Post on 18-Mar-2023
261© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
From To Region Visited Objective/product Client
1927–10 1928 Levant Beirut; Damascus; Jebel Druze; Palestine; Cairo
Unknown. Probably debriefed regarding the Jebel Druze
SIS/WO?
1930–04 1930–06 Persia Elburz Mountains
Cartographic survey (Valley of the Assassins)
WO
1931–08 1931–10 Persia Elburz Mountains; Luristan
Cartographic and archaeological surveys (Valley of the Assassins; Luri graves); RGS reports
WO/RGS
1931–10 1933–03 Baghdad – Baghdad Times (mostly) ?1932–09 1933–02 Persia Luristan Cartographic survey (Pusht-i-
Kuh [uncharted])WO
1934–12 1935–04 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence. Aborted (measles)
RGS?
1937–10 1938–03 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence; just RGS reports. (Wakefield archaeological expedition leader)
RGS
1939–03 1939–07 Syria Hama, Orontes valley, Aleppo
Probably no intelligence RGS?
Appendix A: Freya Stark’s known covert activities in the Middle East, 1927–1943,
compiled from various archival and published sources
262 APPENDIX A: FREYA STARK’S KNOWN COVERT ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST…
From To Region Visited Objective/product Client
1939–10 1939–10 Cairo – Meetings in Cairo with various intelligence personalities: Cawthorn (MEIC), Thornhill (SIS), Clayton (DDMI), et al.
–
1939–11 1940–02 Aden – Assistant Information Officer. Ikhwan al-Hurriya. Bonzo scheme
MOI/FO
1940–02 1940–03 Yemen Sana’a Political, military, economic intelligence. Persuasion
MEIC/FO
1940–07 1941–03 Cairo Ikhwan. Bonzo scheme MOI/SOE
1941–03 1943–02 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI1943–02 1943–03 Delhi Bonzo scheme GOC1943–04 1943–08 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI
Periods between travels spent in the UK and/or Italy. The duration and nature of Stark’s association with SIS throughout this period remain obscure
263© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
Operational Reporting Real Other Location
BUFFALO Walter Donor Arthur Dayton Art BaghdadBUNNY Henry Ibsen Dr Hans Hoff ‘Doc’ BaghdadKANGAROO Calvin Warne Rev Thomas Allen Tom TabrizIBEX Robert Craig Unknown Real name? Mosul
Appendix B: Cover names of OSS-SI agents in Iraq, 1943–1945, compiled from various archival sources
265© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
Appendix C: Covert initiatives targeting Iraq, 1941–1945, compiled from various archival
and published sources
266 APPENDIX C: COVERT INITIATIVES TARGETING IRAQ, 1941–1945, COMPILED…D
ate
Abw
II
KO
NO
Abw
II/
SKL
Mil
DA
rab
Bur
eau
Turk
ish
1941
–00
(1)
RU
VA
ND
IZ-S
CH
LU
CH
T19
42–0
1(8
)A
chat
Kha
n19
42–0
9(4
)B
edau
x/Fe
lmy
1942
–43
(9)
LIB
ER
AT
OR
S19
43–0
1(1
1)O
MA
R19
43–0
3(5
)B
ASR
A19
43–0
6(2
)M
AM
MU
T19
43–0
6(1
0)R
ober
t C
olle
ge19
43–0
9(3
)A
SLA
N19
43–1
2(1
4)D
OD
GE
RS
1944
–01
(12)
Nas
ret
1944
–01
(15)
SM
UD
GE
RS
1944
–06
(13)
Khi
dir
& C
o19
44–1
1(1
6)T
EL
AFA
R19
45–0
2(6
)R
EIS
ER
NT
E19
45–0
4(7
)K
INO
Num
eral
s in
par
enth
eses
indi
cate
the
rel
evan
t na
rrat
ive
in C
hap.
9
267© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
Appendix D: Organization of CICI in Iraq, ca. early 1944
268 APPENDIX D: ORGANIZATION OF CICI IN IRAQ, CA. EARLY 1944
Bas
ed o
n W
ar E
stab
lishm
ent
(PA
IC/
1046
/I)
, KV
4/
223,
The
Nat
iona
l Arc
hive
s
269© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
Appendix E: Deployment of area liaison officers, other security- intelligence
personnel, and political advisers in Iraq, ca. early 1944, according to War
Establishment (PAIC/1046/I), KV 4/223, The National Archives
270 APPENDIX E: DEPLOYMENT OF AREA LIAISON OFFICERS…
Abbreviations: ADSO = assistant defence security officer; ALO = area liai-son officer; APA = assistant political adviser; DAPA = deputy assistant political adviser; DSO = defence security officer; PA = political adviser; PSO = port security officer; SCOPG = security control officer Persian Gulf; SO = security officer; Basemap: Distribution of towns and cities in Iraq, Iraq and the Persian Gulf: September 1944, B.R. 524 (Restricted), Geographical Handbook Series (London: Naval Intelligence Division, 1944), 356
271© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
1. (a) The Centre will be located as may be most convenient, having regard to the collection of information and the discharge of its responsibilities to the GOC and AOC Iraq as defined below. It will be accommodated and locally administered under arrange-ments to be made by the Headquarters Royal Air Force in Iraq. The necessary cipher and other facilities required will be pro-vided by Army or RAF Headquarters as may be most convenient.
(b) Under existing conditions it will be necessary to maintain a detachment of the Centre in southern Iraq, but as far as circum-stances allow the Head of the Centre should ensure that its activities and information are co-ordinated with those of the main Centre. This detachment will not issue separate summaries or appreciations, except in cases of urgency when it is necessary to avoid delay in informing local commanders, or on demand from them.
2. In general the Centre will act as an intelligence organization for the GOC and AOC in Iraq for all but operational intelligence matters, and will be responsible, under their direction, for executive tasks of an interservice nature, such as security, civil censorship, propaganda, and publicity. The area to be covered by the Centre will be that for which the GOC Iraq is responsible.
Appendix F: Revised Charter of the Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq and Persia (CICI), issued on 6 July 1941
272 APPENDIX F: REVISED CHARTER OF THE COMBINED INTELLIGENCE CENTRE…
3. In detail, the tasks of the Centre will be:
(a) to provide the GOC and AOC with collated political and secu-rity intelligence and such other natures of intelligence as they may require the Centre to deal with;
(b) to co-operate, with the approval of the GOC and AOC, with the embassy publicity section in carrying out the general policy for propaganda as received in directives from the Jerusalem Bureau, or as ordered by the respective commanders in further-ance of local operations;
(c) to take or arrange for executive action in connection with gen-eral security other than field security, and censorship other than field censorship;
(d) to produce periodical intelligence summaries and appreciations, copies of which, in addition to local distribution, will be for-warded to C-in-C East Indies, GHQ India, GHQ Middle East, HQ RAF Middle East, MEIC, and the Jerusalem Bureau;
(e) to maintain close liaison in intelligence matters with the British naval authorities in the Persian Gulf;
(f) to afford all assistance to the local representative of MI6 and to distribute locally to all concerned information received from him.
4. The establishment of the Centre will include both Army and RAF personnel, and will be varied from time to time to meet the needs of the situation. It will include political advisers and assistant political advisers, who will work under the direct orders and control of HE The British Ambassador in Iraq, and area liaison officers who will work under the Head of the Centre.
5. The Centre will be provided with Secret Service funds by HMG in UK. Supervision over the expenditure will be exercised by GOC and AOC Iraq. Funds will be provided through the Jerusalem Bureau for the activities of the political advisers mentioned in paragraph 4.
(Source: Appendix D, AIR 29/2504, The National Archives)
273© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
Auswärtiges Amt (Berlin) [AA]
Politisches Archiv
R 29539 R 67482
British Library (St Pancras, London) [BL]
India Office Records
IOR/L/MIL/17/15/24 IOR/L/PS/12/3528AIOR/L/PS/8/520 IOR/R/15/2/926
Bundesarchiv (Berlin-Lichterfelde) [BArch]
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
R 58/38
UnpUblished Works
274 UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (Freiburg im Breisgau) [BArch-MArch]
Kameradschaft 1. Regiment Brandenburg
MSG 158/38
Deutsches Reich (1867/71–1945)
R 2/1767
Reichsmarine
RM 7/1074
Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas (Austin, TX) [HRC]
Freya Stark CollectionSeries I Works, 1916–1976
Container 1.3
Series II Correspondence, 1893–1985
Containers 11.1 12.2 12.5 13.1 13.10 20.5 20.7 23.5
Imperial War Museum (London) [IWM]
Documents Collection
4829 11631 15964 20694
National Archives and Records Administration (College Park, MD) [NARA]
Records of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
RG 226/E210/B261 RG 226/E215/B3 RG 226/E217/B1RG 226/E210/B389 RG 226/E215/B7
275 UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Records of the US Nürnberg War Crimes Trials
RG 238 Misc interrogations
Records of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
RG 263/EZZ17/B3 RG 263/EZZ18/B35
CIA Research Tool (CREST) Misc documents
Records of the Army Staff
RG 319/E85/B958
The National Archives (Kew, Surrey) [TNA]
Records of the Air Ministry, Royal Air Force
AIR 23/5860 AIR 29/2506 AIR 29/2510 AIR 29/2514AIR 23/5951 AIR 29/2507 AIR 29/2511 AIR 29/2515AIR 29/2504 AIR 29/2508 AIR 29/2512AIR 29/2505 AIR 29/2509 AIR 29/2513
Records of the Cabinet
CAB 102/610
Records of the Colonial Office
CO 725/52/5 CO 725/73/9 CO 725/74/15 CO 850/130/10CO 725/68/2 CO 725/74/10 CO 732/85/7 CO 967/130
Records of the Foreign Office
FO 371/23213 FO 371/27098 FO 371/45337 FO 624/26/838FO 371/23218 FO 371/27100 FO 371/45343 FO 624/28/195FO 371/23251 FO 371/27103 FO 371/45350 FO 624/29/634FO 371/24561 FO 371/27114 FO 371/52423 FO 624/32FO 371/24562 FO 371/30149 FO 371/75145 FO 624/36/306FO 371/24639 FO 371/35020 FO 395/663 FO 624/38/457FO 371/24644 FO 371/40089 FO 624/24/448 FO 799/8FO 371/27085 FO 371/40107 FO 624/26/567 FO 898/110
276 UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Records of the German Foreign Ministry
GFM 33/424
Records of the Special Operations Executive
HS 3/144 HS 3/195 HS 7/221 HS 7/270HS 3/146 HS 3/197 HS 7/222 HS 7/271HS 3/147 HS 3/198 HS 7/223 HS 7/273HS 3/154 HS 3/199 HS 7/225 HS 7/286HS 3/155 HS 7/86 HS 7/226 HS 8/896HS 3/156 HS 7/211 HS 7/227 HS 8/971HS 3/157 HS 7/213 HS 7/229 HS 8/984HS 3/161 HS 7/214 HS 7/230 HS 9/157/8HS 3/162 HS 7/215 HS 7/232 HS 9/931/3HS 3/165 HS 7/216 HS 7/234 HS 9/971/2HS 3/169 HS 7/217 HS 7/266 HS 9/980/2HS 3/178 HS 7/218 HS 7/267 HS 9/1181/4HS 3/189 HS 7/219 HS 7/268 HS 9/1189/2HS 3/193 HS 7/220 HS 7/269
Records of the Government Code and Cypher School
HW 14/52 HW 19/347
Records of the Security Service
KV 2/1482 KV 2/1734 KV 3/199 KV 4/234KV 2/1484 KV 2/3015 KV 3/200 KV 4/384KV 2/1485 KV 2/3658 KV 4/223KV 2/1486 KV 3/195 KV 4/240
Records of the War Office
WO 106/3093 WO 201/1424 WO 208/1572 WO 208/4347WO 106/5708 WO 201/2712 WO 208/1573 WO 208/4358WO 193/1006 WO 201/2713 WO 208/1575 WO 208/4464WO 201/844 WO 201/2714 WO 208/1581 WO 208/4558WO 201/952 WO 201/2853 WO 208/1588B WO 208/5088WO 201/1257 WO 201/2854 WO 208/1807 WO 252/870WO 201/1291 WO 201/2866 WO 208/1808 WO 372/2/159264WO 201/1402B WO 201/2867 WO 208/3095 WO 373/78/161WO 201/1404 WO 208/1215 WO 208/3194WO 201/1422 WO 208/1560 WO 208/3580WO 201/1423 WO 208/1563 WO 208/4211
277 UNPUBLISHED WORKS
St Antony’s College (Oxford)
Middle East Centre Archive [MECA]
GB165-0095 GB165-0118 GB165-0151 GB165-0228 GB165-0298
Whitman College and Northwest Archives (Walla Walla, WA) [WCNA]
Penrose Papers [PP]Section 8 (OSS)
B5/F2 B5/F4 B5/F6 B5/F7 B5/F8
279© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
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Munro, John M., and Martin Love. ‘The Nairn Way’. Aramco World (July–August 1981): 19–24.
Nafi, Basheer M. ‘The Arabs and the Axis: 1933–1940’. Arab Studies Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1997): 1–24.
Nicosia, Francis R. ‘Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939: Ideological and Strategic Incompatibility’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 12, no. 3 (November 1980): 351–72.
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296 PUBLISHED WORKS
Porch, Douglas. ‘The Other “Gulf War”: The British Invasion of Iraq in 1941’. Naval Postgraduate School, 2 December 2002. https://calhoun.nps.edu/han-dle/10945/25458.
Rejwan, Nissim. ‘The Last Days of Iraqi Jewry’. Midstream 29, no. 1 (1983): 37–42.
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Röseke, Erich. ‘Die Bandenburger und ihre Ritterkreuzträger’. Die Nachhut: Informationsorgan für Angehörige der ehemaligen militärischen Abwehr 25–26 (1 October 1973): 36–9.
Rudolph, William E. ‘Strategic Roads of the World: Notes on Recent Developments’. Geographical Review 33, no. 1 (January 1943): 110–31.
Satia, Priya. ‘The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia’. American Historical Review 3, no. 1 (February 2006): 16–52.
Schaub, Harry Carl. ‘General Lahousen and the Abwehr Resistance’. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 19, no. 3 (2006): 538–58.
Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. ‘Nahostpolitische Retrospektive Dr Fritz Grobbas: Das Supplement zum Manuskript P-207’. DAVO-Nachrichten 14, no. 8 (2001): 53–6.
———. ‘“Der Geist aus der Lampe”: Fritz Grobba und Berlins Politik im Nahen und Mittleren Orient’. Comparativ 14, no. 1 (2004): 126–50.
Scott, Len. ‘Secret Intelligence, Covert Action, and Clandestine Diplomacy’. Intelligence and National Security 19, no. 2 (2004): 322–41.
Seubert, Franz. ‘Männer und Mächte im Vorderen Orient: Stellungnahme zu einem Buch des Gesandten a. D. Grobba’. Die Nachhut: Informationsorgan für Angehörige der ehemaligen militärischen Abwehr 5 (15 June 1968): 11–13.
Sinclair, Georgina. ‘“Get into a Crack Force and Earn £20 a Month and All Found …”: The Influence of the Palestine Police upon Colonial Policing 1922–1948’. European Review of History 13, no. 1 (2006): 49–65.
Smith, C.G. ‘The Emergence of the Middle East’. Journal of Contemporary History 3, no. 3 (July 1968): 3–17.
Smyth, J.G. ‘The Indian Army in the Present War’. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 30, no. 3 (September 1943): 298–310.
Sorby, Karol. ‘Iraq on the Eve of the Second World War’. Asian and African Studies 17, no. 2 (2008): 240–60.
Stoil, Jacob A. ‘The Haganah and SOE: Allies and Enemies: Irregular Warfare and Politics in Mandatory Palestine’ (unpublished paper given at SMH, 2012).
Stratton, Morton B. ‘British Railways and Motor Roads in the Middle East, 1918–1930’. Economic Geography 20, no. 2 (April 1944): 116–29.
‘The Battle for Habbaniya 1941’. Assyrian RAF Levies. http://assyrianlevies.info/battle%2D%2D-habbaniya.html.
297 PUBLISHED WORKS
Thorpe, James A. ‘The United States and the 1940–1941 Anglo-Iraqi Crisis: American Policy in Transition’. Middle East Journal 25, no. 1 (Winter 1971): 79–89.
Trentow, Bernd, and Werner Kranhold. ‘Im Dienst imperialistischer Weltherrschaftspläne: Zum Orient-Einsatz des faschistischen Rundfunks im Zweiten Weltkrieg’. Beiräge zur Geschichte des Rundfunks 7, no. 4 (1973): 22–50.
United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division. ‘Notes on the British General Staff, Arms and Services’. Tactical and Technical Trends no. 11 (5 November 1942).
Usuki, A. ‘Zionism, Communism and Emigration of the Iraqi Jews: A Brief Survey of an Ancient Community in Crisis, 1941–1951’. JAMES: Annals of the Japan Association for Middle East Studies 9 (1994): 1–35.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. ‘Aspects of World War II German Intelligence’. Journal of Intelligence History 4, no. 1 (Summer 2004): 1–6.
Wichhart, Stefanie K. ‘A “New Deal” for the Kurds: Britain’s Kurdish Policy in Iraq, 1941–45’. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 5 (December 2011): 815–31.
———. ‘Selling Democracy during the Second British Occupation of Iraq, 1941–5’. Journal of Contemporary History 48, no. 3 (July 2013): 509–36.
Wild, Stefan. ‘National Socialism in the Arab Near East between 1933 and 1939’. Die Welt des Islams 25, no. 1/4 (1985): 126–73.
Witzel, Dietrich F. ‘Kommandoverbände der Abwehr II im Zweiten Weltkrieg’. Militärgeschichtliches Beiheft zur Europäischen Wehrkunde, no. 5 (October 1990).
Zubaida, Sami. ‘The Fragments Imagine the Nation: The Case of Iraq’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 2 (May 2002): 205–15.
obitUAries
Bassett, Richard. ‘Erich Vermehren: German Defector to the British, 1944 (Obituary)’. The Independent, 3 May 2005.
Burton, H.M. ‘Wing Commander Robert Jope-Slade (Obituary)’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 28, no. 3 (1941): 386.
‘Field-Marshal Lord Wilson: The War in the Middle East and Mediterranean (Obituary)’. The Times, 1 January 1965.
‘Gen. Sir Edward Quinan: Commands in India and Iran (Obituary)’. The Times, 15 November 1960.
‘In Memoriam: Colonel William G. Elphinston, MC (Obituary)’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 40, no. 2 (1953): 174–6.
‘Professor Seton Howard Frederick Lloyd (Obituary)’. Iraq 58 (1996): v–viii.‘Prof Terence Mitford: Classical Archaeologist and Explorer (Obituary)’. The
Times, 25 November 1978.Smith, Janet Adam. ‘Dame Freya Stark (Obituary)’. The Independent, 14 May 1993.
298 PUBLISHED WORKS
pUblished doCUMentAtion And doCUMents
Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945: From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Vols. 9–13. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1956–64.
Germany. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Kriegstagebuch (Wehrmacht-führungsstab) 1940–1945. Frankfurt: Bernard und Graefe, 1961–65.
Bülow, Bernhard von. Fürst Bülows Reden nebst urkundlichen Beiträgen zu seiner Politik: III. Band, 1907–1909 mit dem Bildnis des Fürsten und einem ausführli-chen Namen- und Sachregister. Berlin: Reimer, 1909.
Burdett, Anita L.P., ed. Iraq: Defence Intelligence 1920–1973. Slough: Archive Editions, 2005.
Committee, American Christian Palestine. The Arab War Effort: A Documented Account. New York: American Christian Palestine Committee, 1946.
Hurewitz, J.C., ed. The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975.
Jarman, Robert L., ed. Foreign Office Annual Reports from Arabia 1930–1960: Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Vol. 3 (1938–53). Slough: Archive Editions, 1993.
———, ed. Political Diaries of the Arab World: Iraq. Vol. 6 (1932–47). Slough: Archive Editions, 1998.
Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie, ed. ‘A Small Room in Clarges Street’: Secret War-Time Lectures at the Royal Central Asian Society, 1942–1944. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2014.
Mader, Julius. Hitlers Spionagegenerale sagen aus: Ein Dokumentarbericht über Aufbau, Struktur und Operationen des OKW-Geheimdienstamtes Ausland/Abwehr mit einer Chronologie seiner Einsätze von 1933 bis 1944. Berlin: Verlag der Nationen, 1972.
Müller, Norbert, et al., ed. Das Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht: Eine Dokumentation, Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv 16. Koblenz: Bundesarchiv, 2007.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh R., ed. Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2004.
Wavell, Archibald. ‘Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942’. Supplement to The London Gazette, no. 37685 (13 August 1946).
———. Speaking Generally: Broadcasts, Orders and Addresses in Time of War, 1939–43. London: Macmillan, 1946.
West, Nigel, and Oleg Tsarev, ed. TRIPLEX: Secrets from the Cambridge Spies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
Wilson, Henry Maitland. ‘Despatch on the Persia and Iraq Command Covering the Period 21st August, 1942 to 17th February, 1943’. Supplement to The London Gazette, no. 37703 (27 August 1946).
299 PUBLISHED WORKS
bibliogrAphiCAl And referenCe Works
Atherton, Louise. SOE Operations in Africa and the Middle East: A Guide to the Records in the Public Record Office. Kew: PRO, 1998.
Bidwell, Robin Leonard. Dictionary of Modern Arab History: An A to Z of Over 2000 Entries from 1798 to the Present Day. London: Routledge, 1998.
Bleaney, C.H., and G.J. Roper, ed. Iraq: A Bibliographical Guide. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
Cantwell, John D. The Second World War: A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office. Public Record Office Handbooks 15. Revised 3rd ed. Kew: Public Record Office, 1998.
‘Chronology’. Bulletin of International News 18, nos. 2–4, 7–10, 12–13, 17, 21, 23–25, 1941.
Dear, I.C.B., ed. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Foot, M.R.D., ed. Secret Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Grehan, John, and Martin Mace. Unearthing Churchill’s Secret Army: The Official
List of SOE Casualties and Their Stories. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2012.
Irak/Kuwait, 1:850 000. World Mapping Project. Bielefeld: Verlag Peter Rump, 2003.
Keipert, Maria, and Peter Grupp, ed. Biographisches Handbuch des Deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871–1945. 3 vols. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2000–08.
Kent, George O. A Catalog of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives 1920–1945. 4 vols. Stanford, CA: The Hoover Institution, 1962–72.
Kimmich, Christopher M. German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1981.
Klee, Ernst. Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war Was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt: Fischer, 2007.
Kopietz, H.H. ‘The Use of German and British Archives in the Study of the Middle East: The Iraqi Coup d’état of 1936’. In The Integration of Modern Iraq, edited by Abbas Kelidar, 46–62. London: Croom Helm, 1979.
Lenczowski, George. ‘Literature on the Clandestine Activities of the Great Powers in the Middle East’. Middle East Journal 8, no. 2 (Spring 1954): 205–11.
Rademacher, Michael. Abkürzungen des Dritten Reiches: Ein Handbuch für deutsche und englische Historiker. Vechta: M. Rademacher, 2000.
Sluglett, Peter. ‘British Archival Sources for the History of the Middle Eastern Mandates’. In The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives, edited by Nadine Méouchy and Peter Sluglett, 55–61. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
The Third Reich at War: A Historical Bibliography. ABC-Clio Research Guides, 11. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Information Services, 1984.
United Kingdom. Naval Intelligence Division. Iraq and the Persian Gulf. B.R. 524 (Restricted). Geographical Handbook Series. London: NID, 1944.
300 PUBLISHED WORKS
‘United Kingdom Official Histories of the Second World War: A Progress Report and a Bibliography’. Military Affairs 13, no. 3 (Autumn 1949): 170–6.
United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division. German Military Intelligence, 1939–1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1984.
West, Nigel. Historical Dictionary of British Intelligence. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005.
Wistrich, Robert S. Who’s Who in Nazi Germany. London: Routledge, 2002.Young, Peter, ed. The World Almanac of World War II. London: Bison, 1987.Zentner, Christian, and Friedemann Bedürftig, ed. The Encyclopaedia of the Third
Reich. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1991.
theses And dissertAtions
El-Dessouki, Mohamed-Kamal. ‘Hitler und der Nahe Osten’. Dr phil diss., Berlin, 1963.
Flacker, Edgar. ‘Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy, 1933–1942’. PhD diss., London, 1998.
Melka, Robert Lewis. ‘The Axis and the Arab Middle East, 1930–1945’. PhD diss., Minnesota, 1966.
O’Sullivan, Adrian. ‘German Covert Initiatives and British Intelligence in Persia (Iran), 1939–1945’. DLitt et Phil diss., UNISA, 2013.
Paehler, Katrin. ‘Espionage, Ideology, and Personal Politics: The Making and Unmaking of a Nazi Foreign Intelligence Service’. PhD diss., American, 2004.
Rosbeiani, Pherset. ‘Das Unternehmen “Mammut”: Ein politisch-militärisches Geheimdienstunternehmen in Südkurdistan in den Jahren 1942/43 und seine Vorgeschichte’. Dr phil diss., Humboldt-Berlin, 2011.
Sawyer, Lynn Massie. ‘Orientalism and Three British Dames: De-essentialization of the Other in the Work of Gertrude Bell, Freya Stark, and E.S. Drower’. MA thesis, Liberty, 2012.
Shelley, Adam. ‘Empire of Shadows: British Intelligence in the Middle East 1939–1946’. PhD diss., Cambridge, 2007.
Wichhart, Stefanie K. ‘Intervention: Britain, Egypt, and Iraq during World War II’. PhD diss., Texas, 2007.
Wilson, Emily. ‘The War in the Dark: The Security Service and the Abwehr 1940–1944’. PhD diss., Cambridge, 2003.
fiCtionAl Works
Pumphrey, Arthur [Alan Pryce-Jones]. Pink Danube. London: Martin Secker, 1939.
Sykes, Christopher. High Minded Murder. London: Home & Van Thal, 1944.———. A Song of a Shirt. London: Verschoyle, 1953.
301© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6
Index1
1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.
AAbadan, xv, 48, 50, 90n46, 110n8,
128, 147n34, 162, 166n28, 191–194, 211n32
Abdulillah of Hejaz, Emir (Regent of Iraq), 35, 36, 63, 64, 173
Abwehr (Amt Ausland/Abwehr)Abwehr I (active intelligence/
espionage); Abw I Luft, 109n2Abwehr II (sabotage/subversion);
Abw II Orient, 181; Brandenburgers (Lehrregiment Brandenburg zbV 800), Dolmetscherschule (Interpreters’ Training Unit), 223; Brandenburgers (Lehrregiment Brandenburg zbV 800), 2nd Battalion, 52; Freikorps Iran, 193; Kurfürsters (Lehrregiment Kurfürst), 59n10
Abwehr III (counterintelligence/counterespionage), 259n23
Abwehrstelle (AST); AST Athens, 185
Frontaufklärungstruppe 202 (FAT 202), 191
Kriegsorganisation; Kriegsorganisation Nahost (KONO), 135, 158, 185, 186, 189, 191, 195–200, 224
Adana, 202Addis Ababa, 124, 125Aden, 15, 20, 26n40, 68–70, 96Administrator(s), 66, 115, 116, 133,
152, 223, 234, 239n8, 256Aerial insertion, 188, 203, 216n74Afghanistan, 5, 182, 220Africa, 73, 221Agent(s), 2, 3, 5, 6, 19, 32, 34,
44n16, 50, 54, 55, 69, 73, 81, 85, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108, 123, 124, 126, 129, 130, 139, 154–156, 158, 162, 163, 167n32, 170, 175, 176, 185, 188, 191, 193, 195–197, 199–201, 203, 204, 213n44, 220–222, 225–228, 230, 232, 235, 237, 238n7
302 INDEX
Ahmed, Abdullah, 196, 197Ah-Tenuah, 82Aircraft
Heinkel He-111, 52Messerschmitt Me-110, 52Northrop A-17 ‘Nomad,’ 53, 54
Air intelligence, see Royal Air Force (RAF)
Air Ministry, 54Air Officer Commanding (AOC), see
Royal Air Force (RAF)Air policing, xv, 43n7Albania, 235Aleppo, 155, 156, 167n34, 198
See also Centre d’Examination des Voyageurs (CEV)
Al-Faw, see FaoAl-Futuwwa (Iraqi Youth Movement),
133Allen, Thomas B.W. ‘Tom,’ 220,
230–233, 235–237, 238n7, 242n51, 242n53–55, 243n56
Allied, Allies, xvi, xviiin4, 48, 54, 60n24, 73, 81, 82, 84, 85, 106, 120, 122, 126, 131, 135, 149n50, 161, 164, 174, 187, 188, 193–195, 200, 206, 216n68, 216n74, 222, 227, 233, 234, 237, 242n53, 252
Allied Control Commission, 176Al-Majalla, 75Al-Rai al-Am, 75Al-Ubra, see Hayouoglukoy (al-Ubra)Alwiyah, 252Amara, 84, 153, 197, 198Ambassador(s), 7, 27n47, 37, 41, 42,
56, 66, 105, 107, 108, 119, 120, 139, 140, 142, 185, 247, 248, 257n6
American-Iraqi Trading Company, 226Amman, 175Amt Ausland/Abwehr, see Abwehr
Amt IV, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA IV
Amt VI, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA VI
Andriassian, Hamparson, 156, 157Anglo-American relations, 233, 235,
239n16Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC),
28n51, 95, 110n8, 110n13, 128, 146n25, 160, 191, 211n32
Anglo-Iraqi joint frontier control, 127Anglo-Iraqi Security Board (AISB),
129, 148n48Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, 32Anglo-Iraqi War, xiii, 53, 56n2, 95,
170, 174, 196, 205Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC),
17, 27n49, 28n51, 29n64, 43n5, 249
Anglophilia, Anglophile(s), 147n36, 252
Anglo-Polish relations, 193Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia, 115Anglo-Soviet-Persian Censorship, 127Anhalt, 182Anhalt, Joachim Ernst von (Duke of
Anhalt), 182, 208n3Ankara, 185Antakya, 202Antibolshevism, 48, 253Antifascist, 68, 69, 80–82Antisemitism, 45n19, 48, 77, 253, 254Arabia, 32, 70Arabian Sea, 162Arabisches Büro (AB), 185, 202Arabist(s), xviiin4, 11, 45n19, 139,
140Arab News Bureau, 109Arab ‘street,’ 35, 64, 106Archaeology, archaeologist(s), 9, 16,
29n64, 34, 96, 167n34, 241n42, 249
303 INDEX
ArchivesBritish, xiv, 192German, 185, 192US, 194, 227
Area Liaison Officer (ALO), xv, 4, 39, 66, 105, 117, 118, 126, 128, 129, 137–139, 143, 149n56, 196, 205
Armavir, 192Armenia, Armenian(s), 76, 85, 102,
121, 140, 142, 162, 202, 216n68Armistice, xvii, xixn9, 37, 64, 68, 74,
77, 79, 83, 127, 130, 132, 133, 141, 152
Armoured car(s)‘Tatanagar,’ 115
Arrest(s), 20, 75, 83, 84, 123, 129, 152, 163, 190, 195, 198, 199, 201, 202, 223, 254
Asia, 32, 195, 211n32, 246Al-Askari, Bakr Sidqi, 191Asolo, 10, 251As-Said, Nuri (Nuri Pasha), 35, 71,
75, 89n23, 106, 134, 227, 243n60, 247, 254
Assassination, xi, 18, 54, 191As-Sharara (The Spark), 74Assistant Defence Security Officer
(ADSO), 4, 128, 155, 160Assistant Political Advisor (APA), 4,
66, 67, 105, 112n29, 138Assyrian(s), xi, 84–86, 121, 140, 142,
160, 230, 231, 235, 254, 255Assyrian Levies, see Royal Air Force
(RAF)Asymmetrical warfare, 253Athens, 158, 191Atrocities, 72, 77, 85, 254Auslands amt, 57n3, 148n44Auslandsnachrichtendienst, see
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA VI
Australasia, 32, 48Austria, Austrian(s), 28n53, 35,
88n15, 185, 208n7, 217n76, 221, 229, 242n47, 252
Auswärtiges Amt, 44n16, 48, 57n3
Aviation fuel, 52, 54, 60n16Axis, xv, xviiin4, 33, 34, 40, 50, 52,
72–74, 76, 83–85, 96, 99, 107, 120, 128, 132, 135, 162–164, 184, 193, 195, 197, 200, 225, 233, 234
Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, 112n30, 140
BBabacan, Zahra, 202Bad Elster, 183Baden-Powell, Robert S.S. (Lord
Baden-Powell), 5–7, 115Baghdad, Baghdadi(s)
ex-pat opinions of, 9insane asylum, 223
Baghdad Railway, 154, 218n82Bahoshy, Robert, 197, 198Bahrein, 117, 128, 192Bahri, Younis, 33, 85Baker Street, see Special Operations
Executive (SOE)Bakos, Louis, 197, 198Balfour Declaration, 253, 255Balkans, 17, 106, 107, 186, 191, 192,
203, 204, 235, 254Bandar Abbas, 161, 162, 167n32Bandar Shahpur, 128Barbados, 251Al-Barzani, Mustafa (Mulla Mustafa),
86Al-Barzanji, Mahmud (Sheikh
Mahmud), 86, 141, 186, 187, 196
304 INDEX
Basra, xvii, 37, 50, 66, 68, 79, 85, 100, 117, 118, 126, 128, 134, 152, 153, 160, 161, 192–194, 198, 201, 202
Bathgate, Paul, 100Bavaria, 183Bayer, A.G., 34, 44n16Bedaux, Charles E., 192, 193,
211–212n33, 213n41Bedouin, 170, 171, 174, 175, 205,
226Belgian Congo, 96Bell, Gertrude, 11, 25n28, 87n11, 97,
149n57, 220Benisilauya, 188Bentivegni, Franz Eccard von, 252,
259n23Berlin, 18, 21, 28n56, 29n67, 32, 37,
52, 57n3, 85, 94, 97, 135, 181, 182, 184–186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 202, 204, 205, 210n22, 223, 227, 252
Berlin, Isaiah, 2Betjeman, John, 2Bishop, Herbert Francis ‘Adrian,’ 1, 17Bletchley Park, 28n53, 196, 219Boer War, 6, 115Bologna, 10Bolsheviks, 76Bombing, 41, 55, 87n10, 192‘Bonzo(s),’ 69Border(s), see Frontier(s)Bowra, C. Maurice, 2, 18, 28n53,
29n64, 94, 248Brady, John, 39Braham, Noel, 35Bribery, 71, 97, 99, 106, 108Brigade intelligence officer, 170British Army, 127, 145n12, 164,
178n6See also Formations and units
(Allied)
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 42
British Commonwealth, 234British Council, 71, 142British Empire, 255British military mission, 41, 143British Security Intelligence Liaison
Officer (BSILO), 164, 168n40British Security Mission (BSM),
159Broadway Buildings, 175Bronze Star Medal (BSM), 236Bruce-Mitford, see Mitford, Terence
Bruce‘Brylcreem boys,’ 32Bulgaria, 185, 191Bullard, Reader, 7, 121, 257n6Bülow, Bernhard von, 206Bundestag (West German parliament),
253Burma, 53, 234Bushire, 66, 162Byelorussia, 122
CCabinet minister(s), 33, 71, 132,
225Cairo, xiv, 3, 4, 13, 16, 19–21, 23n10,
28n63, 54, 60n23, 68–71, 81, 83, 95, 96, 98–104, 106, 108, 109, 111n29, 113n45, 116, 120, 130, 137, 140, 152, 155, 156, 168n40, 175, 177, 220, 224–226, 228, 230, 232–235, 240n27, 247
California, 220Cambridge spies, 255Camouflage, 3, 6, 96Camp(s), 36, 45n29, 84, 139, 183,
184, 208n3, 223Canada, 9
305 INDEX
Canaris, Wilhelm, 48, 52, 57n3, 59n10, 148n44, 195, 203, 248, 252, 259n22
Cape of Good Hope, 162, 194Caporetto, 10Card index, carding, 123Cartographer, cartography, 11, 12, 20Caucasus, 5, 84, 85, 122, 135, 206Cawthorn, Walter ‘Bill,’ 20Cell system, 70Censorship, 84, 119, 122, 127, 156,
258n14Central Asia, 246Centre d’Examination des Voyageurs
(CEV), 155, 165–166n11Chaldean(s), 230Chamberlain, Neville, 36Chapman, A.J.B. ‘John,’ 39, 97,
100–104, 108, 258n14Chekhovian, 247China, Chinese, 75, 234Christian Democrat, 253Christianity, 70Christ’s Hospital, 66Churchill, Winston S., xvi, 7, 16, 54,
231, 234Cipher(s), see Code(s)Clark, T.H., 155Clayton, Iltyd, 20, 22, 88n15, 140Clearing-house (for communications),
xiv, 120, 127, 137, 146n21, 220, 232
Clive, Nigel, xiii, 16, 98, 116, 175, 247–250
Code(s), 124, 156, 159, 186, 190, 196, 211n27, 225, 238n7
Codebreaker(s), 2Codenames, see CryptonymsCode numbers, 177Colonial administrator(s), 152, 256Colonialism, xiiColonial Office (CO), 174
Middle East Department, 174Colt machine guns, 53Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq
and Persia (CICI)censorship section, 127charter, xiv, 56, 118–120, 123, 137frontier-control section, 122, 127,
153, 158port-security section, 122, 127,
128, 152records section (registry), 122, 123,
130, 131T&P section, 122, 138, 139visa-control section, 122, 126
Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre (CSDIC), Maadi, 190
Communism, communist(s), 5, 70, 73–77, 82, 86, 142, 143, 176, 177, 182
Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL), 154–158, 160
Concentration camp(s), 182, 208n3, 259n22
Dachau, 83, 182, 208n3, 223Contact agents, 50Contopoulos, Lazaros, 191Convoy(s), 161, 236Cornwall, 10, 250Cornwallis, Kinahan ‘Ken,’ 8, 15, 16,
22, 27n47, 37–42, 56, 63, 66–68, 71, 79, 83, 89n38, 95–97, 105, 106, 111n25, 112n29, 120, 138–140, 149n57, 176, 247, 248
Corriere d’Italia, 81Counterintelligence (CI), xii, xiii, xv,
32, 56, 120, 137, 138, 144, 164, 177, 178, 195, 197, 200, 211n31, 219, 220, 222, 225, 232, 237, 256
306 INDEX
Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), 3, 243n61, 244n65
Counterpropaganda, 70, 72Countersabotage, xiii, 96, 137,
149n50, 186, 192Courier(s), 50, 79, 88n15, 101, 154,
155, 158, 199Cousins, 35, 36, 109n6, 188, 221,
227, 230, 233, 235, 236, 245, 247, 249, 257n4, 259n25
Coverblown, 227commercial, 4, 44n16, 220cover-within-cover, 16, 99, 175diplomatic, 3–7, 19, 24n11, 34, 67,
95, 96, 185thin, 231unbreakable, 20, 81, 82
Covert initiative(s), 181, 185, 195Covert role(s), xvii, 10, 90n47, 246Covert space, xii, 4, 21, 146n20, 246,
247, 256Cowardesque, 247Craig, Robert, 220, 230, 232, 233,
236, 238n7, 243n57, 243n59Crawford, Archie S., 225–228, 232,
235Crawford, J. Forrest, 232Crete, 23–24n10, 52, 60n16Crimea, 188Crime prevention, 152Croats, 18Cryptography, 248Cryptonyms
BABYLON, 221BAER, 188BUFFALO, 220BUNNY, 220DOLEFUL, 196IBEX, 220KANGAROO, 220MAKI, 188
PANTHER, 188QUHU, 188RICHARD, 203SEEHUND, 188TEDDY BEAR, 237TIMBER WOLF, 237TIMUR, 228ZULU, 196, 197, 214n50
Cyprus, 250
DDalton, E. Hugh J.N. (Lord Dalton),
97Darband, 94Dawson-Shepherd, Hanbury K.,
xixn12, 66, 72, 105, 106, 116–118, 120, 121, 129–132, 134–136, 142–144, 144n4, 152, 159, 162, 163, 206, 221, 222, 224, 236, 241n39, 248, 250, 253, 258n11, 258n17
Dayton, Arthur R., 220De Chair, Somerset S., 45n23,
145n10, 170De Gaury, Gerald, 35–36, 64Death sentence, 79, 213n38Decrypts
ENIGMA, 196ISK, 195ISOS, 195TRIANGLE, 135, 195ULTRA, 28n53, 178, 219, 237n1,
256Defence Committee, 106, 134Defence Security Office(r)
DSO Iraq, xv, 83, 117, 121, 127, 128, 142, 156, 158, 189, 195, 196, 199–201, 215n60
DSO Persia, xv, 121, 146n25DSO Syria, 200DSO Turkey, 195–197, 199, 200
307 INDEX
Delhi, 69Demolition, 96, 98, 101, 186Department EH, see Electra HouseDeportation, 65, 157Deputy assistant political advisor
(DAPA), 4, 66, 105, 138, 205Deputy director of military intelligence
(DDMI), 20Deputy head of station (SIS), 16Deputy head of station [SIS], 175De Salis, John, 81Desert, 3, 9, 49, 53, 55, 63, 100,
166n21, 170, 171, 174, 205–207, 245, 246, 249
Dessau, 182Deutsche Akademie (Munich), 33Deutsche Volkspartei (DVP), 182Devon, 10Diplomat(s), xiii, 14, 16, 26n37, 35,
64, 66, 88n15, 109, 119, 123, 129, 155, 177, 227, 232, 236, 257n9
Diplomatic bag, 50, 155, 230, 236
Director General of Education [Iraqi], see Al-Jamali, Fadhil
Diyarbakir, 196, 200, 202Documentaries, 19, 194, 207, 248Dollfuss, Engelbert (Chancellor of
Austria), 18Domvile, J. Patrick ‘Pat,’ 3, 24n11,
26n39, 98, 100–104, 106–109, 114n58, 249, 259n17
Donetsk, see StalinoDonor, Walter, see Dayton, Arthur R.Donovan, William J. ‘Wild Bill,’ 220,
221, 237, 238n3, 238n5, 239n8, 239n9, 243n60, 244n63, 252
Double agent, 196Drama, 247, 248Dronero, 10Dropzone, 188, 190, 203
Drower, Margaret S. ‘Peggy,’ 16, 27n46, 248, 249
Druze(s), 11–13DSO, see Defence Security Office(r)Dubois, Art, 237Durrell, Lawrence, 249, 258n14
EEden, Anthony, 37Edmonds, Cecil. J. ‘CJ,’ 66, 67,
139–141, 150n62, 251, 254Edmunds, Francis, 11Education, 5, 10, 11, 33, 71, 76, 78,
133, 134, 141, 245Edwardian, 246Egypt, Egyptian(s), 67–71, 74, 80, 81,
116, 124, 133, 144n4, 179n15, 190, 220, 223, 254
Eisenberg, Werner, 182–186, 193, 196, 198, 207, 207n2, 208n4, 208n6, 209n10
El Alamein, 106, 144n1, 163, 192, 206
Electra House, 15El-Katib, Said, 191Elphinston, William G., 56, 117, 118,
120, 145n10Embassies/legations/consulates
British, xvi, 36–38, 126, 136, 231
German, 33, 34, 96, 134Hungarian, 158Italian, 34, 50, 65Japanese, 158Swiss, 223US, 38, 45n29, 123, 129, 235, 236
Emir of Transjordan, see Abdullah bin al-Hussein
Emissary, emissaries, 80, 82, 122Erbil, 84, 85, 153, 186, 188, 189,
218n81
308 INDEX
Espionage, xiii, 5, 12, 14, 15, 19, 52, 127, 136, 156, 158, 165, 168n40, 177, 184, 185, 188, 190, 195, 197, 198, 200–202, 218n84, 219, 222–226, 232, 233, 237, 246
Estonia(n), 176, 179n15Ethiopia, 124, 125, 147n30Eton College, 22n2, 29n64Euphrates, 101, 171–173European Parliament, 253Europe, European, 2, 7, 8, 12, 17, 18,
32, 34, 50, 53, 77, 78, 82, 83, 116, 143, 157, 164, 195, 221
Evand, D., 153Execution(s), 193, 195, 236, 256Ex-Mufti of Jerusalem, see Al-Husayni,
Mohammed AminExpatriate(s), ex-pat(s), 9, 39, 81,
195, 224, 246, 247, 250, 255Explosives, 100, 102, 194External liaison, 3, 129, 221
FFaisal, Ghazi bin (King of Iraq), 34–36Faisal II (King of Iraq), 35, 98Falluja, 38, 52, 55, 63, 171Fao (al-Faw), 128, 161Far East, 32, 48, 75, 119, 162, 221, 234Farhud (pogrom), 64, 65, 72, 77–79Farrashband, 163Fascist(s), fascism, 2, 5, 35, 37, 42,
52, 68, 74–76, 78–81, 132, 134, 158, 211n30, 245, 246, 252, 255
Faw, 128Faysh Khabur, 160Fellah, Ahmed Humaid, 204–206,
216n74Felmy, Hellmuth, 192, 193, 212n35Ferneinsätze (long-range operations),
184, 194, 216n74
Field commander (SOE), 17, 21, 93–95, 98, 99, 102–104, 108, 109, 171
Field officer(s), 54, 176Field reconnaissance, see
ReconnaissanceField security, xiv, 152Field security officer(s) (FSO), 118,
151, 153, 159–161Field Security Section(s) (Intelligence
Corps)35 FSS, 15371 FSS, 153, 159–161, 166n2572 FSS, 153265 FSS, 153266 FSS, 153281 FSS, 153401 FSS, 153, 159–161, 166n25402 FSS, 153, 159403 FSS, 153, 159404 FSS, 153, 159405 FSS, 153406 FSS, 153407 FSS, 153408 FSS, 153
Field Security Wing (FSW), 151, 152
Fifth column, 55, 65, 73, 75, 93Fikri, Gaydan, 200–202Film(s), 36, 225, 247, 257n5Finland, 185First World War, xii, 6, 7, 66, 174Flanders, 17, 179n15, 248Flashing lights, 162Fleet Street, 251Fleming, Ian, 23n5, 88n16, 221Fleming, Peter, 69, 88n16Foreign Office (FO), 3, 14, 15, 19,
38, 41, 42, 54, 56, 88n15, 89n38, 96, 104–107, 113n44, 116, 118–120, 132, 138, 225, 229, 236, 238n5
309 INDEX
Foreign Office policy (see Policy)Political Intelligence Department
(PID), 15, 19Formations and units (Allied)
8th Army, 70, 144n1, 15310th Army, 96, 101, 112n35, 116,
119, 137, 138, 19210th Indian Division, 37, 5013th Lancers, IA, 259n2118th Indian Infantry Brigade,
115114th/117th Mahrattas, IA, 118Arab Legion Desert Force, 171,
173, 174Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS),
249Corps of Guides (Cavalry), IA, 115,
146n19DUNSTERFORCE, 27n50G(R), 5, 54General Staff Intelligence (GSI),
131, 137, 149n50, 164GHQ India, 56, 121, 125GHQ Middle East, 54GHQ PAIFORCE, 139, 166n20HABFORCE, xvi, 37, 42, 58n9,
171, 173, 174, 205Home Guard, 18Indian Army Reserve of Officers
(IARO), 102Intelligence Corps (see Field Security
Section(s))IRAQFORCE, 37Jewish Infantry Brigade Group
(‘Jewish Brigade’), 83Jewish Parachutists of Mandate
Palestine, 83KINGCOL, 37, 52, 79, 89n38,
170, 171, 246Life Guards, 171, 174, 178n3M(R), 5MERCOL, 205
Middle East Command (MEC), xiv, 5, 102
Pacific Gulf Command (PGC), 237Persia and Iraq Command (PAIC),
xiv, 5, 102, 103, 121Persia and Iraq Force (PAIFORCE),
xiv–xvi, 4, 65, 66, 103, 106, 119, 123, 128, 129, 131, 152, 153, 161, 164, 166n28, 199, 203, 233, 237, 241n39
Pioneer Corps, 83Poona Horse, IA, 117RAF units and formations (see Royal
Air Force (RAF))Royal Army Service Corps (RASC),
249Royal Artillery, 174Royal Engineers, 154, 174Special Air Service (SAS), 26n37,
164, 167n34Wellington Cadet College, IA, 115
Formations and units (Axis)6th Army, 193845 Deutsch-Arabische Infanterie-
Bataillon (see Formations and units (Axis), Deutsch-Arabische Legion (DAL))
Afrika Korps, 53Deutsch-Arabische Legion (DAL),
192, 204, 213n38, 217n76, 217n77
Gartenfeld Squadron, 203Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
(OKW), 148n44Seekriegsleitung (SKL), 186,
193–194Sonderstab F (Felmy), 192Waffen-SS, 135, 192, 254, 260n26Wehrmachtführungsstab, 183Wüstensonderverband 287 (see
Formations and units (Axis), Sonderstab F (Felmy))
310 INDEX
France, French, 10, 11, 18, 27n49, 28n53, 43n5, 122, 142, 154, 155, 184, 191, 208n4, 254
Frascati, 204Free French, 155Free Polish
Field security sections (FSS), 126–129, 131, 151, 152, 164
liaison, 164military police, 130, 151security forces, 66, 153, 189, 205
Fritze, Hans, 193Frogmen, 194Frontier(s), xv, 56, 65, 86, 126, 127,
129, 153–156, 158–161, 165n11, 166n20, 171, 181, 186, 188, 189, 237
Frontier closure, 159Frontier control, 122, 127, 153, 158Fuel dumps, 55, 194
GAl-Gamabi, Mahmud Salman, 202Gardaneh-ye-Shinak Pass, 186, 188Gare de Baghdad (Aleppo), 155Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali, 36, 37, 47, 49,
52, 57n3, 72, 74, 76–78, 97, 140, 141, 206
Gehrke, Franz, see Grobba, FritzGeneral Officer Commanding (GOC),
118, 120, 142, 237Geneva, 202Geniesse, Jane F., 14, 25n33, 29n64,
257n9Genoa, 10Georgia(n), 132, 243n56German Foreign Office, see Auslands
amt; Auswärtiges AmtGerman Palestinians, 252Germany, German(s), xiv, 4, 32, 48, 64,
96, 121, 154, 170, 181, 219, 247
Gestapo, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA IV
Giesing, 224Giffey, Anni, 176, 252Giffey, C.K.O. Brian, 175–177,
179n15, 221, 249, 252Giornale d’Italia, 80, 81Givat Brenner, 80, 81Glubb, John B. (Glubb Pasha), 16,
165n2, 170–175, 178n6Glubb’s Girls’ (Arab Legion Desert
Force), see Formations and units (Allied)
Golden Square, 37, 42, 67, 140, 253Götterdämmerung, 207Great Game, 234Great War, see First World WarGreece, Greek(s), 27n49, 81, 158,
164, 175, 191–193, 204, 217n76Grobba, Fritz, xvi, 32, 33, 35, 37,
49–52, 57n4, 59n12, 122, 125, 133, 134, 247
Guerrilla warfare, 54, 172, 235Guide/interpreter, see Interpreter(s)Gulf of Oman, 163, 164Gwynn, E.H., 100
HHabbaniya, see Royal Air Force (RAF),
RAF HabbaniyaHackforth-Jones, Campbell, 136, 249Haddad, Raoul, 222Haganah, 54, 81, 95, 96The Hague, 204, 217n78Haim Nathaniel Transport Company,
79Hall, David, 124, 125Hamburg, 179n15, 249Hamburg-America Line, 194Hamburger, Wilhelm, 195, 199Hamilton Road (Kurdistan), 186
311 INDEX
Hansen, Georg, 52, 59n12Haqqi, Ismail, 199Hard labour, 224Harrington, J.T., 100Harris/Griffiths murders, 4, 94Harry Ransom Centre (HRC), 39,
114n58, 258n15Harstad, 194Hasakah, 191Hashemite(s), 23n5, 32, 134, 142,
254Hassan, Mohammed, 134Hayouoglukoy (al-Ubra), 203Heat, 40, 45n26, 118, 188, 245Hegemony, xii, 219, 248Hejaf, 101Henderson, Loy W., 147n36, 221,
229, 230, 235, 236Herzegovina, 18Hesse, 183Heydrich, Reinhard, 57n3, 248Hill, C.S., 120, 138Himmler, Heinrich, 182, 202, 248Hirszowicz, Lukasz, xivHitler, Adolf, 5, 18, 33, 35, 47–49,
60n16, 74, 75, 96, 125, 182, 184, 206, 209n14, 212n33, 219, 248, 252, 253
Hitler-Jugend (HJ), 33, 78, 122, 133Hizb al-Haras al-Fida’i (Suicide Guard
Party), 72, 79, 133Hizb al-Istiqlal al-Iraqi (Iraqi
Independence Party), 134HMS Hermes, 50Hodgkin, Edward C. ‘Teddy,’ 67, 71,
83, 95, 98, 108, 109, 249, 250, 257n6, 258n14
Hodgkin, Nancy, 258n14Hoff, Hans ‘Doc,’ 210n17, 220–230,
236, 238n7, 240n30, 242n47Hoffmann, Fritz, 188, 189Holme, Christopher, 67, 68, 87n10,
251
Holocaust, xviin2, 82, 257n5Holt, Vyvyan, 12, 13, 16, 66, 107,
119, 177, 248, 251Homosexual, homosexuality, 2,
29n64, 177, 258n9Hope-Gill, Cecil G., 22n4, 45n26, 54,
95, 96, 145n13, 248Hoppé, Frank, 106Hore-Ruthven, Pamela, 16, 27n46,
70, 111n19Hormuz, 53, 161–163Hospital(s), 10, 84, 112n29, 115,
223Household, Geoffrey, 145n14, 152,
153House of Commons, 36Hurr, Emil, 207Al-Husayni, Mohammed Amin
(Ex-Mufti of Jerusalem), 34, 37, 54, 125, 133, 134, 253, 254, 260n26
Al-Hussein, Abdullah bin (Emir of Transjordan), 172, 174, 175
Hyde, Ulrica, see Lloyd, Ulrica ‘Hydie’
IIbsen, Henry, see Hoff, Hans ‘Doc’Ideology, 32, 34, 133, 240n19, 254Ikhwan-al-hurriya (Brotherhood of
Freedom), 67, 69, 70, 82, 87n12, 97
Imperial War Museum (IWM), 91n55, 144n4, 165n2, 209n13, 259n19
Import/export, 45n26, 124, 220India, Indian(s), xv, xvi, xviiin4, 5, 32,
37, 48, 50, 56, 58n9, 65, 66, 69, 86, 115, 116, 119, 121, 124–126, 133, 144n1, 152, 153, 170, 193, 234, 259n21
Indian Army (IA), xv, 100, 110n8, 117, 118, 144n7
See also Formations and units (Allied)
312 INDEX
Indian Ocean, 162, 194Indirect rule, 254Information officer(s), 20, 26n40, 70Intelligence
acquisition, 5, 66, 138, 235air (see Royal Air Force (RAF))all-source (ASI), 149n56analysis, 66collation, 117, 118, 120, 128, 138community, xviiin4, 9, 11, 106,
246, 255coordination, 136, 137distribution, 66, 120, 138economical and financial, 137equilibrium, 219, 234history, xii, xvhuman (HUMINT), 203, 245, 248,
253naval, 23n5, 27n40, 117nonoperational, 121, 136–138,
149n50open-source (OSINT), 24n20,
138operational, xii, 117, 137, 206political (see Tribal and Political
Intelligence (T&P))security (see Security)signals (SIGINT), 135, 248summary, summaries, xvi, 15, 66,
72, 76, 119, 239n7, 250tribal (see Tribal and Political
intelligence (T&P))Intelligence Bureau (IB) (India), xvIntelligence officer(s) (IO), xvii, 13,
19, 22, 98, 118, 144n7, 163, 170, 175, 182, 183, 257n9
Interception of mail, 201Internal security, 42, 79, 86, 127, 129,
143, 159Internment, 50, 73, 79, 84, 132, 134,
170, 198, 204, 215n52, 223Interpreter(s), 51, 188, 197, 223
Interregnum, 37, 47, 67, 72, 74, 76, 97, 98, 132, 133, 141
Interrogation(s), 20, 26n40, 68, 129, 130, 155, 163, 189, 190, 195, 197–199, 205, 206, 224
Inter-Services Liaison Department (ISLD), 5, 96, 107, 130, 131, 137, 149n50, 169, 174, 177, 178, 220, 221, 237, 256
See also MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service)
Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), 76Iraq, Iraqi(s)
air force, 52, 53Antiquities Museum, 34, 87n11, 97army, 4, 34, 38, 49, 64, 65, 67, 73,
100, 102, 118, 122, 134, 143, 192, 196, 254
Civil Censorship (ICC), 119, 127Criminal Investigation Department
(CID), 72, 73, 77, 83, 118, 123, 126, 127, 129, 134, 190, 199, 218n81, 222
defence, xiii, xv, 39, 197, 225education, 33, 133foreign affairs, 38, 40, 4114 July Revolution, 255health, 141, 142internal affairs, xvi, 54Mandatory Iraq, xixn9, 254military mission to Yemen, 134, 247police, 39, 65, 86, 108, 129, 189,
196residence law, 224Royal Medical College (IRMC),
226State Broadcasting Service, 33State Railways (ISR), 160
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 39, 43n5, 96, 101, 102, 131, 159–160, 171, 232, 233, 243n57
Irgun Zevai Leumi (IZL), 54, 55
313 INDEX
Iron Cross, 182Isfahan, 93Iskenderun, 202Islam, 70Israel, Israeli(s), xi, 80, 83Istabulat, 173Istanbul, 135, 154, 156, 158, 185,
189, 191, 195–200, 202, 206, 224, 247, 248, 252
Italian army, 204Italy, Italian(s), 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19,
26n40, 27n49, 28n53, 34, 43n5, 48, 50–52, 65, 68, 69, 73, 80, 81, 83, 125, 153, 158, 164, 167n34, 170, 176, 184, 204, 209n14, 217n77, 221
Izzard, Molly, 14, 22n2, 23n5, 25n33, 29n64
JJaffa, 83, 124, 250Jakob, Conny, 163Al-Jamali, Fadhil, 33, 148n39Japan, Japanese, xv, 48, 50, 142, 158,
161–163, 167n29, 167n32, 206, 221
Jask, 162, 167n32See also Royal Air Force (RAF), RAF
JaskJazirah, 172, 173Jerusalem, xvi, 29n64, 34, 95, 116,
168n40, 250, 253, 258n14, 260n26
Jew(s), Jewisharmed forces, 81homeland (Jewish state in Palestine),
49Jewish Agency for Palestine (JAFP),
95Jewish Infantry Brigade Group (see
Formations and units (Allied))
Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine (see Formations and units (Allied))
labour movement, 95Jifani, Abdul Hassan Tahir, 204–206Johnson, J.C.A. ‘Johnny,’ 39, 46n31,
100, 112n33Jones, George W., 4, 24n15Jones, J. Frank ‘Jonesy,’ 71, 96, 98,
111n19Jope-Slade, Robert ‘Jope,’ 117, 118Jordan, Julius, 34, 35, 44n15Juma, Mahmud Fawzi, 78
KKaltenbrunner, Ernst, 182, 183, 208n7Kampfgemeinschaft revolutionärer
Nationalsozialisten (KGRNS), 223
Karachi, 53Karradi, Jassim Hussein, 204–206,
216n74, 218n81Kassel, 183Katayib ash Shabab (Regiment of
Youth), 78, 79, 133Keeble, Daphne, 98, 108Kellar, Alexander ‘Alex,’ 166n11, 233,
234, 243n61, 244n62, 244n63, 244n65
Kerbala, 101, 132Kermanshah, 159Ker, William P., 11, 12Khadhimiya, 77, 174Khan, Achat, 196, 198Khanaqin, 128, 129, 148n39, 159Khidir, Shawkat, 199, 200Khorramshahr, 128, 226Khosravi, 153, 159Khuzestan, 110n8, 163, 191Kibbutz, 80, 83King David Hotel (Jerusalem), 250
314 INDEX
King Faisal Bridge, 38Kirkuk, xv, 53, 66, 77, 98, 102, 103,
108, 112n29, 112n35, 129, 153, 198, 232
Kleczkowski, Karl, 195, 199Koch, Fred, 194, 195Kohlhaas, Wilhelm, 51, 52, 56n2Konieczny, Georg, 188, 189, 223Koy Sanjaq, 85, 188Kristallnacht, 77Küçük Büro (Kuchuk Bureau), 200Kurdish expert(s), xviiin4, 39, 66,
101, 139, 140, 232Kurd(s), Kurdish, Kurdistan, xi, xii, xv,
4, 5, 32, 36, 66, 77, 84–86, 89n38, 97, 99–103, 106, 108, 112n31, 118, 121, 128, 129, 139–143, 162, 176, 181, 183, 186–191, 196–198, 200–202, 206, 210n16, 211n27, 211n30, 216n68, 222, 230–235, 237, 254, 255
Kurmis, Martin, 207Kursk, 106Kut, 153Kuwait, 35, 101, 159, 161, 192
LLahousen, Erwin von, 188, 248, 252,
259n23, 259n24Lamb, Harold, 228, 229, 241n44Lancaster, Osbert, 2Land settlement officer, 39, 100Lane, Thomas F., 100Language(s), linguistic skills
Arabic, 9, 10, 12, 22, 25n28, 27n49, 33, 51, 70, 85, 87n7, 90n50, 98, 116, 152, 191, 203, 218n80, 258n14
Farsi, 17, 25n28, 27n49, 223
German, 10, 11, 27n49, 33, 133, 164, 223
Hindi, 8Italian, 10, 11, 16, 21, 27n49Kurdish, 39, 66, 100, 139, 140Russian, 25n28, 112n30, 130, 164Urdu, 8
Laux, Helmut, 51Lawyer(s), 70, 181, 182, 214n45,
223, 225Le Mang, Richard, 223Le Mang, Walther, 223, 224, 240n20Leary, Lewis, 225, 228, 240n28,
241n43, 242n45Lebanon, 11, 76, 220Lebensraum, 207Left, leftist, 71, 75, 77, 83, 103, 134,
136, 176, 182, 223, 237, 240n19, 249, 255
Lehnitz, 204Lend-Lease, 121, 127, 201Leros, 106Levant, Levantine, xvi, 12, 116, 124,
126, 153, 166n21, 176, 186Leverkuehn, Paul, 185, 186, 189,
195–198, 200, 206, 207, 209n14, 214n46, 224, 247, 252
Liaison officer(s), xv, 51, 66, 112n30, 139, 171, 178n3, 184, 188
Libya, 251Lignes Syriennes de Baghdad (LSB),
160Line(s) of communication, 32, 48, 78,
120Line(s) of reinforcement, 48Line(s) of supply, 48, 78Lisbon, 185Lloyd, Seton H.F., 23n5, 29n64,
29n67, 35, 44n19, 63, 67, 71, 87n11, 96–98, 103, 108, 109n6,
315 INDEX
111n23, 113n42, 177, 221, 241n42, 249–251
Lloyd, Ulrica ‘Hydie’ (Ulrica Hyde), 108, 249
London, 7, 8, 10, 16, 19, 21, 54, 95, 97, 100, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111n22, 112n29, 113n44, 116, 120, 138, 175, 176, 179n15, 227, 243n56, 243n60, 243n61, 244n64, 248, 250, 251
Long-range operations, see Ferneinsätze (long-range operations)
Lonsdale, M.R., 98Loos, Roland, 183‘Lord Haw-Haw,’ 33Loud, Gordon, 228, 239n12, 239n14,
239n15, 240n26–28, 241n31, 241n32, 241n34, 241n36, 241n37, 241n40–43, 242n45, 242n49, 242n52, 242n53, 243n58, 244n66–68, 244n73
Luftwaffeaviation fuel, 52Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung
(DAL) (see Formations and units (Axis))
Gartenfeld Squadron (see Formations and units (Axis))
operational range, 52, 55refuelling stops, 203, 216n74
Luristan, Lurs, 4, 140Lyon, Wallace A., 39, 46n31, 100,
101
MMaadi, see Combined Services Detailed
Interrogation Centre (CSDIC), Maadi
Macaulay, Rose, 2
Madfai, Jamil, 65Mafraq, 172Magan, William ‘Bill,’ xiiiMakhmur, 85Malaya, 234Mallett, Donald, 99, 111n29Manchester Guardian, 109, 249Maqil, 153Maritime Commission, 226Marriage(s), 124, 249, 258n9Marxism, Marxist(s), 76, 81–83,
90n47Mary, see SKK (Seekampfkutter)
203Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), 7,
24n23Maunsell, Raymond, 116, 120, 144n4,
146n25, 152, 168n40, 177, 184, 185, 200, 211n24
Maydwell, Charles St George, 100
Mayr, Franz, 163, 190, 210n24, 242n51
McNearnie, Hugh, 99, 111–112n29Mediterranean, 10, 32, 48, 101, 161,
176, 184, 206Mensheviks, 76Mentioned in Despatches (MID), 95,
144n7Mersin, 202Meseritz (Miedzyrzecz), 193Meshahida, 174Mesopotamia(n), 31, 67, 118, 141,
149n57, 179n15, 220Metkovic , 18Meydan Ekbez, 154, 165n11M14 (maps and mapping), 12MI5 (Security Service), xiv, 3, 5,
23n10, 120, 124, 131, 146n25, 171, 177, 233, 244n62, 250
B Branch, 233, 244n62
316 INDEX
MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service)Section D, xiii, 1, 15, 16, 19–21,
23n10, 26n39, 27n45, 61n30, 68, 95, 119, 167n34, 249, 257n8
Section IX, 176, 179n17Subsection Vw (Radio Intelligence
Section), 214n48Vauxhall HQ, 14See also Inter-Services Liaison
Department (ISLD)Middle East, xi–xvi, xviin2, xviin3,
xviiin4, xviiin7, xixn10, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 22, 26n39, 44n11, 44n16, 47, 48, 55, 57n3, 60n23, 69, 88n16, 103–105, 107, 108, 113n44, 116, 119, 121, 127, 130, 132, 135, 137, 143, 149n50, 151, 153, 157, 158, 162, 169, 171, 174–177, 184–186, 191, 192, 194, 196, 200, 203, 206, 207, 208n4, 209n14, 213n36, 220, 225, 228, 230, 233, 234, 240n26, 244n62, 244n73, 246, 248, 250, 253, 254, 257n8
Middle East Centre Archive (MECA), xiii, 45n26, 58n9, 146n19, 150n62, 165n2, 178n4, 179n11
Middle East Defence Committee (MEDC), 137, 149n50
Middle East Intelligence Centre (MEIC), xiv, 13, 19–21
Miedzyrzecz, see Meseritz (Miedzyrzecz)
Militärisches Amt, 183Mil D, 183, 184, 194, 195, 203,
208n4, 208n8Military attaché(s), 12, 13, 110n8,
129, 229, 230, 241n39Millspaugh Mission (Persia), 232,
242n55
Milne, I.I. ‘Tim,’ 18, 260n29Minister of State (Cairo), 137Ministers (to Iraq)
German (see Grobba, Fritz)United States, 229
Ministry of Information (MOI), 3, 15, 16, 19, 21, 26n40, 67, 68, 97, 107, 256
Minority, minorities, 77, 87n2, 121, 140, 141, 149n60, 206, 207n2, 216n68, 230
Missionary, 124, 125, 230, 231, 235, 242n55
Mitford, Terence Bruce, 23n10, 100, 162–164, 167n34, 249
MOFA, see Movements of Foreign Agents
Molotov, V.M., 74Monck-Mason, George E.A.C., 4, 36Montana, 230Moon Palace, The (Qasr al-Qamar),
118Moorehead, Caroline, 14, 25n28,
25n33Morale, 40, 41, 88n17, 152, 204, 228Moscow, 74–76, 176Mossad LeAliyah Bet, 81, 82Mosul, xvii, 36, 46n29, 51, 65, 68,
83, 85, 96, 99, 100, 112n29, 117, 126, 153, 155, 160, 161, 172, 173, 188, 191–193, 196, 197, 203, 205, 211n30, 214n50
Mountaineer, mountaineering, 11‘Mounties’ (Royal Canadian Mounted
Police), 152Movements, 6, 38, 65, 71, 76, 78, 79,
81, 82, 95, 107, 122, 124, 126, 128, 171, 186, 200, 220, 223, 224
Movements of Foreign Agents (MOFA), 123–125, 147n29, 148n39
317 INDEX
Mozambique Channel, 162Muaskar Rashid, 38‘Muddle’ East, 3Mujahideen, 78Mukhtar, Fahridin Muhidin, 199,
200Müller, Gottfried, 186–191, 196, 198,
209–210n16Müller, Hans, 188Mundhiriya, 159Munich, 223, 224Munitions dump(s), 98, 100Murmansk, 76Mushaq, 118Mussolini, Benito, 125, 133, 184, 204Muthanna Club, see Nadi al-Muthanna
NNadi al-Muthanna, 33Nairn Transport Company, 160,
166n21Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh
Del (NKVD), 232, 237Nashdom Abbey, 1Nasret, Su’ad Saadet Fatma, 198, 199National Cooperative Society (NCS),
76Nationalsozialistischer
Rechtswahrerbund (NSRB), 182Naumann, Fritz, 183, 208n6Naval intelligence, 23n5, 27n40Naval power, 48Nazi secrets, 248Nazi(s), Nazism
foreign policy, 47racial policy, 48
Near East, 58n7, 194, 241n42Near East Broadcasting Service
(NEBS), see Sharq al-AdnaNetwork(s), xiv, 17, 34, 71, 81, 103,
108, 120, 139, 152, 153, 158,
167n32, 173, 175, 176, 184, 201, 202, 221, 230, 234
Netzer Sereni, 83Neustift, 229Neutrality, neutral countries, 15, 20,
184, 185, 195New Jersey, 239n9Newton, Basil C., 95, 96, 107, 238n5New Zealand, 112n33, 176Nicolson, Harold, 2, 25n27Nilgiri Hills, 115NKVD, see Narodnyi Kommissariat
Vnutrennikh DelNomad, nomadism, xiii, 11, 17, 220Non-commissioned officer (NCO),
51, 127, 129, 134, 151, 165n9, 191, 194
Normandy, 182North Africa, 3, 53, 57n3, 69, 174,
176, 178n3, 192, 217n77Norway, 194Nuremberg, 252, 254, 260n26Nuri, Taha, 201, 202Nurse, nursing, 4, 10, 11, 41
OOffice of Strategic Services (OSS)
Cairo bureau, 220OSS-SI, 220, 222, 226, 235, 237,
241n42, 243n60; Near East Section, 220, 225
OSS-SO, 233OSS X-2, 195, 220relations with State Department,
226, 230Research and Analysis (R&A),
232Office of the Coordinator of
Information (COI), 220Office of the Surgeon General (SGO),
226
318 INDEX
Official Secrets Act, 250Oil
companies, 43n5, 128, 129, 143denial, 96, 101, 192, 195experts, 51, 194infrastructure, 48, 52, 101, 110n8,
128, 161, 193installations, 96, 121, 128, 161,
193, 239n18oilfield(s), xv, 52, 53, 112n36, 192,
193, 209n16, 258n15pipeline(s), xv, 52, 101, 160, 191,
193pumping stations; H1, 39; H4, 171;
K1, 39refineries, xv, 128, 192tankers, 128, 162wells, 101, 191, 192
Old Etonian, see Eton CollegeOld Haileyburian, 248Old Stoic, see Stowe SchoolOperational space, 13, 14, 17Operations/plans/initiatives (Allied)
COUNTENANCE, 115PLUM, 100WONDERFUL, 192YAK, 69
Operations/plans/initiatives (Axis)Achat Khan, 198ANTON, 203, 206ASLAN, 191BARBAROSSA, 49, 206BASRA, 193Bedaux-Felmy, 192, 207DODGERS, 127, 200, 202FRANZ, 203, 206, 242n51Khidir & Co, 199KINO, 147n34, 194, 195LIBERATORS, 127, 196, 197, 199,
223, 224MAMMUT, 136, 158, 183,
187–191, 196–198, 203, 206, 207, 209n15, 223, 239n18
Nasret, 198, 199OMAR, 198REISERNTE, 147n34, 193Robert College, 197RUVANDIZ-SCHLUCHT, 186SMUDGERS, 202TEL AFAR, 202–205, 216n74, 253
Orientalism, orientalist(s), xviiin4, 66, 98
Oriental secretary, 22, 66, 95, 96, 107, 145n13, 177
Oster, Hans, 248, 252, 259n22Other ranks (ORs), xv, 4, 106, 162Ottoman, 66, 97, 118, 122, 133, 141,
200, 220Oybin, 202, 204
PPahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah of
Persia), 98Palestine, Palestinian(s), xii, 21, 34,
36, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57n3, 61n30, 71, 77, 79, 81–83, 96, 107, 116, 121, 124, 125, 133, 142, 170, 171, 175, 203–205, 220, 225, 234, 249, 253, 259n17, 259n25
Palestine Police, 55, 116, 117Pan-Arabism, pan-Arab(ist), xii, 2, 33,
34, 36, 44n13, 47, 48, 67, 78, 134, 141, 142, 206, 254
Papen, Franz von (ex-chancellor of Austria), 185, 209n14, 247
Parachute drop, see Aerial insertionParachutist(s), 83, 136, 190, 203,
205, 211n27, 223, 253Paris, 9, 10, 182Passport control, 126Pearl Harbor, 220Penrose, Stephen B.L. ‘Binks,’
220–222, 224–228, 230, 231, 235, 236, 240n30, 240n31, 242n53, 243n60
319 INDEX
Perowne, Stewart, xiii, xviiin6, xxi, 16, 20, 23n5, 27n45, 64, 67–71, 96, 97, 104, 119, 131, 136, 145n15, 146n19, 176, 177, 247–249, 251, 258n9, 259n18
Persia (Iran), xiii–xvii, xixn10, 4, 5, 12, 17, 20, 24n13, 37, 48, 50, 55, 56, 60n23, 61n27, 67, 85, 86, 93, 94, 99, 101–103, 107, 112n31, 115, 116, 121, 126, 128, 131, 140, 146n22, 146n25, 146n26, 148n39, 152, 153, 155, 159–162, 164, 172, 179n15, 182, 186, 192, 198, 206, 220, 222, 224, 229–232, 236, 237, 242n51, 242n54, 249, 256, 257n6
Persian Azerbaijan, 112n30, 231, 234Persian Gulf, xv, 48, 50, 128, 147n34,
161–163, 176, 193, 194, 201Persian (s), xv, 2, 17, 50, 59n15, 65,
77, 86, 100, 110n8, 129, 140, 159, 161, 167n29, 167n36, 168n39, 181, 186, 191, 192, 223, 231, 232, 237, 242n53, 252
Persuasion, 23n5, 68–71Peshmerga (Kurdish irregulars), 86Philby, H.A.R. ‘Kim,’ 18, 24n24, 176,
247, 258n11Philby, Harry St John, 9, 25n24Philip, Aidan L.B., 3, 26n39, 71, 83,
95, 98, 99, 102–104, 113n42, 177, 248–250, 257n8, 258n14, 258n15
Photographer, photography, 1, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25n33, 51
Piekenbrock, Hans ‘Heinz,’ 252, 259n23
Plan(s), planner(s), planning officer(s), 3, 4, 31, 35, 51–53, 99–102, 104, 105, 107, 185–189, 191–194, 198, 207, 209n15, 210n16, 216n74, 225, 226, 228, 235, 244n63
Poland, Pole(s), Polish, 4, 35, 36, 41, 77, 88n15, 124, 130, 164, 168n40, 193, 259n23
PolicyForeign Office policy, 56, 105, 120,
132, 140, 225, 236SOE-PWE Policy Committee, 106
Polish-Jewish soldiers, 130Political adviser (PA), xvii, 4, 66, 71,
110n8, 119, 120, 138–140, 149n56, 162, 251, 254
Political Advisory Staff (PAS), 66, 119Political intelligence, see Tribal and
political intelligence (T&P)Political Intelligence Bureau (PIB)
[India], 131Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 5,
23n5, 103, 104, 107, 256Pollock, George, 55, 61n30, 95Port security, 128, 152
PSO Shatt al-Arab, 128Portugal, 185Postoccupational, xv, 96, 98, 100,
102, 104, 107, 112n36Postwar, xiii, 14, 71, 76, 107, 129,
130, 135, 142, 146n25, 147n37, 150n65, 229, 233, 234, 236, 237, 239n16, 253
Pouch, see Diplomatic bagPreoccupational, 96, 102, 104, 206Presbyterian, 230Press officer, 67Prison-camp, 152Prisoner(s) of war (POW), 68, 69, 81,
88n15, 183, 190, 218n84Privilege, 8, 155Pro-Axis, 65, 73, 84, 102, 132,
135Pro-German, see Pro-Nazi(s)Pro-Nazi(s), 32, 33, 35, 44n13, 50,
65, 73, 74, 78, 84, 85, 91n52, 93, 98, 131, 132, 134, 148n39, 163, 187, 192, 199, 243n60
320 INDEX
Propagandablack, 19, 23n5, 26n39, 28n58,
60n23, 67, 68, 96, 97, 105, 146n15
communist, 75German (Nazi), 33, 34, 43n8, 52,
64, 65grey, 28n58, 103oral, 69, 106–108radio, 52, 104, 119white, 19, 28n58, 51, 68, 97,
103–105, 119Propagandist, propaganda officer, xiii,
2, 4, 23n5, 34, 60n23, 67, 68, 229
Prussia, 184Public Information Office (PIO), 96,
119Publicity, 23n5, 28n58, 51, 68,
87n12, 99, 104, 119, 120Public relations, 67, 68, 119, 131,
142, 177Public school(s), 7, 248
QQaiyara, 153Qashgai tribe (Persia), 93, 162Qassim, Bay, 196, 197, 199Quinan, Edward P., 56Quwwat al-Sab’awi al-Wataniya
(Sabawi Nationalist Force), 78
RRace/racism, 140Radio Berlin, 97Radio communications, see Wireless
telegraphy (W/T)Railway security, 153Ramadi, 35, 159Ramzi, Rashid, 188–191, 197
Ranfurly, Hermione (Countess of Ranfurly), 16, 27n46
Ranks, xv, xvi, 15, 21, 57n3, 65, 76, 130, 138, 144n7, 145n12, 182
Rasul, Khalil, 204–206, 216n74, 217n76
Rayat, 188Raziel, David, 54, 55, 61n26Rebels, 41, 46n29, 56, 65, 68, 133,
172, 174Reconnaissance, 5, 25n34, 26n36, 41,
115, 152, 163, 164, 174, 189Red Army, 76, 122, 232Red assimilation, 82Red Sea, 101Regent of Iraq, see Abdulillah of
Hejaz, Emir (Regent of Iraq)Regional administrator(s), 234Regional commander (SOE), 102Registry, see Combined Intelligence
Centre Iraq and Persia (CICI), records section (registry)
Rehovot, 80Reichert, Franz, 203Reichert, Hugo Ernst, 203Reichsmarine, 194Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
RSHA IV (secret police [Gestapo]), 252
RSHA VI (foreign intelligence), 57n3, 135, 148n44, 163, 186, 189–191, 194, 196, 203, 206, 207, 219, 242n51, 253
RSHA Amt Mil (successor to Abw II) (see Militärisches Amt)
Reit-im-Winkl, 183Rhodes, 51, 216n74Rhodes scholarship, 252, 257n4Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 48, 51,
57n3Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, 74Richardson, Leonard, 108, 109
321 INDEX
Road reports, 222Robert College (Istanbul), 197, 211n24Roberts, Douglas, 200Roberts, John, 106Robinson, Gerald, 152Rogers, T.E., 162Roman Catholic clergy, 69Rome, 80, 204Rommel, Erwin, 53, 135Roosevelt, Archibald B. ‘Archie,’ 227,
237, 241n39Rowanduz, 32, 85, 101, 159, 186,
188Royal Air Force (RAF)
Air Officer Commanding (AOC), 13, 37, 118
Assyrian Levies, 32, 99, 112n29chief intelligence officer (CIO),
131‘I’ Branch (air intelligence), 98,
117, 120, 123, 131No. 4 FTS, 37RAF Habbaniya, 37, 43n7, 50–52,
55, 116, 117, 170, 171RAF Jask, 161RAF Shaiba, 153RAF Volunteer Reserve, 116
Royal Flying Corps (RFC), 37Royal Geographical Society (RGS),
18Royal Haditha Hunt, 247Royal Indian Navy, 162Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
(RNOH), 250Royal Navy, 50, 53, 200Russell, L.F.P. ‘Pat,’ 259n21Russian Front, 59n10, 193, 207, 252,
259n23Russia/Russian(s), see Soviet, Soviet
UnionRutbah, 171Ryan, Edward P.J., 116, 144–145n7
SSabawi, Yunis, 78, 79, 123,
133Sabotage, saboteur(s), sabotage
officer(s), xiii, 2, 4, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57n3, 60n23, 65, 78, 79, 81, 86, 88n15, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 107, 128, 135, 136, 158, 171, 177, 181, 186, 188, 191–194, 196, 204, 206, 217n78, 239n18, 256
Safwat, Ismail, 134Said, Edward, xii, xviiin4Said, Fahmi, 38Said, Saif-ud-Din, 134Salt mines, 162Samarra, 173Samawah, 153Sana’a, 20, 21Sargon, Arthur, 118, 145n12,
259n17Satia, Priya, xii, xviin3, 105Saudi Arabia, 126, 161, 171, 175,
192, 220, 234Saxony, 183, 202Scaife, Christopher H.O., 71Schein und Wirklichkeit, 47Schellenberg, Walter, 148n44, 182,
218n82, 248Schools, 7, 33, 59n10, 76, 79, 98,
122, 133, 143, 198, 217n78, 228, 248
Schuback, Kurt, 207Schulze-Holthus, Berthold, 163Scotland, Scots, Scottish, xviiin6, 12,
35, 116, 167n34, 248Scouting operation, see ReconnaissanceScout(s), 5–7, 9–12, 15, 18, 20, 21,
28n53, 79, 115, 220, 251Searches, 129, 152, 155, 156,
201Second British Occupation, xvi
322 INDEX
Second World War, xii–xiv, xvi, xixn10, 1, 3, 15, 17, 28n63, 43n5, 44n12, 117, 120, 121, 153, 171, 175, 207, 248, 255
Secret ink, 196, 199, 201, 215n60Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), see
MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service)Section D, see MI6 (Secret Intelligence
Service)Security
authorities, 77, 126, 127, 190equilibrium, 219, 234forces, 66, 189, 205measures, xvisecurity control officer (SCO/
SCOPG), 128, 153security intelligence, xiv, xv, 3, 66,
72, 74, 76, 116, 117, 120, 122, 138, 142, 144, 149n50, 164, 237
security officer (SO), 2, 84, 124, 129, 162, 164, 165n2
situation, 84, 121, 122, 135, 142, 143, 158
zones, 152Security Intelligence Middle East
(SIME), xiv–xvi, 105, 116, 120, 121, 123, 126, 137, 144n4, 146n21, 146n25, 152, 155, 156, 164, 166n28, 177, 178, 184, 196, 198, 200, 206, 211n24, 235, 239n16, 244n65, 256
Security Service, see MI5 (Security Service)
Selassie, Haile (emperor of Ethiopia), 125
Self-determination, 255Serbs, 18, 254Serdab, 98, 111n24, 118Sereni, Enzo, 80–83, 90n44, 90n47Shahraban (Miqdadiyah), 200, 201
Shaiba, 153See also Royal Air Force (RAF),
ShaibaShammar tribe (Jazirah), 172, 173Sharq al-Adna, 83, 250, 258n14Shatt al-Arab, 86, 128, 152, 161–163,
191, 193, 194Shavuot, 77Shawkat, Hamdi, 132Shawkat, Naji, 132, 133Shawkat, Saib, 33, 35, 91n52,
132–134Shawkat, Sami, 75, 132–134Sheikh(s), 66, 186Shemiran, 94, 95Shepheard’s Hotel (Cairo), 4Sherifian(s), 87n2, 143Shia, xi, 36, 77, 87n2, 103, 108, 121,
140–142, 254Shipping, 48, 161, 162, 164, 167n32,
193, 194, 226, 255Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 57n3, 148n44,
203Siege, xvi, 32, 37, 38, 40–42, 45n26,
131, 250Sikh(s), xxiSikorski, Władysław, 98Simferopol, 188Simmons, Frederic, see Sereni,
EnzoSinai, 192Sinderson, Harry ‘Sinbad,’ 35, 41,
248Sinjar, 159, 204Six, see MI6 (Secret Intelligence
Service)SKK (Seekampfkutter) 203, 194Skorzeny, Otto, 78, 183, 208n8,
218n82Sleeping-car staff, 154, 155Smart, Harry G. ‘Reggie,’ 37Smith, A.L., 249, 257n6
323 INDEX
Smuggler(s), smuggling, 55, 86, 101, 156, 160, 162, 165, 189, 196, 200, 202, 232
Social class, 245, 255Socialism, socialist(s), 76,
80–82Social set (the Baghdad Set), 16, 17,
63, 83, 98, 144n4, 176, 245, 246, 248–256, 257n9
SOE charter, 107, 119Sofia, 191Solel Boneh, 81South Africa, 6, 221South Gate, 16, 22, 26n39, 67, 83,
93–109, 113n42, 118, 131, 247, 249, 258n14
Soviet-occupied zone (northern Persia), 85, 86, 230–232, 237
Soviet political interestexpansionism, xiiin Iraq, 222in Persia, 222
Soviet, Soviet Union, xii, xv, 5, 48, 59n10, 73–76, 81, 82, 85, 86, 96, 98, 108, 112n30, 115, 121, 122, 128, 135, 143, 164, 176, 177, 179n15, 192, 207, 208n3, 218n84, 219, 222, 231, 232, 234, 237, 242n55, 259n23
Spain, 185Special forces, 52, 54, 59n10, 192,
248Special Operations Executive (SOE)
G-2 Plans, 104HQ (Baker Street), 97, 104SO1, 5, 15, 95SO2, 5, 95SOE–PWE Policy Committee
(see policy)Spencer, E.L. ‘Joe,’ 121, 135,
146n25, 152Spyscape, 120, 146n20, 247
Spy, spies, xv, 2, 6, 7, 11, 24n18, 59n10, 79, 93, 177, 223, 224, 250, 255
Stalin, Josef, 48, 74, 75, 232Stalingrad, 106, 135, 164, 188,
192–194, 206Stalino (Donetsk), 192Stark, Flora (mother of Freya Stark),
10, 12Stark, Freya, xi, xiii, xviiin6, 1–3,
9–11, 31, 63, 93, 119, 177, 187, 246
Stark, Robert (father of Freya Stark), 9State Department, 129, 221,
226–230, 240n31Staybehind (agent(s)), 100Steptoe, Harry N., 176, 177, 179n17St Margaret’s Church (Westminster),
249Stockholm, 185Stonehewer-Bird, Hugh, 47Stowe School, 116Strange, Roy, 80Strasser, Georg, 223Strasser, Otto, 223Strategic analysis, 222Strategic location (of Iraq), 108, 143Student(s), 33, 70, 78, 79, 195, 197,
199, 243n56Submarine(s), xv, 26n40, 68, 70,
161–164, 191Subversion, 34, 60n23, 65, 69, 95,
98, 132, 135, 163, 181, 206Sudan, 152Suez, Suez Canal, 3, 48, 135, 161,
162Šufflay, Milan, 18Sulaymaniyah, 39, 117Suleiman, Nadjat, 196Sunni, xi, 36, 108, 121, 140, 254Surveillance, 72, 82, 134, 152, 156,
161, 195, 199–202
324 INDEX
Sweden, 185Switzerland, 185Sykes, Christopher, xiii, 16, 21,
26n37, 60n23, 68, 83Syrian Sureté, 158Syria, Syrian(s), 12, 13, 34, 36, 37,
49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 65, 72, 73, 76, 79, 83, 84, 126, 133, 142, 153–155, 157–161, 165n11, 167n34, 174, 181, 188, 191, 200, 204, 220, 222
Système d’ensablement (Bedaux sanding-up technique), 192
TTabriz, 112n30, 232, 242n55, 243n56Taji, 174T&P, see Tribal and political
intelligenceTank transporters, 249Taurus Express, 153–157, 160,
165n8, 199Taurus Mountains, 100, 162Teachers, 33, 34, 74, 76, 79, 84, 133,
142Tehran, xv, 7, 22, 26n37, 59n15,
60n16, 60n23, 76, 93–95, 102–104, 110n8, 121, 127, 135, 146n25, 163, 168n40, 190, 224, 230–232, 237, 241n44, 249, 257n8
Tel Afar, 202–205, 216n74, 216n75, 217n79, 253
See also Operations/plans/initiatives (Axis)
Television, 37, 247, 248Tel Kotchek, 153–155, 157–161,
166n25Tel Ziouane, 153Tennant, Christopher G. (Lord
Glenconner), 101
Terrain analysis, 222Terrorism, terrorist(s), 50, 107, 196,
253, 259n25Third Reich, 78, 248Thomas Cook & Son (travel agency),
160Thompson, Geoffrey, 108, 109Thornhill, Cudbert, 16, 20, 27n44,
68, 69, 80, 81, 83, 88n15Tigris, 36, 39, 97, 118, 170, 173,
188, 247, 252Tilley, Edmund, 190, 209n15,
210n20, 210–211n24, 239n18The Times, 167n34, 251Tirpitzufer, 182, 184Topography, topographical, 12, 19,
126, 139, 252Torino, 10Toughs, 54, 55, 78, 88n17, 103,
144n7, 167n34Toulmin, John G., 220, 244n72Transcaspia, 192Transcaucasia, 4, 192Transjordan, 57n3, 161, 170–172,
174, 175, 178n6, 220Travel permit(s), 72Trevor-Roper, Hugh (Baron Dacre of
Glanton), 196, 214n48Trial(s), xi, 72, 197, 202, 206,
214n51, 225, 254Tribal and political intelligence
(T&P), xvii, 117, 119, 120, 122, 138, 139, 141, 142, 149n57
Tribal dress, 190Tribal territory, 152, 163, 188Tribe(s), tribesmen, xv, 4, 32, 34, 78,
93, 100, 101, 103, 109n5, 139, 141, 162, 163, 172–174, 187, 226, 231–233
Trieste, 10Trott zu Solz, Adam von, 247, 257n4
325 INDEX
Tunnat, Heinz, 207Turkey, Turkish, Turks
Turkish police, 200Turkish secret service(s), 200
Turning point, 106, 135Typhus, 10, 228, 229Tyrolean Alps, 252
UUkraine, Ukrainian, 122, 237Umm Qasr, 161Underwood, H. John, 94, 95, 102,
110n8Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR), see Soviet, Soviet UnionUnited Kingdom, 166n27, 178n7United Kingdom Commercial
Corporation (UKCC), 131, 160United States of America, 53, 128,
147n36, 212n33, 216n68, 219, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 237, 239n8, 239n16, 244n63, 248
UniversitiesAmerican University of Beirut
(AUB), 220, 227, 228, 236Berlin, 223Cambridge, 7Columbia, 227, 228Halle, 223Ivy League, 239n9Leipzig, 223London; Bedford College, 10;
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 24n22, 112n29, 243n56
Oxford; Balliol College, 249; Christ Church College, 175; St Antony’s College, xiii, 8, 58n9, 136, 165n2; Wadham College, 2, 248
Rome, 80
Rutgers, 239n9Texas, xviiin6, 39Vienna, 18, 27n48, 203, 208n7,
223, 224, 227–229, 242n47; Neurologisch-Psychiatrische Universitäts-Klinik, 229
Upton, Joe, 231, 232, 242n54US Army Air Force (USAAF), 227US citizenship, 226, 229US commercial interests, 147n37,
233, 234US Department of State, see State
DepartmentUS military intelligence (G2), 3,
148n38, 227US Steel, 220, 239n8Ustinov, Jona ‘Klop’ (Baron Ustinov),
124Ustinov, Peter, 124
VV-Day (Victory in Europe Day), 232Venice, 10Ventimiglia, 10Vermehren, Erich, 195, 197, 199,
247, 252Vetting, 126, 131, 132Vichy French, 55Victorian, 45n26, 246Vienna, 18, 27n48, 203, 208n7, 223,
224, 227–229Vilayet(s), 66, 141Virkow, V., 100, 112n30Visa control, 122, 126Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD), 10
WWagner, Hans-Otto, 182, 184–186,
193, 194, 207, 207n2, 208n4Wahbi, Sabhi, 84, 91n52
326 INDEX
Waldegrave Initiative, xiiiWar Censor’s Office, 11War crimes, war criminal(s), 142,
212n35, 254, 259n23Warne, Calvin, see Allen, Thomas B.W.
‘Tom’War Office (WO), 13, 128Washington, 57n3, 130, 220,
225–228, 232, 237, 239n8, 241n42, 252
Wavell, Archibald ‘Archie’ (Field Marshal Earl Wavell), xiv, 69
Wehrmacht (German armed forces), 49, 122, 135, 148n44, 181, 182, 186, 203, 204, 209n16, 212n35, 217n76
Weimar Republic, 21Werwolf organization, 78West Africa, 194West Country, 250Western Desert, 53, 70West Indies, 119, 251, 259n18Whispering, 2, 97, 106White, Dick, 177, 178Whitehall, 15, 175White House, 227Wilde, Oscar, 21Wilkins, J.T., 129Williams, L.F. Rushbrook, 19, 97Wilson, Henry Maitland ‘Jumbo’
(Field Marshal Lord Wilson of Libya), xiv, 16, 19, 102, 105, 106, 247
Wilson, Patrick Maitland, xiiiWilsonian self-determination,
255Windsor, Duke and Duchess of, 192Wireless telegraphy (W/T), 101, 102,
107, 158, 177, 185, 188, 191, 198, 204, 211n27, 230
Wolfson, W., 200
Wood, E.K. ‘Chokra,’ 66, 87n6, 103, 115, 116, 118–123, 125–127, 129, 131, 132, 134–138, 144, 146n19, 152, 161–163, 166n28, 168n40, 206, 221–224, 226, 235, 236, 240n30, 250, 259n17
Woolf, Virginia, 2Wordsworth, Robin, 152Wright, Ed, 237W/T (radio) set(s), 4, 100, 188, 190,
196, 197, 205, 224Wünsdorf, 184, 209n12
YYahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
(Imam of Yemen), 27n41Yemen, 20, 68, 134Yezidi(s), xi, 85, 102, 140, 230,
254Youth(s), 33, 45n26, 78, 79, 122,
133, 143Yugoslavia, 18, 204, 217n76, 224,
235Yusuf, Mustafa, 200–202
ZZaehner, R.C. ‘Robin,’ 3, 24n11,
26n37, 95, 237, 243n56Zagros Mountains, 100, 103, 189,
231Zainal, Mudhaffar, 199, 200Zakho, 159, 161, 166n25Zarbatiya, 159Zionism, Zionist(s), xii, 2, 77, 79–82,
86, 90n47, 95, 142, 143, 206, 229, 233, 253
Zossen, 184, 185Zuhur Palace, 36