation
system) is one of the remarkable options to get the high water use efficiency and the
energy input in this system is principally the electricity required for pumping but the
increasing prices of petroleum and current breakdown of electricity is the main dispute
to adopt such high efficient irrigation system. It is very essential to replace the
conversional sources of energy with solar power and conventional methods of irrigation
with high efficiency irrigation systems (HEIS) to achieve the challenges of agriculture
in future. A study was conducted with the objective to install and evaluate the solar drip
irrigation system in arid zone of Punjab, Pakistan. The performance, efficiency and
distribution uniformity of the system was evaluated. An economic analysis was also
made to compare the solar operated with the diesel engine operated drip irrigation
system. The range of average discharge values was between 8.3-8.56 liter per hour (lph)
at different pressures, while the emission uniformity values were between 85-90% at 8.2
lph discharge. Application uniformity was 98-99% and distribution uniformity value
was 99% at 8.2 lph discharge and different pressures. It was found that solar power units
were more efficient, energy saving and economical. The operational cost of this unit
was very low as compared to diesel system while the initial installation cost of solar
operated system was high.
Keywords: Solar system; drip irrigation system; application uniformity.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
23
Estimation of spatio-temporal solar radiation from satellite imagery in
data scarce environment
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masood Cheema1* 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Muhammad Jehanzeb Masood Cheema
Email: mjm.cheema@gmail.com
Energy crisis in countries like Pakistan has severely demanded exploration of alternative
energy resources and solar energy is considered as one of the suitable options. However,
proper sites for solar panel installations are needed to be identified that receive
maximum solar radiation and thus regulate power supply throughout the year. The
traditional methods of determining solar radiation through solar radiometers and
ordinary sunshine hour measurement instruments can provide point measurements and
are limited. Alternatively, cloud cover information obtained from moderate resolution
satellite imagery like MODIS at 1 km spatial resolution can be used to infer solar
radiation. MODIS information on the cloud optical thickness was used to quantify
spatially distributed and temporally consistent transmissivity and hence incoming solar
radiation. The mean solar radiation values were more than 200 W m−2 between days of
year (DOY) 105 to 201while it was below 125 W m−2 during 1 to 57 and 329 to 361
DOY. A time series analysis was performed to check the accuracy using station
measurements obtained from 24 meteorological stations. The solar radiation values at 24
locations matched well with satellite derived solar radiation estimates having bias less
than 20%.
Keywords: Solar radiation; radiometers; transmissivity; satellite.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
24
Lessons learnt from uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency
programs in Australia
Akhtar Abbas, G.Q. Amur *Corresponding Author: Dr. Akhtar Abbas
Email: akhtar6@yahoo.com
Australia is one of the highest per capita contributors of greenhouse gas emission in the
World with 89% of total electricity production using fossil fuels. Around 69%
electricity in Australia is generated by using coal which is achieved from black coal
(47%) and brown coal (22%). In recent times the coal consumption in the nation’s
electricity supply has seen some decreasing trends mainly due to electricity price
increases, significant uptake of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy,
especially solar energy. Electricity generation by using gas shares 20% of the nation’s
production. Australia's renewable energy industries are diverse, covering numerous
energy sources and scales of operation, and currently contribute about 11% of
Australia's total energy supply. Hydropower is the largest source of renewable
electricity, contributing 60% of all renewable generation and 6% of total electricity. The
remaining 5% of Australia’s total electricity generation comes from wind (2%) and
others (3%). Others include oil, bioenergy, solar PV, and multi-fuel fired power plants.
However the rapid uptake of individual rooftop solar panels at an extraordinary rate
with more than 1 million rooftop solar systems in Australia now puts dent in electricity
market. The Climate Commission reported more than 2.5 million Australians (10% of
nation’s population) use solar power for their homes. It is still believed that coal will
continue to provide a major share of electricity generation over a period of many years
in the future. This requires that more work is needed on educating the community on
sustainability, increasing awareness on the clean energy and developing policies to
support these initiatives. This paper will provide a review of experiences gained with the
uptake of selected renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives in Australia. In
addition some recommendations will be provided on the relevant benefits and potential
issues on implementing similar measures in Pakistan.
Keywords: Renewable energy; photovoltaic, bioenergy; hydropower
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
25
Energy at agriculture farms of Pakistan: status and future prospectus
Muhammad Iqbal1*, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Muhammad Iqbal
Email: uaf_miqbal@uaf.edu.pk
Agricultural machinery is consuming maximum energy for crop production to maximize
labor output with optimum use of input resources. Public research institutions played
key role in developing/adapting various energy based technologies in the country.
Power available from tractors, draught animals and farm labor employed for
mechanically performing farm operations of crop production like: soil tillage,
seeding/planting, inter-culture, plant protection, crop harvesting & threshing and
handling produce has been found very low (1.16 hp/ha) as compared to leading Asian
countries like Japan (7 hp/ha), South Korea (4.11 hp/ha), China (4.10 hp/ha), and
Vietnam (1.56 hp/ha). Even the neighboring country India has greater energy input
(1.81 hp/ha) as compared with the energy input at Pakistan farms (1.16 hp/ha). Fossil
fuels are depleting and energy crises issues are becoming severe day by day. There are
about 72 million animals (cows & buffaloes) in the country besides about 81 million
tons per year of crop residues and about 785 million birds in poultry estates across the
country. The animals and birds produce 360 million kg and 39.5 million kg collectable
dung per day respectively. This could yield 23.11 million cubic meters of biogas per
day and therefore could yield 1396 MW power generation per day. Thus, biogas
production from agricultural wastes is a candidate technology deemed fit for fulfilling
energy needs at the farms. This encourages benefiting from the resources available in
the rural sector for increased production, clean environment and added comforts. The
biogas serves a dual purpose of the energy generation and also saving valuable organic
matter by efficient recycling, especially in agricultural based economy. Moreover, the
use of resource conservation technologies would reduce the cost of production of crops
with minimum consumption of fossil fuels.
Keywords: Fossil fuels; agricultural waste; biogas; power generation; fossil fuels.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
26
Renewable energy in agriculture: present status, issues and future
prospects
Munir Ahmad1*, Muhammad Abdul Hanan Siddhu1, Asif A. Mirani1 1Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Munir Ahmad
Email:drmunir.abei@hotmail.com
Pakistan is blessed with the vast resources of renewable energy (Solar, biomass, and
biofuels etc.). Efforts have been in the past in Pakistan to harness these resources in
agriculture, however, a vast potential still exists for renewable energy technologies to
meet the energy requirement of the country’s agriculture sector for its low input cost and
sustainability. This paper concentrates on research done in the area of renewable energy
technologies development such as; solar fruit drying, biogas production and purification,
solar desalination and solar water pumping at National Agricultural Research Centre,
Islamabad. Potential of these renewable energy technologies have also been worked
out, and issues and future prospects associates with these technologies have also been
presented with particular context to Pakistan.
Keywords: Renewable energy; solar fruit drying; biogas production; solar desalination.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
27
Off-grid renewable energy solutions: making it work for Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa
Parvaiz Naim1* 1KfW Development Bank Office, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: Parvaiz Naim
Email: parvaiz.naim@gmail.com
Since the setting up of 1.1MW Renala Hydel station near Lahore in 1925, Pakistan now
has a total installed capacity of over 23,000MW, half of which became possible with
German financing through the KfW Development Bank. Yet, the system inadequacies
have led to prolonged power outages, and associated failure in achieving full rural
electrification. This situation has attracted higher attention to supporting off-grid
renewable energy solutions for the underserved rural population of Pakistan. While
efforts have been made in local manufacture of equipment like T-15 Turbines, Solar PV
panels and deep cycle batteries, the earlier failures since the 1970’s in such Off-Grid
solutions (Micro & Mini hydro and Solar PV) have raised some skepticism. The Micro
and Mini hydro unit failures mostly came from improper design, poor civil works, and
inadequate repair & maintenance services. The Solar PV system problems arose due to
mismatch components, battery failures, and the use of communal PV setup for
connecting multiple consumers with diverse needs. The new initiatives thus need to
avoid the earlier mistakes by taking appropriate measures. Such measures for the Micro
and Mini Hydro systems include (a) choosing a combination of units for generating
maximum possible power during winters; (b) linking neighboring hydel units via a
regional grid with the provision of possible linkage with the National Grid, if and when
it became available; (c) shunting access power during the day by heating water for
community use, and (d) arranging easily accessible repair & maintenance services.
Similarly, for the Solar PV systems, (a) promoting its use in groundwater extraction; (b)
improving the quality of deep cycle batteries and Charge Controllers; and (c) arranging
hybrid battery charging facilities for solar home systems. For putting such measures into
practice, the Federal Republic of Germany through KfW Development Bank is
supporting a large Renewable Energy Project in two phases. Implemented through the
Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, the leading Rural Support Programs (NRSP, SRSP,
AKRSP) are in the process of setting up Off-Grid systems for the benefit of the
underserved communities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Keywords: Solar PV; charge controllers; off-grid systems; hydro-systems.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
28
Biogas as alternative energy resource for rural community in Pakistan
Muhammad Ashraf 1*, Anjum Munir 2, Alamgir Akhtar Khan3
1Department of Agriculture Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute(AMRI), FSD 2Department of Farm Machinery& Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
3PhD Scholar Environmental Engineering, University of Guelph Ontario, Canada *Corresponding author: Dr. Muhammad Ashraf
Email: muhammadashraf289@yahoo.com
More than 0.07 million domestic biogas plants have been installed in Pakistan since
1975. Theoretically these plants can meet the need of 7000 families while potential of
0.5 millions is there. Beside great potential to meet the fuel requirement by replacing
wood, most of these plants are non-productive. One of the major reasons of slow
adoption of this technology is lack of technical information, availability of alternate fuel
and people’s attitude. Therefore this study has been designed to improve and evaluate
the efficiency of the modified community based biogas plant based on constant
pressure, constant temperature and stirring mechanism. Hot water circulation based heat
exchanger was installed to keep the digester temperature in constant range 35-39 oC for
optimum gas production. A stirring mechanism was installed inside the digester to
homogenize the bacterial growth throughout the fermentation chamber. The experiment
was conducted at J.K Farms Jhumra Faisalabad where two digester (floating drum type)
of size 150 m3 each, were installed. Animal dung was used as raw material with the
varying composition of poultry waste (10 to 20% by weight). The results of the study
revealed that incorporation of poultry waste 20% (by weight) of animal dung enhanced
the gas production by 10%. Overall gas production raised from 55% to 85% provided
with pre-mixing of feeding material, heat exchanger and stirring system. A very simple
biogas purification system was installed to address H2S and CO2. A compressor was
used to compress the biogas in pressure vessels. Gas regulation system was installed to
synchronize the gas flow and pressure for operation of gunsets 15 Kw and 40 Kw.
Produced electricity was used to operate tube wells and other electric appliances on
farm house. The digested slurry was incorporated in the soil where wheat crop was
grown over the field that improved the soil fertility and increased the crop yield by 10%.
The study concludes that the national consumption of mineral fertilizers could be
reduced by 20% through the use of potential digested biogas sludge as an organic
fertilizer.
Keyword: Biogas, Alternate energy, Slurry, Organic fertilizer
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
29
Value addition to FYM as a substitute of energy production for rural
livestock farmers
Muhammad Younas1*, K. Haseeb1, M. Yaqoob1 1Deptt. of Livestock Management, University of Agriculture, FSD-38040, Pakistan
*Corresponding author: Dr. Muhammad Younis
Email: myounas07@gmail.com
Pakistan is facing a severe shortage of energy in the country. About 7 Billion US$ are
spent on fossil fuel to meet its energy needs. The best way to generate the energy is
from local resources like farm yard manure (FYM) which is renewable and sustainable
too. This will substitute to the conventional fuels and energy source of the country.
Among livestock wealth of Pakistan about 159 M millions are ruminants which produce
about 700 million kg of manure daily. This FYM is used to add soil fertility for crop and
fodder production. The value addition of producing biogas from this amount of dung
can create 16.3 m3 biogas per day and 21 m tons of bio-slurry which can meet the 20 %
of N and 66 % of the P required for crop production. A biogas unit of 10 m3 size is
anticipated to save almost Rs 92,062 per year on account of conventional fuels spent
otherwise. Not only it can provide gas for cooking, heating but it also can run a peter
engine (25 hp) for 8 hrs a day and operate a 12 kW generator, which will ultimately save
a lot of amount spent through electricity. Women’s opportunity cost, with introduction
of biogas units will reportedly increase; subsequently impacting positively on household
income. Biogas energy generation systems are in demand and their number is increasing
steadily. They are low-cost and can be run with very small budget. Biogas energy
corridor can work as a good substitute for nearly 70% of country’s population residing
in rural areas. Installation of plants to bottle the biogas can be additional opportunity.
Looking at the situation of electricity in the country, the alternate energy resources has
become the dire need of the time. Conversion of cow/buffalo dung into biogas is one of
the viable options. About 50 kg fresh dung with equivalent quantity of water can
produce 2 m3 biogas, replaces ~ 26 kg of LPG or 37 liters of kerosene oil, or 88 kg of
charcoal, or 210 kg of fuel wood or 750 kg of animal dung in a month. In terms of cost,
biogas is cheaper on life cycle basis, than conventional biomass fuels. A biogas is easy
to use and saves time in the kitchen; biogas stove has an efficiency of about 55% which
is comparable to that of LPG stove. Cooking on biogas is free from smoke and soot, and
can substantially reduce the health problems which are otherwise quit common in most
rural areas in Pakistan where biomass is the main source of fuel. The valuable nutrients
like N&P in fermented slurry increases twice and K about 30 % and they are
immediately absorbed. This paper will provide new dimensions for value adding to
dung and comparing the efficiencies of various biofuels for producing biogas and its
composition. The results obtained from the comparison of dung, poultry litter, wheat
straw and other biomass will be compared in producing the biogas in lab digesters.
Keywords: Biogas; lab digesters; FYM; straws efficiency
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
30
Prediction of air distribution in an enhanced batch type food dryer for
spatial homogeneity of temperature using computational fluid dynamics
(CFD)
Waseem Amjad1*, Oliver Hensel1, Anjum Munir2, Albert Esper3
1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kassel University, Witzenhausen, Germany 2Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 3
INNOTECH mbh, Stuttgart, Germany *Corresponding Author: Waseem Amjad
Email: waseem_amjad@daad-alumni.de
Batch type dryers are some of the most widespread equipment used for food
dehydration. One major drawback of this dryer is the spatial heterogeneity of air
velocity in the drying space leading to uneven dried product. It is the major requirement
in air drying processes to achieve uniform moisture content of the final product. To
surmount this problem, a batch type dryer (11m×1.20m×1.25m) with diagonally air inlet
manifold (along the length of dryer) has been developed. It comprises of an air flow
channel including a fan (453 m3/hr) and an electric water heat exchanger, air guider,
drying chamber with 25 food buckets (diagonally arranged along the length of dryer),
air recirculation way, along with a control panel to set drying time, drying temperature
and time for outlet opening/closing. A flow modeling simulation software, ANSYS-
Fluent (CFD) is used to predict the profiles of air, temperature and pressure distribution
within the drying chamber by applying actual boundary conditions and a standard k-ϵ
turbulence model. A spatial homogeneity of temperature distribution in drying chamber
was found. To validate it and for performance evaluation, experiments were conducted
using local available potatoes as drying material. The temperature was measured
continuously during experiments by using thermocouples (K-type ±1.5 k and T-type
±0.5 k) along the entire length of drying chamber at different positions, starting from
inlet. The drying result expressed as percentage of moisture contents reduction, was
determined with a variation of 2% among buckets along the entire length of dryer.
Numerical simulations and measurements showed that the new batch type dryer is able
to produce an even distribution of air velocity and temperature throughout the drying
chamber of the dryer.
Keywords: Batch dryers; air distribution; spatial uniform temperature.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
31
Rural development through renewable energy development:
A pro-poor approach
Shoukat Ali1, Munir Ahmad1*, Tanvir Ali1 and Muhammad Iqbal Zafar1 1Institute of Agri. Extension & Rural Development, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Shaukat Ali
Email: shaukatpak78@yahoo.com
Generally, it is ignoring fact that renewable energy resource potential exists many times
in Pakistan as compared to conventional energy resource. Although, government
commenced its efforts in 1975 to tap renewable energy but due to lack of steering
efforts, the share of energy from renewable resource is amounted only 180 MW till
2011, in spite of the fact that it’s potential in Pakistan is more than 3 million MW.
Energy is life line for rural development. The difference between developed and
underdeveloped rural areas in the country is energy. It is established fact that high
correlation exist between energy consumption and growth rate of GDP. Researcher
agreed that none of the eight MDGs can be achieved without energy provision to the
rural people in developing countries and Pakistan is not an exception. The development
of renewable energy infrastructure at micro or grass root level can help rural people to
help themselves. This development approach is pro-poor as compared to trickle down
approach. Another principle of rural development is the development of an agricultural
sector. It is estimated that agriculture sector in the country consumes more than 11%
(about 1600MW) of total energy production. It’s not a big deal. Biogas and solar energy
have enormous potential to meet the energy needs of agricultural and rural sector. Only
from animal dunk, Pakistan has potential of 5000 MW per day. Currently, farmers spend
about 600-1000 Million USD worth of diesel annually to buy the required diesel to
operate 0.8 million tube wells in the country. By using biogas or solar energy, farmers
can save this money and increase their income. Moreover, renewable energy generation
activity can increase employment opportunities and living standard in rural areas. In
current energy crisis, unlike big cities, rural areas are worst hit. So, it is need of the hour
that government should take steps for rural development through exploiting the rural
potential of renewable energy resources in the country.
Keywords: Rural development; renewable energy; pro-poor approach.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
32
Design, development and modeling of natural air dryer for rice
Sidra Ashfaq1*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1
Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Ms. Sidra Ashfaq
Email: Sidrah708@uaf.edu.pk
Paddy grain (Oraza sativa)) has high moisture content at the time of harvest usually in
the range of (20-30%). The moisture content is the major factor to maintain quality of
paddy. Higher moisture contents lead to the deterioration of seed quality due to the
micro-organism growth and respiration process. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the
moisture content of paddy to its optimum value for safe storage and processing. The
suitable range of moisture content is around ≈14% or less (wet basis) for long term
storage and for better quality milling process. Drying is the important post-harvest
operation for the safe storage of agricultural products. Generally, drying of rice is
performed using conventional technique that is open sun drying and using some simple
conventional dryers. Open sun drying method has a number of disadvantages like
contamination by dust and insects, quality loss due to un-controlled drying conditions,
longer drying periods, cloudy weather condition and crop losses by birds. In this
method, the percentage of crop loss is as high upto 10% while drying using high
temperature air produces the stresses inside the rice kernel which can burn its nutrient
level and also increases the drying cost. Keeping in view the above problems, the
research will be focused for the design and development and modeling of natural air rice
dryer. A natural air rice dryer will be fabricated based on the design of batch type dryer
but suitably modified and developed to satisfy the drying requirements of small farmers
and to maintain the quality of dried products. Air flow pattern is also very important to
get the proper drying rate for good quality seeds. Air distributor will be modeled and
analyzed for proper air distribution within the bulk mass of rice grains using modeling
approach. The performance of rice dryer will be statistically analyzed to assess the
effect of different parameters on drying rate. Psychometric analysis will also be
performed to draw the process line of drying mechanism. A cost benefit analysis will
also be performed.
Keywords: Paddy rice; natural air dryer; air distributor; drying rate; psychrometry.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
33
Potential of solar assisted cooling system in Pakistan
Abdul Ghafoor1*, Anjum Munir1, Muhammad Iqbal1, Manzoor Ahmad1
1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding author: Dr. Abdul Ghafoor
Email: abdul.ghafoor@uaf.edu.pk
In many regions of the world especially in tropical regions like Pakistan, the demand for
cooling/ air-conditioning is growing. The increasing number of conventional cooling
systems resulted extra load on the grid which has produced severe energy crises in
Pakistan in the last decade. The solar assisted cooling system use heat from solar
radiations to run thermally driven cooling machine like absorption or adsorption
chillers. Moreover, solar assisted cooling systems produces cooling effect with
considerably less or negligible electricity demand as compared to conventional cooling
systems. The single effect sorption machines work in the temperature range between 70-
90 oC producing COP in the range of 0.65-0.8. Under the tropical climatic conditions of
Pakistan, this low temperature range can be produced using flat plate collectors or
vacuum tube collectors. The thermal driven machines like absorption chillers are
capable to produce chilled water temperatures in the range of 6-12oC that can be used
for air-conditioning of the building especially for office buildings because the operation
schedule of the office building matches well with solar availability and does not require
extensive storage capacity to store thermal heat for night use. However, the utilization
of NH3/H2O absorption chiller can produce cooling effect lower than 0 oC that can be
utilize for food or vegetable and vaccine storage and for freezing purpose like ice
making. In case of scarce or no radiation, the use of backup boiler (natural gas or oil
fired) assures the continuous operation of the sorption chiller to produce cooling effect.
In addition, the use of working materials in sorption chillers like LiBr, Zeolite, Silicagel
does not contribute to global warming and ozone layer depletion compared to working
materials in conventional machines. Under this condition, this technology offers an
excellent opportunity to be utilized for cooling purpose and to decrease increasing load
on the grid for sustainable future of the country. Another advantage of solar cooling
system is that the installation of solar collectors on roofs prevents the entry of heat into
the building through roof decreasing the internal cooling demand of the building.
Keywords: Flat plate collectors; vacuum tube collectors; absorption chiller; adsorption
chiller
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
34
Pakistan, farmers and green agriculture energy
Aamer Hayat Bhandara1* 1Hayat Farms, Main Okara Cant. Road, 26.sp, Pakpatan, Pakistan
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: aamer_hayat@hotmail.com
Agriculture is a major sector providing food and jobs to the global population. The
sector accounts for 29% of the GDP in developing countries and provides jobs to 65%
of the total population. Particularly in the situation of Pakistan, agriculture is the
mainstay of the economy providing 44% of the jobs and contributing to nearly a quarter
of the country’s GDP. The major stake holders of this sector are mostly small land
holders if we see the ratio then we realize that 80% of all farmers subsist on small land
holdings; 81% of all famers are smaller than 5 hectors; and only 7% are above 10
hectors. On the other hand 160 million livestock is providing raw material for agro-
based industries. Energy has always been essential l for agriculture and food production
in the form of photosynthesis, Farm machinery, fertilizer and chemicals production and
even for the irrigation. Facts shows that the most frequent challenges Pakistani farmers
are facing in this era like water crises, power shortage, low yield of crops and difference
between the demand and supply of fertilizers are directly or indirectly engaged with the
energy crises in Pakistan. Power generation has emerged as a highly sensitive issue
especially during the last five years. Before the recent elections farmers were very
depressed due to lack of electricity supply, its high cost and rocketing prices of
alternative resources creating a panic among farmers. Unacceptable electricity cost
policies of the previous government with a huge load shedding forced farmers not to pay
the bills and to come on roads. This affected the system seriously by stopping the
revenue to the government and reduced the yields of crops badly in the last Rubi season.
One other problem is the Climate Change. Due to the carbon emissions and greenhouse
gases resulting climate change, we are already witnessing increase in the temperature,
changing cropping and rain fall patterns, extreme droughts and floods, shifting of pests
and diseases and the water scarcity. It is a reality that Climate Change is happening and
Pakistan is among the top water scarce countries in the World. Water wastage is very
high in our country. Pakistan is blessed with the abundance of natural resource to
generate renewable energy from Hydro, Wind, Solar and Bio mass. Renewable energy
from Bio-mass and Solar in Pakistan is a best option to produce low cost clean energy
for Agriculture sector having positive impact on economy, social uplift of the rural poor
and the environment but a biggest challenge is how to facilitate the small farmers who
are the 80% of the entire farming community of Pakistan? There are many alternatives
to produce the On-farm power generation but the high initial and maintenance costs
create less interest among farmers towards new technologies. Our small farmers only
understand the short run profit and they do not want to wait for long period.
Government, Agriculture scientists and Renewable energy specialists must have to
focus on the new and long-term techniques to produce low cost Green Agriculture
Energy accessible to the small farmers of Pakistan. Moreover with the help of
Government of Pakistan a Co-operative culture in the Agriculture Sector can play a vital
role to overcome the energy crises for the poor farmers.
Keywords: Photosynthesis; climate change; renewable energy; biomass.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
35
Popularizing renewable energy sources: need for media campaign in
Pakistan
Ghazanfar Ali Khan1*, Muhammad Iftikhar1, Tanvir Ali1, Saleem Ashraf1, M.
Luqman2 1Institute of Agri. Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
* Corresponding author email: agrigak444@yahoo.com
Revolutionary transitions in the world propose us various alternatives and pave the way
towards human development. Renewable energy sources are the excellent alternatives in
the context of progress and prosperity because these are cost effective and eco-friendly.
In Pakistan, we are facing severe energy crises; resultantly, we are lagging behind in
various walks of life both in urban as well rural scenario. Complaining against energy
crises is not the solution; the real solution is to harness the benefits of renewable energy
sources in befitted manner. However, it seems indispensible to create awareness and
interest among the masses regarding these alternatives. Moreover, all the apprehensions
and panics pertaining to these sources should be eradicated from people’s minds. For
changing various stereotypes about renewable energy sources, media (print and
electronic) can play a vital role. Through print media like newspapers, motivational
messages should be communicated in a perpetual fashion depicting maximum benefits
of these sources. Radio particularly in the form of FM radio, the messages and programs
should be broadcasted in this context. The thriving medium like TV, more and more
advertisements and massages should be telecasted presenting appealing side for the
viewers. Moreover, the programs in the form of demonstration and documentaries about
the installations should also be on the scene. The trend of mobile telephony is going on
increase day by day, SMS and MMS through mobile phone can also be fruitful to stir up
the mindset towards these sources. Exclusive websites should be available having the
options of various languages (English and Urdu) with pictorial and video links pertinent
to these sources. Social media can also be an effective tool to share and communicate
the beneficial aspects. Media campaign should be a mutual strive on the part of both
public and private sectors to promote these sources all over the country to cope with the
gigantic challenge of energy crises.
Keywords: Energy crises; renewable energy sources.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
36
Renewable energy sources: A roadmap to sustainable rural development
in Pakistan
Babar Shahbaz1, Tanvir Ali1, M. Luqman2*, Muhammad Iftikhar1 and G.A. Khan1 1Institute of Agri. Extension & Rural Development, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: Babar Shahbaz
Email: extensionpak@gmail.com
The significance of energy in the overall economic development of any country has
already been acknowledged in the global world as there exists a strong relationship
between availability of energy and sustainable economic development. The major focus
of development agenda of the global world is also on poverty reduction in rural areas of
majority of the developing countries. The recent energy crises in Pakistan during the
past two decades have pushed the rural people towards poverty. Due to the growing
energy demands in terms of electricity, oil, gas and coal of rapid growing population in
the country, the state is spending a lot of money on importing energy. In this alarming
situation use of renewable energy sources in rural areas of Pakistan will be the most
effective and efficient mean towards sustainable development. In rural areas it has the
capacity to produce their own reliable and cheap energy especially heat and electricity
rather than use of conventional energy sources. In addressing and mitigating drastic
climatic and environmental issues renewable energy sources will also play a key role. In
the Pakistani context following will be the key renewable energy sources that can be
used for multifaceted rural purposes: 1) Use of biomass (crops, livestock, wood and
forest materials, agricultural waste/residues) 2) Wind energy 3) Solar energy. The above
mentioned sources of renewable energy have many positive impacts on rural farm as
well as non-farm economy that lead to poverty reduction and ultimately enhance
opportunities of sustainable rural development. Some anticipated outcomes of the use of
these sources as alternate energy production are: a) new source of revenue generation
b) Extended employment opportunities c) cheaper energy for multifarious activities
d) mitigate the impacts of climate change. In order to make the convenient use of these
energy sources by the rural people, there is dire need to adopt an integrated approach
through the collaboration of public and private sectors. In this regard, the role of
agricultural extension whose prime objective is to motivate the rural community to
adopt latest technologies which can bring positive changes (material and non-material)
in their livelihoods should be enhanced. Agricultural extension agencies and
practitioners should have to expand their roles not for agricultural development but also
for overall sustainable rural development.
Keywords: renewable energy; sustainable rural development; agricultural extension.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
37
Promotion of biogas energy to stakeholders through socio-economic
approaches
Izhar Ahmad Khan1* 1Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Izhar Ahmad Khan
Email:izhark99@yahoo.com
The existing population of Pakistan is about 176 Millions heads; and due to rapid
growth of population @ 3.1% annually will touch a figure of 200 Million in 2025. On
the other hand, energy resources are limited and fossil fuels are depleting day by day.
Agriculture is a backbone of country’s economic development. The contribution of
Agriculture in GDP of Pakistan is 21.62. About 65% of total population in Pakistan is
residing in rural areas. Livestock is the largest depositor to the agriculture. About 72
Millions animals are present in the country; out of which 18 million m3 per day biogas
can be generated which is equivalent to 1243 MW of electricity. This biogas energy is
more than one third of power produced by the natural gas. This value is unknown to the
illiterate rural population. Although Pakistan has enough bioenergy potential and well
trained engineers and technologist yet a practical approach of proper dissemination of
knowledge and use of technology is still a big challenge. This indicates that there is
strong bridge of socio-economic people who can properly manage outreach programs
and manage various approaches for highlighting the importance of biogas production
and its use. By keeping all facts in view, our department has been working on the
promotion of livestock dairy development and biogas technology in different in Punjab
(Okara, Pakpatan, Jhelem, Khushab, Qasoor and Bhakkar etc.) during last three years.
We had been strengthening the gender development and pro-poor value chain for the
promotion of the livestock successfully completed. The work has been published in
online scientific journals. I am working as a focal person in Agricultural Sector Linkage
Program (ASLP-2) in AUS-AiD program to promote the biogas technology in our
research areas of Punjab. The first part of my presentation will be about the promotion
strategy of the biogas technology to address the livestock sector in Pakistan. Secondly,
the socio-economic impact will be presented for the promotion of pro-poor value chain
and gender development in the country.
Keywords: GDP; bioenergy; outreach; community development; livestock.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
38
Development, installation and performance evaluation of a biogas plant
for tubewell operation
Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Muhammad Iqbal1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Anjum Munir
Email: anjum.munir@uaf.edu.pk
Agriculture continues to play vital role in Pakistan’s economy. Livestock is the largest
depositor to the agriculture. Energy is the major limiting factor and accountable for the
setback in developing economies. Currently, the petrol and diesel prices are increasing
very sharply and reached nearly Pak Rs. 110-120 per liter (one euro per liter) in 2013
compared to Rs. 60 per liter in 2009. It is imperative that alternate and renewable
resources for energy must be explored. Among all renewable resources biomass energy,
i.e. biogas, is unique as its availability is de-centralized. Almost all village households
have animals and agro wastes to produce bioenergy. In Pakistan, there are about 72
million animals (cows and buffalos) producing 720 million kg dung (@ 10 kg per
animal). At 50% collectability, about 18 million m3 of biogas can be produced (@ 0.05
m3 per kg). From these biogas resources, about 1243 MW electricity can be produced.
Pakistan is facing severe energy crises especially in the rural areas. Biogas energy can
address the domestic and farm gas requirement and can also be used to run the tubewell
for farm irrigation. By keeping all facts in view, a floating drum biogas gas plant was
designed and developed for tubewell operation using the dung available from University
dairy farm animals (cows and buffalos). The biogas system comprised of two cylindrical
fermentation chambers/digesters having capacities of 40 and 25 m3. The feeding rate for
40 m3 (4.1 m depth and 3.8 m dia.) and 25 m3 (3.8 m depth and 3.2 m dia.) fermentation
chambers are 650 and 400 kg respectively (dung mixed with water by 1:1 ratio by
mass). Total biogas flow rate was found to be 36.75 m3 per day. In order to purify the
gas from moisture contents and H2S, the system is equipped with dehumidifier and
scrubbing unit to prevent the engine from corrosion effects. The biogas is stored at 5 bar
pressure in the two gas storage tanks for continuous operation of the tubewell for 6
hours and a 20 hp diesel engine was operated at 70:30 biogas-diesel ratios for 0.75 cusec
discharge. This biogas operated tube is used to irrigate the farm area of the University.
In addition to biogas, slurry benefits are additional and used as farm yard manure. I have
worked in the project as “Principal Investigator”. The research work will be presented
in two phase, first phase will be about the design and develop of the biogas plant while
second phase will include the performance evaluation of the biogas plant for tubewell
operation.
Keywords: Biogas; fermentation chamber; Scrubber; dehumidifier; slurry.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
39
Pyrolysis of sewage sludge and municipal organic waste using as
renewable source for power generation
Syed Amjad Ahmad1*, Ahmad Shafi 1, Young Nam Chun 2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer
Research, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Chosun University
375, Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, R.S.Korea *Corresponding Author: Syed Amjad Ahmad
Email: samjadahmad67@yahoo.com
Pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge attracts the whole world researchers due to its
ever increasing volume and low cost input for energy production as a renewable energy
source. Due to the high pricing of fossil fuel and forecast for decreasing of its resources
in the middle of this century compel the researcher to search out its alternate whose cost
is around the cost of fossil fuel or lower then it and is environmental friendly. Fossil fuel
also produces greenhouse gases that can affect the environment and create global
warming therefore its alternatives are essentially desired. Now a day’s biomass, solar,
wind nuclear, hydro, geothermal hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothermal,
human-powered, ocean & wave /tidal energy etc. are the main sources for the
development of low cast energy production at the cost of waning the production of CO2.
As the municipal sewage sludge is a main constituent of biomass and is the only one
that is freely available where lives exist and now a day’s its production increasing day
by day due to increase of urbanization and industrialization. Pyrolysis conditions, like
heating rate and final pyrolysis temperature, were varied so that their influence on the
characteristics of the resulting gases, liquids and solid residues could be studied. It was
found that increasing the pyrolysis temperature decreases the solid fraction yield and
increases the gas fraction yield while that of the liquid fraction remains almost constant.
Therefore, the effect of the heating rate was found to be important at low final pyrolysis
temperatures and the pyrolysis conditions, all the solid products obtained were of a basic
nature and highly macroporous, the meso- and micro- pore volumes being relatively
low. Pyrolysis gas contains N2, O2, H2, CO, CH4, CO2, and a little amount of other
hydrocarbons as a highly efficient fuel gases. GC TCD and GC FID were used to find
the percentage of these in pyrolysis gas. During this Pyrolysis process tar and char is
also generated. Good quality char and larger amount of gas production is studied at
different parameters. Tar is also collected for analysis of different compounds present in
it using impinger train as per EU protocol.
Key words: Pyrolysis, sewage sludge, global warming, urbanization..
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
40
Sustainable Production of Bioethanol by using Augmented Bacterial
Cellulases
Mariyam Zameer1*, Maham Tabassum 1, Maham Ali1 1University f the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Mariyam Zameer
Email: mariyambukhari@gmail.com
Due to over-dependence on fossil fuels, Pakistan is undergoing a serious energy crisis.
Cellulosic ethanol appears to be a promising renewable fuel in light of the country’s
current economic and environmental conditions. However, in order to produce ethanol
from cellulose, the latter must first be broken down into glucose by cellulases. The
objective of this work was to amplify bacterial cellulase production via chemical
mutagenesis. Five cellulase-producing bacterial strains were isolated from cow dung as
well as effluent from local textile and pharmaceutical industries. Each of these strains
was subjected to five different concentrations of two separate chemical mutagens viz.
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and Ethidium bromide. Of the 50 mutants obtained, five
best strains were screened out by using Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) plate assays,
and their isozymes were studied via Native PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
(PAGE). Of these five, the most efficient cellulase producer (RB200) was selected for
further studies. Using pre-treated wheat straw (which is abundantly available in
Pakistan) as a substrate in shake flask cultures, cellulase extract was collected for partial
characterization (i.e. to determine enzyme stability at various pH and temperatures).
CMCase and FPase assays were used to monitor enzyme activity. The mutant RB200
was further used to perform saccharification in shake flasks, and glucose, reducing
sugars as well as total sugars were periodically analyzed to examine the reaction
progress. Finally, the glucose produced was utilized in shake flask fermentation by the
yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae G-1, and the resultant ethanol concentration was
estimated. From the results it can be concluded that for the purpose of enhancing
cellulase production in the chosen bacteria, Ethidium bromide was a better mutagen
than EMS. Native PAGE revealed two important findings: first, that mutant CE150
produced an isozyme of 34kDa in excessive amounts; second, that RB300 produced a
unique isozyme not found in any other mutant. Enzyme assays showed that FPase
activity in the selected mutant RB200 was almost 7 times that of CMCase. From
saccharification and subsequent fermentation, bioethanol was successfully produced at a
concentration of 1.523%. The study demonstrates that mutated bacterial strains can be
effective cellulase producers, and that wheat straw is a suitable substrate for making the
production of cellulosic ethanol sustainable.
Keywords: Cellulases, ethidium bromide, substrate, fermentation, bioethanol.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
41
Potential of energy content in solid waste of Dental units in two hospitals
of Lahore
Soniya Munir1*, Umm-e-Hani Iqbal1, Nadia Naveed1 1College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: Soniya Munir
Email: soniyamunir@hotmail.com
The defective disposal systems leading to public health hazard required an in depth
study of the entire process in order to suggest an ideal disposal mechanism and the best
possible end use of dental waste generated by dental hospitals/clinics. Considering the
rapid increase seen in the volume of waste emerging from dental hospitals and clinics
presumably due to increasing number of dental hospitals/ clinics, and improvement in
the safety measures adopted, it was deemed necessary to assess the composition of
waste items generated from a dental hospital and the disposal mechanisms. Hence, two
famous dental hospitals of Lahore, Fatima Memorial Hospital of Dentistry and Punjab
Dental Hospital, were selected for the sake of this study. The purpose of this research
also included the exploration of energy the waste holds, by finding out its heating value
using Bomb Calorimeter. After an extensive sampling, a comparison between the
composition of waste items produced from both hospitals brought to light the fact, that a
majority of the components generated from Fatima Memorial Hospital comprised of
Paper or Biomass origin (39%), whereas at Punjab Dental Hospital, Plastic components
(68%) formed a major proportion of waste. The samples were further subjected to
laboratory analysis, namely, Proximate Analysis, where the Moisture Content, Volatile
Combustible Matter, Fixed Carbon and Ash content were determined and comparisons
made. The results from the tests revealed that Moisture content of the samples, ranged
from as low as 0.26 % to as high as 12.50%, showing a lower value for Plastic
components and a relatively higher value for Paper based components. Tissue samples
obtained from Fatima Memorial Hospital had the maximum percentage of volatiles,
accounting for 92% while the lowest values of volatiles was observed for gloves, i.e.
22%. In a similar fashion, fixed carbon remained the highest in tissue 86% and lowest in
gloves 6%. Waste to energy was considered a viable option for the safe disposal of
dental waste, due to which a calorimetric test was run, resulting in an energy value of 23
MJ/kg, a value that outshined many other energy sources. Therefore, Best Available
Technologies must be brought into play, to convert this waste into a useful resource also
minimizing environmental risks and problems posed to public health.
Keywords: Disposal system, health hazards, Dentistry, Bomb Calorimeter, Biomass.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
42
Design and development of a solar roaster for value addition of
agricultural products
Muhammad Tayyab1*, Anjum Munir1, Oliver Hensel2, Muhammad Iqbal1, Syed
Nabeel Husnain1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
2Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel-Germany *Corresponding author: Engr. Muhammad Tayyab
Email: tayyab2204@gmail.com
The increasing energy demand and fossil fuels prices have resulted severe energy crises
in Pakistan. Under this condition, there is a need to explore renewable energy sources.
Among all renewable energy sources, solar energy is readily available. The research was
initiated to provide on-farm processing facilities to the farmers of developing countries
resulting their living standard by value addition of agricultural products using post-
harvest processing steps and solar roasting of agri-products for local industry. Different
processes are carried out at farm level to increase the quality of agricultural products.
Solar roasting of agricultural products is a medium temperature range application. The
main objective of the study was to design, develop and optimize continuous solar
roasting system for roasting of agricultural products. As the roasting temperature for
different agricultural products lies between 80 °C to 200 °C. Solar continuous roasting
system was developed and installed at Agricultural Engineering Workshop, Department
of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Solar roaster was
developed in which thermal oil circulates to heat the agricultural products. The ambient
temperature was recorded in the range of 10 to 15 °C, temperature of thermal oil at exit
of the heat exchanger was recorded and ranged from 0-200 °C, roasting temperature was
measured that varies from 130 to 180 °C for peanuts roasting, moisture contents of the
product was decreased upto 5 to 6 %. As the Scheffler reflector was work about 50 to 60
% efficiency so the overall heat losses were calculated for different parts of solar
continuous roasting system were about 10 to 15 % to evaluate the performance of the
solar roasting system. As this is not a permanent solution but solar roasting system is
best solution to save the products and enhance the quality of agricultural products at
farm level.
Keywords: Renewable energy; continuous roasting; heat exchanger; Scheffler reflector.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
43
Design and development of solar assisted milk pasteurizer based Scheffler
technology
1Syed Nabeel Husnain, 1Anjum Munir, 2 Oliver Hensel, 1Muhammad Iqbal, 1Muhammad Tayyab,
1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel-Germany
Corresponding author: Syed Nabeel Husnain
Email: nabeel_uaf@yahoo.com
Agriculture is of great importance for Pakistan. It has a major contributor towards the
economy of Pakistan. Livestock is the major sector of agriculture. It have 55.1% stake
in agriculture sector. It provides milk, milk products and meat etc for human
consumption. Milk is perishable food having shelf life from few hours to few days.
Therefore milk processing is done to increase its shelf life for future use. Milk
pasteurization is the part of milk processing. It controls the milk born diseases. Solar
power is the God gifted source of energy and Pakistan has ample radiation throughout
the whole year. The theme of the study is to design a solar assisted milk pasteurizer and
to evaluate its performance. A solar assisted milk pasteurizer consists of heating unit,
pasteurizing unit, cooling unit. Heating unit consist of Scheffler fixed focus concentrator
with an area of 10 m2 and heat exchanger. Pasteurizing unit consists of shell and tube
type coil to heat up the milk up to 73 °C for 15 seconds. Cooling unit comprises on a
chiller for sudden cool down the milk from 73 °C to 4 °C received from pasteurizing
unit. Supporting stand, temperature gauges, flow meter and other fittings and mountings
will be installed as per required. The first thing is to design and performance assessment
of pasteurizer will be done, so solar energy will be used for milk pasteurization.
Keywords: Pasteurization; Scheffler reflector; Heat exchanger.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
44
Value addition of agricultural products using solar distillation system
Arslan Afzal1*, Anjum Munir1, Faizan Majeed1, Muhammad Tayyab1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Arslan Afzal
Email: arslan2175@hotmail.com
Processing of different herbs by distillation technique was the one of the agro-based
industry which lies in medium temperature range (60-280 oC). Essential oil extraction
from the plant material are used mostly in industries like foods, perfumery, fragrances,
cosmetics , medicine, etc. Also these oils are much costly. It is possible to generate steam
at medium temperature range by using solar energy from solar concentrator. Main
objective of study is to process different medicinal and aromatic plants for oil extraction
using solar energy for efficient, environmental and economic reasons. The system was
installed at University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Green house horticulture department.
Scheffler concentrator of 10 m2 surface area was used for distillation process. The system
comprised of primary reflector, secondary reflector, distillation still, condenser and
Florentine flasks. The distillation still has provision for both “water distillation” as well as
“water and steam distillation”. Using solar distillation system several experiments were
conducted using different herbs which are available like Eucalyptus, Cumin, Cloves,
Orange peel, etc. The experiments were also being conducted for evaluating the
performance of solar distillation system in accordance with the international standards for
testing solar system.
Keywords: Solar distillation system; essential oil; Scheffler reflector; solar energy.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
45
Efficiency Calculation of a biomass boiler using direct and indirect
methods
Jahan Zeb Alvi1* Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Hafiz Abdul Qahir1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Jahan Zeb Alvi
E-mail address: jahanzebalvi@yahoo.com
The cheaper supply of energy plays a vital role in the economic development of any
country. Pakistan has been facing severe energy crisis for the last one decade due to
increasing prices of primary energy supply. The recent energy mismatch in terms of
supply and demand is increasing day by day. Under this condition, there is a dire need to
explore renewable energy sources. Being an agricultural country, Pakistan is blessed
with huge biomass resources in the form of crop residues like wood, wheat straw, cotton
sticks, rice husk and sugarcane bagasse. Power generation using biomass offers an
excellent opportunity to reduce current energy crises. Of the all available biomass
sources, bagasse is one of the potential energy sources which can be used for power
generation. In the recent era, bagasse fired boilers have gained much importance in
Sugar industries. So, the performance analysis of a bagasse fired bi-drum type, water
tube boiler (with steam generation capacity of 80 tons/h at 25 bar working pressure) was
done at Shakarganj Sugar Mill, Bhone-Jhang. The unit was equipped with different
boiler accessories like air heater, super-heater and economizer. Physical analysis of
bagasse fired boiler was carried out to determine the gross calorific value (GCV) of
bagasse and was found to be 2326 kcal/kg. Ultimate analysis of bagasse is done to
calculate the air to fuel ratio of the boiler and was calculated as 4.05 kg/kg of bagasse. A
heat balance sheet was prepared to determine different sources of heat losses through
the boiler. The efficiency of the boiler was found to be 56.05% using indirect method.
The results also showed that 1 kg of bagasse produced 2 kg of steam. The boiler
efficiency using direct method was found to be 55.94%. Both direct and indirect
methods showed similar results which shows satisfactory performance of the boiler.
Keywords: Boiler efficiency; calorific value; direct method; indirect method.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
46
Design, development and performance evaluation of a distillation system
for essential oils extraction using Scheffler solar concentrator
Faizan Majeed1, Anjum Munir1, Arslan Afzal1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Faizan Majeed
Email: faizanmajeed2153@hotmail.com
Solar distillation processes for essential oils extraction play a vital role in the value
addition of agricultural products. The main objective of the study was to introduce a
distillation system for essential oil extraction from different medicinal and aromatic
plants using a 10 m2 Scheffler solar concentrator. By introducing innovative solar
collectors, it becomes possible to use solar energy in the applications of medium
temperature range and will help in enhancing Pakistan export of high quality essential
oils to all parts of the world. The solar distillation system was developed at Agricultural
Engineering Workshop, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The main
components of a solar distillation system were primary reflector, secondary reflector,
distillation still, condenser, and florentine flasks. The distillation still, condenser and
florentine flask were fabricated using high quality food grade stainless steel material.
The distillation unit had provisions to be operated for both “hydro distillation” as well as
“hydro cum steam distillation”. Pyranometer and thermocouples were attached with the
solar distillation system for data recording, monitoring, controlling and optimizing the
solar distillation processes at an acceptable quality by yielding optimum quantity of
essential oils. The efficiency of the solar system was checked by using water and
following the international standards for evaluating the efficiency of the solar
distillation system. Mathematical model was developed to predict the thermal losses
from the different components of the solar distillation system. Optimum insulation
thickness of the still was determined by using mathematical calculations.
Keywords: Scheffler solar concentrator; solar distillation; essential oils; value addition.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
47
Optimization of solar distillation system and analysis of essential oils using
gas chromatography
Zawar Hussain1, Anjum Munir1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Corresponding Author: Engr. Zawar Hussain
Email: zawar2192@yahoo.com
Most of the industrial process required a temperature level below 250°C which is easily
achievable by the use of sun as a source of energy. Pakistan being in the sun-drenched
strap and is fortunate to have long sunlight hours and high intensity of solar insolation is
preferably situated to take benefit of solar energy. This source of energy is extensively
scattered and plentifully accessible in the country. The mean total irradiation falling on
horizontal plane is about 200-250 Watt per m2 per day. Distillation of medicinal plants
is an agro-based industry lies in medium temperature range. It is the best opportunity to
utilize solar energy in this industry. The main objective of this study was to optimize the
existing solar distillation system and to check the quality of solar distilled oil of
medicinal plant. Solar distillation systems have been installed at Agricultural
Engineering Workshop, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and Rosa
Lab, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. This
distillation system was designed according to the latitude of Faisalabad. This system
comprised of primary reflector, secondary reflector, condenser and Florentine flask.
Optimization of this system has been done by reducing the heat losses from the system.
In this study E. camaldulensis and E. citrodora essential oils were distilled by solar
distillation system and also by a controlled distillation system for comparing the results.
Yields of E. camaldulensis essential oils were found 0.61% and 0.58% by solar and
controlled/conventional distillation system respectively. From this study it was found
that yields of E.citriodora essential oils were 1.16% and 1.2% by solar and controlled
distillation system respectively. GC and GC-MS analysis of E camaldulensis and E.
citriodora essential oils were carried out at Central High Tech Lab, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad and National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic
Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad. From the results of the above analysis it was
concluded that solar distillation system are alike to controlled distillation system
quantitatively and qualitatively.
Keywords: Distillation of essential oils, solar energy, GC-MS analysis.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
48
Quality drying of ripened chilies using solar tunnel dryer
Farhan Hussain1*, Anjum Munir1, Arslan Afzal1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalaba,
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Farhan Hussain
Email: sfbukhari1987@yahoo.com
Pakistan is an agricultural country and most of its economy depends upon agriculture.
So there is need to develop such technique to improve quality and save agricultural
product for longer time. For this purpose post-harvest technology like quality drying can
play an important role for the preservation of agricultural products. Taking into account
experiments on quality drying of red chilies was conducted in university of Agriculture
Faisalabad by solar tunnel dryer. The solar tunnel dryer was constructed by locally
available material for conducting experiments. The design of solar tunnel dryer was
based on Hohenheim dryer by taking in view specific site conditions. It was constructed
portable so that it can be used anywhere at various site. The system consisted of a
collector section having 4 m length, a drying section having 6 m length. To provide
required air flow to red chilies three DC fans were used. The total length and width of
the tunnel dryer was 10 m2 and 1.22 m respectively. For air tight tunnel base, 1.35 m flat
plate air heating solar collector was used and 4.88 m was used as dryer. The air
temperature for drying was raised up to 8-14 above ambient temperature. The velocity
of air was maintained up to 2 m s-1 by DC fans. The cross sectional area of solar tunnel
dryer was trapezoidal in shape and has 0.254 m2 area. To check the performance of
tunnel dryer and psychometric analysis with load and without load experiment was
carried out on ripened chilies in University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
Keywords: Solar collector, drying section, psychrometry analysis.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
49
Solar water pumping system prospects and testing in Pakistan for
irrigation purposes
Faizan Majeed1, Anjum Munir1, Arslan Afzal1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Faizan Majeed
Email: faizanmajeed2153@hotmail.com
There are more than one million tube wells in Pakistan including 750,000 diesels and
70,000 electricity operated in the Punjab, consuming enormous fuel and energy. The
government is heavily subsidizing electric tariff for agricultural tube wells in many
areas of the country putting additional burden on national exchequer. Poor productivity
of water and energy resources in the irrigated agriculture also contributes to excessive
costs. Agricultural production through irrigation with electric tube wells is hit badly by
energy crises as the grid electricity in remote areas is extremely short. A reliable,
efficient, sustainable and cost effective energy option for agriculture sector is, therefore,
direly needed to address these issues. The replacement of existing non-renewable energy
source of fossil fuels for irrigation tube wells with renewable energy resources such as
solar or wind could be a viable option. Solar energy is available for more than 300 days
a year in Pakistan with about 6-8 hours effective daylight hours. Its seasonal variations
are also within acceptable limits. The proposed work focuses on testing of solar energy
pumps for irrigation purposes. The arid/semi-arid climate of the Punjab also provides ideal
conditions for adoption of solar energy for operating irrigation water pumps. The work was,
therefore, well-justified for adopting solar water pumping system in Pakistan. For testing
and performance evaluation of two units of solar water pump at Gujranwala and Wazirabad
were installed demonstration of the technology, evaluation of their performance in the
province. To study the prospects of effects of solar radiation on solar array and subsequent
variations in pumpage at various locations under different weather conditions. Whereas,
groundwater also plays a vital role in the agriculture based economy of Pakistan, where over
60% of the irrigation water requirements are met from groundwater. Accordingly, it has
been planned to evaluate the feasibility of solar water pumps for irrigation purposes. For this
work two sites were selected for installation of solar water pump.
Keywords: Solar water pumping; irrigation; renewable energy
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
50
Design, development and installation of biogas plant for tubewell
operation at UAF
Hafiz Abdul Qahir1, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Jahan Zeb Alvi1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Hafiz Abdul Qahir
Email: abdulqahir1167@gmail.com
Pakistan is facing energy crises during the last decade. The major portion of electricity
production comes from primary energy sources. Due to increasing prices of fossil fuels
has directed to explore alternate energy sources. There are 72 million animals in
Pakistan producing 720 million kg (@10kg per animal) which can be effectively used to
produce biogas. Biogas is best source of energy especially for rural community. The
biogas is produced as a result of chemical reaction between organic matter and water in
the absence of oxygen which consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as
major constituents along with small fractions of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and moisture
contents. A pilot biogas project was designed, developed and installed at University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad consisting to operate a 0.75 cusec tubewell having two floating
drum type fermentation chamber of 40 m3 and 25 m3 capacities. These two units were
produced 52.5 m3 of biogas per day (@ 0.05 m3 per kg of animal dung). About 650 kg
and 400 kg animal dung were needed on daily basis for 40 and 25 m3 fermentation
chambers respectively. A volume of 3 m3 was used as a free board for each of the
fermentation chambers. Dehumidifiers and scrubbers were designed to purify the gas
from moisture contents and H2S respectively before storage in the storage tank. The
pure gas was used for running a diesel engine on a dual fuel at different ratios of diesel
and biogas for pumping purpose. The experiments were performed for different diesel
and biogas combinations. Results shows that that the produced biogas was enough to
operate a 20 hp diesel engine continuously for 6 hours per day at 70:30 ratio of biogas
and diesel. The tubewell discharge measurement resulted 16-17 liters of water per
second.
Keyword: Fermentation chamber, free board; dehumidifiers; scrubber; diesel engine.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
51
Quality drying of sliced potatoes using solar tunnel dryer
Zeeshan Rasheed1*, Anjum Munir1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Zeeshan Rasheed
E-mail: zeeshanrasheed19@yahoo.com
Solar energy is one of the cheapest sources of renewable energy. This energy can be
utilized in two ways, either source of heat energy or source of electricity production by
PV panel. As it is continuous source of heat energy and have low temperature range,
agro product can be dried without burning for preservation over some period. External
and uncontrollable sun drying is the most commonly used method for tropical and
subtropical countries. However, in this method because of the rain and dust agro-
products are not safe from attacks by insects, rodents and other animals. These problems
can seriously degrade products that in some cases results a decrease in market value,
food quality and even become inedible for some cases. On account of these threats and
to minimize drying time, the agro-products (potatoes, apples, red chillies, moringa) were
dried in solar operated dryer named solar tunnel dryer designed and fabricated by us.
The potatoes were dried in sliced form under controlled conditions by varying its cutting
thickness and number of solar operated fans and concluded that minimum thickness of
slices and maximum number of fans gives the best results either in the form of drying
time reduction or quality enhancement. In addition to that that sliced potatoes should be
blanched before drying to minimize the bacterial and fungus growth. The final product
of these experiments was the potato flour . There are a number of uses for potato flour,
ranging from Passover cooking to gluten-free baking. One use of potato flour is as a
thickener. Potato flour can be added to soups, stews, gravies, and other dishes to
encourage these dishes to thicken without adding a strong flavor or intense starchy
texture. Finally, the profit using solar tunnel dryer over formal electric powered dryer
was discussed and found that it is 8 times cheaper than electric powered dryer.
Keywords: Renewable energy; solar energy; solar tunnel dryer.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
52
Comparative study of solar and conventional distillation system based on
yield and composition of essential oils for eucalyptus camaldulensis
Zeeshan Munir1*, Anjum Munir1,
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Engr. Zeeshan Munir
Email: engr.zeeshan_khan_niazi@yahoo.com
Many of the medicinal plants are fragile in nature and start to lose their oil contents as
soon as they are picked. In order to meet international standards of quality, medicinal
plants should be processed as soon as they are harvested. Farmers linked to essential oils
trading have limited access to conventional resources of energy either due to financial
constraints or remote location. The feature like compact design and nature powered
solar distillation system could be an ideal choice for the processing of medicinal plant
for these farmers. Many solar based distillation systems have been developed and are
being used in most of the countries now-a-days. Much of the attention has been paid in
modifying and improving already existing design in order to make the system more
efficient but no attention has been paid on the quality of the oil that is being produced
by solar based distillation. The current study was focused on comparing quantity as well
as quality of essential oil yielded by both solar and conventional distillation systems in
order to discover that whether solar distillation system is capable of replacing the
conventional distillation system by providing the same quality and quantity of essential
oil in addition to energy saving. The experimental setup consisted of Scheffler fixed
focus concentrator as primary reflector having 10 m2 area with geometric concentration
ratio of 100. The concentrator utilized 226 mm x 152 mm size mirrors as reflective
material having average reflectivity of 81%. Highly reflective aluminum sheets having
89% reflectance were utilized in secondary reflector to direct incoming radiations from
primary reflector to the bottom of distillation still. Methane gas burner was used to
supply heat to conventional distillation system. Five kilogram of Eucalyptus
camaldulensis leaves were used as a charge material which were subjected to water cum
steam distillation in both distillation systems. The average oil yields observed in both
solar and conventional distillation systems were 33.125 and 31.375 grams respectively.
Completely randomized design (CRD) was chosen as an experimental design and
statistical analysis revealed that the difference between two treatment means was not
significant. Gas Chromatography (GC) was used gauge quality of essential oil extracted
using both distillation systems. In both solar and conventionally distilled essential oil of
E. camaldulensis leaves, five compounds were identified. Among these compounds
major compounds was eucalyptol or 1,8-cineole followed by β-pinene, α-pinene and p-
Cymene. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses have revealed that solar distillation
system was capable to substitute conventional distillation system with the estimated
payback period of six months. The total energy required to process Five kilogram of
Eucalyptus camaldulensis was observed to be not more than 100 MJ.
Keywords: Essential oils; solar distillation system; Scheffler fixed focus concentrator.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
53
Parametric study of a biogas plant to optimize the tube well operation
installed at UAF
Ghulam Murtaza1, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Jahan Zeb Alvi1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Ghulam Murtaza
Email: gm_2154@yahoo.com
To meet social and economic development and for improving human welfare and
health, the demand for energy is increasing but on the other hand consumption of fossils
fuels has major role in global greenhouse gases emission. Developing countries like
Pakistan are in critical energy crisis. To fulfill its energy needs, Pakistan is spending
billions of dollars on imports of fossil fuels. Biogas is a renewable energy resource
which is attained by anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste. The research was
conducted to maintain the temperature of the digester to optimize and to maintain the
gas production in winter. The SS coils (stainless steel) were provided in the
fermentation chamber to maintain the optimum temperature to facilitate microbial
activity during winter season. In order to utilize the biogas for diesel engine, a
dehumidifier and scrubber were provided to eliminate the moisture contents and
hydrogen sulphide (H2S) respectively. The biogas system was evaluated in terms of
quality of the biogas. The pH impact on gas generation was also investigated. A cooling
system was provided to operate the diesel engine at an optimum temperature. The
system efficiency was calculated by using international standard.
Keyword: Fossils fuels; Greenhouse gas emission; renewable energy; digester;
fermentation chamber.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
54
Design and development of a solar based double jacketed autoclave for the
sterilization of surgical instruments
Naveed Mahmood 1*, Anjum Munir1, Manzoor Ahmad 1, Ijaz Ashraf1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Engr. Ghulam Murtaza
Email: gm_2154@yahoo.com
Pakistan is facing sever energy crises due to its heavy dependence on conventional
resources for energy generation. This study was to focus on developing a double jacked
stainless steel autoclave for the sterilization of hospital surgical instruments. The
Scheffler fixed focus concentrator was used as a heat source. The system is comprised
of stainless steel horizontal cylindrical autoclave chamber. A steam receiver was used to
collect the solar radiations from the focus of Scheffler fixed focus concentrator. The
steam was produced by the receiver and transferred to autoclave for sterilization.
Autoclave outlet was connected to the condensation unit to condense the steam to
recycle in a closed circuit. A biomass boiler having capacity of 25 liters per hour was
developed to back up the solar autoclave during adverse climatic conditions. The boiler
is equipped with all necessary mountings and fittings to operate at safe working level.
Performance evaluation of Scheffler fixed focus concentrator was carried out using
international standards. Biological tests were performed to determine the optimum
combination of temperature, pressure and time for the sterilization in the autoclave by
measuring live bacteria count. For the tests, nutrient agar was put on the petri plates.
After that, with the help of swab stick bacillus bacteria was inoculated on petri plates.
These petri plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The bacteria’s were counted in
colony form units (CFU). Economic analysis was carried out to estimate the payback of
solar based autoclave and payback period of autoclave is one and half years.
Keywords: Thermo syphon, Petri plate, Incubator, Colony Form Units (CFU), Nutrient
Agar, Swab Stick, Inoculate.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
55
Performance evaluation of SY-S60 PV Panel
Muhammad Usman Khan1, Muhammad Iqbal1, Anjum Munir1
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Engr. Muhammad Usman Khan
E-mail: engineer_usman_khan@yahoo.com
From last various years energy crisis is the major problem of Pakistan. No attention
was given in the past decade to increase the sources of power generation to meet the
needs of rapidly growing population. Now time has come when renewable energy
should be introduced and the resources should be utilized to overcome the energy
crises and replace the fossil fuel utilization for power generation because of hastily
increasing prices of fossil fuel. The conversion of solar radiation to photovoltaic (PV)
electricity is a very promising technology, with low maintenance cost and it also
reduces the environmental impact. The main objectives of this study were to check
the effect of different parameters like temperature, humidity, time, tilt angle,
irradiance and dust on the performance of the PV panel. The experiment was
performed in the month of October 2012. In this study different parameters were
considered for the performance evaluation of both PV panels. A suitable pyranometer
and thermocouple were used to determine the irradiance and temperature
respectively. It was concluded from the results the panel gave different values of
current and voltage at different day times and at different angles. The panel showed
the mean current of 2.5(amp). Current showed the direct relationship with the
temperature of panel and irradiance. Mean average voltage shown imported and
indigenous panels were 15 (volts). Voltage showed the different trend it increased up
to certain temperature and irradiance then started declining. The PV panel was
installed at Agricultural Engineering Workshop, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
for performance assessment.
Keywords: Solar radiation; irradiance; photovoltaic; thermocouple.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
56
Extraction of essential oils from citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck.) peel
using solar distillation system
Shazia Hanif1, Anjum Munir1, Sidra Ashfaq1, Arslan Afzal1
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Engr. Shazia Hanif
Email: agha_shaz@yahoo.com
The Hydro distillation extraction of citrus peel essential oil (CPEO) was carried out by
using solar and conventional distillation systems for the purpose of value addition. The
Quantity of collected extracts were analyzed and the relative composition of the
essential oil was determined in order to compare the solar and conventional distillation
system in term of quality, quantity and cost-effective. Two categories, fresh and
fermented citrus peels and two treatments solar and conventional distillation system
were used in this study. For solar distillation average yield of fresh and fermented
CPEO was 15.7 ml and 19.9 ml, respectively. Where as in case of conventional
distillation system, average yield of fresh and fermented CPEO was 14.6 ml and 15.2
ml, respectively. Results indicated that both methods of distillation were significantly (P
< 0.05) different and solar distillation proved efficient method (P<0.05) for extraction of
essential oils. Gas chromatography analysis of these oils were carried out. GC analysis
show similar result for both methods of essential oils extraction of fresh CPEO, 9 peaks
were established in which monoterpenes were found as major constituents of the
essential oils. In case of fermented CPEO , 8 and 4 peaks were found in solar distilled
and conventional distilled CPEO respectively. GC pattern of conventional distilled
fermented citrus peel essential oils show that conventional distillation system is not
favorable for extraction of essential oil from fermented citrus peel in quality concern
although quantity of fermented peel extracted was more than fresh peel. Cost analysis of
solar distillation system show that payback period of solar distillation system is
2335.886 h which is equal to 0.799 year. Conventional distillation system consumed
about 2.14 Hm3 per month of natural gas as a fuel which is equal to 7.1262 MMBTU,
by using solar energy 25.68 Hm3 can save in a year which will help in conserving the
limited resources of fuel.
Keywords: Hydro distillation; solar distillation; distillation; gas chromatography; gas chromatogram
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
57
Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of updraft rice husk
gasifier stove
Riaz Ahmad1, Manzoor Ahmed1, Usman Ghani1
1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Riaz Ahmad
Email: riaz.ch_a@yahoo.com
The utilization of different energy sources is appropriate gradually more due to the
increase in prices of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)/natural gas and also due to reduction
of fossil fuel sources. Rising the prices of fuel and shortage of energy has made it
complicated for the developing user to get advantages, and also isolated communities to
meet the expenses of such high prices of fuel and electricity. In rural Asia, biomass is
the biggest source of energy. Then again, its use in the local sector is for the most part
discomfited and contaminating, bringing about asset wastage and indoor air
contamination. Common cook stoves, for the most part utilized within the families for
local cooking, have been a major supplier to these bad impacts. However, with the
problem of forest deduction facing the country combined with the need for fuel for
cooking necessities, there is a need for us to look for different biomass fuel, other than
wood, that can be used for cooking. Rice husk biomass is abundant in Pakistan. This
waste material can be found in all over the country especially in rural areas. According
to these entire factors the rice husk gas stove would be designed. The stove was
designed to burn rice husk using limited amount of air for burning to create a luminous
blue flame, which was almost similar to that of the (liquefied petroleum gas)
LPG/natural gas stove. In this study a rice husk gasifier stove (on the principles of
updraft gasifier) was designed, fabricated with locally available material and evaluated
for its performance. Rice husk, saw dust and mixture of rice and saw dust were used as
fuel during experiment. The quantity of gas produced from rice husk, saw dust and
mixture of rice and saw dust 45.68, 44.69 and 31.84 respectively. The data collected
was statistically analyzed.
Keywords: Fossil fuel; biomass; updraft rice husk; gasifier stove.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
58
Fabrication and characterization of a parabolic dish solar concentrator
Rafi Ullah1, Zia ul Haq1, Yasir Jamil1 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Yasir Jamil
Email: yasirjamil!@uaf.edu.pk
In this study a parabolic concentrator with steel shield as reflector was used. The whole
apparatus was fabricated by using indigenously available material. The experimental
device consisted of a dish of 1.5 m opening diameter. It was equipped with a disc
receiver in its focal position and its interior surface was enclosed with reflecting sheet.
The parabolic sheet was supported by adjustable support so that its direction could be
adjusted. Steel sheet was employed to entrap solar radiation. Solar radiation was
received at the focal point that was found by using the parabolic equation. Cooking pot
was mounted at the focal point. The performance of the solar concentrating unit was
tested under the local environmental conditions. The parameters that were recorded to
investigate the performance of this system were the ambient, pot and pot content
temperatures. The cooker was found to be useful for cooking of conventional foods in a
reasonable time.
Keywords: Parabolic concentrator, reflector, disc receiver, solar radiation.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
59
Bioethanol production from starch bearing crop Maize
Arooj Mumtaz1, Tahir ul Qamar1 1Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: Arooj Mumtaz
Email: arooj_mumtaz@yahoo.com
As a fuel for automobiles, Ethanol has been considered since early days. Biofuels such
as bioethanol are becoming a renewable to fossil fuels. Utilizing agricultural biomass
for the production of biofuel has drawn much interest in many science and engineering
disciplines. Many energy crops are used for this purpose, but here we focus on starch
containing bioenergy crops. As one of the major crops, maize offers promise in this
regard. Compared to other crops with biofuel potential, maize can provide both starch
and cellulosic material for bioethanol production. Conventional breeding, molecular
marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering have already had, and will continue to
have, important roles in maize improvement. Initially extract starch from Maize and
through enzymatic action hydrolyze into sugar. Alpha-amylase and Gluco-amylase
enzymes used for this purpose. Solid substrate fermentation system was used to produce
bioethanol using a thermo-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (VS3) and a local
isolate of amylolyticBacilllus sps (VB9). The process was carried out on a laboratory
scale using broth cultures. Ethanol produced was estimated by gas chromatography after
an incubation time of 72 h at 37 and 42°C. After reviewing several research articles and
papers found that, it is the best, easy, economical and high yield given method for
bioethanol production.
Keywords: Energy crops; Starch crops; Bioethanol; Hydrolysis; fermentation; gas
chromatography
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
60
Fabrication and performance study of a hybrid solar oven
Muhammad Amer Shahzad1, M. Abu Usama1, Zia ul Haq1, Abdul Ghaffar1, Yasir
Jamil1* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Yasir Jamil
Email: yasirjamil@yahoo.com
In Pakistan about 45-48% inhabitants utilize fossil fuels and wood for domestic cooking
purposes. Considering the reality that Pakistan is blessed with good sunlight and large
liquefied petroleum gas resources, hybrid solar oven can be very useful. A hybrid solar
oven was designed and constructed using heat exchanger and liquefied petroleum gas.
The thermal and solar energy power and the LPG are the combination of the energy
source that is in normal use in houses. This device is useful in day time using sun light
and in cloudy weather with the reduced consumption of conventional fuel. The
efficiency of the oven has been improved by using additional mirrors for reflecting solar
radiation in the oven. Solar oven was supplied with both liquefied petroleum gas and
solar energy and can be used in the morning. The LPG has been used to make the oven
functional during the time of lesser sunlight in combination with the solar energy. The
oven temperature was controlled by using a thermostat. The oven has been found useful
under the local environmental circumstances of Pakistan in a very reasonable time for
cooking conventional food items.
Keywords: Fossil fuels; hybrid solar oven; heat exchanger; solar energy; thermostat.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
61
Bioethanol, bio-hydrogen and biogas production from nitric acid
pretreated wheat straw by a flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
Tahir ul Qamar1, Arooj Mumtaz1, Umer Rashid1 1Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: Tahir ul Qamar
Email: tahir_ul_qamar@ovi.com
The increased security concern of oil supply and unhealthy effects of fossil fuels on the
environment has put pressure to find renewable fuel alternatives. The most common
renewable alternative today is bioethanol produced from wheat straw. Wheat straw is
agricultural residue with very low commercial value. We reviewed several papers and
find out the most recent advances in pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat
straw. Hydrothermal, dilute sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and potassium
hydroxide solutions are used for pretreatment in combination with enzymatic
hydrolysis. Novozym and celluclast enzymes are used for hydrolysis. Results indicate
that the highest conversion rate is achieved by the pretreatment with nitric acid. In the
study, nitric acid pretreated wheat straw with high cellulose content used as substrate in
fermentation process for bioethanol production using a thermotolerant strain of
flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae CA11. The effluents from both bioethanol and
bio-hydrogen processes were further used to produce methane gas. Multiple biofuels
production from wheat straw can increase the efficiency for material and energy and can
be more economical process.
Keywords: Bioethanol; bio-hydrogen; biogas; pretreated; nitric acid; hydrolysis;
novozym; celluclast; fermentation; saccharomyces cerevisiae CA11.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
62
Bioethanol production using rice straw
Tehreem Jabbar1, M. Tahir-ul-Qamar1 1Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
*Corresponding Author: Tehreem Jabbar
Email: tehreemjabbar17@gmail.com
Rice straw being one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass can be used to
produce bioethanol as substitute for fossil fuel. Many ways are employed to get
maximum yield of bioethanol including acid, alkali and pressure treatments followed by
enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentations. Different microbes are also used like Rhizopus
oryzae, Mucor indicus, Aspergillus spp, Pichia kudriavzevii etc. The best method
however is lime pretreatment where mild alkali treatment does not cause damage to
sugars. SSF is employed as it is less time consuming, less vulnerable because of
production of ethanol and economically viable (low costs and single vessel for
saccharification and fermentation). Microbes used are Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Pichia stipitis, latter for xylose fermentation. Bioethanol yields are 12gL-1 and 19.1gL-1
at 12 h and 79h fermentation from S.cerevisiae and P.stipitis respectively reaching up to
98% and 83% of theoretical ethanol yields.
Keywords: Lignocellulosic; lime pretreatment; SSF; P.stipitis; xylose.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
63
Possible energy sources from industrial solid wastes
Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq1, Muhammad Riaz*1, Anum Jacob1, Muhammad Ahmad1, Amir
Mehmood Shah1, Zaid-ul-Hassan1, Naila Batool1, Mamoona Sadia1, Iqra Hamd1, Hina Rizvi1,
Muhammad Waqas Mahmood1, Sana Younas1, Muhammad Saleem Arif1
1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Riaz
Email: mr548@ymail.com
Environmental pollution is a major problem associated with rapid industrialization,
urbanization and rise in living standards of people in Pakistan. With increasing demand
of raw materials for industrial production, the non-renewable resources are deteriorating
at a rapid rate. Therefore, efforts are to be made for controlling pollution arising from
the disposal of wastes by conversion of these unwanted wastes into utilizable raw
materials for various beneficial uses. The main solid waste contributor industries are
steel and blast furnace, brine mud, copper slag, Fly ash, kiln dust, lime sludge, mica
scraper waste, phosphogypsum, red mud/bauxite, iron tailing, textile, sugarcane,
tanneries and lime stone waste. The different technologies for recovering useful energy
from industrial solid wastes exist. It is necessary for the success of these technologies to
develop an Integrated Waste Management System, coupled with necessary legislative
and control measures. Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste
(biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable) through two methods as follows: Thermo-
chemical conversion involves thermal de-composition of organic matter to produce
either heat energy or fuel oil or gas; Bio-chemical conversion is based on enzymatic
decomposition of organic matter by microbial action to produce methane gas or alcohol.
In general, 100 tons of solid waste with 50-60% organic matter can generate about 1-1.5
Megawatt power (MWP), depending upon the waste characteristics. The waste-to-
energy facilities can effectively bridge the gap between waste recycling, composting and
landfilling, for tackling the increasing problems of waste disposal in the urban areas, in
an environmentally compassionate manner, besides boosting power generation in the
country.
Keywords: Non-renewable resources; organic matter; composting; landfilling.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
64
Use of paraffin oil to enhance the efficiency of a box type solar oven
Muhammad Abu Usama1, M. Amer Shahzad1, Zia ul Haq1*, Abdul Ghaffar1, Yasir Jamil1 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Zia ul Haq
Email: zh_uaf@hotmail.com
A solar oven was designed and fabricated using two components. The solar collector to
absorb maximum solar radiation and the cabinet for loading the material. The efficiency
of the oven has been increased by using a radiator filled with paraffin oil. The oven
retained its temperature during less sunshine times. The oven was tested under local
environmental conditions of Faisalabad city. The food to be cooked was placed inside
the inner box, which was covered with a piece of glass. The inner box was very well-
insulated and constructed with material that could bear heat. The oven cooked food with
an overall utilization of efficiency of solar energy.
Keywords: Solar oven; solar radiation, radiator efficiency.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
65
Does nuclear energy an answer to energy crises in Pakistan
Naila Batool1, Muhammad Riaz1*, Anum Jacob1, Amir Mehmood Shah1, Zaid-ul-Hassan1,
Muhammad Ahmad1, Mamoona Sadia1, Iqra Hamd1, M. Waqas Mahmood1, Sana Younas1,
M. Anwar-ul-Haq1, Muhammad Ahmad1
1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding author: Muhammad Riaz
Email: mr548@ymail.com
Nuclear energy is a form of energy produced by an atomic reaction, capable of
producing an alternative source of energy to that supplied by oil, gas or coal. Nuclear
energy originates from the splitting of uranium atom in a process called fission which
can be used to generate heat for producing steam for running a turbine to produce
electricity. Nuclear energy can be used for both, destructive as well as for constructive
purposes; however, the world needs nuclear energy and will need it more in the years to
come. Besides to produce electricity from the use of nuclear power plants, nuclear
energy has also been used widely in agriculture, medicine, industry, biology and
hydrology. The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of
radiation. At present, power is produced from atom in advanced countries whereas other
countries are also making efforts to produce electricity at cheap rates from atomic power
plants. Pakistan is the 6th most populous country of the world where peak demand of
electricity is 14,792 MW with installed capacity of 19,540 MW. Electricity generation
of our country is 85.6 TWh and consumption is 45% in household sector, 30% in
industrial sector and 25% in others. Pakistan has a small nuclear power generation
program, with 725 MWe capacity, but there are strategic potential to increase this
substantially. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all
nuclear energy and research applications in the country. Its first nuclear power reactor is
a small 137 MWe (125 MWe net) Canadian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
which was started in 1971 and which is under international safeguards - KANUPP near
Karachi. The second unit, at Chashma-1 in north Punjab, has been reported to cost PKR
51.46 billion (US$ 860 million, with $350 million of this financed by China). A
safeguards agreement with IAEA was signed in 2006 and grid connection was made in
March 2011, with commercial operation in May. In 2005, an Energy Security Plan was
adopted by the government, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more
than 160,000 MWe by 2030. It included intention of lifting nuclear capacity to 8800
MWe, 900 MWe of this by 2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020. Pakistan is a
Member of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Association of Nuclear
Operators (WANO), Candu Owner’s Group (COG), World Nuclear Association
(WNA). The number of visits by the Delegations/Missions/Teams of these
Organizations to the Nuclear Power Plants of Pakistan and related facilities over the
decades is innumerable. Pakistan has no need of furthering its defense capabilities
through civilian nuclear facilities.
Keywords: Power plants; nuclear energy; radiation.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
66
Energy crisis of Pakistan & potential of alternative energy sources in
Pakistan
Iqra Hamd1, Muhammad Riaz*
1, Muhammad Ahmad
1, Anum Jacob
1, Amir Mehmood
Shah1, Zaid-ul-Hassan
1, Naila Batool
1, Mamoona Sadia
1, M. Waqas Mahmood
1, Sana
Younas1, M. Anwar-ul-Haq
1
1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Riaz
Email: mr548@ymail.com
Energy is the blood in country’s Life. Pakistan went through an extraordinary period of
having surplus electricity from the late 1990s to 2004-05. However, since then, the
country has been facing an acute shortage of electricity. Current energy crisis started in
2006-07 with a gradual widening in the demand and supply gap. These energy crises
have be considered to be the worst of all such power crises that Pakistan has faced since
its inception. It is generally believed that the present crisis is a self-imposed problem
ensuing from years of bad management, rapid growth in demand, lack of proper vision
for future and poor policies. Unfortunately, the scale of the problem has now grown
beyond any immediate solution. The persistent shortage of electricity in the country has
adversely affected the national economy. Industrial production has been severely hit;
and also triggered social unrest which sometimes turns violent thus, creating law and
order problems in many urban centers in the country. In this situation Pakistan must
concentrate on generation of an appreciable amount of energy through renewable energy
resources which have a huge potential. We have 346,000 MW of wind energy potential,
2.9 million MW of solar energy potential, 4,500 MW of small hydel potential, 4,000
MW of cogeneration/biomass, 2,000 MW of geothermal, 10,000 MW of off-grid
applications and a large potential of alternative fuels. However, lack of institutional,
information base technical capacity, policy challenges, poor infrastructure and market
access, lack of social awareness, lack of investors and financial barriers required to be
sorted out by long-term management and utilization of these potential energy resources
in Pakistan.
Keywords: Renewable energy; cogeneration; biomass; geothermal; off-grid system
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
67
Biogas energy resource potential in Pakistan
Zaid-ul-Hassan
1, Muhammad Riaz*
1, Anum Jacob
1, Amir Mehmood Shah
1, Naila
Batool1, Mamoona Sadia
1, Iqra Hamd
1, Muhammad Waqas Mahmood
1, Sana Younas
1,
Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq1
1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Riaz
Email: mr548@ymail.com
Factors like increased prices, rising inflation, diminishing resources and intense global
demand for energy have led to an era of an era of energy shortage, especially in
developing countries like Pakistan. Pakistan spends ca. 7 billion US dollars on import of
fossil fuel annually to fulfill its energy needs. The renewable and sustainable energy
resources are the best substitute to conventional fuel and energy sources. Biogas is a
potential energy source for Pakistan. Biogas produced by anaerobic digestion or
fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal
waste and green waste. Biogas contain gases including CH4 (50-75%), CO2 (25-50%),
N2 (0-10%) and H2S (0-3%). Biogas is an ideal form of energy because it turns waste
material into a source of power. The manure of cattle, in particular, contains a high
amount of biogas. Biogas contains substantial amounts of methane that makes it be used
in power appliance that run on natural gas. Pakistan has huge population living in rural
areas. According to estimates, animal rearing in rural areas of Pakistan produce 652
million kg of manure daily which can be used to generate 16.3 million cubic meter
biogas per day and 21 million ton of bio-fertilizer per year; the latter is essential
requirement for sustainable development of agriculture land. A high quality biogas plant
need minimum maintenance cost and can produce gas for 15-20 years without major
problems and reinvestment. Biogas is a best way of get rid-off animal waste material.
The energy it produces is clean and powerful which does not pollute groundwater or air
and quite safe. In addition, Pakistan can also explore biogas potential of citrus pulp,
paper industry, slaughter house and street waste. Poultry waste is also considered and
ideal base material for biogas production. According to a survey, Pakistan has capacity
to generate over 2000MW renewable energy from biogas. In Pakistan, the Rural Support
Program Network is running the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Program which has installed
over 1500 biogas plants and aims to develop biogas sector intensively around the
country. Recently, around 4000 biogas plants have been installed across the country.
Practically, installing biogas units could help us to overcome energy crisis in our
country. They are low cost and can be run with small budget. Biogas corridors can work
as a good substitute for nearly 70% of country population residing in rural areas.
However, the need of national policy is imperative to bring this technology further at
farmer doorstep.
Keywords: Renewable energy; biogas; fermentation; bio-fertilizer.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
68
Legislation for GHGS: Kyoto Protocol and its implications to energy
production from non-renewable resource
Anum Jacob1, Muhammad Riaz*
1, Amir Mehmood Shah
1, Zaid-ul-Hassan
1, Naila
Batool1, Mamoona Sadia
1, Iqra Hamd
1, M. Waqas Mahmood
1, Sana Younas
1, M.
Anwar-ul-Haq1, Muhammad Saleem Arif
1
1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Riaz
Email: mr548@ymail.com
In order to address climate change and green house gas (GHG) emission, the Kyoto
Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It was an important and
necessary step toward protecting the global environment which evidenced the most
recent international effort to address the greenhouse effect. The Kyoto Protocol was an
agreement among the industrialized nations of the world to reduce emissions of six
greenhouse gases over a certain period of time. U.S., the European Union, Canada, and
Japan and almost 170 other nations have signed this treaty. The Kyoto Protocol tackles
emissions of six greenhouse gases included carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6). The States which were members of the EU before 2004 must
collectively reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 8% between 2008 and 2012.
Member States which joined the EU after that date undertake to reduce their emissions
by 8%, with the exception of Poland and Hungary. Under Kyoto, industrialized nations
pledged to cut their yearly emissions of carbon, as measured in six greenhouse gases, by
varying amounts, averaging 5.2%, by 2012 as compared to 1990. However, the protocol
didn't become international law until more than halfway through the 1990–2012 periods.
By that point, global emissions had risen substantially. Initially, the U.S. withdrawal
from the Kyoto Protocol was considered its death knell. The agreement can only enter
into force internationally if it is ratified by at least 55 nations that, together, accounted
for at least 55% of the total carbon dioxide emissions in 1990. Given that the U.S. alone
was responsible for about 25% of the 1990 carbon dioxide emissions, experts predicted
that without the participation of the U.S., the Kyoto Protocol would never be
implemented. However, in July 2001, the European Union, Japan, Canada, Russia,
Australia, and 170 other nations reached an agreement to proceed with the treaty.
Keywords: Greenhouse gas; hydro fluorocarbons; sulphur hexafluoride.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
69
Future of solar energy in agro-industrial sector of Pakistan
Sana Younas1, Muhammad Riaz*
1, Anum Jacob
1, Amir Mehmood Shah
1, Zaid-ul-
Hassan1, Naila Batool
1, Mamoona Sadia
1, Iqra Hamd
1, M. Waqas Mahmood
1, M.
Anwar-ul-Haq1
1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Riaz
Email: mr548@ymail.com
Solar energy is generated by the process of nuclear fusion in tremendous amounts that
by traveling at the speed of light, arrives from the sun at the earth at 170 thousand
million joules every second. Of which, about 30-33% radiation energy is reflected
straight back into space and 67% of sunlight actually heats the Earth. As one of the
cheapest, clean, reliable and affordable type of energy and alternative fuel, it produces a
large amount of energy in a small place. It is partly responsible for wind energy and
geothermal energy. Solar energy is vital to support life on earth. Use of solar technology
has developed from the simplest use to make fire to the object to be burned to run
modern machinery all over the world. Solar energy generation is the real time solution
to Pakistan’s growing energy scarcity problem, especially, in agricultural and industrial
sectors. A solar system that is economic at remote locations, energy storing, cost-
effective technology is helpful in water pumping, powering electric fans for air
circulation, lighting in agricultural buildings and enclosures, appropriate uses for
ranches and orchards like Power for feed or product grinding, electric-powered egg
collection and handling equipment, Product refrigeration, Livestock feeder and sprayer
motors and controls, Compressors and pumps for fish farming, electric fencing to
contain livestock and battery charging etc. As an indirect use, it is helpful as crop and
grain driers, space and water heater – particularly in livestock operations. A solar
greenhouse reduces the need for fossil fuels for heating. A study showed that the food
processing, pharmaceutical, automotive, dairy, textile, and pulp and paper sectors are
the ones that have the highest potentials of successfully operating on solar power.
Indeed, solar energy has a bright future ahead and will find many applications in various
sectors of Pakistan.
Keywords: Solar energy; radiation; compressor; refrigeration.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
70
Design and fabrication of semi-automatic granular material filling
machine using renewable energy
Awais Ali1, Ahmad Shafi1, Ali Raza1, Ali Ahsan1, Asif Ali1 1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad
*Corresponding Author: Awais Ali
This project is about the design and implementation of automated multiple granular
material machine using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This system is suitable
for granular products that require exact amount of granular product and have three
different types of granular materials to be filled in the jar. This is a batch operation
where a set amount of inputs to be processed is received as a group and an operation
produces the finish product. Generally, the function of the machine is to fill the granular
material automatically into jar through a conveyor. This project is the combination of
PLC, and electrical DC motor system. This project is divided into four sections, the
loading section, the conveyor section, path divider section and filling section, where the
whole sections is controlled by PLC. The main problem accounted for in this project is
that there is always a problem while someone need an exact amount of different
materials to make a recipe then any changes in the quantity of the materials can spoil the
whole recipe. So to solve this problem a PLC controller is introduced so that there
should be exact amount of granular material come into the jar, also for mass production
conveyor is introduced so that all system perform automatically and efficiently, another
objective achieved in this project is that there is not the conventional continuous
movement of conveyor it always stops whenever the jar placed on the conveyor comes
under the hopper opening. It keeps stay there until the required amount of granular
material is being filled into the jar. The ratio of three different materials already control
by the PLC control. Gate opening are controlled by the motors whose movement is also
controlled by the PLC controller which acts on the instructions given by the machine
operator. The objective of this project is to design a machine that will fill the jars with
exact amount of different materials.
Keyword: Granular material, PLC controller,
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
71
Designing and fabrication of automatic juice filling and packing machine
using renewable energy resources
Muhammad Shoaib Hassan1*
, Syed Amjad Ahmad1, Ahmad Shafi
1, Shahzad Ahmad
1,
Mukram Amin1, M. Adeel Khan
1
1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Shoaib Hassan
The goal of this project was to design and development of a mini automatic juice filling
and packing machine that utilize lesser amount of energy. This was a new design and
applicable in large industrial applications e.g. in juice processing plants. The cost price
of unit was having an economical and long life span compared with other machines of
similar functionality. The machine was divided into three different processes. First one
was the transportation process. In this process the empty juice pack was placed into the
bucket of same cross section on the conveyer. In the second process, the conveyer
stopped for a very short interval of time in order to fill the desired liquid. Two automatic
valves and level sensors were installed to control the flow of juice and level of juice in
juice pack. After maintaining desired level, the sensor sent a command to the PLC
(programmable logic circuit) circuit the controls the functioning of valves. In the last
process juice pack was sealed by heated rollers. The sensor sensed the seal quality and
delivered it to the operator. The clutch motor controlled the speed of the conveyer in
each process. The container of juice was made up of high grade stainless steel for
preventing it from corrosion. Better conveyor system results a good and reliable
working of machine. This project was a combination of electrical as well as a
mechanical knowledge and ideas. AutoCAD 2004 version and Solid Works 2011
version were used for designing of machine components. Stress analysis on different
parts were done using ANSYS 13.0 version.
Keywords: Conveyor, system, solid works, AutoCAD.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
72
Design and fabrication of opening and closing shutter with changing Sun
light intensity
Muhammad Hussain1*
, Ahmad Shafi1, Syed Amjad Ahmad
1, Owais Khan
1, Abid Ali
1,
Nasrullah1
1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Hussain
This project is actually based on the principal that when intensity of sun light increases
it is being senses by sensor this intensity having a threshold frequency makes the
hydraulic/pneumatic system operate. When the hydraulic/pneumatic system comes into
action it actuates the linkage system to open up the shutter for shadow purposes in car
parking areas. The main consideration in this project is to minimize the cost of
production and to make it highly efficient compared to other shadowing systems. It will
use the Solar Energy, the natural and renewable energy, so it will consume no external
energy resources similarly this is environmental friendly project. And when the sun light
becomes deemed, that is the intensity that reduce the sensor send a signal to
hydraulic/pneumatic system when is operated once again. Which consequently operate
the linkage to close the shutter down. But on the other hand this system fails when there
is no sun light to solve this problem we made a modification to our project by adding a
rechargeable battery, which will charge when the sun is shining and will store some
amount of voltage to operate a system when there is a dark or cloudy weather. It
consists of the basic components, Shutter plates, Sun light sensor, Solar panels, Pulley-
Rope system to open and close the shutters, Linkages, Batteries. A solar panel is a set of
solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting
structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic
cells. The solar module can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to
generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module
is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically
ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a
module given the same rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice
the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. Because a single solar module can produce
only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple modules. A system
typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes
a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
Keywords: Solar module, efficiency, environmental.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
73
Generation of electricity through helical turbine using renewable energy of
low water head and high velocity
Muhammad Arslan Javaid1*
, M. Naheed1, M. Kazim Zaidi
1, Niaz Muhammad
1, Haider
Javaid1
1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Arslan Javaid
The total installed capacity of the hydropower stations in Pakistan is about 7,000 MW
which is about 20% of the total available hydro power potential. For possible micro-
hydro stations, a potential of about 1300 MW exists at a number of low head and high
flow rate sites. In terms of turbine selection, there are a number of possibilities to
exploit this potential. Considering the existing indigenous manufacturing expertise,
Cross-Flow Hydraulic Turbines are the most feasible alternative in Pakistan. The helical
turbine was invented by Alexander Gorlov (1995) and is also known as the Gorlov
turbine. The helical turbine is similar to a Darrieus straight-bladed style turbine,
except the hydrofoil blade profile is swept in a helix profile along its span. One of the
advantages of the helical blade is that it improves the self-start of the turbine compared
to a Darrieus turbine (Gorlov, 1998). As the helical blade shape sweeps along the
circumference of rotation of the turbine, some portion of the blade profile is located at
the optimum angle of attack even in static or slowly rotating conditions, which allows
for a more uniform starting torque that less dependent upon turbine azimuthal
position. Also owing to the helical blade shape is reduction of torque oscillation
during rotation (Gorlov, 1998). A Darrieus turbine tends to experience torque
oscillation resulting from the circumferential void space between the discrete blade
positions. Our project scope included the manufacturing and testing of Gorlov’s
hydro helical turbine. A prototype turbine was manufactured. Our report enlists all the
important phases of our project.
Keywords: Hydropower, optimum Angle.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
74
Design and fabrication of water pumping system using renewable energy
Ali Ajmal1, Dr. Ahmad Shafi
2, Bilal Shahzad
1, Usman Hafeez
1, Naqash Ashraf
1
1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Ali Ajmal
Water pumping, which of course requires energy, is a basic need for a large proportion
of the world’s rural population. Since the majority of this rural population live in the
sunny tropics or sub-tropics, to use the sun’s energy is an attractive way of providing
these vital energy needs. Traditionally, water is provided by hand or with the assistance
of animals, while the principal source of mechanized power for rural areas of the world
is the internal combustion engine. Recently there has been a revival of interest in wind
pumps as well as a growing interest in the new technology of solar powered water
pumps. Due to present energy crisis in all over the world the importance of renewable
resources become prime importance. The government is also heavily subsidizing
electric tariff for agriculture tube wells in many areas of country putting additional
burden on national exchequer. Normally centrifugal pumps use in houses for domestic
usage are 1000watts.In present scenario, when the electricity is insufficient for domestic
use and fuel prices increasing exponentially agriculture procedure through irrigation
with electric tube wells is hit badly by energy crises as the grid electricity in remote
areas is extremely short. A reliable, efficient, sustainable and cost effective energy
option for agriculture and for house usage is direly needed to address these issues and
the answer is the utilization of natural resources i.e. solar energy. Solar energy is most
important renewable energy resource. In Pakistan solar energy is available more than
300 days for 6-8hours. Solar Energy is available at a rate of 1000 watts per square meter
in Pakistan. This can be converted to DC electricity with the help of Solar Photovoltaic
cells, which may be used to pump water. We are designing a model pump. The
characteristics of the pump was designed on the basis of solar panel power output was
observed and the characteristics curves were drawn. In brief it may be said that this
works deals with the characteristics of each of element in a solar photovoltaic water
pump, i.e. it focuses on volume flow rate, head of water, hydraulic efficiency of the
system, centrifugal pump operation analysis, its variation as a function of pumped rate
flow and the rotational velocity. The rate of volume flow and the head of water were
also observed as a function of rotation, at different day hours.
Keywords: renewable energy, flow rate, head of water, operation analysis.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
75
Design and fabrication of steam power plant using renewable energy
Syed Sarosh Hassan1, Dr. Ahmad Shafi
2, Sharooz Qureshi
1, Arif Abbas
1, Awais Aslam
1
1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Syed Sarosh Hassan
The objective of this project to determine the best pressure to obtain the most energy.
Steam power plants are one of the main sources of electricity in both industrialized and
developing countries. The variation in the thermal power plant is due to the different
fuel sources (coal, natural, gas, etc.). In a thermal power plant, one of coal, oil or natural
gas is used to heat the boiler to convert the water into steam. In fact, more than half of
the electricity generated in the world is by using coal as the primary fuel. The function
of the coal fired thermal power plant is to convert the energy available in the coal to
electricity. The working of steam power plant is explained in brief. Firstly, water taken
into the boiler from a water source. The boiler is heated with the help of coal. The
increase in temperature helps in the transformation of water into steam. The steam
generated in the boiler is sent through a steam turbine. The turbine has blades that rotate
when high velocity steam flows across them. This rotation of turbine blades is used to
generate electricity. A generator is connected to the steam turbine. When the turbine
turns, electricity is generated and given as output by the generator, which is then
supplied to the consumers through high-voltage power lines. The final thesis deals with
the design and fabrication of steam power plant. It might be that due to the increasing of
the electricity tariff and shortage of electricity in the last years there is a need to produce
electricity at small scale for our homes. There are still many places where electricity is
not reached yet and there is enough fuel to meet there energy demand. We will produce
steam from a fire tube boiler and run the turbine from that steam, which in turn run the
alternator to produce electricity. We will also calculate the efficiency and power output
from our system.
Keywords: Steam power, coal, electricity tariff, shortage, energy.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan
(October 1-3, 2013)
76
Fabrication of solar hybrid refrigerator
Sufyan Siddiq1*
, Gohar Riaz Khan1, Hafsa Qamar
1
1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Sufyan Siddiq
Email:goharkhan2013@yahoo.com
Man has been making efforts to explore different means for his comfort. Mechanical
Engineers are the fore front in caring out these researches. They worked almost in every
field and solar technology is one of them. This project is related to the Hybrid
Refrigerator. This report is on “Hybrid Refrigerator “or Direct Current (D.C) operated
compressor solar powered refrigerator. The main task for choosing this is that it works
efficiently, reliable and environmental friendly due to present environmental strict laws
and pollution aspects. Moreover it will provide some relief in the energy crisis of our
country. In this report, a brief introduction of a solar powered refrigerator is made
practicable with thermal storage and novel control techniques. In one embodiment, the
refrigeration system includes a photovoltaic panel, a D.C compressor, an insulated
enclosure, and a thermal reservoir. The DC electrical power drives a compressor that
circulates refrigerant through a vapor compression refrigeration loop to extract heat
from the insulated enclosure. The photovoltaic (PV) panel converts sunlight into DC
(direct current) electrical power and this DC electrical power drives a compressor. A
capacitor is provided to smooth the power voltage and to provide additional current
during compressor start-up. The photo voltaic (PV) panel converts sunlight into DC
(direct current) electrical power. A controller monitors the rate of change of the
smoothed power voltage to determine if the compressor is operating below or above the
available power maximum, and adjusts the compressor speed accordingly. In this
manner, the compressor operation is adjusted to convert substantially all available solar
power into stored thermal energy. A comprehensive study of components of hybrid
refrigerator, its material and calculations and results are performed. The photo-voltaic
solar plates which are used to modify the refrigerator and future modifications for its
improvements are also discussed. Finally we wish, this attempt will serve as an
incentive for us in our professional life with a sound knowledge of hybrid refrigerator
which uses renewable energy resource and our work play some role in the betterment of
energy crisis of our country.
Keywords: Solar energy, photovoltaic, electrical power, refrigerator.