Post on 13-May-2023
ASSESSMENT MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDS) IN WAITERS
Ruiz Ibarra Jesús Iván1, Ramírez Leyva Alberto1, KarinaLuna Soto1
Areli S. Gastelum O.2; Laura B. Inzunza R.2; Cecilia LópezR.2; Adilene A. López; María J. Quiñonez C2.
1 Professor for the Technological Institute of Los Mochis
2 Industrial Engineering students by the TechnologicalInstitute of Los Mochis
E-mail Authors: jesus_ruizi@hotmail.com;alberto_ramirez_leyva@yahoo.com; karinaluna1@yahoo.com
RESUMEN. El trabajo es una actividad que permite a los
seres humanos desarrollarse plenamente e interactuar con
sus semejantes, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo
(OIT) define este concepto como el conjunto de actividades
humanas, remuneradas o no, que producen bienes o servicios
en una economía, que cumplen con la necesidades de una
comunidad o proveen los medios de subsistencia necesarios
para los individuos. El turismo de masas nació en la década
de los años 50´s, a partir de esto, la industria del
turismo ha transformado la vida de muchos países y sus
habitantes , llegando a convertirse en un sector clave de
sus economías , crear riqueza , fuerza laboral, y un
promotor de su cultura . Siendo el factor más importante
en la industria del turismo el factor humano, que no puede
ser sustituido por robots o la automatización de todos los
servicios, ya sea para la producción y la prestación de
servicios; es esencial mantener y cuidar los equipos,
maquinaria y herramientas, mucho más lo es el factor
humano, que sin duda, debe enfatizar la seguridad y salud
en el trabajo. Los trastornos musculo-esqueléticos incluyen
un gran número de afecciones de los músculos, tendones,
nervios o articulaciones que pueden ocurrir en cualquier
parte del cuerpo, aunque las más comunes son las que
afectan al cuello, la espalda y las extremidades
superiores. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de trastornos
musculo-esqueléticos en meseras trabajando a tiempo
completo. Delimitación. La realización de este proyecto de
investigación se centró en las meseras en Guasave, Sin.
Dónde trabajan seis días a la semana con un turno de 8
horas, para determinar los trastornos músculo-esqueléticos
que se producen con más frecuencia. Metodología. Este
artículo presenta las principales afectaciones que las
personas desarrollan como meseras por las actividades
inherentes a esta profesión, se analiza fatiga y los
trastornos musculo-esqueléticos. La herramienta de mapeo
que se utilizó fué Corlett & Bishop, que muestra el grado
de malestar - dolor que se produce en diferentes partes del
cuerpo. Así como la escala de 4 puntos de Luke, que muestra
un nivel de fatiga experimentada por meseras. Resultados.
Después de realizar los estudios mencionados y analizar el
ámbito de la investigación, se observó que todo el tiempo
eran las mismas posiciones de los trabajadores y las
actividades se repitieron durante un turno completo. Antes
de comenzar con la aplicación de métodos de evaluación se
tienen la obligación de informar a las meseras lo que iba a
hacer, eso no va a afectar a la forma en la que se realiza
el trabajo y del mismo modo no afecta a los resultados del
estudio. En cuanto a los cuestionarios para medir la fatiga
y los trastornos musculo-esqueléticos, antes de aplicarlo a
las camareras se les pidió que contestara lo que sentía al
momento de la encuesta. Conclusiones. En base a los
resultados obtenidos por los estudios realizados se puede
concluir que el mayor índice de quejas presentadas por
cansancio fué el jueves, viernes y sábado con un resultado
de cansado, muy cansado y extremadamente cansado en eso
días, ya que son lo días de la semana en que se tiene un
incremento en las molestias. También los datos muestran
como resultado que se debieron al aumento de la demanda en
el restaurante, ya que son días muy ocupados, lo que hace
que el peso que se lleva en la bandeja es más alta de lo
normal, sin embargo, eso no quiere decir que el peso
acostumbrado sea el adecuado para los segmentos del cuerpo
de la mesera.
ABSTRACT. Work is an activity that allows human beings to
fully develop and interact with their peers, the
International Labour Organization ( ILO) defines this
concept as the set of human activities, paid or unpaid,
that produce goods or services in an economy, that meet the
needs of a community or provide livelihoods necessary for
individuals. Mass tourism was born in the decade of the
50s, from this, the tourism industry has transformed the
lives of many countries and their inhabitants, reaching to
become a key sector in their economies, create wealth,
power work, and an enhancer of their culture. Being a major
player in the tourism industry talent human factor, which
cannot be replaced by robots or automation of all services,
whether for production and service provision is essential
to maintain and care equipment, machinery and tools, much
more so is the human factor which undoubtedly must
emphasize safety and health at work. Musculoskeletal
disorders include a large number of disorders of muscles,
tendons, nerves or joints that can occur anywhere on the
body, although the most common are those that affect the
neck, back and upper extremities. Objective. Determine the
presence of musculoskeletal disorders in waitresses working
full time. Delimitation. The completion of this research
project will focus on the waitresses in Guasave, Sin. Where
works six days a week with one shift of 8 hours to
determine the musculoskeletal disorders that occur most
frequently. Methodology. This paper presents the main
diseases that people develop as waiters can get by the
activities inherent in this profession, fatigue analyzes
and musculoskeletal disorders are evaluated. The mapping
tool is used Corlett &Bishop, which shows the degree of
discomfort - pain that occurs in different parts of the
body-. Scale of 4 points of Luke, showing a level of
fatigue experienced by waitresses. Results. After
performing the above studies and analyze the area of
research, several points are observed such as decreased
efficiency of waitresses, and all the time were the same
positions of workers and activities were repeated for a
full shift . This research also considered the non-work
activities of the waitresses, and also influence on fatigue
and musculoskeletal disorders. Before starting with the
application of assessment methods are required to inform
the waitresses what was to be done, that will not affect
the way in labor and likewise not affect the study results.
Regarding the questionnaires to measure fatigue and
musculoskeletal disorders, before applying it to the
waitresses asked to answer how he felt at the time of the
questionnaire. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained
by surveys conducted it can be concluded that the highest
rate of complaints presented by tired on Thursday, Friday
and Saturday whit a rate of tired, very tired and
extremely tired, this because as the days of the week for
the inconvenience increase served on the waitresses. Also
the data shows as a result, the trouble those days were due
to increased demand in the restaurant as they are very busy
days, which makes the weight is carried on the tray is
higher than usual, however that does not mean that the
usual is the right weight for the waitress´s body segments.
CONTRIBUTION TO ERGONOMICS:
Waitress is a little studied activity, this investigation
is a beginning for a future investigation works for
occupations related to this profession, new hand-tools
designs to improve the execution of this activity
KEYWORDS: MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER, RISK ASSESSMENT, WAITERS
1. INTRODUCTION.
Although they may have an even staff and labor extra, home,
working conditions are an aspect directly related to
musculoskeletal disorders. In this regard, efforts,
postures or movements performed may be influenced by the
design of the place, the type of tasks to be performed and
work organization, can appear both in the development of
heavy and office work. According to the above, the
prevention of musculoskeletal disorders is linked directly
with a proper design of the space and the workplace,
maintaining adequate lighting, the use of quality tools and
good work organization.
2. OBJECTIVE
Determine the presence of musculoskeletal disorders inwaitresses working full time
2.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
Analyzing the subject of research in their work environment.
Interviewing research subjects. Assess the activities undertaken by the study subjects
and analyze the collected data to propose for
improvement
3. DELIMITATION.
The completion of this research project will focus on the
service personnel in restaurants (waitress) specifically
for businesses that exist in Guasave, Sin. Where works six
days a week with one shift of 8 hours to determine the
musculoskeletal disorders that occur most frequently.
4. METHODOLOGY.
This paper presents the main diseases that people develop
as waiters can get by the activities inherent in this
profession, the same as with training and other measures
could be eliminated or reduced. We analyze fatigue and
musculoskeletal disorders are evaluated. One of the tools
used is mapping Corlett & Bishop, which is a study that
shows the amount of discomfort-pain that occurs in
different parts of the body. Scale of 4 points of Luke,
showing a level of fatigue experienced by waiters, this
will help us to determine the body segments where pain or
discomfort is experienced also applies.
4.1 PROCEDURE.
It begins with designating the sample size, which is 20
people dedicated to the waiter. It took 6 working days,
since the servers will distribute their working time during
the week. This was repeated for a period of 3 weeks, during
which 100% of the servers they work 6 days a week.
4.2 METHOD OF 4 ITEMS OF LUKE AND ET AL.
Used a scale to determine the level of fatigue. On this
scale, called the points of Luke, fatigue levels are
entered after a normal day of work, where the measurement
scale is: "nothing tired" 1 point "tired" 2 points "very
tired "3 points and" extremely tired "4 points. Responses
to "very tired" and "extremely tired" fatigue are
considered.
4.3 METHOD CORLETT & BISHOP
DISCOMFORT SCALE OF BODYSEGMENTS CORLETT & BISHOP
The scale of discomfortbody segments (Corlett &Bishop, 1976) is ameasurement technique thatcan be used to determinethe degree of comfortexperienced by a person whouses technical assistance,this can be observed in the image 1, where the hand andshoulder posture are incorrect.
The technique was developed for evaluating designs of
chairs, but the principles could easily be applied to other
products as well.
The development of such scales
requires expert knowledge, but
are made by the end user to be
applied: also requires some
skills and experiences in
technical analysis.
Such scales are an effective way
to obtain information on
perceived discomfort, but it
should be noted that some of the
Image 1. Waitress´s bad posture
respondents may not reveal their discomfort in a reliable
way.
For this reason, it is not a good idea to rely solely on
such subjective measures and should be supplemented with
other more objective techniques to gather this information.
In addition, the discomfort of a person can be determined
by the degree of change in posture when using a product,
the amount of time that is available for use and their
preferences for similar products. [7]
The test of pain in body parts (Corlett & Bishop) is
another test of comfort (Figure 1) in which questions about
the rate of discomfort or pain in any part of the body, at
time intervals while the furniture is used for a number 1
to 3 hours. To assist the location of pain, the test is
accompanied by a map of the body, with small variations in
the areas where it is divided, according to authors.
Responses were weighted by the level of discomfort and
temporary pain assessment is obtained in each area of the
body. [8]
Any change made in the sensations of discomfort or
inconvenience (Drury & Coury, 1982), should be solely for
the purpose of using that seat. The discomfort should be
related to the characteristics of the task and furniture,
to obtain design criteria.
5. RESULTS.
Figure 1. Corlett & Bishop map
After performing the above studies and analyze the area of
research, several points are observed such as decreased
efficiency in the servers, and all the time were the same
positions of workers and activities were repetitive, for a
full shift.
This research also took into account the non-work
activities of the servers, and also influence on fatigue
and musculoskeletal disorders.
The size of the wasprobing
was 20 people –male or
female- who are dedicated to
working as a waitress
(Figure 2). It took 6
working days, since the
servers will distribute
their working time during the week. This was repeated for a
period of 3 weeks, during which 100% of the waitresses are
working 6 days a week.
The sounding result show a 40% of interviewed work 8 hours
per day and a 60% visited the doctor for labor pains, it
shows in the figure
3
Based on the results
obtained by surveys
the highest rate of
complaints presented
by tired on
Doctor visits for labor pain
Figure 2. Waitress population
Thursday, Friday and Saturday (figure 4) whit a rate of
tired, very tired and extremely tired
Before starting with the application of assess-ment methods
are required to inform the waitresses what is going to do,
so they do not affect in the way of working and likewise
not affect the study results.
Regarding the
questionnaires to
measure fatigue and
musculoskeletal
disorders, before
applying it to the
waitresses asked to
answer how he felt
at the time of the questionnaire. The results for the
Corlett & Bishop map analysis are shown in the table 1
Mayor disorders
are in neck,
shoulders, upper
arm, wrist and
hand. In lower
grade are head and
lower back.
Figure 4. Results 4 point Lukeet Al
Table 1. Results Corlett & Bishop map of the body
6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained by surveys conducted it can
be concluded that the highest rate of complaints presented
by on Thursday, Friday and Saturday whit a rate of tired,
very tired and extremely tired, this because as the days of
the week for the inconvenience increase served on the
waitresses.
Also the data shows as a result, the trouble you had those
days were due to increased demand in the restaurant as they
are very busy days, which makes the weight is carried on
the tray is higher than usual, however that does not mean
that the usual is the right weight for a waitress.
One of the recommendations made is the redesign of the tray
to adapt better to the worker (s). Looking to give comfort
to the worker that he can fulfill his duties in the best
way, the redesign is that the tray fits in a better way to
work and that has a texture and shape so that it can be
used without overexertion and in an essential way that
suits the neutral body shape.
7. REFERENCES
1. Eurofound, "Fourth European Working Conditions Survey.Impact of work on health.", European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions., pp: -, 2005
2. http://www.ergonautas.upv.es/art-tech/tme/ TME_Bibliografia.htm
3. Mondelo Pedro R., Ergonomía 1, 3ra Edición, Ediciones
upc. 2000.
4. http://www.ergonet.com.br/download/fatiga-
costureras.pdf
5. http://www.salud.es/riesgos_laborales/trastornos-
musculo-esqueleticos.
6. http://portal.uned.es/portal/page?
_pageid=93,872156&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
7. CORLETT&BISHOP. R. P. 1976. A technique for measuring
postural discomfort (Una técnica para medir el
malestar postural). Ergonomics, 9, 175-182.
8. http://www.tdr.cesca.es/TESIS_UJI/AVARIABLE/TDX-
0619108-25901//vergara.pdf