Solar Energy: A way forward toward development

International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan

(October 1-3, 2013)

1

ABSTRACTS

of

International Conference on

Renewable Energy Technologies in Pakistan

October 1-3, 2013

Organized by

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

&

University of Kassel, Germany

Sponsored by German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) &

International Center for Development & Decent Work

(ICDD)

Edited by:

1. Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel

2. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal

3. Dr. Anjum Munir

4. Dr. Abdul Ghafoor

Department of Farm Machinery & Power

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBERING AGENCY

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF PAKISTAN, ISBN 978-969-9035-05-0


(October 1-3, 2013)

2

Preface

Energy needs are indelibly linked to Pakistan’s economic and sustainable growth

capabilities. Pakistan has been in increasing demand across various areas of energy

sources. Given the need for energy, the Government of Pakistan is doing its utmost

efforts to explore and promote renewable energies and energy efficiency. Potential for

almost all types of renewable energies exists in the country viz. solar (PV and thermal),

wind, biogas, micro-hydel/canal-fall, biodiesel production, biomass/waste to energy

production, geothermal, tidal/ocean energies etc. On an average solar global insolation

5–7 kWh m-2 day-1 exists in the country over 95% of its area. Wind speed 5–7 ms-1

persists in coastal regions of Sindh and Baluchistan provinces and in a number of North-

West Frontier Valleys. According to a survey, Pakistan possesses more than 20,000

MW of economically viable wind power potential. Moreover, 720 million kg day-1

animal dung can produce 1243 MW of electricity while 81 million tons of biomass can

contribute significantly for energy production without harmful effects on the

environment. The International Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies would

go a long way in the mitigation of energy deficient scenario in Pakistan.

Objectives

- Dissemination of knowledge to the stakeholders (students, researchers, end-users etc.)

about renewable energy technologies viz. Solar thermal and solar PV, Wind, biogas, and

biomass etc.

- Capacity building of students, trainers and entrepreneurs for appropriate selection and

operation of efficient, economical and environment friendly renewable energy

technologies acceptable to end-users

Conference Thematic Areas

- Innovative technologies in solar thermal heating and cooling

- Off-grid and on-grid solar PV systems for household and industrial applications

(including solar pumping systems)

- Challenges/Impediments in the implementation of biogas technology in Pakistan

- Sustainable Power generation from agricultural wastes/biomass and bio-diesel

- Energy production potential in wind/hydel/geo-thermal and fuel cells

Dr. Anjum Munir

Chief Organizer / PI DAAD Project

Department of Farm Machinery and Power

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad


(October 1-3, 2013)

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CONFERENCE PROGRAM

DAY 1: October 01, 2013 (Tuesday)

Inaugural Session at New Senate Hall, UAF

08:00-09:00 Registration

09:00-09:05 Recitation from the Holy Quran by Hafiz Abdul Qahir

09:05-09:10 Naat-e-Rasool (S.AW) by Mr. Muhammad Nadeem

09:10-09:30 Welcome address by Prof. Dr. Iqrar Ahmad Khan (Sitara-e-Imtiaz)

Vice Chancellor, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

09:30-09:50 Keynote address by Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, DAAD Project

Coordinator, University of Kassel, Germany

09:50-10:10

Presentation on “Solar thermal electric power generation using

Scheffler reflectors” by Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler, Director, Simply

Solar/Solar Bruecke, Germany

10:10-10:30

Presentation on “Development of renewable energy technologies under

ICDD and DAAD Projects” by Dr. Anjum Munir, DAAD Project

Coordinator, Pakistan

10:30 -10:40 Address by Honorable Chief Guest

10:40-10:50 Address by Guest of Honor, Ms. Ursula Saarbeck, Director DAAD IC

Islamabad, Pakistan

10:50-11:00 Vote of Thanks by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Dean, Faculty of

Agricultural Engineering & Technology, UAF

11:00-11:30 Tea/Coffee Break

Technical Session 1 (Oral Presentations)

Chair: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, Co-Chair: Christian Schellert, Mr. Daniele Marrazzi

11:30-11:50

Quality aspects in solar drying of medical herbs by Mr. Christian

Schellert, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of

Kassel, Germany

11:50-12:10 Presentation by Prof. Dr. Rainer Kertess, CEO, STCS Ag, Switzerland

12:10-12:30

Solar drying modeling and simulation by Dr. Franz Roman

Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel,

Germany

12:30-12:45 Installation of Solar PV System at UAF by Prof. Dr. Hubert Leitner,

CEO, Leitner Solar Ag, Italy

12:45-13:00 Steps towards complete solar energy supply for small food processing

units by Ms. Heike Hoedt, Vice President, Simply Solar, Germany

13:00-14:30 Lunch and Prayer


(October 1-3, 2013)

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Chair: Wolfgang Scheffler, Co-Chair: Franz Roman

14:30-14:45 Installation of Solar PV system at UAF by Prof. Dr. Anton Josef Hotz,

CAE Ag Solar and wind, Germany

14:45-15:00 Pakistan, Farmers and Green Agriculture Energy by Aamer Hayat

Bhandara, Pakpattan

15:00-15:15

Potential and future prospects of renewable energy in Pakistan by Mr.

Inam-ur-Rahman, CEO, REON Energy Solutions, Dawood Center,

Karachi

15:15-15:30 Presentation by Mr. Daniele Marrazzi, Deputy CEO, Leitner Solar Ag,

Italy

15:30-15:45

Provision of power to the new campus GC University, Faisalabad using

alternate energy sources by Dr. Farhat Abbas, Director ORIC, GC

University, Faisalabad

15:45-16:00 Biogas as alternative energy resource for rural community in Pakistan

by Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, AMRI Wing, Faisalabad

16:00-16:15 Lessons learnt from uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency

programs in Australia by Dr. Akhtar Abbas, Australia

16:15-16:30

Value addition to FYM as a substitute of energy production for rural

livestock farmers by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younis, Department of

Livestock, UAF

16:30-16:45

Current challenges in promoting the biogas technology in Pakistan by

Rana Aamir Shafiq and Naeem Ahmed, Pakistan Domestic Biogas

Programme (PDBP)

16:45-17:00 Efficiency of drip irrigation system with solar pump by Prof. Dr.

Muhammad Arshad, Department of Irrigation & Drainage, UAF.

Dinner for International Guests at 20:00


(October 1-3, 2013)

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DAY 2: October 02, 2013 (Wednesday)


Chair: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Co-Chair: Shehzada Khuram & Prof. Dr. Anton

Josef Hotz

09:00-09:05 Recitation from the Holy Quran

09:05-09:10 Naat-e-Rasool (S.A.W) by Mr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Department of Textile

and Fibre Technology, UAF

09:10-09:30

Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying system

under forced convection by Lyes Bennamoun and Muhammad T.

Afzal, Director of Graduate, Studies, University of New Brunswick,

Canada

09:30-09:50

Energy at agriculture farms of Pakistan: status and future prospectus by

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Dean, Faculty of Agri. Engineering &

Tech. UAF

09:50-10:10 Energy Auditing of Tubewells by Prof. Dr. Allah Bakhsh, Chairman,

Director, Water Management, UAF

10:10 -10:30

Off-grid renewable energy solutions: making it work for Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa by Parvaiz Naim, Senior Sector Coordintor, KfW Office

Islamabad, Pakistan

10:30-10:45 Fabrication and evaluation of a downdraught gasifier running with

biomass for sustainable agriculture by Prof. Dr. Manzoor Ahmed, UAF

10:45-11:00 Renewable energy in agriculture: present status, issues and future

prospects by Munir Ahmad, Chief Scientist, PARC, Islamabad

11:00-11:30 Tea/Coffee

11:30-13:00 Technical Session 2 (Poster Session)



(October 1-3, 2013)

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Chair: Prof. Dr. Anton Josef Hotz Co-Chair: Daniele Marrazzi

14:30-14:45

Sustainable Production of Bioethanol by using Augmented Bacterial

Cellulases by Mariyam Zameer, College of Earth and Environmental

Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

14:45-15:00

Potential of energy content in solid waste of Dental units in two

hospitals of Lahore by Umm-e-Hani Iqbal, College of Earth and

Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

15:00-15:15

Estimation of spatio-temporal solar radiation from satellite imagery in

data scarce environment by Dr. M. Jehanzeb M. Cheema, Department

of Irrigation & Drainage, UAF

15:15-15:30 Rural development through renewable energy development: A pro-poor

approach by Shoukat Ali

15:30-15:45 Potential of solar assisted cooling system in Pakistan by Dr. Abdul

Ghafoor

15:45-16:00 Promotion of biogas energy to stakeholders through socio-economic

approaches by Dr. Izhar Ahmad Khan

16:00-16:15 Renewable energy sources: A roadmap to sustainable rural

development in Pakistan by Dr. Babar Shahbaz

16:15-16:30

Pyrolysis of sewage sludge and municipal organic waste using as

renewable source for power generation by Syed Amjad Ahmad, Head,

Mechanical Engineering, NFC University, Faisalabad

16:30-16:45 Design, development and modeling of natural air dryer for rice by Ms.

Sidra Ashfaq

16:45-17:00 Solar energy: a way forward to development by: Saleem Ashraf,

Muhammad Iftikhar and Ghazanfar Ali Khan

17:00-17:15

Prediction of air distribution in an enhanced batch type food dryer for

spatial homogeneity of temperature using computational fluid dynamics

(CFD) by Waseem Amjad, DAAD Scholar, University of Kassel,

Germany

17:15-17:30

Physio-thermal characteristics of biomass briquettes by Mr.

Muhammad Azhar Ali, Dr. Abdul Nasir Awan, Department of

Structures & Environmental Engineering, UAF

Dinner for International Guests at 20:00


(October 1-3, 2013)

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DAY 3: October 03, 2013 (Thursday)

Students Presentations (Venue: Video Conference Room, UAF)

Technical Session (Oral Presentations)

Chair: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, Co-Chair: Wolfgang Scheffler, Christian Schellert &

Franz Roman

09:00-09:10 Recitation from the Holy Quran and Naat-e- Rasool (S.A.W)

09:10-09:20 Solar water pumping system-prospects and testing in Pakistan for

irrigation purposes by Engr. Faizan Majeed

09:20-09:30 Design and development of solar roaster for value addition of

Agricultural products by Engr. Muhammad Tayyab

09:30-09:40 Value addition of agricultural products using solar distillation system by

Engr. Arslan Afzal

09:40-09:50 Efficiency calculation of a biomass boiler using direct and indirect

methods by Jahan Zeb Alvi

09:50-10:00 Optimization of solar distillation system and analysis of essential oils

using gas chromatography by Engr. Zawar Hussain

10:00-10:10 Design and development of solar assisted milk pasteurizer by Syed

Nabeel Husnain

10:10-10:20 Quality drying of ripened chillies using solar tunnel dryer by Engr.

Farhan Hussain

10:20-10:30 Design, development and installation of biogas plant for tubewell

operation at UAF by Engr. H. Abdul Qahir

10:30-10:40 Extraction of essential oils from citrus peels using solar distillation

system by Engr. Shazia Hanif and Tinat Anwar

10:40-10:50 Performance evaluation of SY-S60 Solar PV System by Engr.

Muhammad Usman Khan

10:50-11:00 Efficiency determination of a Scheffler fixed focus concentrator using

international procedure of solar cooker by Engr. Zuhair Qamar

11:00-11:10 Parametric study of a biogas plant to optimize the tube well operation

installed at UAF by Engr. Ghulam Murtaza

11:10-11:20 Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of solar parabolic

trough for domestic application by Engr. Muhammad Faheem

11:20-11:30 Modification and Evaluation of Downdraught Gasifier running with

Biomass by Engr. Muhammad Mubashar Omar

11:30-11:40

Comparative study of solar and conventional distillation systems based

on yield and composition of essential oils for eucalyptus camaldulensis

by Engr. Zeeshan Munir

11:40-12:00 Students Group Discussion Forum

12:00-12:30 Presentation to students on solar pumping by Christian Schellert


13:30-14:00 Visit of UAF Biogas Plant

14:00-14:30 Visit of Solar Distillation System and Rosa Lab

14:30-15:00 Visit of Solar roaster and solar tunnel dryer

15:00-16:30 Visit of PARS, UAF and Faisalabad City for International delegation

Note: Tea/coffee will be served during the session.


(October 1-3, 2013)

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LIST OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

Sr. No. Title of Poster Presentation

01 Bioethanol production from starch bearing crop Maize

02 Bioethanol production using rice straw

03 Bioethanol, bio-hydrogen and biogas production from nitric acid pretreated

wheat straw by a flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae strain

04 Biogas energy resource potential in Pakistan

05 Design and fabrication of opening and closing shutter with changing Sun

light intensity

06 Design and fabrication of semi-automatic granular material filling machine

using renewable energy

07 Design and fabrication of steam power plant using renewable energy

08 Design and fabrication of water pumping system using renewable energy

09 Designing and fabrication of automatic juice filling and packing machine

using renewable energy resources

10 Does nuclear energy an answer to energy crises in Pakistan

11 Energy crisis of Pakistan & potential of alternative energy sources in

Pakistan

12 Fabrication and performance study of a hybrid solar oven

13 Fabrication of solar hybrid refrigerator

14 Future of solar energy in agro-industrial sector of Pakistan

15 Generation of electricity through helical turbine using renewable energy of

low water head and high velocity

16 Legislation for GHGS: Kyoto Protocol and its implications to energy

production from non-renewable resource

17 Possible energy sources from industrial solid wastes

18 Use of paraffin oil to enhance the efficiency of a box type solar oven


(October 1-3, 2013)

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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE A. National Committee

Prof. Dr. Iqrar Ahmad Khan (S.I)

Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal

Prof. Dr. Asif Ali

Prof. Dr. Allah Bakhsh

Dr. Anjum Munir

Prof. Dr. Manzoor Ahmad

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arshad

Dr. Abdul Nasir

Dr. Abdul Ghafoor

Engr. Muhammad Tayyab

Engr. Syed Nabeel Husnain

Vice Chancellor, University of Agriculture, FSD

Dean, Faculty of Agri. Engg. & Tech., UAF

Dirctor, ORIC, University of Agriculture, FSD

Chairman, Deptt. of I&D, UAF

(Chief organizer), Deptt: of FMP, UAF

Deptt. of FMP, UAF

Deptt. of Irrigation & Drainage, UAF

Chairman, Deptt. of SEE, UAF

(Conference Secretary), Deptt: of FMP, UAF

Deptt. of Farm Machinery & Power, UAF

Deptt. of Farm Machinery & Power, UAF

B. International Committee Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel, University of Kassel, Germany

Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler, President, Simply Solar, Germany

Ms. Heike Hoedt, Vice President, Simply Solar, Germany

Mr. Christian Schellert, University of Kassel, Germany

Dr. Franz Roman, University of Kassel, Germany


(October 1-3, 2013)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title of Abstract Page

No.

1 Solar drying plants –professional solutions for decentralized food

business 1

2 24h solar thermal electric power generation with Scheffler

reflectors 2

3 Steps towards complete solar energy supply for small food

processing units 3

4 Quality aspects in solar drying of medical herbs 4

5 Simulation of airflow distribution and solar drying of round hay

bales using computational fluid dynamics 5

6 Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying

system under forced convection 6

7 Development of renewable energy technologies under

ICDD and DAAD Projects 7

8 Physio-thermal characteristics of biomass briquettes 8

9 Energy auditing of tubewells 9

10 Efficiency of drip irrigation system with solar pump 10

11 Estimation of spatio-temporal solar radiation from satellite

imagery in data scarce environment 11

12 Lessons learnt from uptake of renewable energy and energy

efficiency programs in Australia 12

13 Energy at agriculture farms of Pakistan: status and future

prospectus 13

14 Renewable energy in agriculture: present status, issues and future

prospects 14

15 Off-grid renewable energy solutions: making it work for Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa 15

16 Biogas as alternative energy resource for rural community in

Pakistan 16

17 Value addition to FYM as a substitute of energy production for

rural livestock farmers 17

18

Prediction of air distribution in an enhanced batch type food dryer

for spatial homogeneity of temperature using computational fluid

dynamics (CFD)

18

19 Rural development through renewable energy development:

A pro-poor approach 19

20 Design, development and modeling of natural air dryer for rice 20

21 Potential of solar assisted cooling system in Pakistan 21

22 Pakistan, farmers and green agriculture energy 22

23 Popularizing renewable energy sources: need for media campaign

in Pakistan 23

24 Renewable energy sources: A roadmap to sustainable rural

development in Pakistan 24


(October 1-3, 2013)

11

25 Promotion of biogas energy to stakeholders through socio-

economic approaches 25

26 Development, installation and performance evaluation of a biogas

plant for tubewell operation 26

27 Pyrolysis of sewage sludge and municipal organic waste using as

renewable source for power generation 27

28 Sustainable Production of Bioethanol by using Augmented

Bacterial Cellulases 28

29 Potential of energy content in solid waste of Dental units in two

hospitals of Lahore 29

30 Design and development of a solar roaster for value addition of

agricultural products 30

31 Design and development of solar assisted milk pasteurizer based

Scheffler technology 31

32 Value addition of agricultural products using solar distillation

system 32

33 Efficiency Calculation of a biomass boiler using direct and

indirect methods 33

34

Design, development and performance evaluation of a distillation

system for essential oils extraction using Scheffler solar

concentrator

34

35 Optimization of solar distillation system and analysis of essential

oils using gas chromatography 35

36 Quality drying of ripened chilies using solar tunnel dryer 36

37 Solar water pumping system prospects and testing in Pakistan for

irrigation purposes 37

38 Design, development and installation of biogas plant for tubewell

operation at UAF 38

39 Quality drying of sliced potatoes using solar tunnel dryer 39

40

Comparative study of solar and conventional distillation system

based on yield and composition of essential oils for eucalyptus

camaldulensis

40

41 Parametric study of a biogas plant to optimize the tube well

operation installed at UAF 41

42 Design and development of a solar based double jacketed

autoclave for the sterilization of surgical instruments 42

43 Performance evaluation of SY-S60 PV Panel 43

44 Extraction of essential oils from citrus (Citrus sinensis L.

Osbeck.) peel using solar distillation system 44

45 Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of updraft rice

husk gasifier stove 45

46 Fabrication and characterization of a parabolic dish solar

concentrator 46

47 Bioethanol production from starch bearing crop Maize 47

48 Fabrication and performance study of a hybrid solar oven 48


(October 1-3, 2013)

12

49

Bioethanol, bio-hydrogen and biogas production from nitric acid

pretreated wheat straw by a flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae

strain

49

50 Bioethanol production using rice straw 50

51 Possible energy sources from industrial solid wastes 51

52 Use of paraffin oil to enhance the efficiency of a box type solar

oven 52

53 Does nuclear energy an answer to energy crises in Pakistan 53

54 Energy crisis of Pakistan & potential of alternative energy sources

in Pakistan 54

55 Biogas energy resource potential in Pakistan 55

56 Legislation for GHGS: Kyoto Protocol and its implications to

energy production from non-renewable resource 56

57 Future of solar energy in agro-industrial sector of Pakistan 57

58 Design and fabrication of semi-automatic granular material filling

machine using renewable energy 58

59 Designing and fabrication of automatic juice filling and packing

machine using renewable energy resources 59

60 Design and fabrication of opening and closing shutter with

changing Sun light intensity 60

61 Generation of electricity through helical turbine using renewable

energy of low water head and high velocity 61

62 Design and fabrication of water pumping system using renewable

energy 62

63 Design and fabrication of steam power plant using renewable

energy 63

64 Fabrication of solar hybrid refrigerator 64


(October 1-3, 2013)

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Solar drying plants –professional solutions for decentralized food business

Oliver Hensel1* 1Universität Kassel - FG Agrartechnik Nordbahnhofstr. 1a D-37213 Witzenhausen,

Germany *Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel

Email: [email protected]

For long time solar drying plants have been seen as small scale applications on

household level for the rural poor only. Nowadays innovative development and

sophisticated engineering have let to the professional solar drying equipment which

allows to process agricultural products like fruits, vegetables, meat and spices on world

market quality standard. Recent solar dryers can easily cover the production quantity of

farmers (several 100 kg per day) and generate increased income by value addition.

Furthermore in the last years solar drying plants have been developed even for

professional industrial scale (up to several tons per day) without any deficiency in

product quality or reliability based only renewable energy. Besides the saving of energy

costs these dryers allow decentralized food processing in remote areas which perfectly

fits the character of agricultural production. The presentation gives a brief overview

about the engineering principles of solar dryers and documents the development of

modern drying equipment starting from early time solutions on household level up to

nowadays high performance industrial applications in both food and non-food

processing of agricultural products.

Keywords: Renewable energy, Solar drying, Food processing.


(October 1-3, 2013)

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24h solar thermal electric power generation with Scheffler reflectors

Wolfgang Scheffler1* 1G.v.Werdenbergstr.6, D-89344 Aislingen, Germany

*Corresponding Author: Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler


Energy shortage affects industries in form of unavailability of electricity and power cuts

as well as high fuel prices for generators or thermal energy needs. Energy provided from

solar energy technologies can offer an alternative, but they require energy storage

solutions to match the demand with the availability. Concentrated solar energy

technology has become state of the art for large scale solar thermal electricity

production in a number of countries. It allows the use of a thermal storage to generate

power during non-sunshine hours. In India, a 1MW power plant is under construction,

which uses specially designed Scheffler reflectors and an innovative thermal storage in

solid iron to run a 1MW steam turbine during day and night. The same technology can

also provide high quality process heat for many industrial processes. This paper

describes the concept of the plant and focuses on the innovative storage concept that

allows the production of high pressure steam round the clock.

Keywords: On-grid & off-grid PV system; concentrated solar; Scheffler reflectors.

mailto:[email protected]


(October 1-3, 2013)

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Steps towards complete solar energy supply for small food processing units

Heike Hoedt1* 1G.v.Werdenbergstr.6, D-89344 Aislingen, Germany

*Corresponding Author: Ms. Heike Hoedt


Energy shortage is a phenomenon that affects small food processing industries in form

of unavailability of electricity and/or power cuts - as well as high fuel prices for diesel

generators or thermal energy needs. Energy provided from solar energy technologies

requires storage solutions which are often not available off the shelf. Solar based

cooling as well as process heat in form of steam or hot air can be available around the

clock using innovative thermal storage solutions. Safety of operation plays a very

important role when it comes to small/rural installations where highly qualified personal

may not always be available. Electricity from photovoltaic installations is usually stored

in batteries. Reducing the installed battery capacity is a key aspect to lower the cost of

electric storage. The presentation highlights key technical aspects for reaching a

complete solar energy supply in small food processing industries. Examples of

successful solutions in different countries offer an inspiring perspective.

Keywords: Solar thermal heating and cooling; on and off-grid solar PV.



(October 1-3, 2013)

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Quality aspects in solar drying of medical herbs

Christian Schellert1* 1Department of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Section of Agricultural Engineering,

University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstrasse 1a D 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany *Corresponding Author: Christian Schellert


Excellent final product quality is the key factor for a successful use of Solar Tunnel

Dryers. These dryers which operate with renewable energy can give an optimum

product quality but the results depend on several important technical, climatic and

product handling factors while each of them will influence the final result. The

harvested agricultural products will pass a huge change during the drying process e.g.

loss of water, textural changes, cracking and altering of shape etc. These factors will

influence the economic success of the drying procedure e.g. in medical herb

processing any loss of the sensible essential oils should be avoided. For that reason it

is necessary to develop adequate drying strategies based on lab and field trials to

investigate the optimal process parameters in order to obtain the required quality

characteristics. In this presentation Melissa officinalis L. is given as a sample to show

the development of an optimization procedure which enables to produce high quality

dried herbs for medical use. Experiments have been carried out at the Department of

Agricultural Engineering of Kassel University at Campus Witzenhausen where

shadow and sun drying was compared. In addition the effects of the temperature, the

position of the product inside the solar tunnel, the drying load and the air velocity on

drying time, color changes and essential oil content were investigated. Suggestions are

made of how to handle other medical plants with similar drying characteristics.

Keywords: Solar tunnel dryer, medicinal herbs, mellissa officinalis, essential oils.


(October 1-3, 2013)

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Simulation of airflow distribution and solar drying of round hay bales

using computational fluid dynamics

Franz Román1* 1University of Kassel, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a,

37213 Witzenhausen, Germany *Corresponding Author: Franz Román


The artificial drying of hay in the form of round bales is challenging due to the nature of

the product and the deficient air distribution usually encountered in bale dryers.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software can be used successfully to understand

the air flow in convective dryers and search for design improvements. In this study, the

CFD software Fluent was employed to simulate the air flow in round bale dryers.

Additionally, through the coupling of a drying model, the drying process could be

simulated. A thin-layer drying equation for hay and an equilibrium moisture relationship

were used to simulate the drying of deep beds of product in 2 or 3 dimensions by

making use of the flow field computed by CFD. These equations as well as moisture and

energy sources were implemented in the software as user-define functions (UDF).

Another set of UDFs were implemented to account for the variable dry matter density

encountered in hay bales, which affects the resistance to airflow of the product and its

porosity. Moreover, by including a function defining time-dependent drying air

conditions as obtained by solar air heater, a solar drying simulation could also be

performed. The results show the effect of bale properties and drying conditions on the

drying behavior of hay bales.

Keywords: Drying simulation, computational fluid dynamics, solar drying.



(October 1-3, 2013)

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Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying system

under forced convection

Lyes Bennamoun1, Muhammad T. Afzal1* 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

NewBrunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada, E3B 5A3 *Corresponding author: Muhammad T. Afzal


Mathematical modeling and simulation of a batch solar drying system was carried out

under forced convection mode. The design of the solar dryer is a simple one, consisting

of ten perforated trays and a total drying chamber volume of 1m3. The drying chamber

is connected to the solar air collector with an optimum surface of 3 m2. As it is well

known, solar drying performance depends on the weather changes and in order to limit

this effect, a heater is added at the inlet of the drying chamber. It allows control of the

drying air during unfavorable conditions at constant pre‐defined temperature. Modeling

was performed by applying heat and mass transfer balance on each component of the

solar dryer system to simulate the temperature and humidity of the drying air and the

product. The results of the thermal analysis shows that, using the optimum collector

surface of 3m2, heated air can reach a temperature of 67°C, and one day was still

sufficient to attain the equilibrium moisture content of the product. The exergy analysis

of the drying system shows that the inlet exergy varies from 17 to 311 kJ/kg, however

the exergy loss fluctuates between 8 and 92 kJ/kg with an overall exergy efficiency

varying between 50 and 70%. The collector surface area, the initial mass of the product

spread in the trays and its diameter, all influenced the solar drying behavior.

Keywords: Solar drying; modeling; thin layer drying; thermal energy; exergy analysis.



(October 1-3, 2013)

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Development of renewable energy technologies under

ICDD and DAAD Projects

Anjum Munir1, Oliver Hensel1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Anjum Munir


Renewable sources of energy are very important for Pakistan as it is acutely short of

fossil fuels. Among renewable sources, solar energy is of special significance as it is

abundantly available. The per capita commercial energy supply in Pakistan is one of the

lowest in the world. About 68% of the population of Pakistan lives in the rural areas and

most of them has no access to commercial energy. In Pakistan, postharvest losses in

fruits and vegetables range from 25-40% or even greater. The implementations of food

processing facilities have been suggested to reduce food losses and to reduce seasonality

of food supplies. The solar energy can successfully be used for the processing of

perishable agricultural products and non-traditional high value products at farm level.

The work on the developments of solar based technologies for the value addition was

initiated by the projects under the International Center of Development and Decent

Work (ICDD) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Four solar based

technologies have been developed viz. solar roaster, solar distillation system, solar

tunnel dryer and solar autoclave. Solar roaster was developed in which thermal oil

circulates to heat the agricultural products. The ambient temperature was recorded in the

range of 10 to 15 °C, temperature of thermal oil at exit of the heat exchanger was

recorded and ranged from 0-200 °C, roasting temperature was measured that varies from

130 to 180°C for peanuts roasting, moisture contents of the product was decreased upto

5 to 6 %. The solar distillation system comprised of primary reflector, secondary

reflector, distillation still, condenser and Florentine flasks. Using solar distillation

system several experiments, different medicinal and aromatic plants like Eucalyptus,

Cumin, Cloves, Orange peel, etc. were processed successfully. Solar tunnel dryer (STD)

was developed for the dehydration of perishable agricultural products. The total length

and width of STD were 10 m2 and 1.22 m respectively. The air temperature for drying

was raised up to 8-14°C above ambient temperature. Successful experiments were

carried out on ripened chilies, apples and potatoes for quality drying. Solar autoclave

system comprised of stainless steel horizontal cylindrical autoclave chamber. A steam

receiver was used to collect the solar radiations from the focus of scheffler fixed focus

concentrator. The steam was produced by the receiver and transferred to autoclave for

sterilization. Biological tests were performed to determine the optimum combination of

temperature, pressure and time for the sterilization in the autoclave by measuring live

bacteria count by maintaining the pressure and temperature at 1 bar and 121°C

respectively. The results have shown that the solar based technologies can be used for

value addition of different agricultural products using solar energy.

Keywords: Value addition, solar distillation, solar tunnel dryer, solar roaster, autoclave



(October 1-3, 2013)

20

Physio-thermal characteristics of biomass briquettes

Muhammad Azhar Ali1*, Abdul Nasir1, Anjum Munir2, 1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering

2 Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Azhar Ali


Pakistan’s energy supplies through gas, nuclear and hydal sources are 99% and only 1%

renewable sources contributes to the national energy proportions. Whereas the potential

of resources through renewable energy exist tremendously. Biomass is one of the

renewable energy resources. Access to commercial energy resources is limited and a

traditional method of using biomass is another constraint. In Pakistan non-scientific and

conventional energy techniques need an overall change to overcome shortage of energy

using modern technology of bio-energy. In Pakistan biomass is sufficient and can

contribute to explore trade and energy. Though the bio resources of Pakistan are

substantial whereas their contribution to useful energy is low due to low bulk density,

poor and no storage, handling and improper transportation. This study was taken up on

selection of raw biomass material, which includes rice straw, maize straw and cotton

stalks. These binderless briquettes was tested to evaluate their physo-thermal properties

such as bulk density, moisture contents, durability, calorific value, ash contents and

burning rate. The results shown that the burning rate, ash contents and durability was

significant at 1250 kg/m3 bulk density for maize straw, cotton stalks and rice straw

briquettes.

Keywords: Biomass; calorific value; bulk density; moisture contents; ash contents.


(October 1-3, 2013)

21

Energy auditing of tubewells

Allah Bakhsh1*, Usman Saleem1, Abdul Khaliq1 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Allah Bakhsh


Groundwater pumping efficiencies can be improved by conducting the diagnostic

studies of the pump-motor set for suggesting the retrofit measures. The present

study was designed to assess energy requirements regarding pumping of groundwater

under existing motor-pump set arrangements at farmer’s field to improve pump-set

efficiency. The auditing of tubewells technique was used to study the performance

evaluation of 12 tubewells and energy consumption in four regions of Multan, Lodhran,

Karoor Pacca and Khanewal in southern Punjab for enhancing tubewell performance

because most of the pumps were working at low efficiency due to mismatch of pumpset

arrangement. Three numbers of tubewells were selected in each region for conducting

site survey with the help of necessary gadgets for measuring the required operating

parameters at which tubewells were being operated. XY Coordinate method was used to

measure the discharge and NANOVIP meter measured the input energy consumption.

Plump-bob method was used to measure the static water table. After analysis, the old

motor-pump sets were replaced with the new pump set arrangements by adopting proper

motor sizing mechanism before post auditing of the tubewells. By replacing the high HP

motor with right size motor, discharge of tubewells increased by 10 to 29% and

electricity consumption decreased by 20% and efficiency of the Tubewells improved

from 30 to 65%. By replacement of old pumpset arrangements of just 12 tubewells with

new motor pump sets, there was energy saving of 20% worth Rs. 5 lac per year. It is

recommended that farmers should use coupled motor-pump set arrangement for efficient

tubewell performance. Farmers should install their tubewells after proper sizing by the

use of motor-pump set sizing mechanisms. Farmers are encouraged for auditing of their

tubwells to save electricity and bills.

Keywords: Pumping efficiency; tubewells; pumpset; NANOVIP meter; plump bob.


(October 1-3, 2013)

22

Efficiency of drip irrigation system with solar pump

Muhammad Arshad1*, Ayesha Saleem Mongat1, Aamir Shakoor1 and Lubna

Anjum1

Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Dr. Muhammad Arshad

E-mail: [email protected]

For agricultural development and strong economy of the country, three important factors

i.e. land, energy and water plays an important role. Pakistan has one of the world best

irrigation system, but there is still water shortage in every part of the country. Average

annual rainfall is less than the total crop water requirement, so surface water is not

enough to fulfill the requirements in agriculture sector. To overcome water shortage

more than one million tubewells have been installed in country. The shortage of water is

still a big challenge not for government of Pakistan and also for the farmers. Moreover,

a lot of water is being wasted through inefficient irrigation system and ultimately results

in low crop water productivity. The pressurized irrigation system (drip irrigation

system) is one of the remarkable options to get the high water use efficiency and the

energy input in this system is principally the electricity required for pumping but the

increasing prices of petroleum and current breakdown of electricity is the main dispute

to adopt such high efficient irrigation system. It is very essential to replace the

conversional sources of energy with solar power and conventional methods of irrigation

with high efficiency irrigation systems (HEIS) to achieve the challenges of agriculture

in future. A study was conducted with the objective to install and evaluate the solar drip

irrigation system in arid zone of Punjab, Pakistan. The performance, efficiency and

distribution uniformity of the system was evaluated. An economic analysis was also

made to compare the solar operated with the diesel engine operated drip irrigation

system. The range of average discharge values was between 8.3-8.56 liter per hour (lph)

at different pressures, while the emission uniformity values were between 85-90% at 8.2

lph discharge. Application uniformity was 98-99% and distribution uniformity value

was 99% at 8.2 lph discharge and different pressures. It was found that solar power units

were more efficient, energy saving and economical. The operational cost of this unit

was very low as compared to diesel system while the initial installation cost of solar

operated system was high.

Keywords: Solar system; drip irrigation system; application uniformity.



(October 1-3, 2013)

23

Estimation of spatio-temporal solar radiation from satellite imagery in

data scarce environment

Muhammad Jehanzeb Masood Cheema1* 1Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Muhammad Jehanzeb Masood Cheema


Energy crisis in countries like Pakistan has severely demanded exploration of alternative

energy resources and solar energy is considered as one of the suitable options. However,

proper sites for solar panel installations are needed to be identified that receive

maximum solar radiation and thus regulate power supply throughout the year. The

traditional methods of determining solar radiation through solar radiometers and

ordinary sunshine hour measurement instruments can provide point measurements and

are limited. Alternatively, cloud cover information obtained from moderate resolution

satellite imagery like MODIS at 1 km spatial resolution can be used to infer solar

radiation. MODIS information on the cloud optical thickness was used to quantify

spatially distributed and temporally consistent transmissivity and hence incoming solar

radiation. The mean solar radiation values were more than 200 W m−2 between days of

year (DOY) 105 to 201while it was below 125 W m−2 during 1 to 57 and 329 to 361

DOY. A time series analysis was performed to check the accuracy using station

measurements obtained from 24 meteorological stations. The solar radiation values at 24

locations matched well with satellite derived solar radiation estimates having bias less

than 20%.

Keywords: Solar radiation; radiometers; transmissivity; satellite.



(October 1-3, 2013)

24

Lessons learnt from uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency

programs in Australia

Akhtar Abbas, G.Q. Amur *Corresponding Author: Dr. Akhtar Abbas


Australia is one of the highest per capita contributors of greenhouse gas emission in the

World with 89% of total electricity production using fossil fuels. Around 69%

electricity in Australia is generated by using coal which is achieved from black coal

(47%) and brown coal (22%). In recent times the coal consumption in the nation’s

electricity supply has seen some decreasing trends mainly due to electricity price

increases, significant uptake of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy,

especially solar energy. Electricity generation by using gas shares 20% of the nation’s

production. Australia's renewable energy industries are diverse, covering numerous

energy sources and scales of operation, and currently contribute about 11% of

Australia's total energy supply. Hydropower is the largest source of renewable

electricity, contributing 60% of all renewable generation and 6% of total electricity. The

remaining 5% of Australia’s total electricity generation comes from wind (2%) and

others (3%). Others include oil, bioenergy, solar PV, and multi-fuel fired power plants.

However the rapid uptake of individual rooftop solar panels at an extraordinary rate

with more than 1 million rooftop solar systems in Australia now puts dent in electricity

market. The Climate Commission reported more than 2.5 million Australians (10% of

nation’s population) use solar power for their homes. It is still believed that coal will

continue to provide a major share of electricity generation over a period of many years

in the future. This requires that more work is needed on educating the community on

sustainability, increasing awareness on the clean energy and developing policies to

support these initiatives. This paper will provide a review of experiences gained with the

uptake of selected renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives in Australia. In

addition some recommendations will be provided on the relevant benefits and potential

issues on implementing similar measures in Pakistan.

Keywords: Renewable energy; photovoltaic, bioenergy; hydropower

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

http://www.originenergy.com.au/4235/Energy-from-water

http://www.originenergy.com.au/4230/Energy-from-wind


(October 1-3, 2013)

25

Energy at agriculture farms of Pakistan: status and future prospectus

Muhammad Iqbal1*, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Muhammad Iqbal


Agricultural machinery is consuming maximum energy for crop production to maximize

labor output with optimum use of input resources. Public research institutions played

key role in developing/adapting various energy based technologies in the country.

Power available from tractors, draught animals and farm labor employed for

mechanically performing farm operations of crop production like: soil tillage,

seeding/planting, inter-culture, plant protection, crop harvesting & threshing and

handling produce has been found very low (1.16 hp/ha) as compared to leading Asian

countries like Japan (7 hp/ha), South Korea (4.11 hp/ha), China (4.10 hp/ha), and

Vietnam (1.56 hp/ha). Even the neighboring country India has greater energy input

(1.81 hp/ha) as compared with the energy input at Pakistan farms (1.16 hp/ha). Fossil

fuels are depleting and energy crises issues are becoming severe day by day. There are

about 72 million animals (cows & buffaloes) in the country besides about 81 million

tons per year of crop residues and about 785 million birds in poultry estates across the

country. The animals and birds produce 360 million kg and 39.5 million kg collectable

dung per day respectively. This could yield 23.11 million cubic meters of biogas per

day and therefore could yield 1396 MW power generation per day. Thus, biogas

production from agricultural wastes is a candidate technology deemed fit for fulfilling

energy needs at the farms. This encourages benefiting from the resources available in

the rural sector for increased production, clean environment and added comforts. The

biogas serves a dual purpose of the energy generation and also saving valuable organic

matter by efficient recycling, especially in agricultural based economy. Moreover, the

use of resource conservation technologies would reduce the cost of production of crops

with minimum consumption of fossil fuels.

Keywords: Fossil fuels; agricultural waste; biogas; power generation; fossil fuels.



(October 1-3, 2013)

26

Renewable energy in agriculture: present status, issues and future

prospects

Munir Ahmad1*, Muhammad Abdul Hanan Siddhu1, Asif A. Mirani1 1Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Munir Ahmad

Email:[email protected]

Pakistan is blessed with the vast resources of renewable energy (Solar, biomass, and

biofuels etc.). Efforts have been in the past in Pakistan to harness these resources in

agriculture, however, a vast potential still exists for renewable energy technologies to

meet the energy requirement of the country’s agriculture sector for its low input cost and

sustainability. This paper concentrates on research done in the area of renewable energy

technologies development such as; solar fruit drying, biogas production and purification,

solar desalination and solar water pumping at National Agricultural Research Centre,

Islamabad. Potential of these renewable energy technologies have also been worked

out, and issues and future prospects associates with these technologies have also been

presented with particular context to Pakistan.

Keywords: Renewable energy; solar fruit drying; biogas production; solar desalination.


(October 1-3, 2013)

27

Off-grid renewable energy solutions: making it work for Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa

Parvaiz Naim1* 1KfW Development Bank Office, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: Parvaiz Naim


Since the setting up of 1.1MW Renala Hydel station near Lahore in 1925, Pakistan now

has a total installed capacity of over 23,000MW, half of which became possible with

German financing through the KfW Development Bank. Yet, the system inadequacies

have led to prolonged power outages, and associated failure in achieving full rural

electrification. This situation has attracted higher attention to supporting off-grid

renewable energy solutions for the underserved rural population of Pakistan. While

efforts have been made in local manufacture of equipment like T-15 Turbines, Solar PV

panels and deep cycle batteries, the earlier failures since the 1970’s in such Off-Grid

solutions (Micro & Mini hydro and Solar PV) have raised some skepticism. The Micro

and Mini hydro unit failures mostly came from improper design, poor civil works, and

inadequate repair & maintenance services. The Solar PV system problems arose due to

mismatch components, battery failures, and the use of communal PV setup for

connecting multiple consumers with diverse needs. The new initiatives thus need to

avoid the earlier mistakes by taking appropriate measures. Such measures for the Micro

and Mini Hydro systems include (a) choosing a combination of units for generating

maximum possible power during winters; (b) linking neighboring hydel units via a

regional grid with the provision of possible linkage with the National Grid, if and when

it became available; (c) shunting access power during the day by heating water for

community use, and (d) arranging easily accessible repair & maintenance services.

Similarly, for the Solar PV systems, (a) promoting its use in groundwater extraction; (b)

improving the quality of deep cycle batteries and Charge Controllers; and (c) arranging

hybrid battery charging facilities for solar home systems. For putting such measures into

practice, the Federal Republic of Germany through KfW Development Bank is

supporting a large Renewable Energy Project in two phases. Implemented through the

Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, the leading Rural Support Programs (NRSP, SRSP,

AKRSP) are in the process of setting up Off-Grid systems for the benefit of the

underserved communities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Keywords: Solar PV; charge controllers; off-grid systems; hydro-systems.



(October 1-3, 2013)

28

Biogas as alternative energy resource for rural community in Pakistan

Muhammad Ashraf 1*, Anjum Munir 2, Alamgir Akhtar Khan3

1Department of Agriculture Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute(AMRI), FSD 2Department of Farm Machinery& Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

3PhD Scholar Environmental Engineering, University of Guelph Ontario, Canada *Corresponding author: Dr. Muhammad Ashraf


More than 0.07 million domestic biogas plants have been installed in Pakistan since

1975. Theoretically these plants can meet the need of 7000 families while potential of

0.5 millions is there. Beside great potential to meet the fuel requirement by replacing

wood, most of these plants are non-productive. One of the major reasons of slow

adoption of this technology is lack of technical information, availability of alternate fuel

and people’s attitude. Therefore this study has been designed to improve and evaluate

the efficiency of the modified community based biogas plant based on constant

pressure, constant temperature and stirring mechanism. Hot water circulation based heat

exchanger was installed to keep the digester temperature in constant range 35-39 oC for

optimum gas production. A stirring mechanism was installed inside the digester to

homogenize the bacterial growth throughout the fermentation chamber. The experiment

was conducted at J.K Farms Jhumra Faisalabad where two digester (floating drum type)

of size 150 m3 each, were installed. Animal dung was used as raw material with the

varying composition of poultry waste (10 to 20% by weight). The results of the study

revealed that incorporation of poultry waste 20% (by weight) of animal dung enhanced

the gas production by 10%. Overall gas production raised from 55% to 85% provided

with pre-mixing of feeding material, heat exchanger and stirring system. A very simple

biogas purification system was installed to address H2S and CO2. A compressor was

used to compress the biogas in pressure vessels. Gas regulation system was installed to

synchronize the gas flow and pressure for operation of gunsets 15 Kw and 40 Kw.

Produced electricity was used to operate tube wells and other electric appliances on

farm house. The digested slurry was incorporated in the soil where wheat crop was

grown over the field that improved the soil fertility and increased the crop yield by 10%.

The study concludes that the national consumption of mineral fertilizers could be

reduced by 20% through the use of potential digested biogas sludge as an organic

fertilizer.

Keyword: Biogas, Alternate energy, Slurry, Organic fertilizer


(October 1-3, 2013)

29

Value addition to FYM as a substitute of energy production for rural

livestock farmers

Muhammad Younas1*, K. Haseeb1, M. Yaqoob1 1Deptt. of Livestock Management, University of Agriculture, FSD-38040, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: Dr. Muhammad Younis


Pakistan is facing a severe shortage of energy in the country. About 7 Billion US$ are

spent on fossil fuel to meet its energy needs. The best way to generate the energy is

from local resources like farm yard manure (FYM) which is renewable and sustainable

too. This will substitute to the conventional fuels and energy source of the country.

Among livestock wealth of Pakistan about 159 M millions are ruminants which produce

about 700 million kg of manure daily. This FYM is used to add soil fertility for crop and

fodder production. The value addition of producing biogas from this amount of dung

can create 16.3 m3 biogas per day and 21 m tons of bio-slurry which can meet the 20 %

of N and 66 % of the P required for crop production. A biogas unit of 10 m3 size is

anticipated to save almost Rs 92,062 per year on account of conventional fuels spent

otherwise. Not only it can provide gas for cooking, heating but it also can run a peter

engine (25 hp) for 8 hrs a day and operate a 12 kW generator, which will ultimately save

a lot of amount spent through electricity. Women’s opportunity cost, with introduction

of biogas units will reportedly increase; subsequently impacting positively on household

income. Biogas energy generation systems are in demand and their number is increasing

steadily. They are low-cost and can be run with very small budget. Biogas energy

corridor can work as a good substitute for nearly 70% of country’s population residing

in rural areas. Installation of plants to bottle the biogas can be additional opportunity.

Looking at the situation of electricity in the country, the alternate energy resources has

become the dire need of the time. Conversion of cow/buffalo dung into biogas is one of

the viable options. About 50 kg fresh dung with equivalent quantity of water can

produce 2 m3 biogas, replaces ~ 26 kg of LPG or 37 liters of kerosene oil, or 88 kg of

charcoal, or 210 kg of fuel wood or 750 kg of animal dung in a month. In terms of cost,

biogas is cheaper on life cycle basis, than conventional biomass fuels. A biogas is easy

to use and saves time in the kitchen; biogas stove has an efficiency of about 55% which

is comparable to that of LPG stove. Cooking on biogas is free from smoke and soot, and

can substantially reduce the health problems which are otherwise quit common in most

rural areas in Pakistan where biomass is the main source of fuel. The valuable nutrients

like N&P in fermented slurry increases twice and K about 30 % and they are

immediately absorbed. This paper will provide new dimensions for value adding to

dung and comparing the efficiencies of various biofuels for producing biogas and its

composition. The results obtained from the comparison of dung, poultry litter, wheat

straw and other biomass will be compared in producing the biogas in lab digesters.

Keywords: Biogas; lab digesters; FYM; straws efficiency



(October 1-3, 2013)

30

Prediction of air distribution in an enhanced batch type food dryer for

spatial homogeneity of temperature using computational fluid dynamics

(CFD)

Waseem Amjad1*, Oliver Hensel1, Anjum Munir2, Albert Esper3

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kassel University, Witzenhausen, Germany 2Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 3

INNOTECH mbh, Stuttgart, Germany *Corresponding Author: Waseem Amjad


Batch type dryers are some of the most widespread equipment used for food

dehydration. One major drawback of this dryer is the spatial heterogeneity of air

velocity in the drying space leading to uneven dried product. It is the major requirement

in air drying processes to achieve uniform moisture content of the final product. To

surmount this problem, a batch type dryer (11m×1.20m×1.25m) with diagonally air inlet

manifold (along the length of dryer) has been developed. It comprises of an air flow

channel including a fan (453 m3/hr) and an electric water heat exchanger, air guider,

drying chamber with 25 food buckets (diagonally arranged along the length of dryer),

air recirculation way, along with a control panel to set drying time, drying temperature

and time for outlet opening/closing. A flow modeling simulation software, ANSYS-

Fluent (CFD) is used to predict the profiles of air, temperature and pressure distribution

within the drying chamber by applying actual boundary conditions and a standard k-ϵ

turbulence model. A spatial homogeneity of temperature distribution in drying chamber

was found. To validate it and for performance evaluation, experiments were conducted

using local available potatoes as drying material. The temperature was measured

continuously during experiments by using thermocouples (K-type ±1.5 k and T-type

±0.5 k) along the entire length of drying chamber at different positions, starting from

inlet. The drying result expressed as percentage of moisture contents reduction, was

determined with a variation of 2% among buckets along the entire length of dryer.

Numerical simulations and measurements showed that the new batch type dryer is able

to produce an even distribution of air velocity and temperature throughout the drying

chamber of the dryer.

Keywords: Batch dryers; air distribution; spatial uniform temperature.


http://www.ansys.com/Products/Simulation+Technology/Fluid+Dynamics/Fluid+Dynamics+Products/ANSYS+Fluent


(October 1-3, 2013)

31

Rural development through renewable energy development:

A pro-poor approach

Shoukat Ali1, Munir Ahmad1*, Tanvir Ali1 and Muhammad Iqbal Zafar1 1Institute of Agri. Extension & Rural Development, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Shaukat Ali


Generally, it is ignoring fact that renewable energy resource potential exists many times

in Pakistan as compared to conventional energy resource. Although, government

commenced its efforts in 1975 to tap renewable energy but due to lack of steering

efforts, the share of energy from renewable resource is amounted only 180 MW till

2011, in spite of the fact that it’s potential in Pakistan is more than 3 million MW.

Energy is life line for rural development. The difference between developed and

underdeveloped rural areas in the country is energy. It is established fact that high

correlation exist between energy consumption and growth rate of GDP. Researcher

agreed that none of the eight MDGs can be achieved without energy provision to the

rural people in developing countries and Pakistan is not an exception. The development

of renewable energy infrastructure at micro or grass root level can help rural people to

help themselves. This development approach is pro-poor as compared to trickle down

approach. Another principle of rural development is the development of an agricultural

sector. It is estimated that agriculture sector in the country consumes more than 11%

(about 1600MW) of total energy production. It’s not a big deal. Biogas and solar energy

have enormous potential to meet the energy needs of agricultural and rural sector. Only

from animal dunk, Pakistan has potential of 5000 MW per day. Currently, farmers spend

about 600-1000 Million USD worth of diesel annually to buy the required diesel to

operate 0.8 million tube wells in the country. By using biogas or solar energy, farmers

can save this money and increase their income. Moreover, renewable energy generation

activity can increase employment opportunities and living standard in rural areas. In

current energy crisis, unlike big cities, rural areas are worst hit. So, it is need of the hour

that government should take steps for rural development through exploiting the rural

potential of renewable energy resources in the country.

Keywords: Rural development; renewable energy; pro-poor approach.


(October 1-3, 2013)

32

Design, development and modeling of natural air dryer for rice

Sidra Ashfaq1*, Manzoor Ahmad1, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1

Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Ms. Sidra Ashfaq


Paddy grain (Oraza sativa)) has high moisture content at the time of harvest usually in

the range of (20-30%). The moisture content is the major factor to maintain quality of

paddy. Higher moisture contents lead to the deterioration of seed quality due to the

micro-organism growth and respiration process. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the

moisture content of paddy to its optimum value for safe storage and processing. The

suitable range of moisture content is around ≈14% or less (wet basis) for long term

storage and for better quality milling process. Drying is the important post-harvest

operation for the safe storage of agricultural products. Generally, drying of rice is

performed using conventional technique that is open sun drying and using some simple

conventional dryers. Open sun drying method has a number of disadvantages like

contamination by dust and insects, quality loss due to un-controlled drying conditions,

longer drying periods, cloudy weather condition and crop losses by birds. In this

method, the percentage of crop loss is as high upto 10% while drying using high

temperature air produces the stresses inside the rice kernel which can burn its nutrient

level and also increases the drying cost. Keeping in view the above problems, the

research will be focused for the design and development and modeling of natural air rice

dryer. A natural air rice dryer will be fabricated based on the design of batch type dryer

but suitably modified and developed to satisfy the drying requirements of small farmers

and to maintain the quality of dried products. Air flow pattern is also very important to

get the proper drying rate for good quality seeds. Air distributor will be modeled and

analyzed for proper air distribution within the bulk mass of rice grains using modeling

approach. The performance of rice dryer will be statistically analyzed to assess the

effect of different parameters on drying rate. Psychometric analysis will also be

performed to draw the process line of drying mechanism. A cost benefit analysis will

also be performed.

Keywords: Paddy rice; natural air dryer; air distributor; drying rate; psychrometry.


(October 1-3, 2013)

33

Potential of solar assisted cooling system in Pakistan

Abdul Ghafoor1*, Anjum Munir1, Muhammad Iqbal1, Manzoor Ahmad1

1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding author: Dr. Abdul Ghafoor


In many regions of the world especially in tropical regions like Pakistan, the demand for

cooling/ air-conditioning is growing. The increasing number of conventional cooling

systems resulted extra load on the grid which has produced severe energy crises in

Pakistan in the last decade. The solar assisted cooling system use heat from solar

radiations to run thermally driven cooling machine like absorption or adsorption

chillers. Moreover, solar assisted cooling systems produces cooling effect with

considerably less or negligible electricity demand as compared to conventional cooling

systems. The single effect sorption machines work in the temperature range between 70-

90 oC producing COP in the range of 0.65-0.8. Under the tropical climatic conditions of

Pakistan, this low temperature range can be produced using flat plate collectors or

vacuum tube collectors. The thermal driven machines like absorption chillers are

capable to produce chilled water temperatures in the range of 6-12oC that can be used

for air-conditioning of the building especially for office buildings because the operation

schedule of the office building matches well with solar availability and does not require

extensive storage capacity to store thermal heat for night use. However, the utilization

of NH3/H2O absorption chiller can produce cooling effect lower than 0 oC that can be

utilize for food or vegetable and vaccine storage and for freezing purpose like ice

making. In case of scarce or no radiation, the use of backup boiler (natural gas or oil

fired) assures the continuous operation of the sorption chiller to produce cooling effect.

In addition, the use of working materials in sorption chillers like LiBr, Zeolite, Silicagel

does not contribute to global warming and ozone layer depletion compared to working

materials in conventional machines. Under this condition, this technology offers an

excellent opportunity to be utilized for cooling purpose and to decrease increasing load

on the grid for sustainable future of the country. Another advantage of solar cooling

system is that the installation of solar collectors on roofs prevents the entry of heat into

the building through roof decreasing the internal cooling demand of the building.

Keywords: Flat plate collectors; vacuum tube collectors; absorption chiller; adsorption

chiller



(October 1-3, 2013)

34

Pakistan, farmers and green agriculture energy

Aamer Hayat Bhandara1* 1Hayat Farms, Main Okara Cant. Road, 26.sp, Pakpatan, Pakistan

*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Agriculture is a major sector providing food and jobs to the global population. The

sector accounts for 29% of the GDP in developing countries and provides jobs to 65%

of the total population. Particularly in the situation of Pakistan, agriculture is the

mainstay of the economy providing 44% of the jobs and contributing to nearly a quarter

of the country’s GDP. The major stake holders of this sector are mostly small land

holders if we see the ratio then we realize that 80% of all farmers subsist on small land

holdings; 81% of all famers are smaller than 5 hectors; and only 7% are above 10

hectors. On the other hand 160 million livestock is providing raw material for agro-

based industries. Energy has always been essential l for agriculture and food production

in the form of photosynthesis, Farm machinery, fertilizer and chemicals production and

even for the irrigation. Facts shows that the most frequent challenges Pakistani farmers

are facing in this era like water crises, power shortage, low yield of crops and difference

between the demand and supply of fertilizers are directly or indirectly engaged with the

energy crises in Pakistan. Power generation has emerged as a highly sensitive issue

especially during the last five years. Before the recent elections farmers were very

depressed due to lack of electricity supply, its high cost and rocketing prices of

alternative resources creating a panic among farmers. Unacceptable electricity cost

policies of the previous government with a huge load shedding forced farmers not to pay

the bills and to come on roads. This affected the system seriously by stopping the

revenue to the government and reduced the yields of crops badly in the last Rubi season.

One other problem is the Climate Change. Due to the carbon emissions and greenhouse

gases resulting climate change, we are already witnessing increase in the temperature,

changing cropping and rain fall patterns, extreme droughts and floods, shifting of pests

and diseases and the water scarcity. It is a reality that Climate Change is happening and

Pakistan is among the top water scarce countries in the World. Water wastage is very

high in our country. Pakistan is blessed with the abundance of natural resource to

generate renewable energy from Hydro, Wind, Solar and Bio mass. Renewable energy

from Bio-mass and Solar in Pakistan is a best option to produce low cost clean energy

for Agriculture sector having positive impact on economy, social uplift of the rural poor

and the environment but a biggest challenge is how to facilitate the small farmers who

are the 80% of the entire farming community of Pakistan? There are many alternatives

to produce the On-farm power generation but the high initial and maintenance costs

create less interest among farmers towards new technologies. Our small farmers only

understand the short run profit and they do not want to wait for long period.

Government, Agriculture scientists and Renewable energy specialists must have to

focus on the new and long-term techniques to produce low cost Green Agriculture

Energy accessible to the small farmers of Pakistan. Moreover with the help of

Government of Pakistan a Co-operative culture in the Agriculture Sector can play a vital

role to overcome the energy crises for the poor farmers.

Keywords: Photosynthesis; climate change; renewable energy; biomass.



(October 1-3, 2013)

35

Popularizing renewable energy sources: need for media campaign in

Pakistan

Ghazanfar Ali Khan1*, Muhammad Iftikhar1, Tanvir Ali1, Saleem Ashraf1, M.

Luqman2 1Institute of Agri. Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

* Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Revolutionary transitions in the world propose us various alternatives and pave the way

towards human development. Renewable energy sources are the excellent alternatives in

the context of progress and prosperity because these are cost effective and eco-friendly.

In Pakistan, we are facing severe energy crises; resultantly, we are lagging behind in

various walks of life both in urban as well rural scenario. Complaining against energy

crises is not the solution; the real solution is to harness the benefits of renewable energy

sources in befitted manner. However, it seems indispensible to create awareness and

interest among the masses regarding these alternatives. Moreover, all the apprehensions

and panics pertaining to these sources should be eradicated from people’s minds. For

changing various stereotypes about renewable energy sources, media (print and

electronic) can play a vital role. Through print media like newspapers, motivational

messages should be communicated in a perpetual fashion depicting maximum benefits

of these sources. Radio particularly in the form of FM radio, the messages and programs

should be broadcasted in this context. The thriving medium like TV, more and more

advertisements and massages should be telecasted presenting appealing side for the

viewers. Moreover, the programs in the form of demonstration and documentaries about

the installations should also be on the scene. The trend of mobile telephony is going on

increase day by day, SMS and MMS through mobile phone can also be fruitful to stir up

the mindset towards these sources. Exclusive websites should be available having the

options of various languages (English and Urdu) with pictorial and video links pertinent

to these sources. Social media can also be an effective tool to share and communicate

the beneficial aspects. Media campaign should be a mutual strive on the part of both

public and private sectors to promote these sources all over the country to cope with the

gigantic challenge of energy crises.

Keywords: Energy crises; renewable energy sources.



(October 1-3, 2013)

36

Renewable energy sources: A roadmap to sustainable rural development

in Pakistan

Babar Shahbaz1, Tanvir Ali1, M. Luqman2*, Muhammad Iftikhar1 and G.A. Khan1 1Institute of Agri. Extension & Rural Development, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: Babar Shahbaz


The significance of energy in the overall economic development of any country has

already been acknowledged in the global world as there exists a strong relationship

between availability of energy and sustainable economic development. The major focus

of development agenda of the global world is also on poverty reduction in rural areas of

majority of the developing countries. The recent energy crises in Pakistan during the

past two decades have pushed the rural people towards poverty. Due to the growing

energy demands in terms of electricity, oil, gas and coal of rapid growing population in

the country, the state is spending a lot of money on importing energy. In this alarming

situation use of renewable energy sources in rural areas of Pakistan will be the most

effective and efficient mean towards sustainable development. In rural areas it has the

capacity to produce their own reliable and cheap energy especially heat and electricity

rather than use of conventional energy sources. In addressing and mitigating drastic

climatic and environmental issues renewable energy sources will also play a key role. In

the Pakistani context following will be the key renewable energy sources that can be

used for multifaceted rural purposes: 1) Use of biomass (crops, livestock, wood and

forest materials, agricultural waste/residues) 2) Wind energy 3) Solar energy. The above

mentioned sources of renewable energy have many positive impacts on rural farm as

well as non-farm economy that lead to poverty reduction and ultimately enhance

opportunities of sustainable rural development. Some anticipated outcomes of the use of

these sources as alternate energy production are: a) new source of revenue generation

b) Extended employment opportunities c) cheaper energy for multifarious activities

d) mitigate the impacts of climate change. In order to make the convenient use of these

energy sources by the rural people, there is dire need to adopt an integrated approach

through the collaboration of public and private sectors. In this regard, the role of

agricultural extension whose prime objective is to motivate the rural community to

adopt latest technologies which can bring positive changes (material and non-material)

in their livelihoods should be enhanced. Agricultural extension agencies and

practitioners should have to expand their roles not for agricultural development but also

for overall sustainable rural development.

Keywords: renewable energy; sustainable rural development; agricultural extension.



(October 1-3, 2013)

37

Promotion of biogas energy to stakeholders through socio-economic

approaches

Izhar Ahmad Khan1* 1Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Izhar Ahmad Khan


The existing population of Pakistan is about 176 Millions heads; and due to rapid

growth of population @ 3.1% annually will touch a figure of 200 Million in 2025. On

the other hand, energy resources are limited and fossil fuels are depleting day by day.

Agriculture is a backbone of country’s economic development. The contribution of

Agriculture in GDP of Pakistan is 21.62. About 65% of total population in Pakistan is

residing in rural areas. Livestock is the largest depositor to the agriculture. About 72

Millions animals are present in the country; out of which 18 million m3 per day biogas

can be generated which is equivalent to 1243 MW of electricity. This biogas energy is

more than one third of power produced by the natural gas. This value is unknown to the

illiterate rural population. Although Pakistan has enough bioenergy potential and well

trained engineers and technologist yet a practical approach of proper dissemination of

knowledge and use of technology is still a big challenge. This indicates that there is

strong bridge of socio-economic people who can properly manage outreach programs

and manage various approaches for highlighting the importance of biogas production

and its use. By keeping all facts in view, our department has been working on the

promotion of livestock dairy development and biogas technology in different in Punjab

(Okara, Pakpatan, Jhelem, Khushab, Qasoor and Bhakkar etc.) during last three years.

We had been strengthening the gender development and pro-poor value chain for the

promotion of the livestock successfully completed. The work has been published in

online scientific journals. I am working as a focal person in Agricultural Sector Linkage

Program (ASLP-2) in AUS-AiD program to promote the biogas technology in our

research areas of Punjab. The first part of my presentation will be about the promotion

strategy of the biogas technology to address the livestock sector in Pakistan. Secondly,

the socio-economic impact will be presented for the promotion of pro-poor value chain

and gender development in the country.

Keywords: GDP; bioenergy; outreach; community development; livestock.


(October 1-3, 2013)

38

Development, installation and performance evaluation of a biogas plant

for tubewell operation

Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Muhammad Iqbal1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Anjum Munir


Agriculture continues to play vital role in Pakistan’s economy. Livestock is the largest

depositor to the agriculture. Energy is the major limiting factor and accountable for the

setback in developing economies. Currently, the petrol and diesel prices are increasing

very sharply and reached nearly Pak Rs. 110-120 per liter (one euro per liter) in 2013

compared to Rs. 60 per liter in 2009. It is imperative that alternate and renewable

resources for energy must be explored. Among all renewable resources biomass energy,

i.e. biogas, is unique as its availability is de-centralized. Almost all village households

have animals and agro wastes to produce bioenergy. In Pakistan, there are about 72

million animals (cows and buffalos) producing 720 million kg dung (@ 10 kg per

animal). At 50% collectability, about 18 million m3 of biogas can be produced (@ 0.05

m3 per kg). From these biogas resources, about 1243 MW electricity can be produced.

Pakistan is facing severe energy crises especially in the rural areas. Biogas energy can

address the domestic and farm gas requirement and can also be used to run the tubewell

for farm irrigation. By keeping all facts in view, a floating drum biogas gas plant was

designed and developed for tubewell operation using the dung available from University

dairy farm animals (cows and buffalos). The biogas system comprised of two cylindrical

fermentation chambers/digesters having capacities of 40 and 25 m3. The feeding rate for

40 m3 (4.1 m depth and 3.8 m dia.) and 25 m3 (3.8 m depth and 3.2 m dia.) fermentation

chambers are 650 and 400 kg respectively (dung mixed with water by 1:1 ratio by

mass). Total biogas flow rate was found to be 36.75 m3 per day. In order to purify the

gas from moisture contents and H2S, the system is equipped with dehumidifier and

scrubbing unit to prevent the engine from corrosion effects. The biogas is stored at 5 bar

pressure in the two gas storage tanks for continuous operation of the tubewell for 6

hours and a 20 hp diesel engine was operated at 70:30 biogas-diesel ratios for 0.75 cusec

discharge. This biogas operated tube is used to irrigate the farm area of the University.

In addition to biogas, slurry benefits are additional and used as farm yard manure. I have

worked in the project as “Principal Investigator”. The research work will be presented

in two phase, first phase will be about the design and develop of the biogas plant while

second phase will include the performance evaluation of the biogas plant for tubewell

operation.

Keywords: Biogas; fermentation chamber; Scrubber; dehumidifier; slurry.



(October 1-3, 2013)

39

Pyrolysis of sewage sludge and municipal organic waste using as

renewable source for power generation

Syed Amjad Ahmad1*, Ahmad Shafi 1, Young Nam Chun 2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer

Research, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Chosun University

375, Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, R.S.Korea *Corresponding Author: Syed Amjad Ahmad


Pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge attracts the whole world researchers due to its

ever increasing volume and low cost input for energy production as a renewable energy

source. Due to the high pricing of fossil fuel and forecast for decreasing of its resources

in the middle of this century compel the researcher to search out its alternate whose cost

is around the cost of fossil fuel or lower then it and is environmental friendly. Fossil fuel

also produces greenhouse gases that can affect the environment and create global

warming therefore its alternatives are essentially desired. Now a day’s biomass, solar,

wind nuclear, hydro, geothermal hydrogen & fuel cells, gravitational, geothermal,

human-powered, ocean & wave /tidal energy etc. are the main sources for the

development of low cast energy production at the cost of waning the production of CO2.

As the municipal sewage sludge is a main constituent of biomass and is the only one

that is freely available where lives exist and now a day’s its production increasing day

by day due to increase of urbanization and industrialization. Pyrolysis conditions, like

heating rate and final pyrolysis temperature, were varied so that their influence on the

characteristics of the resulting gases, liquids and solid residues could be studied. It was

found that increasing the pyrolysis temperature decreases the solid fraction yield and

increases the gas fraction yield while that of the liquid fraction remains almost constant.

Therefore, the effect of the heating rate was found to be important at low final pyrolysis

temperatures and the pyrolysis conditions, all the solid products obtained were of a basic

nature and highly macroporous, the meso- and micro- pore volumes being relatively

low. Pyrolysis gas contains N2, O2, H2, CO, CH4, CO2, and a little amount of other

hydrocarbons as a highly efficient fuel gases. GC TCD and GC FID were used to find

the percentage of these in pyrolysis gas. During this Pyrolysis process tar and char is

also generated. Good quality char and larger amount of gas production is studied at

different parameters. Tar is also collected for analysis of different compounds present in

it using impinger train as per EU protocol.

Key words: Pyrolysis, sewage sludge, global warming, urbanization..


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(October 1-3, 2013)

40

Sustainable Production of Bioethanol by using Augmented Bacterial

Cellulases

Mariyam Zameer1*, Maham Tabassum 1, Maham Ali1 1University f the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Mariyam Zameer


Due to over-dependence on fossil fuels, Pakistan is undergoing a serious energy crisis.

Cellulosic ethanol appears to be a promising renewable fuel in light of the country’s

current economic and environmental conditions. However, in order to produce ethanol

from cellulose, the latter must first be broken down into glucose by cellulases. The

objective of this work was to amplify bacterial cellulase production via chemical

mutagenesis. Five cellulase-producing bacterial strains were isolated from cow dung as

well as effluent from local textile and pharmaceutical industries. Each of these strains

was subjected to five different concentrations of two separate chemical mutagens viz.

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and Ethidium bromide. Of the 50 mutants obtained, five

best strains were screened out by using Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) plate assays,

and their isozymes were studied via Native PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

(PAGE). Of these five, the most efficient cellulase producer (RB200) was selected for

further studies. Using pre-treated wheat straw (which is abundantly available in

Pakistan) as a substrate in shake flask cultures, cellulase extract was collected for partial

characterization (i.e. to determine enzyme stability at various pH and temperatures).

CMCase and FPase assays were used to monitor enzyme activity. The mutant RB200

was further used to perform saccharification in shake flasks, and glucose, reducing

sugars as well as total sugars were periodically analyzed to examine the reaction

progress. Finally, the glucose produced was utilized in shake flask fermentation by the

yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae G-1, and the resultant ethanol concentration was

estimated. From the results it can be concluded that for the purpose of enhancing

cellulase production in the chosen bacteria, Ethidium bromide was a better mutagen

than EMS. Native PAGE revealed two important findings: first, that mutant CE150

produced an isozyme of 34kDa in excessive amounts; second, that RB300 produced a

unique isozyme not found in any other mutant. Enzyme assays showed that FPase

activity in the selected mutant RB200 was almost 7 times that of CMCase. From

saccharification and subsequent fermentation, bioethanol was successfully produced at a

concentration of 1.523%. The study demonstrates that mutated bacterial strains can be

effective cellulase producers, and that wheat straw is a suitable substrate for making the

production of cellulosic ethanol sustainable.

Keywords: Cellulases, ethidium bromide, substrate, fermentation, bioethanol.



(October 1-3, 2013)

41

Potential of energy content in solid waste of Dental units in two hospitals

of Lahore

Soniya Munir1*, Umm-e-Hani Iqbal1, Nadia Naveed1 1College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore,

Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: Soniya Munir


The defective disposal systems leading to public health hazard required an in depth

study of the entire process in order to suggest an ideal disposal mechanism and the best

possible end use of dental waste generated by dental hospitals/clinics. Considering the

rapid increase seen in the volume of waste emerging from dental hospitals and clinics

presumably due to increasing number of dental hospitals/ clinics, and improvement in

the safety measures adopted, it was deemed necessary to assess the composition of

waste items generated from a dental hospital and the disposal mechanisms. Hence, two

famous dental hospitals of Lahore, Fatima Memorial Hospital of Dentistry and Punjab

Dental Hospital, were selected for the sake of this study. The purpose of this research

also included the exploration of energy the waste holds, by finding out its heating value

using Bomb Calorimeter. After an extensive sampling, a comparison between the

composition of waste items produced from both hospitals brought to light the fact, that a

majority of the components generated from Fatima Memorial Hospital comprised of

Paper or Biomass origin (39%), whereas at Punjab Dental Hospital, Plastic components

(68%) formed a major proportion of waste. The samples were further subjected to

laboratory analysis, namely, Proximate Analysis, where the Moisture Content, Volatile

Combustible Matter, Fixed Carbon and Ash content were determined and comparisons

made. The results from the tests revealed that Moisture content of the samples, ranged

from as low as 0.26 % to as high as 12.50%, showing a lower value for Plastic

components and a relatively higher value for Paper based components. Tissue samples

obtained from Fatima Memorial Hospital had the maximum percentage of volatiles,

accounting for 92% while the lowest values of volatiles was observed for gloves, i.e.

22%. In a similar fashion, fixed carbon remained the highest in tissue 86% and lowest in

gloves 6%. Waste to energy was considered a viable option for the safe disposal of

dental waste, due to which a calorimetric test was run, resulting in an energy value of 23

MJ/kg, a value that outshined many other energy sources. Therefore, Best Available

Technologies must be brought into play, to convert this waste into a useful resource also

minimizing environmental risks and problems posed to public health.

Keywords: Disposal system, health hazards, Dentistry, Bomb Calorimeter, Biomass.



(October 1-3, 2013)

42

Design and development of a solar roaster for value addition of

agricultural products

Muhammad Tayyab1*, Anjum Munir1, Oliver Hensel2, Muhammad Iqbal1, Syed

Nabeel Husnain1 1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

2Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel-Germany *Corresponding author: Engr. Muhammad Tayyab


The increasing energy demand and fossil fuels prices have resulted severe energy crises

in Pakistan. Under this condition, there is a need to explore renewable energy sources.

Among all renewable energy sources, solar energy is readily available. The research was

initiated to provide on-farm processing facilities to the farmers of developing countries

resulting their living standard by value addition of agricultural products using post-

harvest processing steps and solar roasting of agri-products for local industry. Different

processes are carried out at farm level to increase the quality of agricultural products.

Solar roasting of agricultural products is a medium temperature range application. The

main objective of the study was to design, develop and optimize continuous solar

roasting system for roasting of agricultural products. As the roasting temperature for

different agricultural products lies between 80 °C to 200 °C. Solar continuous roasting

system was developed and installed at Agricultural Engineering Workshop, Department

of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Solar roaster was

developed in which thermal oil circulates to heat the agricultural products. The ambient

temperature was recorded in the range of 10 to 15 °C, temperature of thermal oil at exit

of the heat exchanger was recorded and ranged from 0-200 °C, roasting temperature was

measured that varies from 130 to 180 °C for peanuts roasting, moisture contents of the

product was decreased upto 5 to 6 %. As the Scheffler reflector was work about 50 to 60

% efficiency so the overall heat losses were calculated for different parts of solar

continuous roasting system were about 10 to 15 % to evaluate the performance of the

solar roasting system. As this is not a permanent solution but solar roasting system is

best solution to save the products and enhance the quality of agricultural products at

farm level.

Keywords: Renewable energy; continuous roasting; heat exchanger; Scheffler reflector.



(October 1-3, 2013)

43

Design and development of solar assisted milk pasteurizer based Scheffler

technology

1Syed Nabeel Husnain, 1Anjum Munir, 2 Oliver Hensel, 1Muhammad Iqbal, 1Muhammad Tayyab,

1Department of Farm Machinery & Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kassel-Germany

Corresponding author: Syed Nabeel Husnain


Agriculture is of great importance for Pakistan. It has a major contributor towards the

economy of Pakistan. Livestock is the major sector of agriculture. It have 55.1% stake

in agriculture sector. It provides milk, milk products and meat etc for human

consumption. Milk is perishable food having shelf life from few hours to few days.

Therefore milk processing is done to increase its shelf life for future use. Milk

pasteurization is the part of milk processing. It controls the milk born diseases. Solar

power is the God gifted source of energy and Pakistan has ample radiation throughout

the whole year. The theme of the study is to design a solar assisted milk pasteurizer and

to evaluate its performance. A solar assisted milk pasteurizer consists of heating unit,

pasteurizing unit, cooling unit. Heating unit consist of Scheffler fixed focus concentrator

with an area of 10 m2 and heat exchanger. Pasteurizing unit consists of shell and tube

type coil to heat up the milk up to 73 °C for 15 seconds. Cooling unit comprises on a

chiller for sudden cool down the milk from 73 °C to 4 °C received from pasteurizing

unit. Supporting stand, temperature gauges, flow meter and other fittings and mountings

will be installed as per required. The first thing is to design and performance assessment

of pasteurizer will be done, so solar energy will be used for milk pasteurization.

Keywords: Pasteurization; Scheffler reflector; Heat exchanger.


(October 1-3, 2013)

44

Value addition of agricultural products using solar distillation system

Arslan Afzal1*, Anjum Munir1, Faizan Majeed1, Muhammad Tayyab1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Arslan Afzal


Processing of different herbs by distillation technique was the one of the agro-based

industry which lies in medium temperature range (60-280 oC). Essential oil extraction

from the plant material are used mostly in industries like foods, perfumery, fragrances,

cosmetics , medicine, etc. Also these oils are much costly. It is possible to generate steam

at medium temperature range by using solar energy from solar concentrator. Main

objective of study is to process different medicinal and aromatic plants for oil extraction

using solar energy for efficient, environmental and economic reasons. The system was

installed at University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Green house horticulture department.

Scheffler concentrator of 10 m2 surface area was used for distillation process. The system

comprised of primary reflector, secondary reflector, distillation still, condenser and

Florentine flasks. The distillation still has provision for both “water distillation” as well as

“water and steam distillation”. Using solar distillation system several experiments were

conducted using different herbs which are available like Eucalyptus, Cumin, Cloves,

Orange peel, etc. The experiments were also being conducted for evaluating the

performance of solar distillation system in accordance with the international standards for

testing solar system.

Keywords: Solar distillation system; essential oil; Scheffler reflector; solar energy.



(October 1-3, 2013)

45

Efficiency Calculation of a biomass boiler using direct and indirect

methods

Jahan Zeb Alvi1* Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Hafiz Abdul Qahir1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Jahan Zeb Alvi

E-mail address: [email protected]

The cheaper supply of energy plays a vital role in the economic development of any

country. Pakistan has been facing severe energy crisis for the last one decade due to

increasing prices of primary energy supply. The recent energy mismatch in terms of

supply and demand is increasing day by day. Under this condition, there is a dire need to

explore renewable energy sources. Being an agricultural country, Pakistan is blessed

with huge biomass resources in the form of crop residues like wood, wheat straw, cotton

sticks, rice husk and sugarcane bagasse. Power generation using biomass offers an

excellent opportunity to reduce current energy crises. Of the all available biomass

sources, bagasse is one of the potential energy sources which can be used for power

generation. In the recent era, bagasse fired boilers have gained much importance in

Sugar industries. So, the performance analysis of a bagasse fired bi-drum type, water

tube boiler (with steam generation capacity of 80 tons/h at 25 bar working pressure) was

done at Shakarganj Sugar Mill, Bhone-Jhang. The unit was equipped with different

boiler accessories like air heater, super-heater and economizer. Physical analysis of

bagasse fired boiler was carried out to determine the gross calorific value (GCV) of

bagasse and was found to be 2326 kcal/kg. Ultimate analysis of bagasse is done to

calculate the air to fuel ratio of the boiler and was calculated as 4.05 kg/kg of bagasse. A

heat balance sheet was prepared to determine different sources of heat losses through

the boiler. The efficiency of the boiler was found to be 56.05% using indirect method.

The results also showed that 1 kg of bagasse produced 2 kg of steam. The boiler

efficiency using direct method was found to be 55.94%. Both direct and indirect

methods showed similar results which shows satisfactory performance of the boiler.

Keywords: Boiler efficiency; calorific value; direct method; indirect method.



(October 1-3, 2013)

46

Design, development and performance evaluation of a distillation system

for essential oils extraction using Scheffler solar concentrator

Faizan Majeed1, Anjum Munir1, Arslan Afzal1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Faizan Majeed


Solar distillation processes for essential oils extraction play a vital role in the value

addition of agricultural products. The main objective of the study was to introduce a

distillation system for essential oil extraction from different medicinal and aromatic

plants using a 10 m2 Scheffler solar concentrator. By introducing innovative solar

collectors, it becomes possible to use solar energy in the applications of medium

temperature range and will help in enhancing Pakistan export of high quality essential

oils to all parts of the world. The solar distillation system was developed at Agricultural

Engineering Workshop, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The main

components of a solar distillation system were primary reflector, secondary reflector,

distillation still, condenser, and florentine flasks. The distillation still, condenser and

florentine flask were fabricated using high quality food grade stainless steel material.

The distillation unit had provisions to be operated for both “hydro distillation” as well as

“hydro cum steam distillation”. Pyranometer and thermocouples were attached with the

solar distillation system for data recording, monitoring, controlling and optimizing the

solar distillation processes at an acceptable quality by yielding optimum quantity of

essential oils. The efficiency of the solar system was checked by using water and

following the international standards for evaluating the efficiency of the solar

distillation system. Mathematical model was developed to predict the thermal losses

from the different components of the solar distillation system. Optimum insulation

thickness of the still was determined by using mathematical calculations.

Keywords: Scheffler solar concentrator; solar distillation; essential oils; value addition.



(October 1-3, 2013)

47

Optimization of solar distillation system and analysis of essential oils using

gas chromatography

Zawar Hussain1, Anjum Munir1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

Corresponding Author: Engr. Zawar Hussain


Most of the industrial process required a temperature level below 250°C which is easily

achievable by the use of sun as a source of energy. Pakistan being in the sun-drenched

strap and is fortunate to have long sunlight hours and high intensity of solar insolation is

preferably situated to take benefit of solar energy. This source of energy is extensively

scattered and plentifully accessible in the country. The mean total irradiation falling on

horizontal plane is about 200-250 Watt per m2 per day. Distillation of medicinal plants

is an agro-based industry lies in medium temperature range. It is the best opportunity to

utilize solar energy in this industry. The main objective of this study was to optimize the

existing solar distillation system and to check the quality of solar distilled oil of

medicinal plant. Solar distillation systems have been installed at Agricultural

Engineering Workshop, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and Rosa

Lab, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. This

distillation system was designed according to the latitude of Faisalabad. This system

comprised of primary reflector, secondary reflector, condenser and Florentine flask.

Optimization of this system has been done by reducing the heat losses from the system.

In this study E. camaldulensis and E. citrodora essential oils were distilled by solar

distillation system and also by a controlled distillation system for comparing the results.

Yields of E. camaldulensis essential oils were found 0.61% and 0.58% by solar and

controlled/conventional distillation system respectively. From this study it was found

that yields of E.citriodora essential oils were 1.16% and 1.2% by solar and controlled

distillation system respectively. GC and GC-MS analysis of E camaldulensis and E.

citriodora essential oils were carried out at Central High Tech Lab, University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad and National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic

Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad. From the results of the above analysis it was

concluded that solar distillation system are alike to controlled distillation system

quantitatively and qualitatively.

Keywords: Distillation of essential oils, solar energy, GC-MS analysis.


(October 1-3, 2013)

48

Quality drying of ripened chilies using solar tunnel dryer

Farhan Hussain1*, Anjum Munir1, Arslan Afzal1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalaba,

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Farhan Hussain


Pakistan is an agricultural country and most of its economy depends upon agriculture.

So there is need to develop such technique to improve quality and save agricultural

product for longer time. For this purpose post-harvest technology like quality drying can

play an important role for the preservation of agricultural products. Taking into account

experiments on quality drying of red chilies was conducted in university of Agriculture

Faisalabad by solar tunnel dryer. The solar tunnel dryer was constructed by locally

available material for conducting experiments. The design of solar tunnel dryer was

based on Hohenheim dryer by taking in view specific site conditions. It was constructed

portable so that it can be used anywhere at various site. The system consisted of a

collector section having 4 m length, a drying section having 6 m length. To provide

required air flow to red chilies three DC fans were used. The total length and width of

the tunnel dryer was 10 m2 and 1.22 m respectively. For air tight tunnel base, 1.35 m flat

plate air heating solar collector was used and 4.88 m was used as dryer. The air

temperature for drying was raised up to 8-14 above ambient temperature. The velocity

of air was maintained up to 2 m s-1 by DC fans. The cross sectional area of solar tunnel

dryer was trapezoidal in shape and has 0.254 m2 area. To check the performance of

tunnel dryer and psychometric analysis with load and without load experiment was

carried out on ripened chilies in University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Keywords: Solar collector, drying section, psychrometry analysis.


(October 1-3, 2013)

49

Solar water pumping system prospects and testing in Pakistan for

irrigation purposes

Faizan Majeed1, Anjum Munir1, Arslan Afzal1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Faizan Majeed


There are more than one million tube wells in Pakistan including 750,000 diesels and

70,000 electricity operated in the Punjab, consuming enormous fuel and energy. The

government is heavily subsidizing electric tariff for agricultural tube wells in many

areas of the country putting additional burden on national exchequer. Poor productivity

of water and energy resources in the irrigated agriculture also contributes to excessive

costs. Agricultural production through irrigation with electric tube wells is hit badly by

energy crises as the grid electricity in remote areas is extremely short. A reliable,

efficient, sustainable and cost effective energy option for agriculture sector is, therefore,

direly needed to address these issues. The replacement of existing non-renewable energy

source of fossil fuels for irrigation tube wells with renewable energy resources such as

solar or wind could be a viable option. Solar energy is available for more than 300 days

a year in Pakistan with about 6-8 hours effective daylight hours. Its seasonal variations

are also within acceptable limits. The proposed work focuses on testing of solar energy

pumps for irrigation purposes. The arid/semi-arid climate of the Punjab also provides ideal

conditions for adoption of solar energy for operating irrigation water pumps. The work was,

therefore, well-justified for adopting solar water pumping system in Pakistan. For testing

and performance evaluation of two units of solar water pump at Gujranwala and Wazirabad

were installed demonstration of the technology, evaluation of their performance in the

province. To study the prospects of effects of solar radiation on solar array and subsequent

variations in pumpage at various locations under different weather conditions. Whereas,

groundwater also plays a vital role in the agriculture based economy of Pakistan, where over

60% of the irrigation water requirements are met from groundwater. Accordingly, it has

been planned to evaluate the feasibility of solar water pumps for irrigation purposes. For this

work two sites were selected for installation of solar water pump.

Keywords: Solar water pumping; irrigation; renewable energy



(October 1-3, 2013)

50

Design, development and installation of biogas plant for tubewell

operation at UAF

Hafiz Abdul Qahir1, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Jahan Zeb Alvi1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Hafiz Abdul Qahir


Pakistan is facing energy crises during the last decade. The major portion of electricity

production comes from primary energy sources. Due to increasing prices of fossil fuels

has directed to explore alternate energy sources. There are 72 million animals in

Pakistan producing 720 million kg (@10kg per animal) which can be effectively used to

produce biogas. Biogas is best source of energy especially for rural community. The

biogas is produced as a result of chemical reaction between organic matter and water in

the absence of oxygen which consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as

major constituents along with small fractions of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and moisture

contents. A pilot biogas project was designed, developed and installed at University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad consisting to operate a 0.75 cusec tubewell having two floating

drum type fermentation chamber of 40 m3 and 25 m3 capacities. These two units were

produced 52.5 m3 of biogas per day (@ 0.05 m3 per kg of animal dung). About 650 kg

and 400 kg animal dung were needed on daily basis for 40 and 25 m3 fermentation

chambers respectively. A volume of 3 m3 was used as a free board for each of the

fermentation chambers. Dehumidifiers and scrubbers were designed to purify the gas

from moisture contents and H2S respectively before storage in the storage tank. The

pure gas was used for running a diesel engine on a dual fuel at different ratios of diesel

and biogas for pumping purpose. The experiments were performed for different diesel

and biogas combinations. Results shows that that the produced biogas was enough to

operate a 20 hp diesel engine continuously for 6 hours per day at 70:30 ratio of biogas

and diesel. The tubewell discharge measurement resulted 16-17 liters of water per

second.

Keyword: Fermentation chamber, free board; dehumidifiers; scrubber; diesel engine.



(October 1-3, 2013)

51

Quality drying of sliced potatoes using solar tunnel dryer

Zeeshan Rasheed1*, Anjum Munir1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Zeeshan Rasheed


Solar energy is one of the cheapest sources of renewable energy. This energy can be

utilized in two ways, either source of heat energy or source of electricity production by

PV panel. As it is continuous source of heat energy and have low temperature range,

agro product can be dried without burning for preservation over some period. External

and uncontrollable sun drying is the most commonly used method for tropical and

subtropical countries. However, in this method because of the rain and dust agro-

products are not safe from attacks by insects, rodents and other animals. These problems

can seriously degrade products that in some cases results a decrease in market value,

food quality and even become inedible for some cases. On account of these threats and

to minimize drying time, the agro-products (potatoes, apples, red chillies, moringa) were

dried in solar operated dryer named solar tunnel dryer designed and fabricated by us.

The potatoes were dried in sliced form under controlled conditions by varying its cutting

thickness and number of solar operated fans and concluded that minimum thickness of

slices and maximum number of fans gives the best results either in the form of drying

time reduction or quality enhancement. In addition to that that sliced potatoes should be

blanched before drying to minimize the bacterial and fungus growth. The final product

of these experiments was the potato flour . There are a number of uses for potato flour,

ranging from Passover cooking to gluten-free baking. One use of potato flour is as a

thickener. Potato flour can be added to soups, stews, gravies, and other dishes to

encourage these dishes to thicken without adding a strong flavor or intense starchy

texture. Finally, the profit using solar tunnel dryer over formal electric powered dryer

was discussed and found that it is 8 times cheaper than electric powered dryer.

Keywords: Renewable energy; solar energy; solar tunnel dryer.


(October 1-3, 2013)

52

Comparative study of solar and conventional distillation system based on

yield and composition of essential oils for eucalyptus camaldulensis

Zeeshan Munir1*, Anjum Munir1,

1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Engr. Zeeshan Munir


Many of the medicinal plants are fragile in nature and start to lose their oil contents as

soon as they are picked. In order to meet international standards of quality, medicinal

plants should be processed as soon as they are harvested. Farmers linked to essential oils

trading have limited access to conventional resources of energy either due to financial

constraints or remote location. The feature like compact design and nature powered

solar distillation system could be an ideal choice for the processing of medicinal plant

for these farmers. Many solar based distillation systems have been developed and are

being used in most of the countries now-a-days. Much of the attention has been paid in

modifying and improving already existing design in order to make the system more

efficient but no attention has been paid on the quality of the oil that is being produced

by solar based distillation. The current study was focused on comparing quantity as well

as quality of essential oil yielded by both solar and conventional distillation systems in

order to discover that whether solar distillation system is capable of replacing the

conventional distillation system by providing the same quality and quantity of essential

oil in addition to energy saving. The experimental setup consisted of Scheffler fixed

focus concentrator as primary reflector having 10 m2 area with geometric concentration

ratio of 100. The concentrator utilized 226 mm x 152 mm size mirrors as reflective

material having average reflectivity of 81%. Highly reflective aluminum sheets having

89% reflectance were utilized in secondary reflector to direct incoming radiations from

primary reflector to the bottom of distillation still. Methane gas burner was used to

supply heat to conventional distillation system. Five kilogram of Eucalyptus

camaldulensis leaves were used as a charge material which were subjected to water cum

steam distillation in both distillation systems. The average oil yields observed in both

solar and conventional distillation systems were 33.125 and 31.375 grams respectively.

Completely randomized design (CRD) was chosen as an experimental design and

statistical analysis revealed that the difference between two treatment means was not

significant. Gas Chromatography (GC) was used gauge quality of essential oil extracted

using both distillation systems. In both solar and conventionally distilled essential oil of

E. camaldulensis leaves, five compounds were identified. Among these compounds

major compounds was eucalyptol or 1,8-cineole followed by β-pinene, α-pinene and p-

Cymene. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses have revealed that solar distillation

system was capable to substitute conventional distillation system with the estimated

payback period of six months. The total energy required to process Five kilogram of

Eucalyptus camaldulensis was observed to be not more than 100 MJ.

Keywords: Essential oils; solar distillation system; Scheffler fixed focus concentrator.


(October 1-3, 2013)

53

Parametric study of a biogas plant to optimize the tube well operation

installed at UAF

Ghulam Murtaza1, Anjum Munir1, Abdul Ghafoor1, Jahan Zeb Alvi1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Ghulam Murtaza


To meet social and economic development and for improving human welfare and

health, the demand for energy is increasing but on the other hand consumption of fossils

fuels has major role in global greenhouse gases emission. Developing countries like

Pakistan are in critical energy crisis. To fulfill its energy needs, Pakistan is spending

billions of dollars on imports of fossil fuels. Biogas is a renewable energy resource

which is attained by anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste. The research was

conducted to maintain the temperature of the digester to optimize and to maintain the

gas production in winter. The SS coils (stainless steel) were provided in the

fermentation chamber to maintain the optimum temperature to facilitate microbial

activity during winter season. In order to utilize the biogas for diesel engine, a

dehumidifier and scrubber were provided to eliminate the moisture contents and

hydrogen sulphide (H2S) respectively. The biogas system was evaluated in terms of

quality of the biogas. The pH impact on gas generation was also investigated. A cooling

system was provided to operate the diesel engine at an optimum temperature. The

system efficiency was calculated by using international standard.

Keyword: Fossils fuels; Greenhouse gas emission; renewable energy; digester;

fermentation chamber.



(October 1-3, 2013)

54

Design and development of a solar based double jacketed autoclave for the

sterilization of surgical instruments

Naveed Mahmood 1*, Anjum Munir1, Manzoor Ahmad 1, Ijaz Ashraf1 1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Engr. Ghulam Murtaza


Pakistan is facing sever energy crises due to its heavy dependence on conventional

resources for energy generation. This study was to focus on developing a double jacked

stainless steel autoclave for the sterilization of hospital surgical instruments. The

Scheffler fixed focus concentrator was used as a heat source. The system is comprised

of stainless steel horizontal cylindrical autoclave chamber. A steam receiver was used to

collect the solar radiations from the focus of Scheffler fixed focus concentrator. The

steam was produced by the receiver and transferred to autoclave for sterilization.

Autoclave outlet was connected to the condensation unit to condense the steam to

recycle in a closed circuit. A biomass boiler having capacity of 25 liters per hour was

developed to back up the solar autoclave during adverse climatic conditions. The boiler

is equipped with all necessary mountings and fittings to operate at safe working level.

Performance evaluation of Scheffler fixed focus concentrator was carried out using

international standards. Biological tests were performed to determine the optimum

combination of temperature, pressure and time for the sterilization in the autoclave by

measuring live bacteria count. For the tests, nutrient agar was put on the petri plates.

After that, with the help of swab stick bacillus bacteria was inoculated on petri plates.

These petri plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The bacteria’s were counted in

colony form units (CFU). Economic analysis was carried out to estimate the payback of

solar based autoclave and payback period of autoclave is one and half years.

Keywords: Thermo syphon, Petri plate, Incubator, Colony Form Units (CFU), Nutrient

Agar, Swab Stick, Inoculate.



(October 1-3, 2013)

55

Performance evaluation of SY-S60 PV Panel

Muhammad Usman Khan1, Muhammad Iqbal1, Anjum Munir1

1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Engr. Muhammad Usman Khan


From last various years energy crisis is the major problem of Pakistan. No attention

was given in the past decade to increase the sources of power generation to meet the

needs of rapidly growing population. Now time has come when renewable energy

should be introduced and the resources should be utilized to overcome the energy

crises and replace the fossil fuel utilization for power generation because of hastily

increasing prices of fossil fuel. The conversion of solar radiation to photovoltaic (PV)

electricity is a very promising technology, with low maintenance cost and it also

reduces the environmental impact. The main objectives of this study were to check

the effect of different parameters like temperature, humidity, time, tilt angle,

irradiance and dust on the performance of the PV panel. The experiment was

performed in the month of October 2012. In this study different parameters were

considered for the performance evaluation of both PV panels. A suitable pyranometer

and thermocouple were used to determine the irradiance and temperature

respectively. It was concluded from the results the panel gave different values of

current and voltage at different day times and at different angles. The panel showed

the mean current of 2.5(amp). Current showed the direct relationship with the

temperature of panel and irradiance. Mean average voltage shown imported and

indigenous panels were 15 (volts). Voltage showed the different trend it increased up

to certain temperature and irradiance then started declining. The PV panel was

installed at Agricultural Engineering Workshop, University of Agriculture Faisalabad

for performance assessment.

Keywords: Solar radiation; irradiance; photovoltaic; thermocouple.



(October 1-3, 2013)

56

Extraction of essential oils from citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck.) peel

using solar distillation system

Shazia Hanif1, Anjum Munir1, Sidra Ashfaq1, Arslan Afzal1

1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Engr. Shazia Hanif


The Hydro distillation extraction of citrus peel essential oil (CPEO) was carried out by

using solar and conventional distillation systems for the purpose of value addition. The

Quantity of collected extracts were analyzed and the relative composition of the

essential oil was determined in order to compare the solar and conventional distillation

system in term of quality, quantity and cost-effective. Two categories, fresh and

fermented citrus peels and two treatments solar and conventional distillation system

were used in this study. For solar distillation average yield of fresh and fermented

CPEO was 15.7 ml and 19.9 ml, respectively. Where as in case of conventional

distillation system, average yield of fresh and fermented CPEO was 14.6 ml and 15.2

ml, respectively. Results indicated that both methods of distillation were significantly (P

< 0.05) different and solar distillation proved efficient method (P<0.05) for extraction of

essential oils. Gas chromatography analysis of these oils were carried out. GC analysis

show similar result for both methods of essential oils extraction of fresh CPEO, 9 peaks

were established in which monoterpenes were found as major constituents of the

essential oils. In case of fermented CPEO , 8 and 4 peaks were found in solar distilled

and conventional distilled CPEO respectively. GC pattern of conventional distilled

fermented citrus peel essential oils show that conventional distillation system is not

favorable for extraction of essential oil from fermented citrus peel in quality concern

although quantity of fermented peel extracted was more than fresh peel. Cost analysis of

solar distillation system show that payback period of solar distillation system is

2335.886 h which is equal to 0.799 year. Conventional distillation system consumed

about 2.14 Hm3 per month of natural gas as a fuel which is equal to 7.1262 MMBTU,

by using solar energy 25.68 Hm3 can save in a year which will help in conserving the

limited resources of fuel.

Keywords: Hydro distillation; solar distillation; distillation; gas chromatography; gas chromatogram


(October 1-3, 2013)

57

Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of updraft rice husk

gasifier stove

Riaz Ahmad1, Manzoor Ahmed1, Usman Ghani1

1Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Riaz Ahmad


The utilization of different energy sources is appropriate gradually more due to the

increase in prices of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)/natural gas and also due to reduction

of fossil fuel sources. Rising the prices of fuel and shortage of energy has made it

complicated for the developing user to get advantages, and also isolated communities to

meet the expenses of such high prices of fuel and electricity. In rural Asia, biomass is

the biggest source of energy. Then again, its use in the local sector is for the most part

discomfited and contaminating, bringing about asset wastage and indoor air

contamination. Common cook stoves, for the most part utilized within the families for

local cooking, have been a major supplier to these bad impacts. However, with the

problem of forest deduction facing the country combined with the need for fuel for

cooking necessities, there is a need for us to look for different biomass fuel, other than

wood, that can be used for cooking. Rice husk biomass is abundant in Pakistan. This

waste material can be found in all over the country especially in rural areas. According

to these entire factors the rice husk gas stove would be designed. The stove was

designed to burn rice husk using limited amount of air for burning to create a luminous

blue flame, which was almost similar to that of the (liquefied petroleum gas)

LPG/natural gas stove. In this study a rice husk gasifier stove (on the principles of

updraft gasifier) was designed, fabricated with locally available material and evaluated

for its performance. Rice husk, saw dust and mixture of rice and saw dust were used as

fuel during experiment. The quantity of gas produced from rice husk, saw dust and

mixture of rice and saw dust 45.68, 44.69 and 31.84 respectively. The data collected

was statistically analyzed.

Keywords: Fossil fuel; biomass; updraft rice husk; gasifier stove.


(October 1-3, 2013)

58

Fabrication and characterization of a parabolic dish solar concentrator

Rafi Ullah1, Zia ul Haq1, Yasir Jamil1 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Yasir Jamil


In this study a parabolic concentrator with steel shield as reflector was used. The whole

apparatus was fabricated by using indigenously available material. The experimental

device consisted of a dish of 1.5 m opening diameter. It was equipped with a disc

receiver in its focal position and its interior surface was enclosed with reflecting sheet.

The parabolic sheet was supported by adjustable support so that its direction could be

adjusted. Steel sheet was employed to entrap solar radiation. Solar radiation was

received at the focal point that was found by using the parabolic equation. Cooking pot

was mounted at the focal point. The performance of the solar concentrating unit was

tested under the local environmental conditions. The parameters that were recorded to

investigate the performance of this system were the ambient, pot and pot content

temperatures. The cooker was found to be useful for cooking of conventional foods in a

reasonable time.

Keywords: Parabolic concentrator, reflector, disc receiver, solar radiation.


(October 1-3, 2013)

59

Bioethanol production from starch bearing crop Maize

Arooj Mumtaz1, Tahir ul Qamar1 1Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: Arooj Mumtaz


As a fuel for automobiles, Ethanol has been considered since early days. Biofuels such

as bioethanol are becoming a renewable to fossil fuels. Utilizing agricultural biomass

for the production of biofuel has drawn much interest in many science and engineering

disciplines. Many energy crops are used for this purpose, but here we focus on starch

containing bioenergy crops. As one of the major crops, maize offers promise in this

regard. Compared to other crops with biofuel potential, maize can provide both starch

and cellulosic material for bioethanol production. Conventional breeding, molecular

marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering have already had, and will continue to

have, important roles in maize improvement. Initially extract starch from Maize and

through enzymatic action hydrolyze into sugar. Alpha-amylase and Gluco-amylase

enzymes used for this purpose. Solid substrate fermentation system was used to produce

bioethanol using a thermo-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (VS3) and a local

isolate of amylolyticBacilllus sps (VB9). The process was carried out on a laboratory

scale using broth cultures. Ethanol produced was estimated by gas chromatography after

an incubation time of 72 h at 37 and 42°C. After reviewing several research articles and

papers found that, it is the best, easy, economical and high yield given method for

bioethanol production.

Keywords: Energy crops; Starch crops; Bioethanol; Hydrolysis; fermentation; gas

chromatography



(October 1-3, 2013)

60

Fabrication and performance study of a hybrid solar oven

Muhammad Amer Shahzad1, M. Abu Usama1, Zia ul Haq1, Abdul Ghaffar1, Yasir

Jamil1* 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Yasir Jamil


In Pakistan about 45-48% inhabitants utilize fossil fuels and wood for domestic cooking

purposes. Considering the reality that Pakistan is blessed with good sunlight and large

liquefied petroleum gas resources, hybrid solar oven can be very useful. A hybrid solar

oven was designed and constructed using heat exchanger and liquefied petroleum gas.

The thermal and solar energy power and the LPG are the combination of the energy

source that is in normal use in houses. This device is useful in day time using sun light

and in cloudy weather with the reduced consumption of conventional fuel. The

efficiency of the oven has been improved by using additional mirrors for reflecting solar

radiation in the oven. Solar oven was supplied with both liquefied petroleum gas and

solar energy and can be used in the morning. The LPG has been used to make the oven

functional during the time of lesser sunlight in combination with the solar energy. The

oven temperature was controlled by using a thermostat. The oven has been found useful

under the local environmental circumstances of Pakistan in a very reasonable time for

cooking conventional food items.

Keywords: Fossil fuels; hybrid solar oven; heat exchanger; solar energy; thermostat.



(October 1-3, 2013)

61

Bioethanol, bio-hydrogen and biogas production from nitric acid

pretreated wheat straw by a flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae strain

Tahir ul Qamar1, Arooj Mumtaz1, Umer Rashid1 1Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: Tahir ul Qamar


The increased security concern of oil supply and unhealthy effects of fossil fuels on the

environment has put pressure to find renewable fuel alternatives. The most common

renewable alternative today is bioethanol produced from wheat straw. Wheat straw is

agricultural residue with very low commercial value. We reviewed several papers and

find out the most recent advances in pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat

straw. Hydrothermal, dilute sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and potassium

hydroxide solutions are used for pretreatment in combination with enzymatic

hydrolysis. Novozym and celluclast enzymes are used for hydrolysis. Results indicate

that the highest conversion rate is achieved by the pretreatment with nitric acid. In the

study, nitric acid pretreated wheat straw with high cellulose content used as substrate in

fermentation process for bioethanol production using a thermotolerant strain of

flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae CA11. The effluents from both bioethanol and

bio-hydrogen processes were further used to produce methane gas. Multiple biofuels

production from wheat straw can increase the efficiency for material and energy and can

be more economical process.

Keywords: Bioethanol; bio-hydrogen; biogas; pretreated; nitric acid; hydrolysis;

novozym; celluclast; fermentation; saccharomyces cerevisiae CA11.



(October 1-3, 2013)

62

Bioethanol production using rice straw

Tehreem Jabbar1, M. Tahir-ul-Qamar1 1Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

*Corresponding Author: Tehreem Jabbar


Rice straw being one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass can be used to

produce bioethanol as substitute for fossil fuel. Many ways are employed to get

maximum yield of bioethanol including acid, alkali and pressure treatments followed by

enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentations. Different microbes are also used like Rhizopus

oryzae, Mucor indicus, Aspergillus spp, Pichia kudriavzevii etc. The best method

however is lime pretreatment where mild alkali treatment does not cause damage to

sugars. SSF is employed as it is less time consuming, less vulnerable because of

production of ethanol and economically viable (low costs and single vessel for

saccharification and fermentation). Microbes used are Saccharomyces cerevisiae and

Pichia stipitis, latter for xylose fermentation. Bioethanol yields are 12gL-1 and 19.1gL-1

at 12 h and 79h fermentation from S.cerevisiae and P.stipitis respectively reaching up to

98% and 83% of theoretical ethanol yields.

Keywords: Lignocellulosic; lime pretreatment; SSF; P.stipitis; xylose.



(October 1-3, 2013)

63

Possible energy sources from industrial solid wastes

Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq1, Muhammad Riaz*1, Anum Jacob1, Muhammad Ahmad1, Amir

Mehmood Shah1, Zaid-ul-Hassan1, Naila Batool1, Mamoona Sadia1, Iqra Hamd1, Hina Rizvi1,

Muhammad Waqas Mahmood1, Sana Younas1, Muhammad Saleem Arif1

1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Riaz


Environmental pollution is a major problem associated with rapid industrialization,

urbanization and rise in living standards of people in Pakistan. With increasing demand

of raw materials for industrial production, the non-renewable resources are deteriorating

at a rapid rate. Therefore, efforts are to be made for controlling pollution arising from

the disposal of wastes by conversion of these unwanted wastes into utilizable raw

materials for various beneficial uses. The main solid waste contributor industries are

steel and blast furnace, brine mud, copper slag, Fly ash, kiln dust, lime sludge, mica

scraper waste, phosphogypsum, red mud/bauxite, iron tailing, textile, sugarcane,

tanneries and lime stone waste. The different technologies for recovering useful energy

from industrial solid wastes exist. It is necessary for the success of these technologies to

develop an Integrated Waste Management System, coupled with necessary legislative

and control measures. Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste

(biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable) through two methods as follows: Thermo-

chemical conversion involves thermal de-composition of organic matter to produce

either heat energy or fuel oil or gas; Bio-chemical conversion is based on enzymatic

decomposition of organic matter by microbial action to produce methane gas or alcohol.

In general, 100 tons of solid waste with 50-60% organic matter can generate about 1-1.5

Megawatt power (MWP), depending upon the waste characteristics. The waste-to-

energy facilities can effectively bridge the gap between waste recycling, composting and

landfilling, for tackling the increasing problems of waste disposal in the urban areas, in

an environmentally compassionate manner, besides boosting power generation in the

country.

Keywords: Non-renewable resources; organic matter; composting; landfilling.



(October 1-3, 2013)

64

Use of paraffin oil to enhance the efficiency of a box type solar oven

Muhammad Abu Usama1, M. Amer Shahzad1, Zia ul Haq1*, Abdul Ghaffar1, Yasir Jamil1 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Zia ul Haq


A solar oven was designed and fabricated using two components. The solar collector to

absorb maximum solar radiation and the cabinet for loading the material. The efficiency

of the oven has been increased by using a radiator filled with paraffin oil. The oven

retained its temperature during less sunshine times. The oven was tested under local

environmental conditions of Faisalabad city. The food to be cooked was placed inside

the inner box, which was covered with a piece of glass. The inner box was very well-

insulated and constructed with material that could bear heat. The oven cooked food with

an overall utilization of efficiency of solar energy.

Keywords: Solar oven; solar radiation, radiator efficiency.



(October 1-3, 2013)

65

Does nuclear energy an answer to energy crises in Pakistan

Naila Batool1, Muhammad Riaz1*, Anum Jacob1, Amir Mehmood Shah1, Zaid-ul-Hassan1,

Muhammad Ahmad1, Mamoona Sadia1, Iqra Hamd1, M. Waqas Mahmood1, Sana Younas1,

M. Anwar-ul-Haq1, Muhammad Ahmad1

1Department of Environmental Science, GC University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan *Corresponding author: Muhammad Riaz


Nuclear energy is a form of energy produced by an atomic reaction, capable of

producing an alternative source of energy to that supplied by oil, gas or coal. Nuclear

energy originates from the splitting of uranium atom in a process called fission which

can be used to generate heat for producing steam for running a turbine to produce

electricity. Nuclear energy can be used for both, destructive as well as for constructive

purposes; however, the world needs nuclear energy and will need it more in the years to

come. Besides to produce electricity from the use of nuclear power plants, nuclear

energy has also been used widely in agriculture, medicine, industry, biology and

hydrology. The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of

radiation. At present, power is produced from atom in advanced countries whereas other

countries are also making efforts to produce electricity at cheap rates from atomic power

plants. Pakistan is the 6th most populous country of the world where peak demand of

electricity is 14,792 MW with installed capacity of 19,540 MW. Electricity generation

of our country is 85.6 TWh and consumption is 45% in household sector, 30% in

industrial sector and 25% in others. Pakistan has a small nuclear power generation

program, with 725 MWe capacity, but there are strategic potential to increase this

substantially. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all

nuclear energy and research applications in the country. Its first nuclear power reactor is

a small 137 MWe (125 MWe net) Canadian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)

which was started in 1971 and which is under international safeguards - KANUPP near

Karachi. The second unit, at Chashma-1 in north Punjab, has been reported to cost PKR

51.46 billion (US$ 860 million, with $350 million of this financed by China). A

safeguards agreement with IAEA was signed in 2006 and grid connection was made in

March 2011, with commercial operation in May. In 2005, an Energy Security Plan was

adopted by the government, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more

than 160,000 MWe by 2030. It included intention of lifting nuclear capacity to 8800

MWe, 900 MWe of this by 2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020. Pakistan is a

Member of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Association of Nuclear

Operators (WANO), Candu Owner’s Group (COG), World Nuclear Association

(WNA). The number of visits by the Delegations/Missions/Teams of these

Organizations to the Nuclear Power Plants of Pakistan and related facilities over the

decades is innumerable. Pakistan has no need of furthering its defense capabilities

through civilian nuclear facilities.

Keywords: Power plants; nuclear energy; radiation.



(October 1-3, 2013)

66

Energy crisis of Pakistan & potential of alternative energy sources in

Pakistan

Iqra Hamd1, Muhammad Riaz*

1, Muhammad Ahmad

1, Anum Jacob

1, Amir Mehmood

Shah1, Zaid-ul-Hassan

1, Naila Batool

1, Mamoona Sadia

1, M. Waqas Mahmood

1, Sana

Younas1, M. Anwar-ul-Haq

1



Energy is the blood in country’s Life. Pakistan went through an extraordinary period of

having surplus electricity from the late 1990s to 2004-05. However, since then, the

country has been facing an acute shortage of electricity. Current energy crisis started in

2006-07 with a gradual widening in the demand and supply gap. These energy crises

have be considered to be the worst of all such power crises that Pakistan has faced since

its inception. It is generally believed that the present crisis is a self-imposed problem

ensuing from years of bad management, rapid growth in demand, lack of proper vision

for future and poor policies. Unfortunately, the scale of the problem has now grown

beyond any immediate solution. The persistent shortage of electricity in the country has

adversely affected the national economy. Industrial production has been severely hit;

and also triggered social unrest which sometimes turns violent thus, creating law and

order problems in many urban centers in the country. In this situation Pakistan must

concentrate on generation of an appreciable amount of energy through renewable energy

resources which have a huge potential. We have 346,000 MW of wind energy potential,

2.9 million MW of solar energy potential, 4,500 MW of small hydel potential, 4,000

MW of cogeneration/biomass, 2,000 MW of geothermal, 10,000 MW of off-grid

applications and a large potential of alternative fuels. However, lack of institutional,

information base technical capacity, policy challenges, poor infrastructure and market

access, lack of social awareness, lack of investors and financial barriers required to be

sorted out by long-term management and utilization of these potential energy resources

in Pakistan.

Keywords: Renewable energy; cogeneration; biomass; geothermal; off-grid system



(October 1-3, 2013)

67

Biogas energy resource potential in Pakistan

Zaid-ul-Hassan

1, Muhammad Riaz*

1, Anum Jacob

1, Amir Mehmood Shah

1, Naila

Batool1, Mamoona Sadia

1, Iqra Hamd

1, Muhammad Waqas Mahmood

1, Sana Younas

1,

Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq1



Factors like increased prices, rising inflation, diminishing resources and intense global

demand for energy have led to an era of an era of energy shortage, especially in

developing countries like Pakistan. Pakistan spends ca. 7 billion US dollars on import of

fossil fuel annually to fulfill its energy needs. The renewable and sustainable energy

resources are the best substitute to conventional fuel and energy sources. Biogas is a

potential energy source for Pakistan. Biogas produced by anaerobic digestion or

fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal

waste and green waste. Biogas contain gases including CH4 (50-75%), CO2 (25-50%),

N2 (0-10%) and H2S (0-3%). Biogas is an ideal form of energy because it turns waste

material into a source of power. The manure of cattle, in particular, contains a high

amount of biogas. Biogas contains substantial amounts of methane that makes it be used

in power appliance that run on natural gas. Pakistan has huge population living in rural

areas. According to estimates, animal rearing in rural areas of Pakistan produce 652

million kg of manure daily which can be used to generate 16.3 million cubic meter

biogas per day and 21 million ton of bio-fertilizer per year; the latter is essential

requirement for sustainable development of agriculture land. A high quality biogas plant

need minimum maintenance cost and can produce gas for 15-20 years without major

problems and reinvestment. Biogas is a best way of get rid-off animal waste material.

The energy it produces is clean and powerful which does not pollute groundwater or air

and quite safe. In addition, Pakistan can also explore biogas potential of citrus pulp,

paper industry, slaughter house and street waste. Poultry waste is also considered and

ideal base material for biogas production. According to a survey, Pakistan has capacity

to generate over 2000MW renewable energy from biogas. In Pakistan, the Rural Support

Program Network is running the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Program which has installed

over 1500 biogas plants and aims to develop biogas sector intensively around the

country. Recently, around 4000 biogas plants have been installed across the country.

Practically, installing biogas units could help us to overcome energy crisis in our

country. They are low cost and can be run with small budget. Biogas corridors can work

as a good substitute for nearly 70% of country population residing in rural areas.

However, the need of national policy is imperative to bring this technology further at

farmer doorstep.

Keywords: Renewable energy; biogas; fermentation; bio-fertilizer.



(October 1-3, 2013)

68

Legislation for GHGS: Kyoto Protocol and its implications to energy

production from non-renewable resource

Anum Jacob1, Muhammad Riaz*


1, Zaid-ul-Hassan

1, Naila

Batool1, Mamoona Sadia

1, Iqra Hamd

1, M. Waqas Mahmood

1, Sana Younas

1, M.

Anwar-ul-Haq1, Muhammad Saleem Arif

1



In order to address climate change and green house gas (GHG) emission, the Kyoto

Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It was an important and

necessary step toward protecting the global environment which evidenced the most

recent international effort to address the greenhouse effect. The Kyoto Protocol was an

agreement among the industrialized nations of the world to reduce emissions of six

greenhouse gases over a certain period of time. U.S., the European Union, Canada, and

Japan and almost 170 other nations have signed this treaty. The Kyoto Protocol tackles

emissions of six greenhouse gases included carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),

nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur

hexafluoride (SF6). The States which were members of the EU before 2004 must

collectively reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 8% between 2008 and 2012.

Member States which joined the EU after that date undertake to reduce their emissions

by 8%, with the exception of Poland and Hungary. Under Kyoto, industrialized nations

pledged to cut their yearly emissions of carbon, as measured in six greenhouse gases, by

varying amounts, averaging 5.2%, by 2012 as compared to 1990. However, the protocol

didn't become international law until more than halfway through the 1990–2012 periods.

By that point, global emissions had risen substantially. Initially, the U.S. withdrawal

from the Kyoto Protocol was considered its death knell. The agreement can only enter

into force internationally if it is ratified by at least 55 nations that, together, accounted

for at least 55% of the total carbon dioxide emissions in 1990. Given that the U.S. alone

was responsible for about 25% of the 1990 carbon dioxide emissions, experts predicted

that without the participation of the U.S., the Kyoto Protocol would never be

implemented. However, in July 2001, the European Union, Japan, Canada, Russia,

Australia, and 170 other nations reached an agreement to proceed with the treaty.

Keywords: Greenhouse gas; hydro fluorocarbons; sulphur hexafluoride.



(October 1-3, 2013)

69

Future of solar energy in agro-industrial sector of Pakistan

Sana Younas1, Muhammad Riaz*

1, Anum Jacob


1, Zaid-ul-

Hassan1, Naila Batool

1, Mamoona Sadia

1, Iqra Hamd

1, M. Waqas Mahmood

1, M.

Anwar-ul-Haq1



Solar energy is generated by the process of nuclear fusion in tremendous amounts that

by traveling at the speed of light, arrives from the sun at the earth at 170 thousand

million joules every second. Of which, about 30-33% radiation energy is reflected

straight back into space and 67% of sunlight actually heats the Earth. As one of the

cheapest, clean, reliable and affordable type of energy and alternative fuel, it produces a

large amount of energy in a small place. It is partly responsible for wind energy and

geothermal energy. Solar energy is vital to support life on earth. Use of solar technology

has developed from the simplest use to make fire to the object to be burned to run

modern machinery all over the world. Solar energy generation is the real time solution

to Pakistan’s growing energy scarcity problem, especially, in agricultural and industrial

sectors. A solar system that is economic at remote locations, energy storing, cost-

effective technology is helpful in water pumping, powering electric fans for air

circulation, lighting in agricultural buildings and enclosures, appropriate uses for

ranches and orchards like Power for feed or product grinding, electric-powered egg

collection and handling equipment, Product refrigeration, Livestock feeder and sprayer

motors and controls, Compressors and pumps for fish farming, electric fencing to

contain livestock and battery charging etc. As an indirect use, it is helpful as crop and

grain driers, space and water heater – particularly in livestock operations. A solar

greenhouse reduces the need for fossil fuels for heating. A study showed that the food

processing, pharmaceutical, automotive, dairy, textile, and pulp and paper sectors are

the ones that have the highest potentials of successfully operating on solar power.

Indeed, solar energy has a bright future ahead and will find many applications in various

sectors of Pakistan.

Keywords: Solar energy; radiation; compressor; refrigeration.



(October 1-3, 2013)

70

Design and fabrication of semi-automatic granular material filling

machine using renewable energy

Awais Ali1, Ahmad Shafi1, Ali Raza1, Ali Ahsan1, Asif Ali1 1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Author: Awais Ali

This project is about the design and implementation of automated multiple granular

material machine using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This system is suitable

for granular products that require exact amount of granular product and have three

different types of granular materials to be filled in the jar. This is a batch operation

where a set amount of inputs to be processed is received as a group and an operation

produces the finish product. Generally, the function of the machine is to fill the granular

material automatically into jar through a conveyor. This project is the combination of

PLC, and electrical DC motor system. This project is divided into four sections, the

loading section, the conveyor section, path divider section and filling section, where the

whole sections is controlled by PLC. The main problem accounted for in this project is

that there is always a problem while someone need an exact amount of different

materials to make a recipe then any changes in the quantity of the materials can spoil the

whole recipe. So to solve this problem a PLC controller is introduced so that there

should be exact amount of granular material come into the jar, also for mass production

conveyor is introduced so that all system perform automatically and efficiently, another

objective achieved in this project is that there is not the conventional continuous

movement of conveyor it always stops whenever the jar placed on the conveyor comes

under the hopper opening. It keeps stay there until the required amount of granular

material is being filled into the jar. The ratio of three different materials already control

by the PLC control. Gate opening are controlled by the motors whose movement is also

controlled by the PLC controller which acts on the instructions given by the machine

operator. The objective of this project is to design a machine that will fill the jars with

exact amount of different materials.

Keyword: Granular material, PLC controller,


(October 1-3, 2013)

71

Designing and fabrication of automatic juice filling and packing machine

using renewable energy resources

Muhammad Shoaib Hassan1*

, Syed Amjad Ahmad1, Ahmad Shafi

1, Shahzad Ahmad

1,

Mukram Amin1, M. Adeel Khan

1

1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Shoaib Hassan

The goal of this project was to design and development of a mini automatic juice filling

and packing machine that utilize lesser amount of energy. This was a new design and

applicable in large industrial applications e.g. in juice processing plants. The cost price

of unit was having an economical and long life span compared with other machines of

similar functionality. The machine was divided into three different processes. First one

was the transportation process. In this process the empty juice pack was placed into the

bucket of same cross section on the conveyer. In the second process, the conveyer

stopped for a very short interval of time in order to fill the desired liquid. Two automatic

valves and level sensors were installed to control the flow of juice and level of juice in

juice pack. After maintaining desired level, the sensor sent a command to the PLC

(programmable logic circuit) circuit the controls the functioning of valves. In the last

process juice pack was sealed by heated rollers. The sensor sensed the seal quality and

delivered it to the operator. The clutch motor controlled the speed of the conveyer in

each process. The container of juice was made up of high grade stainless steel for

preventing it from corrosion. Better conveyor system results a good and reliable

working of machine. This project was a combination of electrical as well as a

mechanical knowledge and ideas. AutoCAD 2004 version and Solid Works 2011

version were used for designing of machine components. Stress analysis on different

parts were done using ANSYS 13.0 version.

Keywords: Conveyor, system, solid works, AutoCAD.


(October 1-3, 2013)

72

Design and fabrication of opening and closing shutter with changing Sun

light intensity

Muhammad Hussain1*

, Ahmad Shafi1, Syed Amjad Ahmad

1, Owais Khan

1, Abid Ali

1,

Nasrullah1

1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Hussain

This project is actually based on the principal that when intensity of sun light increases

it is being senses by sensor this intensity having a threshold frequency makes the

hydraulic/pneumatic system operate. When the hydraulic/pneumatic system comes into

action it actuates the linkage system to open up the shutter for shadow purposes in car

parking areas. The main consideration in this project is to minimize the cost of

production and to make it highly efficient compared to other shadowing systems. It will

use the Solar Energy, the natural and renewable energy, so it will consume no external

energy resources similarly this is environmental friendly project. And when the sun light

becomes deemed, that is the intensity that reduce the sensor send a signal to

hydraulic/pneumatic system when is operated once again. Which consequently operate

the linkage to close the shutter down. But on the other hand this system fails when there

is no sun light to solve this problem we made a modification to our project by adding a

rechargeable battery, which will charge when the sun is shining and will store some

amount of voltage to operate a system when there is a dark or cloudy weather. It

consists of the basic components, Shutter plates, Sun light sensor, Solar panels, Pulley-

Rope system to open and close the shutters, Linkages, Batteries. A solar panel is a set of

solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting

structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic

cells. The solar module can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to

generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module

is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically

ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a

module given the same rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice

the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. Because a single solar module can produce

only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple modules. A system

typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes

a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

Keywords: Solar module, efficiency, environmental.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency


(October 1-3, 2013)

73

Generation of electricity through helical turbine using renewable energy of

low water head and high velocity

Muhammad Arslan Javaid1*

, M. Naheed1, M. Kazim Zaidi

1, Niaz Muhammad

1, Haider

Javaid1

1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Arslan Javaid

The total installed capacity of the hydropower stations in Pakistan is about 7,000 MW

which is about 20% of the total available hydro power potential. For possible micro-

hydro stations, a potential of about 1300 MW exists at a number of low head and high

flow rate sites. In terms of turbine selection, there are a number of possibilities to

exploit this potential. Considering the existing indigenous manufacturing expertise,

Cross-Flow Hydraulic Turbines are the most feasible alternative in Pakistan. The helical

turbine was invented by Alexander Gorlov (1995) and is also known as the Gorlov

turbine. The helical turbine is similar to a Darrieus straight-bladed style turbine,

except the hydrofoil blade profile is swept in a helix profile along its span. One of the

advantages of the helical blade is that it improves the self-start of the turbine compared

to a Darrieus turbine (Gorlov, 1998). As the helical blade shape sweeps along the

circumference of rotation of the turbine, some portion of the blade profile is located at

the optimum angle of attack even in static or slowly rotating conditions, which allows

for a more uniform starting torque that less dependent upon turbine azimuthal

position. Also owing to the helical blade shape is reduction of torque oscillation

during rotation (Gorlov, 1998). A Darrieus turbine tends to experience torque

oscillation resulting from the circumferential void space between the discrete blade

positions. Our project scope included the manufacturing and testing of Gorlov’s

hydro helical turbine. A prototype turbine was manufactured. Our report enlists all the

important phases of our project.

Keywords: Hydropower, optimum Angle.


(October 1-3, 2013)

74

Design and fabrication of water pumping system using renewable energy

Ali Ajmal1, Dr. Ahmad Shafi

2, Bilal Shahzad

1, Usman Hafeez

1, Naqash Ashraf

1

1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Ali Ajmal

Water pumping, which of course requires energy, is a basic need for a large proportion

of the world’s rural population. Since the majority of this rural population live in the

sunny tropics or sub-tropics, to use the sun’s energy is an attractive way of providing

these vital energy needs. Traditionally, water is provided by hand or with the assistance

of animals, while the principal source of mechanized power for rural areas of the world

is the internal combustion engine. Recently there has been a revival of interest in wind

pumps as well as a growing interest in the new technology of solar powered water

pumps. Due to present energy crisis in all over the world the importance of renewable

resources become prime importance. The government is also heavily subsidizing

electric tariff for agriculture tube wells in many areas of country putting additional

burden on national exchequer. Normally centrifugal pumps use in houses for domestic

usage are 1000watts.In present scenario, when the electricity is insufficient for domestic

use and fuel prices increasing exponentially agriculture procedure through irrigation

with electric tube wells is hit badly by energy crises as the grid electricity in remote

areas is extremely short. A reliable, efficient, sustainable and cost effective energy

option for agriculture and for house usage is direly needed to address these issues and

the answer is the utilization of natural resources i.e. solar energy. Solar energy is most

important renewable energy resource. In Pakistan solar energy is available more than

300 days for 6-8hours. Solar Energy is available at a rate of 1000 watts per square meter

in Pakistan. This can be converted to DC electricity with the help of Solar Photovoltaic

cells, which may be used to pump water. We are designing a model pump. The

characteristics of the pump was designed on the basis of solar panel power output was

observed and the characteristics curves were drawn. In brief it may be said that this

works deals with the characteristics of each of element in a solar photovoltaic water

pump, i.e. it focuses on volume flow rate, head of water, hydraulic efficiency of the

system, centrifugal pump operation analysis, its variation as a function of pumped rate

flow and the rotational velocity. The rate of volume flow and the head of water were

also observed as a function of rotation, at different day hours.

Keywords: renewable energy, flow rate, head of water, operation analysis.


(October 1-3, 2013)

75

Design and fabrication of steam power plant using renewable energy

Syed Sarosh Hassan1, Dr. Ahmad Shafi

2, Sharooz Qureshi

1, Arif Abbas

1, Awais Aslam

1

1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Syed Sarosh Hassan

The objective of this project to determine the best pressure to obtain the most energy.

Steam power plants are one of the main sources of electricity in both industrialized and

developing countries. The variation in the thermal power plant is due to the different

fuel sources (coal, natural, gas, etc.). In a thermal power plant, one of coal, oil or natural

gas is used to heat the boiler to convert the water into steam. In fact, more than half of

the electricity generated in the world is by using coal as the primary fuel. The function

of the coal fired thermal power plant is to convert the energy available in the coal to

electricity. The working of steam power plant is explained in brief. Firstly, water taken

into the boiler from a water source. The boiler is heated with the help of coal. The

increase in temperature helps in the transformation of water into steam. The steam

generated in the boiler is sent through a steam turbine. The turbine has blades that rotate

when high velocity steam flows across them. This rotation of turbine blades is used to

generate electricity. A generator is connected to the steam turbine. When the turbine

turns, electricity is generated and given as output by the generator, which is then

supplied to the consumers through high-voltage power lines. The final thesis deals with

the design and fabrication of steam power plant. It might be that due to the increasing of

the electricity tariff and shortage of electricity in the last years there is a need to produce

electricity at small scale for our homes. There are still many places where electricity is

not reached yet and there is enough fuel to meet there energy demand. We will produce

steam from a fire tube boiler and run the turbine from that steam, which in turn run the

alternator to produce electricity. We will also calculate the efficiency and power output

from our system.

Keywords: Steam power, coal, electricity tariff, shortage, energy.


(October 1-3, 2013)

76

Fabrication of solar hybrid refrigerator

Sufyan Siddiq1*

, Gohar Riaz Khan1, Hafsa Qamar

1

1Department of Mechanical engineering, NFC-IEFR, Faisalabad *Corresponding Author: Sufyan Siddiq


Man has been making efforts to explore different means for his comfort. Mechanical

Engineers are the fore front in caring out these researches. They worked almost in every

field and solar technology is one of them. This project is related to the Hybrid

Refrigerator. This report is on “Hybrid Refrigerator “or Direct Current (D.C) operated

compressor solar powered refrigerator. The main task for choosing this is that it works

efficiently, reliable and environmental friendly due to present environmental strict laws

and pollution aspects. Moreover it will provide some relief in the energy crisis of our

country. In this report, a brief introduction of a solar powered refrigerator is made

practicable with thermal storage and novel control techniques. In one embodiment, the

refrigeration system includes a photovoltaic panel, a D.C compressor, an insulated

enclosure, and a thermal reservoir. The DC electrical power drives a compressor that

circulates refrigerant through a vapor compression refrigeration loop to extract heat

from the insulated enclosure. The photovoltaic (PV) panel converts sunlight into DC

(direct current) electrical power and this DC electrical power drives a compressor. A

capacitor is provided to smooth the power voltage and to provide additional current

during compressor start-up. The photo voltaic (PV) panel converts sunlight into DC

(direct current) electrical power. A controller monitors the rate of change of the

smoothed power voltage to determine if the compressor is operating below or above the

available power maximum, and adjusts the compressor speed accordingly. In this

manner, the compressor operation is adjusted to convert substantially all available solar

power into stored thermal energy. A comprehensive study of components of hybrid

refrigerator, its material and calculations and results are performed. The photo-voltaic

solar plates which are used to modify the refrigerator and future modifications for its

improvements are also discussed. Finally we wish, this attempt will serve as an

incentive for us in our professional life with a sound knowledge of hybrid refrigerator

which uses renewable energy resource and our work play some role in the betterment of

energy crisis of our country.

Keywords: Solar energy, photovoltaic, electrical power, refrigerator.

Solar Energy: A way forward toward development

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Transcript of Solar Energy: A way forward toward development