261© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

From To Region Visited Objective/product Client

1927–10 1928 Levant Beirut; Damascus; Jebel Druze; Palestine; Cairo

Unknown. Probably debriefed regarding the Jebel Druze

SIS/WO?

1930–04 1930–06 Persia Elburz Mountains

Cartographic survey (Valley of the Assassins)

WO

1931–08 1931–10 Persia Elburz Mountains; Luristan

Cartographic and archaeological surveys (Valley of the Assassins; Luri graves); RGS reports

WO/RGS

1931–10 1933–03 Baghdad – Baghdad Times (mostly) ?1932–09 1933–02 Persia Luristan Cartographic survey (Pusht-i-

Kuh [uncharted])WO

1934–12 1935–04 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence. Aborted (measles)

RGS?

1937–10 1938–03 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence; just RGS reports. (Wakefield archaeological expedition leader)

RGS

1939–03 1939–07 Syria Hama, Orontes valley, Aleppo

Probably no intelligence RGS?

Appendix A: Freya Stark’s known covert activities in the Middle East, 1927–1943,

compiled from various archival and published sources

262 APPENDIX A: FREYA STARK’S KNOWN COVERT ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST…

From To Region Visited Objective/product Client

1939–10 1939–10 Cairo – Meetings in Cairo with various intelligence personalities: Cawthorn (MEIC), Thornhill (SIS), Clayton (DDMI), et al.

–

1939–11 1940–02 Aden – Assistant Information Officer. Ikhwan al-Hurriya. Bonzo scheme

MOI/FO

1940–02 1940–03 Yemen Sana’a Political, military, economic intelligence. Persuasion

MEIC/FO

1940–07 1941–03 Cairo Ikhwan. Bonzo scheme MOI/SOE

1941–03 1943–02 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI1943–02 1943–03 Delhi Bonzo scheme GOC1943–04 1943–08 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI

Periods between travels spent in the UK and/or Italy. The duration and nature of Stark’s association with SIS throughout this period remain obscure

263© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

Operational Reporting Real Other Location

BUFFALO Walter Donor Arthur Dayton Art BaghdadBUNNY Henry Ibsen Dr Hans Hoff ‘Doc’ BaghdadKANGAROO Calvin Warne Rev Thomas Allen Tom TabrizIBEX Robert Craig Unknown Real name? Mosul

Appendix B: Cover names of OSS-SI agents in Iraq, 1943–1945, compiled from various archival sources

265© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

Appendix C: Covert initiatives targeting Iraq, 1941–1945, compiled from various archival

and published sources

266 APPENDIX C: COVERT INITIATIVES TARGETING IRAQ, 1941–1945, COMPILED…D

ate

Abw

II

KO

NO

Abw

II/

SKL

Mil

DA

rab

Bur

eau

Turk

ish

1941

–00

(1)

RU

VA

ND

IZ-S

CH

LU

CH

T19

42–0

1(8

)A

chat

Kha

n19

42–0

9(4

)B

edau

x/Fe

lmy

1942

–43

(9)

LIB

ER

AT

OR

S19

43–0

1(1

1)O

MA

R19

43–0

3(5

)B

ASR

A19

43–0

6(2

)M

AM

MU

T19

43–0

6(1

0)R

ober

t C

olle

ge19

43–0

9(3

)A

SLA

N19

43–1

2(1

4)D

OD

GE

RS

1944

–01

(12)

Nas

ret

1944

–01

(15)

SM

UD

GE

RS

1944

–06

(13)

Khi

dir

& C

o19

44–1

1(1

6)T

EL

AFA

R19

45–0

2(6

)R

EIS

ER

NT

E19

45–0

4(7

)K

INO

Num

eral

s in

par

enth

eses

indi

cate

the

rel

evan

t na

rrat

ive

in C

hap.

9

267© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

Appendix D: Organization of CICI in Iraq, ca. early 1944

268 APPENDIX D: ORGANIZATION OF CICI IN IRAQ, CA. EARLY 1944

Bas

ed o

n W

ar E

stab

lishm

ent

(PA

IC/

1046

/I)

, KV

4/

223,

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s

269© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

Appendix E: Deployment of area liaison officers, other security- intelligence

personnel, and political advisers in Iraq, ca. early 1944, according to War

Establishment (PAIC/1046/I), KV 4/223, The National Archives

270 APPENDIX E: DEPLOYMENT OF AREA LIAISON OFFICERS…

Abbreviations: ADSO = assistant defence security officer; ALO = area liai-son officer; APA  =  assistant political adviser; DAPA  =  deputy assistant political adviser; DSO = defence security officer; PA = political adviser; PSO  =  port security officer; SCOPG  =  security control officer Persian Gulf; SO = security officer; Basemap: Distribution of towns and cities in Iraq, Iraq and the Persian Gulf: September 1944, B.R. 524 (Restricted), Geographical Handbook Series (London: Naval Intelligence Division, 1944), 356

271© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

1. (a) The Centre will be located as may be most convenient, having regard to the collection of information and the discharge of its responsibilities to the GOC and AOC Iraq as defined below. It will be accommodated and locally administered under arrange-ments to be made by the Headquarters Royal Air Force in Iraq. The necessary cipher and other facilities required will be pro-vided by Army or RAF Headquarters as may be most convenient.

(b) Under existing conditions it will be necessary to maintain a detachment of the Centre in southern Iraq, but as far as circum-stances allow the Head of the Centre should ensure that its activities and information are co-ordinated with those of the main Centre. This detachment will not issue separate summaries or appreciations, except in cases of urgency when it is necessary to avoid delay in informing local commanders, or on demand from them.

2. In general the Centre will act as an intelligence organization for the GOC and AOC in Iraq for all but operational intelligence matters, and will be responsible, under their direction, for executive tasks of an interservice nature, such as security, civil censorship, propaganda, and publicity. The area to be covered by the Centre will be that for which the GOC Iraq is responsible.

Appendix F: Revised Charter of the Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq and Persia (CICI), issued on 6 July 1941

272 APPENDIX F: REVISED CHARTER OF THE COMBINED INTELLIGENCE CENTRE…

3. In detail, the tasks of the Centre will be:

(a) to provide the GOC and AOC with collated political and secu-rity intelligence and such other natures of intelligence as they may require the Centre to deal with;

(b) to co-operate, with the approval of the GOC and AOC, with the embassy publicity section in carrying out the general policy for propaganda as received in directives from the Jerusalem Bureau, or as ordered by the respective commanders in further-ance of local operations;

(c) to take or arrange for executive action in connection with gen-eral security other than field security, and censorship other than field censorship;

(d) to produce periodical intelligence summaries and appreciations, copies of which, in addition to local distribution, will be for-warded to C-in-C East Indies, GHQ India, GHQ Middle East, HQ RAF Middle East, MEIC, and the Jerusalem Bureau;

(e) to maintain close liaison in intelligence matters with the British naval authorities in the Persian Gulf;

(f) to afford all assistance to the local representative of MI6 and to distribute locally to all concerned information received from him.

4. The establishment of the Centre will include both Army and RAF personnel, and will be varied from time to time to meet the needs of the situation. It will include political advisers and assistant political advisers, who will work under the direct orders and control of HE The British Ambassador in Iraq, and area liaison officers who will work under the Head of the Centre.

5. The Centre will be provided with Secret Service funds by HMG in UK. Supervision over the expenditure will be exercised by GOC and AOC Iraq. Funds will be provided through the Jerusalem Bureau for the activities of the political advisers mentioned in paragraph 4.

(Source: Appendix D, AIR 29/2504, The National Archives)

273© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

Auswärtiges Amt (Berlin) [AA]

Politisches Archiv

R 29539 R 67482

British Library (St Pancras, London) [BL]

India Office Records

IOR/L/MIL/17/15/24 IOR/L/PS/12/3528AIOR/L/PS/8/520 IOR/R/15/2/926

Bundesarchiv (Berlin-Lichterfelde) [BArch]

Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)

R 58/38

UnpUblished Works

274 UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (Freiburg im Breisgau) [BArch-MArch]

Kameradschaft 1. Regiment Brandenburg

MSG 158/38

Deutsches Reich (1867/71–1945)

R 2/1767

Reichsmarine

RM 7/1074

Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas (Austin, TX) [HRC]

Freya Stark CollectionSeries I Works, 1916–1976

Container 1.3

Series II Correspondence, 1893–1985

Containers 11.1 12.2 12.5 13.1 13.10 20.5 20.7 23.5

Imperial War Museum (London) [IWM]

Documents Collection

4829 11631 15964 20694

National Archives and Records Administration (College Park, MD) [NARA]

Records of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS)

RG 226/E210/B261 RG 226/E215/B3 RG 226/E217/B1RG 226/E210/B389 RG 226/E215/B7

275 UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Records of the US Nürnberg War Crimes Trials

RG 238 Misc interrogations

Records of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

RG 263/EZZ17/B3 RG 263/EZZ18/B35

CIA Research Tool (CREST) Misc documents

Records of the Army Staff

RG 319/E85/B958

The National Archives (Kew, Surrey) [TNA]

Records of the Air Ministry, Royal Air Force

AIR 23/5860 AIR 29/2506 AIR 29/2510 AIR 29/2514AIR 23/5951 AIR 29/2507 AIR 29/2511 AIR 29/2515AIR 29/2504 AIR 29/2508 AIR 29/2512AIR 29/2505 AIR 29/2509 AIR 29/2513

Records of the Cabinet

CAB 102/610

Records of the Colonial Office

CO 725/52/5 CO 725/73/9 CO 725/74/15 CO 850/130/10CO 725/68/2 CO 725/74/10 CO 732/85/7 CO 967/130

Records of the Foreign Office

FO 371/23213 FO 371/27098 FO 371/45337 FO 624/26/838FO 371/23218 FO 371/27100 FO 371/45343 FO 624/28/195FO 371/23251 FO 371/27103 FO 371/45350 FO 624/29/634FO 371/24561 FO 371/27114 FO 371/52423 FO 624/32FO 371/24562 FO 371/30149 FO 371/75145 FO 624/36/306FO 371/24639 FO 371/35020 FO 395/663 FO 624/38/457FO 371/24644 FO 371/40089 FO 624/24/448 FO 799/8FO 371/27085 FO 371/40107 FO 624/26/567 FO 898/110

276 UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Records of the German Foreign Ministry

GFM 33/424

Records of the Special Operations Executive

HS 3/144 HS 3/195 HS 7/221 HS 7/270HS 3/146 HS 3/197 HS 7/222 HS 7/271HS 3/147 HS 3/198 HS 7/223 HS 7/273HS 3/154 HS 3/199 HS 7/225 HS 7/286HS 3/155 HS 7/86 HS 7/226 HS 8/896HS 3/156 HS 7/211 HS 7/227 HS 8/971HS 3/157 HS 7/213 HS 7/229 HS 8/984HS 3/161 HS 7/214 HS 7/230 HS 9/157/8HS 3/162 HS 7/215 HS 7/232 HS 9/931/3HS 3/165 HS 7/216 HS 7/234 HS 9/971/2HS 3/169 HS 7/217 HS 7/266 HS 9/980/2HS 3/178 HS 7/218 HS 7/267 HS 9/1181/4HS 3/189 HS 7/219 HS 7/268 HS 9/1189/2HS 3/193 HS 7/220 HS 7/269

Records of the Government Code and Cypher School

HW 14/52 HW 19/347

Records of the Security Service

KV 2/1482 KV 2/1734 KV 3/199 KV 4/234KV 2/1484 KV 2/3015 KV 3/200 KV 4/384KV 2/1485 KV 2/3658 KV 4/223KV 2/1486 KV 3/195 KV 4/240

Records of the War Office

WO 106/3093 WO 201/1424 WO 208/1572 WO 208/4347WO 106/5708 WO 201/2712 WO 208/1573 WO 208/4358WO 193/1006 WO 201/2713 WO 208/1575 WO 208/4464WO 201/844 WO 201/2714 WO 208/1581 WO 208/4558WO 201/952 WO 201/2853 WO 208/1588B WO 208/5088WO 201/1257 WO 201/2854 WO 208/1807 WO 252/870WO 201/1291 WO 201/2866 WO 208/1808 WO 372/2/159264WO 201/1402B WO 201/2867 WO 208/3095 WO 373/78/161WO 201/1404 WO 208/1215 WO 208/3194WO 201/1422 WO 208/1560 WO 208/3580WO 201/1423 WO 208/1563 WO 208/4211

277 UNPUBLISHED WORKS

St Antony’s College (Oxford)

Middle East Centre Archive [MECA]

GB165-0095 GB165-0118 GB165-0151 GB165-0228 GB165-0298

Whitman College and Northwest Archives (Walla Walla, WA) [WCNA]

Penrose Papers [PP]Section 8 (OSS)

B5/F2 B5/F4 B5/F6 B5/F7 B5/F8

279© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

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Christy, Jim. The Price of Power: A Biography of Charles Eugène Bedaux. Toronto: Doubleday, 1984.

Clive, Nigel. A Greek Experience, 1943–1948. Wilton: Michael Russell, 1985.Cooper, Artemis. Cairo in the War: 1939–1945. London: Hamish Hamilton,

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Eichholtz, Dietrich. War for Oil: The Nazi Quest for an Oil Empire. Translated by John Broadwin. Washington, DC: Potomac, 2012.

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Elliott, Clinton. Hidden: The Intimate Lives of Gay Men Past and Present. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2013.

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Jakub, Jay. Spies and Saboteurs: Anglo-American Collaboration and Rivalry in Human Intelligence Collection and Special Operations, 1940–45. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.

Jasse, Robert L. ‘Albion Triumphant: The Rashid Ali Affair, 1941?’. In Culture: Unity and Diversity: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies 1994, the University of Manchester, 309–23. Durham: British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 1994.

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Kahn, David. Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II. New York: Da Capo Press, 1978.

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Kedourie, Elie. Arab Political Memoirs and Other Studies. London: Frank Cass, 1974.

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Korn, Wolfgang. Schienen für den Sultan die Bagdadbahn: Wilhelm II., Abenteurer und Spione. Cologne: Fackelträger, 2009.

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Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. Iraq, 1900 to 1950: A Political, Social, and Economic History. London: Oxford University Press, 1953.

Lukitz, Liora. ‘Axioms Reconsidered: The Rethinking of British Strategic Policy in Iraq during the 1930s’. In Britain and the Middle East in the 1930s: Security Problems, 1935–39, edited by Michael J.  Cohen and Martin Kolinsky. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992.

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Lyman, Robert, and Harold Gerrard. Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Oxford: Osprey, 2005.

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Mallmann, Klaus-Michael, and Martin Cüppers. Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina. Darmstadt: WBG, 2006.

Marks, Leo. Between Silk and Cyanide: The Story of SOE’s Code War. London: HarperCollins, 1998.

McCarthy, Helen. Women of the World: The Rise of the Female Diplomat. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.

Mejcher, Helmut. ‘Hitler’s Route to Baghdad? Some Aspects of German Oil Policy and Political Thinking on the Middle East in the 1930s and Early 1940s’. In Germany and the Middle East: Past, Present, and Future, edited by Haim Goren, 71–83. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2003.

Monroe, Elizabeth. Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1971. London: Chatto & Windus, 1981.

Moore, Bob, and Kent Fedorowich. ‘Intelligence, Propaganda and Political Warfare’. In The British Empire and Its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002.

Motadel, David. Islam and Nazi Germany’s War. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.

Müller, Rolf-Dieter. Hitler’s Wehrmacht, 1935–1945. Translated by Janice W. Ancker. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2016.

Nicosia, Francis R. ‘Fritz Grobba and the Middle East Policy of the Third Reich’. In National and International Politics in the Middle East: Essays in Honour of Elie Kedourie, edited by Edward Ingram. London: Frank Cass, 1986.

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Nordbruch, Götz. Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945. London: Routledge, 2009.

O’Brien, Terence. The Moonlight War: The Story of Clandestine Operations in Southeast Asia, 1944–1945. London: Collins, 1987.

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O’Sullivan, Christopher D. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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O’Sullivan, Donal. Dealing with the Devil: Anglo-Soviet Intelligence Cooperation during the Second World War. New York: Lang, 2010.

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Schröder, Bernd Philipp. Deutschland und der Mittlere Osten im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Göttingen: Musterschmidt, 1975.

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Thies, Jochen. Architekt der Weltherrschaft: ‘Die Endziele’ Hitlers. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1976.

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Wildt, Michael. Nachrichtendienst, politische Elite und Mordeinheit: Der Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2003.

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offiCiAl And AUthorized histories

Andrew, Christopher M. The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2010.

Churchill, Winston S. ‘The Grand Alliance’. In The Second World War. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

Curry, John. The Security Service, 1908–1945: The Official History. Kew: PRO, 1999.

Foot, M.R.D. SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive, 1940–1946. London: BBC, 1984.

Goodman, Michael S. The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee. Vol. 1, From the Approach of the Second World War to the Suez Crisis. London: Routledge, 2016.

Hinsley, F.H., and C.A.G.  Simkins. Security and Counter-Intelligence. Vol. 4 of British Intelligence in the Second World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Howard, Michael. The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War. New York: Praeger, 1968.

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Roosevelt, Kermit. The Overseas Targets: War Report of the OSS (Office of Strategic Services). New York: Walker, 1976.

Woodward, Llewellyn. British Foreign Policy in the Second World War. 5 vols. London: HMSO, 1970–76.

seriAl pUbliCAtions And Web-bAsed ContribUtions

‘German Ideas on Iraq, 1937–1938’. Middle East Journal 12, no. 2 (Spring 1958): 195–204.

‘“One of Our Finest Tacticians”: General Wilson’s Record’. The Times, 12 April 1941.

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Al-Qazzaz, Ayad. ‘The Iraqi-British War of 1941: A Review Article’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 7 (1976): 591–6.

Albert, Simon. ‘The Wartime “Special Relationship”, 1941–45: Isaiah Berlin, Freya Stark and Mandate Palestine’. Jewish Historical Studies 45 (2013): 103–30.

Aldrich, Richard J. ‘Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service in Asia during the Second World War’. Modern Asian Studies 32, no. 1 (1998): 179–217.

———. ‘British Intelligence and the Anglo-American “Special Relationship” dur-ing the Cold War’. Review of International Studies 24 (1998): 331–51.

Arditti, Roger. ‘Security Intelligence in the Middle East (SIME): Joint Security Intelligence Operations in the Middle East, c. 1939–58’. Intelligence and National Security 31, no. 3 (2016): 369–96.

Arsenian, Seth. ‘Wartime Propaganda in the Middle East’. The Middle East Journal 2 (1948): 417–29.

Biddiscombe, Perry. ‘Unternehmen Zeppelin: The Deployment of SS Saboteurs and Spies in the Soviet Union, 1942–1945’. Europe-Asia Studies 52, no. 6 (September 2000): 1115–42.

Brenner, Y.S. ‘The Stern Gang, 1940–48’. Middle Eastern Studies 2, no. 1 (1965): 2–30.

Browne, J. Gilbert. ‘Iraq Levies, 1915–1932’. Assyrian RAF Levies. http://assyr-ianlevies.info/1915-1932.html.

Carleton, Alford. ‘“Near East” versus “Middle East”’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 6, no. 2 (April 1975): 237–8.

Clive, Nigel. ‘From War to Peace in SIS’. Intelligence and National Security 10, no. 3 (July 1995): 512–13.

Cohen, Edy. ‘The Farhoud Remembered’. BESA Perspectives, no. 484 (2 June 2017).

Cohen, Hayyim J. ‘The Anti-Jewish Farhud in Baghdad, 1941’. Middle Eastern Studies 3, no. 1 (1966): 2–17.

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Cole, Juan. ‘Iraq in 1939: British Alliance or Nationalist Neutrality toward the Axis?’. Britain and the World 5, no. 2 (2012): 204–22.

Cox, Jafna L. ‘A Splendid Training Ground: The Importance to the Royal Air Force of Its Role in Iraq, 1919–32’. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13, no. 2 (January 1985): 157–84.

Darwin, John. ‘An Undeclared Empire: The British in the Middle East, 1918–39’. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 27, no. 2 (1999): 159–76.

Dieterich, R. ‘Rasid Ali al-Kaylani in Berlin: Ein irakischer Nationalist in NS-Deutschland’. Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Kultur des Modernen Iraq 3 (1995): 47–79.

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Dovey, H.O. ‘The Middle East Intelligence Centre’. Intelligence and National Security 4, no. 4 (1989): 800–12.

Eppel, Michael. ‘The Elite, the Effendiyya, and the Growth of Nationalism and Pan-Arabism in Hashemite Iraq, 1921–1958’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 2 (May 1998): 227–50.

Fedorowich, Kent. ‘“Toughs and Thugs”: The Mazzini Society and Political Warfare among Italian POWs in India, 1941–43’. Intelligence and National Security 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 147–72.

Friling, Tuvia. ‘A Blatant Oversight?: The Right Wing in Israeli Holocaust Historiography’. Israel Studies 14, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 123–69.

Goodman, Michael S. ‘The Foundations of Anglo-American Intelligence Sharing’. Studies in Intelligence 59, no. 2 (June 2015): 1–12.

Gunkel, Christof. ‘Nazis über Bagdad: Hitlers vergessene Irak-Mission’. Einestages: Zeitgeschichten auf Spiegel-Online, 11 May 2011.

Hamdi, Walid Muhammad Said. ‘Iraq in the Aftermath of the Rashid Ali Revolt, 1941’. Arab Researcher/Al-Bahith al-Arabi 7 (1986): 33–5.

Heller, Mark. ‘Politics and the Military in Iraq and Jordan, 1920–1958: The British Influence’. Armed Forces and Society 4 (1977): 75–99.

Hoffman, Bruce. ‘The Rationality of Terrorism and Other Forms of Political Violence’. Small Wars and Insurgencies 22, no. 2 (2011): 258–72.

Holme, Christopher. ‘The Reporter at Guernica’. British Journalism Review 6, no. 2 (1995): 46–51.

Höpp, Gerhard. ‘Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947’. Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Kultur des Modernen Iraq 3 (1995): 19–46.

Hubbard-Hall, Claire M., and Adrian O’Sullivan. ‘Landscapes of Intelligence in the Third Reich: Visualizing Abwehr Operations and “Covert Space” during the Second World War’ (forthcoming in 2019).

Jones, Edgar M. ‘Desert Travel—Modern Style’. Modern Mechanix (October 1937): 64–6.

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Keddie, Nikki R. ‘Is There a Middle East?’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 4, no. 3 (July 1973): 255–71.

Kedourie, Elie. ‘Wavell and Iraq, April–May 1941’. Middle Eastern Studies 2, no. 4 (July 1966): 373–86.

Kelly, Saul. ‘A Succession of Crises: SOE in the Middle East, 1940–45’. Intelligence and National Security 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 121–46.

Khadduri, Majid. ‘General Nuri’s Flirtations with the Axis Powers’. Middle East Journal 16, no. 3 (Summer 1963): 328–36.

Kirk, Grayson. ‘Strategic Communications in the Middle East’. Foreign Affairs 20, no. 4 (July 1942): 762–6.

Knightley, Philip. ‘So What’s New about Gay Spies?’. The Independent, 1 June 1997.

Landis, James M. ‘Anglo-American Cooperation in the Middle East’. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 240 (July 1945): 64–72.

Lemke, Bernd. ‘Aufstandsversuche an der Oberfläche: Das Unternehmen “Mammut” (Irak) von 1943’. Krieg und Heimat, 14 February 2011.

Macfie, A.L. ‘British Intelligence and the Causes of Unrest in Mesopotamia, 1919–21’. Middle Eastern Studies 35, no. 1 (January 1999): 165–77.

Mattar, Philip. ‘Amin Al-Husayni and Iraq’s Quest for Independence, 1939–41’. Arab Studies Quarterly 6, no. 4 (Fall 1984): 267–81.

Munro, John M., and Martin Love. ‘The Nairn Way’. Aramco World (July–August 1981): 19–24.

Nafi, Basheer M. ‘The Arabs and the Axis: 1933–1940’. Arab Studies Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1997): 1–24.

Nicosia, Francis R. ‘Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939: Ideological and Strategic Incompatibility’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 12, no. 3 (November 1980): 351–72.

O’Sullivan, Adrian. ‘British Security Intelligence in Occupied Persia, 1942–44’. Global War Studies: The Journal for the Study of Warfare and Weapons, 1919–1945 12, no. 1 (March 2015): 38–56.

———. ‘Joe Spencer’s Ratcatchers: British Security Intelligence in Occupied Persia’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs 48, no. 2 (July 2017): 296–312.

———. ‘Neglected Narratives of Nazi Subversion’. Journal of The Iran Society 2, no. 16 (September 2017): 7–19.

O’Sullivan, Joe. ‘The RAF Levies’. Assyrian RAF Levies. http://assyrianlevies.info/grp-cpt-joe-osullivan.html.

Pankhurst, Richard. ‘A History of Early Twentieth Century Ethiopia: Mussolini and Ethiopia’. Link Ethiopia. http://web.linkethiopia.org/guide-to-ethiopia/the-pankhurst-history-library/mussolini-and-ethiopia/.

Paschasius, W. ‘Der Irak am Kreuzweg nach Indien’. Abhandlungen der deutschen Gesellschaft für Wehrpolitik und Wehrwissenschaften 9, no. 5 (December 1941): 225–32.

296 PUBLISHED WORKS

Porch, Douglas. ‘The Other “Gulf War”: The British Invasion of Iraq in 1941’. Naval Postgraduate School, 2 December 2002. https://calhoun.nps.edu/han-dle/10945/25458.

Rejwan, Nissim. ‘The Last Days of Iraqi Jewry’. Midstream 29, no. 1 (1983): 37–42.

———. ‘Rashid Ali’s Month of War’. Midstream 30, no. 9 (1984): 42–5.Riecken, Nils. ‘National Socialism, Islam, and the Middle East: Questioning

Intellectual Continuities, Conceptual Stakes, and Methodology’. German Historical Institute London Bulletin 38, no. 2 (November 2016): 63–76.

Röseke, Erich. ‘Die Bandenburger und ihre Ritterkreuzträger’. Die Nachhut: Informationsorgan für Angehörige der ehemaligen militärischen Abwehr 25–26 (1 October 1973): 36–9.

Rudolph, William E. ‘Strategic Roads of the World: Notes on Recent Developments’. Geographical Review 33, no. 1 (January 1943): 110–31.

Satia, Priya. ‘The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia’. American Historical Review 3, no. 1 (February 2006): 16–52.

Schaub, Harry Carl. ‘General Lahousen and the Abwehr Resistance’. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 19, no. 3 (2006): 538–58.

Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. ‘Nahostpolitische Retrospektive Dr Fritz Grobbas: Das Supplement zum Manuskript P-207’. DAVO-Nachrichten 14, no. 8 (2001): 53–6.

———. ‘“Der Geist aus der Lampe”: Fritz Grobba und Berlins Politik im Nahen und Mittleren Orient’. Comparativ 14, no. 1 (2004): 126–50.

Scott, Len. ‘Secret Intelligence, Covert Action, and Clandestine Diplomacy’. Intelligence and National Security 19, no. 2 (2004): 322–41.

Seubert, Franz. ‘Männer und Mächte im Vorderen Orient: Stellungnahme zu einem Buch des Gesandten a. D. Grobba’. Die Nachhut: Informationsorgan für Angehörige der ehemaligen militärischen Abwehr 5 (15 June 1968): 11–13.

Sinclair, Georgina. ‘“Get into a Crack Force and Earn £20 a Month and All Found …”: The Influence of the Palestine Police upon Colonial Policing 1922–1948’. European Review of History 13, no. 1 (2006): 49–65.

Smith, C.G. ‘The Emergence of the Middle East’. Journal of Contemporary History 3, no. 3 (July 1968): 3–17.

Smyth, J.G. ‘The Indian Army in the Present War’. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 30, no. 3 (September 1943): 298–310.

Sorby, Karol. ‘Iraq on the Eve of the Second World War’. Asian and African Studies 17, no. 2 (2008): 240–60.

Stoil, Jacob A. ‘The Haganah and SOE: Allies and Enemies: Irregular Warfare and Politics in Mandatory Palestine’ (unpublished paper given at SMH, 2012).

Stratton, Morton B. ‘British Railways and Motor Roads in the Middle East, 1918–1930’. Economic Geography 20, no. 2 (April 1944): 116–29.

‘The Battle for Habbaniya 1941’. Assyrian RAF Levies. http://assyrianlevies.info/battle%2D%2D-habbaniya.html.

297 PUBLISHED WORKS

Thorpe, James A. ‘The United States and the 1940–1941 Anglo-Iraqi Crisis: American Policy in Transition’. Middle East Journal 25, no. 1 (Winter 1971): 79–89.

Trentow, Bernd, and Werner Kranhold. ‘Im Dienst imperialistischer Weltherrschaftspläne: Zum Orient-Einsatz des faschistischen Rundfunks im Zweiten Weltkrieg’. Beiräge zur Geschichte des Rundfunks 7, no. 4 (1973): 22–50.

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division. ‘Notes on the British General Staff, Arms and Services’. Tactical and Technical Trends no. 11 (5 November 1942).

Usuki, A. ‘Zionism, Communism and Emigration of the Iraqi Jews: A Brief Survey of an Ancient Community in Crisis, 1941–1951’. JAMES: Annals of the Japan Association for Middle East Studies 9 (1994): 1–35.

Weinberg, Gerhard L. ‘Aspects of World War II German Intelligence’. Journal of Intelligence History 4, no. 1 (Summer 2004): 1–6.

Wichhart, Stefanie K. ‘A “New Deal” for the Kurds: Britain’s Kurdish Policy in Iraq, 1941–45’. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 5 (December 2011): 815–31.

———. ‘Selling Democracy during the Second British Occupation of Iraq, 1941–5’. Journal of Contemporary History 48, no. 3 (July 2013): 509–36.

Wild, Stefan. ‘National Socialism in the Arab Near East between 1933 and 1939’. Die Welt des Islams 25, no. 1/4 (1985): 126–73.

Witzel, Dietrich F. ‘Kommandoverbände der Abwehr II im Zweiten Weltkrieg’. Militärgeschichtliches Beiheft zur Europäischen Wehrkunde, no. 5 (October 1990).

Zubaida, Sami. ‘The Fragments Imagine the Nation: The Case of Iraq’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 2 (May 2002): 205–15.

obitUAries

Bassett, Richard. ‘Erich Vermehren: German Defector to the British, 1944 (Obituary)’. The Independent, 3 May 2005.

Burton, H.M. ‘Wing Commander Robert Jope-Slade (Obituary)’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 28, no. 3 (1941): 386.

‘Field-Marshal Lord Wilson: The War in the Middle East and Mediterranean (Obituary)’. The Times, 1 January 1965.

‘Gen. Sir Edward Quinan: Commands in India and Iran (Obituary)’. The Times, 15 November 1960.

‘In Memoriam: Colonel William G. Elphinston, MC (Obituary)’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 40, no. 2 (1953): 174–6.

‘Professor Seton Howard Frederick Lloyd (Obituary)’. Iraq 58 (1996): v–viii.‘Prof Terence Mitford: Classical Archaeologist and Explorer (Obituary)’. The

Times, 25 November 1978.Smith, Janet Adam. ‘Dame Freya Stark (Obituary)’. The Independent, 14 May 1993.

298 PUBLISHED WORKS

pUblished doCUMentAtion And doCUMents

Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945: From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Vols. 9–13. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1956–64.

Germany. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Kriegstagebuch (Wehrmacht-führungsstab) 1940–1945. Frankfurt: Bernard und Graefe, 1961–65.

Bülow, Bernhard von. Fürst Bülows Reden nebst urkundlichen Beiträgen zu seiner Politik: III. Band, 1907–1909 mit dem Bildnis des Fürsten und einem ausführli-chen Namen- und Sachregister. Berlin: Reimer, 1909.

Burdett, Anita L.P., ed. Iraq: Defence Intelligence 1920–1973. Slough: Archive Editions, 2005.

Committee, American Christian Palestine. The Arab War Effort: A Documented Account. New York: American Christian Palestine Committee, 1946.

Hurewitz, J.C., ed. The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975.

Jarman, Robert L., ed. Foreign Office Annual Reports from Arabia 1930–1960: Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Vol. 3 (1938–53). Slough: Archive Editions, 1993.

———, ed. Political Diaries of the Arab World: Iraq. Vol. 6 (1932–47). Slough: Archive Editions, 1998.

Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie, ed. ‘A Small Room in Clarges Street’: Secret War-Time Lectures at the Royal Central Asian Society, 1942–1944. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2014.

Mader, Julius. Hitlers Spionagegenerale sagen aus: Ein Dokumentarbericht über Aufbau, Struktur und Operationen des OKW-Geheimdienstamtes Ausland/Abwehr mit einer Chronologie seiner Einsätze von 1933 bis 1944. Berlin: Verlag der Nationen, 1972.

Müller, Norbert, et  al., ed. Das Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht: Eine Dokumentation, Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv 16. Koblenz: Bundesarchiv, 2007.

Trevor-Roper, Hugh R., ed. Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2004.

Wavell, Archibald. ‘Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942’. Supplement to The London Gazette, no. 37685 (13 August 1946).

———. Speaking Generally: Broadcasts, Orders and Addresses in Time of War, 1939–43. London: Macmillan, 1946.

West, Nigel, and Oleg Tsarev, ed. TRIPLEX: Secrets from the Cambridge Spies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.

Wilson, Henry Maitland. ‘Despatch on the Persia and Iraq Command Covering the Period 21st August, 1942 to 17th February, 1943’. Supplement to The London Gazette, no. 37703 (27 August 1946).

299 PUBLISHED WORKS

bibliogrAphiCAl And referenCe Works

Atherton, Louise. SOE Operations in Africa and the Middle East: A Guide to the Records in the Public Record Office. Kew: PRO, 1998.

Bidwell, Robin Leonard. Dictionary of Modern Arab History: An A to Z of Over 2000 Entries from 1798 to the Present Day. London: Routledge, 1998.

Bleaney, C.H., and G.J. Roper, ed. Iraq: A Bibliographical Guide. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

Cantwell, John D. The Second World War: A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office. Public Record Office Handbooks 15. Revised 3rd ed. Kew: Public Record Office, 1998.

‘Chronology’. Bulletin of International News 18, nos. 2–4, 7–10, 12–13, 17, 21, 23–25, 1941.

Dear, I.C.B., ed. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Foot, M.R.D., ed. Secret Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Grehan, John, and Martin Mace. Unearthing Churchill’s Secret Army: The Official

List of SOE Casualties and Their Stories. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2012.

Irak/Kuwait, 1:850 000. World Mapping Project. Bielefeld: Verlag Peter Rump, 2003.

Keipert, Maria, and Peter Grupp, ed. Biographisches Handbuch des Deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871–1945. 3 vols. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2000–08.

Kent, George O. A Catalog of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives 1920–1945. 4 vols. Stanford, CA: The Hoover Institution, 1962–72.

Kimmich, Christopher M. German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1981.

Klee, Ernst. Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war Was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt: Fischer, 2007.

Kopietz, H.H. ‘The Use of German and British Archives in the Study of the Middle East: The Iraqi Coup d’état of 1936’. In The Integration of Modern Iraq, edited by Abbas Kelidar, 46–62. London: Croom Helm, 1979.

Lenczowski, George. ‘Literature on the Clandestine Activities of the Great Powers in the Middle East’. Middle East Journal 8, no. 2 (Spring 1954): 205–11.

Rademacher, Michael. Abkürzungen des Dritten Reiches: Ein Handbuch für deutsche und englische Historiker. Vechta: M. Rademacher, 2000.

Sluglett, Peter. ‘British Archival Sources for the History of the Middle Eastern Mandates’. In The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives, edited by Nadine Méouchy and Peter Sluglett, 55–61. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

The Third Reich at War: A Historical Bibliography. ABC-Clio Research Guides, 11. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Information Services, 1984.

United Kingdom. Naval Intelligence Division. Iraq and the Persian Gulf. B.R. 524 (Restricted). Geographical Handbook Series. London: NID, 1944.

300 PUBLISHED WORKS

‘United Kingdom Official Histories of the Second World War: A Progress Report and a Bibliography’. Military Affairs 13, no. 3 (Autumn 1949): 170–6.

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division. German Military Intelligence, 1939–1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1984.

West, Nigel. Historical Dictionary of British Intelligence. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005.

Wistrich, Robert S. Who’s Who in Nazi Germany. London: Routledge, 2002.Young, Peter, ed. The World Almanac of World War II. London: Bison, 1987.Zentner, Christian, and Friedemann Bedürftig, ed. The Encyclopaedia of the Third

Reich. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1991.

theses And dissertAtions

El-Dessouki, Mohamed-Kamal. ‘Hitler und der Nahe Osten’. Dr phil diss., Berlin, 1963.

Flacker, Edgar. ‘Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy, 1933–1942’. PhD diss., London, 1998.

Melka, Robert Lewis. ‘The Axis and the Arab Middle East, 1930–1945’. PhD diss., Minnesota, 1966.

O’Sullivan, Adrian. ‘German Covert Initiatives and British Intelligence in Persia (Iran), 1939–1945’. DLitt et Phil diss., UNISA, 2013.

Paehler, Katrin. ‘Espionage, Ideology, and Personal Politics: The Making and Unmaking of a Nazi Foreign Intelligence Service’. PhD diss., American, 2004.

Rosbeiani, Pherset. ‘Das Unternehmen “Mammut”: Ein politisch-militärisches Geheimdienstunternehmen in Südkurdistan in den Jahren 1942/43 und seine Vorgeschichte’. Dr phil diss., Humboldt-Berlin, 2011.

Sawyer, Lynn Massie. ‘Orientalism and Three British Dames: De-essentialization of the Other in the Work of Gertrude Bell, Freya Stark, and E.S. Drower’. MA thesis, Liberty, 2012.

Shelley, Adam. ‘Empire of Shadows: British Intelligence in the Middle East 1939–1946’. PhD diss., Cambridge, 2007.

Wichhart, Stefanie K. ‘Intervention: Britain, Egypt, and Iraq during World War II’. PhD diss., Texas, 2007.

Wilson, Emily. ‘The War in the Dark: The Security Service and the Abwehr 1940–1944’. PhD diss., Cambridge, 2003.

fiCtionAl Works

Pumphrey, Arthur [Alan Pryce-Jones]. Pink Danube. London: Martin Secker, 1939.

Sykes, Christopher. High Minded Murder. London: Home & Van Thal, 1944.———. A Song of a Shirt. London: Verschoyle, 1953.

301© The Author(s) 2019A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6

Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAbadan, xv, 48, 50, 90n46, 110n8,

128, 147n34, 162, 166n28, 191–194, 211n32

Abdulillah of Hejaz, Emir (Regent of Iraq), 35, 36, 63, 64, 173

Abwehr (Amt Ausland/Abwehr)Abwehr I (active intelligence/

espionage); Abw I Luft, 109n2Abwehr II (sabotage/subversion);

Abw II Orient, 181; Brandenburgers (Lehrregiment Brandenburg zbV 800), Dolmetscherschule (Interpreters’ Training Unit), 223; Brandenburgers (Lehrregiment Brandenburg zbV 800), 2nd Battalion, 52; Freikorps Iran, 193; Kurfürsters (Lehrregiment Kurfürst), 59n10

Abwehr III (counterintelligence/counterespionage), 259n23

Abwehrstelle (AST); AST Athens, 185

Frontaufklärungstruppe 202 (FAT 202), 191

Kriegsorganisation; Kriegsorganisation Nahost (KONO), 135, 158, 185, 186, 189, 191, 195–200, 224

Adana, 202Addis Ababa, 124, 125Aden, 15, 20, 26n40, 68–70, 96Administrator(s), 66, 115, 116, 133,

152, 223, 234, 239n8, 256Aerial insertion, 188, 203, 216n74Afghanistan, 5, 182, 220Africa, 73, 221Agent(s), 2, 3, 5, 6, 19, 32, 34,

44n16, 50, 54, 55, 69, 73, 81, 85, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108, 123, 124, 126, 129, 130, 139, 154–156, 158, 162, 163, 167n32, 170, 175, 176, 185, 188, 191, 193, 195–197, 199–201, 203, 204, 213n44, 220–222, 225–228, 230, 232, 235, 237, 238n7

302 INDEX

Ahmed, Abdullah, 196, 197Ah-Tenuah, 82Aircraft

Heinkel He-111, 52Messerschmitt Me-110, 52Northrop A-17 ‘Nomad,’ 53, 54

Air intelligence, see Royal Air Force (RAF)

Air Ministry, 54Air Officer Commanding (AOC), see

Royal Air Force (RAF)Air policing, xv, 43n7Albania, 235Aleppo, 155, 156, 167n34, 198

See also Centre d’Examination des Voyageurs (CEV)

Al-Faw, see FaoAl-Futuwwa (Iraqi Youth Movement),

133Allen, Thomas B.W. ‘Tom,’ 220,

230–233, 235–237, 238n7, 242n51, 242n53–55, 243n56

Allied, Allies, xvi, xviiin4, 48, 54, 60n24, 73, 81, 82, 84, 85, 106, 120, 122, 126, 131, 135, 149n50, 161, 164, 174, 187, 188, 193–195, 200, 206, 216n68, 216n74, 222, 227, 233, 234, 237, 242n53, 252

Allied Control Commission, 176Al-Majalla, 75Al-Rai al-Am, 75Al-Ubra, see Hayouoglukoy (al-Ubra)Alwiyah, 252Amara, 84, 153, 197, 198Ambassador(s), 7, 27n47, 37, 41, 42,

56, 66, 105, 107, 108, 119, 120, 139, 140, 142, 185, 247, 248, 257n6

American-Iraqi Trading Company, 226Amman, 175Amt Ausland/Abwehr, see Abwehr

Amt IV, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA IV

Amt VI, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA VI

Andriassian, Hamparson, 156, 157Anglo-American relations, 233, 235,

239n16Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC),

28n51, 95, 110n8, 110n13, 128, 146n25, 160, 191, 211n32

Anglo-Iraqi joint frontier control, 127Anglo-Iraqi Security Board (AISB),

129, 148n48Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, 32Anglo-Iraqi War, xiii, 53, 56n2, 95,

170, 174, 196, 205Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC),

17, 27n49, 28n51, 29n64, 43n5, 249

Anglophilia, Anglophile(s), 147n36, 252

Anglo-Polish relations, 193Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia, 115Anglo-Soviet-Persian Censorship, 127Anhalt, 182Anhalt, Joachim Ernst von (Duke of

Anhalt), 182, 208n3Ankara, 185Antakya, 202Antibolshevism, 48, 253Antifascist, 68, 69, 80–82Antisemitism, 45n19, 48, 77, 253, 254Arabia, 32, 70Arabian Sea, 162Arabisches Büro (AB), 185, 202Arabist(s), xviiin4, 11, 45n19, 139,

140Arab News Bureau, 109Arab ‘street,’ 35, 64, 106Archaeology, archaeologist(s), 9, 16,

29n64, 34, 96, 167n34, 241n42, 249

303 INDEX

ArchivesBritish, xiv, 192German, 185, 192US, 194, 227

Area Liaison Officer (ALO), xv, 4, 39, 66, 105, 117, 118, 126, 128, 129, 137–139, 143, 149n56, 196, 205

Armavir, 192Armenia, Armenian(s), 76, 85, 102,

121, 140, 142, 162, 202, 216n68Armistice, xvii, xixn9, 37, 64, 68, 74,

77, 79, 83, 127, 130, 132, 133, 141, 152

Armoured car(s)‘Tatanagar,’ 115

Arrest(s), 20, 75, 83, 84, 123, 129, 152, 163, 190, 195, 198, 199, 201, 202, 223, 254

Asia, 32, 195, 211n32, 246Al-Askari, Bakr Sidqi, 191Asolo, 10, 251As-Said, Nuri (Nuri Pasha), 35, 71,

75, 89n23, 106, 134, 227, 243n60, 247, 254

Assassination, xi, 18, 54, 191As-Sharara (The Spark), 74Assistant Defence Security Officer

(ADSO), 4, 128, 155, 160Assistant Political Advisor (APA), 4,

66, 67, 105, 112n29, 138Assyrian(s), xi, 84–86, 121, 140, 142,

160, 230, 231, 235, 254, 255Assyrian Levies, see Royal Air Force

(RAF)Asymmetrical warfare, 253Athens, 158, 191Atrocities, 72, 77, 85, 254Auslands amt, 57n3, 148n44Auslandsnachrichtendienst, see

Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA VI

Australasia, 32, 48Austria, Austrian(s), 28n53, 35,

88n15, 185, 208n7, 217n76, 221, 229, 242n47, 252

Auswärtiges Amt, 44n16, 48, 57n3

Aviation fuel, 52, 54, 60n16Axis, xv, xviiin4, 33, 34, 40, 50, 52,

72–74, 76, 83–85, 96, 99, 107, 120, 128, 132, 135, 162–164, 184, 193, 195, 197, 200, 225, 233, 234

Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, 112n30, 140

BBabacan, Zahra, 202Bad Elster, 183Baden-Powell, Robert S.S. (Lord

Baden-Powell), 5–7, 115Baghdad, Baghdadi(s)

ex-pat opinions of, 9insane asylum, 223

Baghdad Railway, 154, 218n82Bahoshy, Robert, 197, 198Bahrein, 117, 128, 192Bahri, Younis, 33, 85Baker Street, see Special Operations

Executive (SOE)Bakos, Louis, 197, 198Balfour Declaration, 253, 255Balkans, 17, 106, 107, 186, 191, 192,

203, 204, 235, 254Bandar Abbas, 161, 162, 167n32Bandar Shahpur, 128Barbados, 251Al-Barzani, Mustafa (Mulla Mustafa),

86Al-Barzanji, Mahmud (Sheikh

Mahmud), 86, 141, 186, 187, 196

304 INDEX

Basra, xvii, 37, 50, 66, 68, 79, 85, 100, 117, 118, 126, 128, 134, 152, 153, 160, 161, 192–194, 198, 201, 202

Bathgate, Paul, 100Bavaria, 183Bayer, A.G., 34, 44n16Bedaux, Charles E., 192, 193,

211–212n33, 213n41Bedouin, 170, 171, 174, 175, 205,

226Belgian Congo, 96Bell, Gertrude, 11, 25n28, 87n11, 97,

149n57, 220Benisilauya, 188Bentivegni, Franz Eccard von, 252,

259n23Berlin, 18, 21, 28n56, 29n67, 32, 37,

52, 57n3, 85, 94, 97, 135, 181, 182, 184–186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 202, 204, 205, 210n22, 223, 227, 252

Berlin, Isaiah, 2Betjeman, John, 2Bishop, Herbert Francis ‘Adrian,’ 1, 17Bletchley Park, 28n53, 196, 219Boer War, 6, 115Bologna, 10Bolsheviks, 76Bombing, 41, 55, 87n10, 192‘Bonzo(s),’ 69Border(s), see Frontier(s)Bowra, C. Maurice, 2, 18, 28n53,

29n64, 94, 248Brady, John, 39Braham, Noel, 35Bribery, 71, 97, 99, 106, 108Brigade intelligence officer, 170British Army, 127, 145n12, 164,

178n6See also Formations and units

(Allied)

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 42

British Commonwealth, 234British Council, 71, 142British Empire, 255British military mission, 41, 143British Security Intelligence Liaison

Officer (BSILO), 164, 168n40British Security Mission (BSM),

159Broadway Buildings, 175Bronze Star Medal (BSM), 236Bruce-Mitford, see Mitford, Terence

Bruce‘Brylcreem boys,’ 32Bulgaria, 185, 191Bullard, Reader, 7, 121, 257n6Bülow, Bernhard von, 206Bundestag (West German parliament),

253Burma, 53, 234Bushire, 66, 162Byelorussia, 122

CCabinet minister(s), 33, 71, 132,

225Cairo, xiv, 3, 4, 13, 16, 19–21, 23n10,

28n63, 54, 60n23, 68–71, 81, 83, 95, 96, 98–104, 106, 108, 109, 111n29, 113n45, 116, 120, 130, 137, 140, 152, 155, 156, 168n40, 175, 177, 220, 224–226, 228, 230, 232–235, 240n27, 247

California, 220Cambridge spies, 255Camouflage, 3, 6, 96Camp(s), 36, 45n29, 84, 139, 183,

184, 208n3, 223Canada, 9

305 INDEX

Canaris, Wilhelm, 48, 52, 57n3, 59n10, 148n44, 195, 203, 248, 252, 259n22

Cape of Good Hope, 162, 194Caporetto, 10Card index, carding, 123Cartographer, cartography, 11, 12, 20Caucasus, 5, 84, 85, 122, 135, 206Cawthorn, Walter ‘Bill,’ 20Cell system, 70Censorship, 84, 119, 122, 127, 156,

258n14Central Asia, 246Centre d’Examination des Voyageurs

(CEV), 155, 165–166n11Chaldean(s), 230Chamberlain, Neville, 36Chapman, A.J.B. ‘John,’ 39, 97,

100–104, 108, 258n14Chekhovian, 247China, Chinese, 75, 234Christian Democrat, 253Christianity, 70Christ’s Hospital, 66Churchill, Winston S., xvi, 7, 16, 54,

231, 234Cipher(s), see Code(s)Clark, T.H., 155Clayton, Iltyd, 20, 22, 88n15, 140Clearing-house (for communications),

xiv, 120, 127, 137, 146n21, 220, 232

Clive, Nigel, xiii, 16, 98, 116, 175, 247–250

Code(s), 124, 156, 159, 186, 190, 196, 211n27, 225, 238n7

Codebreaker(s), 2Codenames, see CryptonymsCode numbers, 177Colonial administrator(s), 152, 256Colonialism, xiiColonial Office (CO), 174

Middle East Department, 174Colt machine guns, 53Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq

and Persia (CICI)censorship section, 127charter, xiv, 56, 118–120, 123, 137frontier-control section, 122, 127,

153, 158port-security section, 122, 127,

128, 152records section (registry), 122, 123,

130, 131T&P section, 122, 138, 139visa-control section, 122, 126

Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre (CSDIC), Maadi, 190

Communism, communist(s), 5, 70, 73–77, 82, 86, 142, 143, 176, 177, 182

Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL), 154–158, 160

Concentration camp(s), 182, 208n3, 259n22

Dachau, 83, 182, 208n3, 223Contact agents, 50Contopoulos, Lazaros, 191Convoy(s), 161, 236Cornwall, 10, 250Cornwallis, Kinahan ‘Ken,’ 8, 15, 16,

22, 27n47, 37–42, 56, 63, 66–68, 71, 79, 83, 89n38, 95–97, 105, 106, 111n25, 112n29, 120, 138–140, 149n57, 176, 247, 248

Corriere d’Italia, 81Counterintelligence (CI), xii, xiii, xv,

32, 56, 120, 137, 138, 144, 164, 177, 178, 195, 197, 200, 211n31, 219, 220, 222, 225, 232, 237, 256

306 INDEX

Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), 3, 243n61, 244n65

Counterpropaganda, 70, 72Countersabotage, xiii, 96, 137,

149n50, 186, 192Courier(s), 50, 79, 88n15, 101, 154,

155, 158, 199Cousins, 35, 36, 109n6, 188, 221,

227, 230, 233, 235, 236, 245, 247, 249, 257n4, 259n25

Coverblown, 227commercial, 4, 44n16, 220cover-within-cover, 16, 99, 175diplomatic, 3–7, 19, 24n11, 34, 67,

95, 96, 185thin, 231unbreakable, 20, 81, 82

Covert initiative(s), 181, 185, 195Covert role(s), xvii, 10, 90n47, 246Covert space, xii, 4, 21, 146n20, 246,

247, 256Cowardesque, 247Craig, Robert, 220, 230, 232, 233,

236, 238n7, 243n57, 243n59Crawford, Archie S., 225–228, 232,

235Crawford, J. Forrest, 232Crete, 23–24n10, 52, 60n16Crimea, 188Crime prevention, 152Croats, 18Cryptography, 248Cryptonyms

BABYLON, 221BAER, 188BUFFALO, 220BUNNY, 220DOLEFUL, 196IBEX, 220KANGAROO, 220MAKI, 188

PANTHER, 188QUHU, 188RICHARD, 203SEEHUND, 188TEDDY BEAR, 237TIMBER WOLF, 237TIMUR, 228ZULU, 196, 197, 214n50

Cyprus, 250

DDalton, E. Hugh J.N. (Lord Dalton),

97Darband, 94Dawson-Shepherd, Hanbury K.,

xixn12, 66, 72, 105, 106, 116–118, 120, 121, 129–132, 134–136, 142–144, 144n4, 152, 159, 162, 163, 206, 221, 222, 224, 236, 241n39, 248, 250, 253, 258n11, 258n17

Dayton, Arthur R., 220De Chair, Somerset S., 45n23,

145n10, 170De Gaury, Gerald, 35–36, 64Death sentence, 79, 213n38Decrypts

ENIGMA, 196ISK, 195ISOS, 195TRIANGLE, 135, 195ULTRA, 28n53, 178, 219, 237n1,

256Defence Committee, 106, 134Defence Security Office(r)

DSO Iraq, xv, 83, 117, 121, 127, 128, 142, 156, 158, 189, 195, 196, 199–201, 215n60

DSO Persia, xv, 121, 146n25DSO Syria, 200DSO Turkey, 195–197, 199, 200

307 INDEX

Delhi, 69Demolition, 96, 98, 101, 186Department EH, see Electra HouseDeportation, 65, 157Deputy assistant political advisor

(DAPA), 4, 66, 105, 138, 205Deputy director of military intelligence

(DDMI), 20Deputy head of station (SIS), 16Deputy head of station [SIS], 175De Salis, John, 81Desert, 3, 9, 49, 53, 55, 63, 100,

166n21, 170, 171, 174, 205–207, 245, 246, 249

Dessau, 182Deutsche Akademie (Munich), 33Deutsche Volkspartei (DVP), 182Devon, 10Diplomat(s), xiii, 14, 16, 26n37, 35,

64, 66, 88n15, 109, 119, 123, 129, 155, 177, 227, 232, 236, 257n9

Diplomatic bag, 50, 155, 230, 236

Director General of Education [Iraqi], see Al-Jamali, Fadhil

Diyarbakir, 196, 200, 202Documentaries, 19, 194, 207, 248Dollfuss, Engelbert (Chancellor of

Austria), 18Domvile, J. Patrick ‘Pat,’ 3, 24n11,

26n39, 98, 100–104, 106–109, 114n58, 249, 259n17

Donetsk, see StalinoDonor, Walter, see Dayton, Arthur R.Donovan, William J. ‘Wild Bill,’ 220,

221, 237, 238n3, 238n5, 239n8, 239n9, 243n60, 244n63, 252

Double agent, 196Drama, 247, 248Dronero, 10Dropzone, 188, 190, 203

Drower, Margaret S. ‘Peggy,’ 16, 27n46, 248, 249

Druze(s), 11–13DSO, see Defence Security Office(r)Dubois, Art, 237Durrell, Lawrence, 249, 258n14

EEden, Anthony, 37Edmonds, Cecil. J. ‘CJ,’ 66, 67,

139–141, 150n62, 251, 254Edmunds, Francis, 11Education, 5, 10, 11, 33, 71, 76, 78,

133, 134, 141, 245Edwardian, 246Egypt, Egyptian(s), 67–71, 74, 80, 81,

116, 124, 133, 144n4, 179n15, 190, 220, 223, 254

Eisenberg, Werner, 182–186, 193, 196, 198, 207, 207n2, 208n4, 208n6, 209n10

El Alamein, 106, 144n1, 163, 192, 206

Electra House, 15El-Katib, Said, 191Elphinston, William G., 56, 117, 118,

120, 145n10Embassies/legations/consulates

British, xvi, 36–38, 126, 136, 231

German, 33, 34, 96, 134Hungarian, 158Italian, 34, 50, 65Japanese, 158Swiss, 223US, 38, 45n29, 123, 129, 235, 236

Emir of Transjordan, see Abdullah bin al-Hussein

Emissary, emissaries, 80, 82, 122Erbil, 84, 85, 153, 186, 188, 189,

218n81

308 INDEX

Espionage, xiii, 5, 12, 14, 15, 19, 52, 127, 136, 156, 158, 165, 168n40, 177, 184, 185, 188, 190, 195, 197, 198, 200–202, 218n84, 219, 222–226, 232, 233, 237, 246

Estonia(n), 176, 179n15Ethiopia, 124, 125, 147n30Eton College, 22n2, 29n64Euphrates, 101, 171–173European Parliament, 253Europe, European, 2, 7, 8, 12, 17, 18,

32, 34, 50, 53, 77, 78, 82, 83, 116, 143, 157, 164, 195, 221

Evand, D., 153Execution(s), 193, 195, 236, 256Ex-Mufti of Jerusalem, see Al-Husayni,

Mohammed AminExpatriate(s), ex-pat(s), 9, 39, 81,

195, 224, 246, 247, 250, 255Explosives, 100, 102, 194External liaison, 3, 129, 221

FFaisal, Ghazi bin (King of Iraq), 34–36Faisal II (King of Iraq), 35, 98Falluja, 38, 52, 55, 63, 171Fao (al-Faw), 128, 161Far East, 32, 48, 75, 119, 162, 221, 234Farhud (pogrom), 64, 65, 72, 77–79Farrashband, 163Fascist(s), fascism, 2, 5, 35, 37, 42,

52, 68, 74–76, 78–81, 132, 134, 158, 211n30, 245, 246, 252, 255

Faw, 128Faysh Khabur, 160Fellah, Ahmed Humaid, 204–206,

216n74Felmy, Hellmuth, 192, 193, 212n35Ferneinsätze (long-range operations),

184, 194, 216n74

Field commander (SOE), 17, 21, 93–95, 98, 99, 102–104, 108, 109, 171

Field officer(s), 54, 176Field reconnaissance, see

ReconnaissanceField security, xiv, 152Field security officer(s) (FSO), 118,

151, 153, 159–161Field Security Section(s) (Intelligence

Corps)35 FSS, 15371 FSS, 153, 159–161, 166n2572 FSS, 153265 FSS, 153266 FSS, 153281 FSS, 153401 FSS, 153, 159–161, 166n25402 FSS, 153, 159403 FSS, 153, 159404 FSS, 153, 159405 FSS, 153406 FSS, 153407 FSS, 153408 FSS, 153

Field Security Wing (FSW), 151, 152

Fifth column, 55, 65, 73, 75, 93Fikri, Gaydan, 200–202Film(s), 36, 225, 247, 257n5Finland, 185First World War, xii, 6, 7, 66, 174Flanders, 17, 179n15, 248Flashing lights, 162Fleet Street, 251Fleming, Ian, 23n5, 88n16, 221Fleming, Peter, 69, 88n16Foreign Office (FO), 3, 14, 15, 19,

38, 41, 42, 54, 56, 88n15, 89n38, 96, 104–107, 113n44, 116, 118–120, 132, 138, 225, 229, 236, 238n5

309 INDEX

Foreign Office policy (see Policy)Political Intelligence Department

(PID), 15, 19Formations and units (Allied)

8th Army, 70, 144n1, 15310th Army, 96, 101, 112n35, 116,

119, 137, 138, 19210th Indian Division, 37, 5013th Lancers, IA, 259n2118th Indian Infantry Brigade,

115114th/117th Mahrattas, IA, 118Arab Legion Desert Force, 171,

173, 174Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS),

249Corps of Guides (Cavalry), IA, 115,

146n19DUNSTERFORCE, 27n50G(R), 5, 54General Staff Intelligence (GSI),

131, 137, 149n50, 164GHQ India, 56, 121, 125GHQ Middle East, 54GHQ PAIFORCE, 139, 166n20HABFORCE, xvi, 37, 42, 58n9,

171, 173, 174, 205Home Guard, 18Indian Army Reserve of Officers

(IARO), 102Intelligence Corps (see Field Security

Section(s))IRAQFORCE, 37Jewish Infantry Brigade Group

(‘Jewish Brigade’), 83Jewish Parachutists of Mandate

Palestine, 83KINGCOL, 37, 52, 79, 89n38,

170, 171, 246Life Guards, 171, 174, 178n3M(R), 5MERCOL, 205

Middle East Command (MEC), xiv, 5, 102

Pacific Gulf Command (PGC), 237Persia and Iraq Command (PAIC),

xiv, 5, 102, 103, 121Persia and Iraq Force (PAIFORCE),

xiv–xvi, 4, 65, 66, 103, 106, 119, 123, 128, 129, 131, 152, 153, 161, 164, 166n28, 199, 203, 233, 237, 241n39

Pioneer Corps, 83Poona Horse, IA, 117RAF units and formations (see Royal

Air Force (RAF))Royal Army Service Corps (RASC),

249Royal Artillery, 174Royal Engineers, 154, 174Special Air Service (SAS), 26n37,

164, 167n34Wellington Cadet College, IA, 115

Formations and units (Axis)6th Army, 193845 Deutsch-Arabische Infanterie-

Bataillon (see Formations and units (Axis), Deutsch-Arabische Legion (DAL))

Afrika Korps, 53Deutsch-Arabische Legion (DAL),

192, 204, 213n38, 217n76, 217n77

Gartenfeld Squadron, 203Oberkommando der Wehrmacht

(OKW), 148n44Seekriegsleitung (SKL), 186,

193–194Sonderstab F (Felmy), 192Waffen-SS, 135, 192, 254, 260n26Wehrmachtführungsstab, 183Wüstensonderverband 287 (see

Formations and units (Axis), Sonderstab F (Felmy))

310 INDEX

France, French, 10, 11, 18, 27n49, 28n53, 43n5, 122, 142, 154, 155, 184, 191, 208n4, 254

Frascati, 204Free French, 155Free Polish

Field security sections (FSS), 126–129, 131, 151, 152, 164

liaison, 164military police, 130, 151security forces, 66, 153, 189, 205

Fritze, Hans, 193Frogmen, 194Frontier(s), xv, 56, 65, 86, 126, 127,

129, 153–156, 158–161, 165n11, 166n20, 171, 181, 186, 188, 189, 237

Frontier closure, 159Frontier control, 122, 127, 153, 158Fuel dumps, 55, 194

GAl-Gamabi, Mahmud Salman, 202Gardaneh-ye-Shinak Pass, 186, 188Gare de Baghdad (Aleppo), 155Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali, 36, 37, 47, 49,

52, 57n3, 72, 74, 76–78, 97, 140, 141, 206

Gehrke, Franz, see Grobba, FritzGeneral Officer Commanding (GOC),

118, 120, 142, 237Geneva, 202Geniesse, Jane F., 14, 25n33, 29n64,

257n9Genoa, 10Georgia(n), 132, 243n56German Foreign Office, see Auslands

amt; Auswärtiges AmtGerman Palestinians, 252Germany, German(s), xiv, 4, 32, 48, 64,

96, 121, 154, 170, 181, 219, 247

Gestapo, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), RSHA IV

Giesing, 224Giffey, Anni, 176, 252Giffey, C.K.O. Brian, 175–177,

179n15, 221, 249, 252Giornale d’Italia, 80, 81Givat Brenner, 80, 81Glubb, John B. (Glubb Pasha), 16,

165n2, 170–175, 178n6Glubb’s Girls’ (Arab Legion Desert

Force), see Formations and units (Allied)

Golden Square, 37, 42, 67, 140, 253Götterdämmerung, 207Great Game, 234Great War, see First World WarGreece, Greek(s), 27n49, 81, 158,

164, 175, 191–193, 204, 217n76Grobba, Fritz, xvi, 32, 33, 35, 37,

49–52, 57n4, 59n12, 122, 125, 133, 134, 247

Guerrilla warfare, 54, 172, 235Guide/interpreter, see Interpreter(s)Gulf of Oman, 163, 164Gwynn, E.H., 100

HHabbaniya, see Royal Air Force (RAF),

RAF HabbaniyaHackforth-Jones, Campbell, 136, 249Haddad, Raoul, 222Haganah, 54, 81, 95, 96The Hague, 204, 217n78Haim Nathaniel Transport Company,

79Hall, David, 124, 125Hamburg, 179n15, 249Hamburg-America Line, 194Hamburger, Wilhelm, 195, 199Hamilton Road (Kurdistan), 186

311 INDEX

Hansen, Georg, 52, 59n12Haqqi, Ismail, 199Hard labour, 224Harrington, J.T., 100Harris/Griffiths murders, 4, 94Harry Ransom Centre (HRC), 39,

114n58, 258n15Harstad, 194Hasakah, 191Hashemite(s), 23n5, 32, 134, 142,

254Hassan, Mohammed, 134Hayouoglukoy (al-Ubra), 203Heat, 40, 45n26, 118, 188, 245Hegemony, xii, 219, 248Hejaf, 101Henderson, Loy W., 147n36, 221,

229, 230, 235, 236Herzegovina, 18Hesse, 183Heydrich, Reinhard, 57n3, 248Hill, C.S., 120, 138Himmler, Heinrich, 182, 202, 248Hirszowicz, Lukasz, xivHitler, Adolf, 5, 18, 33, 35, 47–49,

60n16, 74, 75, 96, 125, 182, 184, 206, 209n14, 212n33, 219, 248, 252, 253

Hitler-Jugend (HJ), 33, 78, 122, 133Hizb al-Haras al-Fida’i (Suicide Guard

Party), 72, 79, 133Hizb al-Istiqlal al-Iraqi (Iraqi

Independence Party), 134HMS Hermes, 50Hodgkin, Edward C. ‘Teddy,’ 67, 71,

83, 95, 98, 108, 109, 249, 250, 257n6, 258n14

Hodgkin, Nancy, 258n14Hoff, Hans ‘Doc,’ 210n17, 220–230,

236, 238n7, 240n30, 242n47Hoffmann, Fritz, 188, 189Holme, Christopher, 67, 68, 87n10,

251

Holocaust, xviin2, 82, 257n5Holt, Vyvyan, 12, 13, 16, 66, 107,

119, 177, 248, 251Homosexual, homosexuality, 2,

29n64, 177, 258n9Hope-Gill, Cecil G., 22n4, 45n26, 54,

95, 96, 145n13, 248Hoppé, Frank, 106Hore-Ruthven, Pamela, 16, 27n46,

70, 111n19Hormuz, 53, 161–163Hospital(s), 10, 84, 112n29, 115,

223Household, Geoffrey, 145n14, 152,

153House of Commons, 36Hurr, Emil, 207Al-Husayni, Mohammed Amin

(Ex-Mufti of Jerusalem), 34, 37, 54, 125, 133, 134, 253, 254, 260n26

Al-Hussein, Abdullah bin (Emir of Transjordan), 172, 174, 175

Hyde, Ulrica, see Lloyd, Ulrica ‘Hydie’

IIbsen, Henry, see Hoff, Hans ‘Doc’Ideology, 32, 34, 133, 240n19, 254Ikhwan-al-hurriya (Brotherhood of

Freedom), 67, 69, 70, 82, 87n12, 97

Imperial War Museum (IWM), 91n55, 144n4, 165n2, 209n13, 259n19

Import/export, 45n26, 124, 220India, Indian(s), xv, xvi, xviiin4, 5, 32,

37, 48, 50, 56, 58n9, 65, 66, 69, 86, 115, 116, 119, 121, 124–126, 133, 144n1, 152, 153, 170, 193, 234, 259n21

Indian Army (IA), xv, 100, 110n8, 117, 118, 144n7

See also Formations and units (Allied)

312 INDEX

Indian Ocean, 162, 194Indirect rule, 254Information officer(s), 20, 26n40, 70Intelligence

acquisition, 5, 66, 138, 235air (see Royal Air Force (RAF))all-source (ASI), 149n56analysis, 66collation, 117, 118, 120, 128, 138community, xviiin4, 9, 11, 106,

246, 255coordination, 136, 137distribution, 66, 120, 138economical and financial, 137equilibrium, 219, 234history, xii, xvhuman (HUMINT), 203, 245, 248,

253naval, 23n5, 27n40, 117nonoperational, 121, 136–138,

149n50open-source (OSINT), 24n20,

138operational, xii, 117, 137, 206political (see Tribal and Political

Intelligence (T&P))security (see Security)signals (SIGINT), 135, 248summary, summaries, xvi, 15, 66,

72, 76, 119, 239n7, 250tribal (see Tribal and Political

intelligence (T&P))Intelligence Bureau (IB) (India), xvIntelligence officer(s) (IO), xvii, 13,

19, 22, 98, 118, 144n7, 163, 170, 175, 182, 183, 257n9

Interception of mail, 201Internal security, 42, 79, 86, 127, 129,

143, 159Internment, 50, 73, 79, 84, 132, 134,

170, 198, 204, 215n52, 223Interpreter(s), 51, 188, 197, 223

Interregnum, 37, 47, 67, 72, 74, 76, 97, 98, 132, 133, 141

Interrogation(s), 20, 26n40, 68, 129, 130, 155, 163, 189, 190, 195, 197–199, 205, 206, 224

Inter-Services Liaison Department (ISLD), 5, 96, 107, 130, 131, 137, 149n50, 169, 174, 177, 178, 220, 221, 237, 256

See also MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service)

Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), 76Iraq, Iraqi(s)

air force, 52, 53Antiquities Museum, 34, 87n11, 97army, 4, 34, 38, 49, 64, 65, 67, 73,

100, 102, 118, 122, 134, 143, 192, 196, 254

Civil Censorship (ICC), 119, 127Criminal Investigation Department

(CID), 72, 73, 77, 83, 118, 123, 126, 127, 129, 134, 190, 199, 218n81, 222

defence, xiii, xv, 39, 197, 225education, 33, 133foreign affairs, 38, 40, 4114 July Revolution, 255health, 141, 142internal affairs, xvi, 54Mandatory Iraq, xixn9, 254military mission to Yemen, 134, 247police, 39, 65, 86, 108, 129, 189,

196residence law, 224Royal Medical College (IRMC),

226State Broadcasting Service, 33State Railways (ISR), 160

Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 39, 43n5, 96, 101, 102, 131, 159–160, 171, 232, 233, 243n57

Irgun Zevai Leumi (IZL), 54, 55

313 INDEX

Iron Cross, 182Isfahan, 93Iskenderun, 202Islam, 70Israel, Israeli(s), xi, 80, 83Istabulat, 173Istanbul, 135, 154, 156, 158, 185,

189, 191, 195–200, 202, 206, 224, 247, 248, 252

Italian army, 204Italy, Italian(s), 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19,

26n40, 27n49, 28n53, 34, 43n5, 48, 50–52, 65, 68, 69, 73, 80, 81, 83, 125, 153, 158, 164, 167n34, 170, 176, 184, 204, 209n14, 217n77, 221

Izzard, Molly, 14, 22n2, 23n5, 25n33, 29n64

JJaffa, 83, 124, 250Jakob, Conny, 163Al-Jamali, Fadhil, 33, 148n39Japan, Japanese, xv, 48, 50, 142, 158,

161–163, 167n29, 167n32, 206, 221

Jask, 162, 167n32See also Royal Air Force (RAF), RAF

JaskJazirah, 172, 173Jerusalem, xvi, 29n64, 34, 95, 116,

168n40, 250, 253, 258n14, 260n26

Jew(s), Jewisharmed forces, 81homeland (Jewish state in Palestine),

49Jewish Agency for Palestine (JAFP),

95Jewish Infantry Brigade Group (see

Formations and units (Allied))

Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine (see Formations and units (Allied))

labour movement, 95Jifani, Abdul Hassan Tahir, 204–206Johnson, J.C.A. ‘Johnny,’ 39, 46n31,

100, 112n33Jones, George W., 4, 24n15Jones, J. Frank ‘Jonesy,’ 71, 96, 98,

111n19Jope-Slade, Robert ‘Jope,’ 117, 118Jordan, Julius, 34, 35, 44n15Juma, Mahmud Fawzi, 78

KKaltenbrunner, Ernst, 182, 183, 208n7Kampfgemeinschaft revolutionärer

Nationalsozialisten (KGRNS), 223

Karachi, 53Karradi, Jassim Hussein, 204–206,

216n74, 218n81Kassel, 183Katayib ash Shabab (Regiment of

Youth), 78, 79, 133Keeble, Daphne, 98, 108Kellar, Alexander ‘Alex,’ 166n11, 233,

234, 243n61, 244n62, 244n63, 244n65

Kerbala, 101, 132Kermanshah, 159Ker, William P., 11, 12Khadhimiya, 77, 174Khan, Achat, 196, 198Khanaqin, 128, 129, 148n39, 159Khidir, Shawkat, 199, 200Khorramshahr, 128, 226Khosravi, 153, 159Khuzestan, 110n8, 163, 191Kibbutz, 80, 83King David Hotel (Jerusalem), 250

314 INDEX

King Faisal Bridge, 38Kirkuk, xv, 53, 66, 77, 98, 102, 103,

108, 112n29, 112n35, 129, 153, 198, 232

Kleczkowski, Karl, 195, 199Koch, Fred, 194, 195Kohlhaas, Wilhelm, 51, 52, 56n2Konieczny, Georg, 188, 189, 223Koy Sanjaq, 85, 188Kristallnacht, 77Küçük Büro (Kuchuk Bureau), 200Kurdish expert(s), xviiin4, 39, 66,

101, 139, 140, 232Kurd(s), Kurdish, Kurdistan, xi, xii, xv,

4, 5, 32, 36, 66, 77, 84–86, 89n38, 97, 99–103, 106, 108, 112n31, 118, 121, 128, 129, 139–143, 162, 176, 181, 183, 186–191, 196–198, 200–202, 206, 210n16, 211n27, 211n30, 216n68, 222, 230–235, 237, 254, 255

Kurmis, Martin, 207Kursk, 106Kut, 153Kuwait, 35, 101, 159, 161, 192

LLahousen, Erwin von, 188, 248, 252,

259n23, 259n24Lamb, Harold, 228, 229, 241n44Lancaster, Osbert, 2Land settlement officer, 39, 100Lane, Thomas F., 100Language(s), linguistic skills

Arabic, 9, 10, 12, 22, 25n28, 27n49, 33, 51, 70, 85, 87n7, 90n50, 98, 116, 152, 191, 203, 218n80, 258n14

Farsi, 17, 25n28, 27n49, 223

German, 10, 11, 27n49, 33, 133, 164, 223

Hindi, 8Italian, 10, 11, 16, 21, 27n49Kurdish, 39, 66, 100, 139, 140Russian, 25n28, 112n30, 130, 164Urdu, 8

Laux, Helmut, 51Lawyer(s), 70, 181, 182, 214n45,

223, 225Le Mang, Richard, 223Le Mang, Walther, 223, 224, 240n20Leary, Lewis, 225, 228, 240n28,

241n43, 242n45Lebanon, 11, 76, 220Lebensraum, 207Left, leftist, 71, 75, 77, 83, 103, 134,

136, 176, 182, 223, 237, 240n19, 249, 255

Lehnitz, 204Lend-Lease, 121, 127, 201Leros, 106Levant, Levantine, xvi, 12, 116, 124,

126, 153, 166n21, 176, 186Leverkuehn, Paul, 185, 186, 189,

195–198, 200, 206, 207, 209n14, 214n46, 224, 247, 252

Liaison officer(s), xv, 51, 66, 112n30, 139, 171, 178n3, 184, 188

Libya, 251Lignes Syriennes de Baghdad (LSB),

160Line(s) of communication, 32, 48, 78,

120Line(s) of reinforcement, 48Line(s) of supply, 48, 78Lisbon, 185Lloyd, Seton H.F., 23n5, 29n64,

29n67, 35, 44n19, 63, 67, 71, 87n11, 96–98, 103, 108, 109n6,

315 INDEX

111n23, 113n42, 177, 221, 241n42, 249–251

Lloyd, Ulrica ‘Hydie’ (Ulrica Hyde), 108, 249

London, 7, 8, 10, 16, 19, 21, 54, 95, 97, 100, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111n22, 112n29, 113n44, 116, 120, 138, 175, 176, 179n15, 227, 243n56, 243n60, 243n61, 244n64, 248, 250, 251

Long-range operations, see Ferneinsätze (long-range operations)

Lonsdale, M.R., 98Loos, Roland, 183‘Lord Haw-Haw,’ 33Loud, Gordon, 228, 239n12, 239n14,

239n15, 240n26–28, 241n31, 241n32, 241n34, 241n36, 241n37, 241n40–43, 242n45, 242n49, 242n52, 242n53, 243n58, 244n66–68, 244n73

Luftwaffeaviation fuel, 52Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung

(DAL) (see Formations and units (Axis))

Gartenfeld Squadron (see Formations and units (Axis))

operational range, 52, 55refuelling stops, 203, 216n74

Luristan, Lurs, 4, 140Lyon, Wallace A., 39, 46n31, 100,

101

MMaadi, see Combined Services Detailed

Interrogation Centre (CSDIC), Maadi

Macaulay, Rose, 2

Madfai, Jamil, 65Mafraq, 172Magan, William ‘Bill,’ xiiiMakhmur, 85Malaya, 234Mallett, Donald, 99, 111n29Manchester Guardian, 109, 249Maqil, 153Maritime Commission, 226Marriage(s), 124, 249, 258n9Marxism, Marxist(s), 76, 81–83,

90n47Mary, see SKK (Seekampfkutter)

203Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), 7,

24n23Maunsell, Raymond, 116, 120, 144n4,

146n25, 152, 168n40, 177, 184, 185, 200, 211n24

Maydwell, Charles St George, 100

Mayr, Franz, 163, 190, 210n24, 242n51

McNearnie, Hugh, 99, 111–112n29Mediterranean, 10, 32, 48, 101, 161,

176, 184, 206Mensheviks, 76Mentioned in Despatches (MID), 95,

144n7Mersin, 202Meseritz (Miedzyrzecz), 193Meshahida, 174Mesopotamia(n), 31, 67, 118, 141,

149n57, 179n15, 220Metkovic , 18Meydan Ekbez, 154, 165n11M14 (maps and mapping), 12MI5 (Security Service), xiv, 3, 5,

23n10, 120, 124, 131, 146n25, 171, 177, 233, 244n62, 250

B Branch, 233, 244n62

316 INDEX

MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service)Section D, xiii, 1, 15, 16, 19–21,

23n10, 26n39, 27n45, 61n30, 68, 95, 119, 167n34, 249, 257n8

Section IX, 176, 179n17Subsection Vw (Radio Intelligence

Section), 214n48Vauxhall HQ, 14See also Inter-Services Liaison

Department (ISLD)Middle East, xi–xvi, xviin2, xviin3,

xviiin4, xviiin7, xixn10, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 22, 26n39, 44n11, 44n16, 47, 48, 55, 57n3, 60n23, 69, 88n16, 103–105, 107, 108, 113n44, 116, 119, 121, 127, 130, 132, 135, 137, 143, 149n50, 151, 153, 157, 158, 162, 169, 171, 174–177, 184–186, 191, 192, 194, 196, 200, 203, 206, 207, 208n4, 209n14, 213n36, 220, 225, 228, 230, 233, 234, 240n26, 244n62, 244n73, 246, 248, 250, 253, 254, 257n8

Middle East Centre Archive (MECA), xiii, 45n26, 58n9, 146n19, 150n62, 165n2, 178n4, 179n11

Middle East Defence Committee (MEDC), 137, 149n50

Middle East Intelligence Centre (MEIC), xiv, 13, 19–21

Miedzyrzecz, see Meseritz (Miedzyrzecz)

Militärisches Amt, 183Mil D, 183, 184, 194, 195, 203,

208n4, 208n8Military attaché(s), 12, 13, 110n8,

129, 229, 230, 241n39Millspaugh Mission (Persia), 232,

242n55

Milne, I.I. ‘Tim,’ 18, 260n29Minister of State (Cairo), 137Ministers (to Iraq)

German (see Grobba, Fritz)United States, 229

Ministry of Information (MOI), 3, 15, 16, 19, 21, 26n40, 67, 68, 97, 107, 256

Minority, minorities, 77, 87n2, 121, 140, 141, 149n60, 206, 207n2, 216n68, 230

Missionary, 124, 125, 230, 231, 235, 242n55

Mitford, Terence Bruce, 23n10, 100, 162–164, 167n34, 249

MOFA, see Movements of Foreign Agents

Molotov, V.M., 74Monck-Mason, George E.A.C., 4, 36Montana, 230Moon Palace, The (Qasr al-Qamar),

118Moorehead, Caroline, 14, 25n28,

25n33Morale, 40, 41, 88n17, 152, 204, 228Moscow, 74–76, 176Mossad LeAliyah Bet, 81, 82Mosul, xvii, 36, 46n29, 51, 65, 68,

83, 85, 96, 99, 100, 112n29, 117, 126, 153, 155, 160, 161, 172, 173, 188, 191–193, 196, 197, 203, 205, 211n30, 214n50

Mountaineer, mountaineering, 11‘Mounties’ (Royal Canadian Mounted

Police), 152Movements, 6, 38, 65, 71, 76, 78, 79,

81, 82, 95, 107, 122, 124, 126, 128, 171, 186, 200, 220, 223, 224

Movements of Foreign Agents (MOFA), 123–125, 147n29, 148n39

317 INDEX

Mozambique Channel, 162Muaskar Rashid, 38‘Muddle’ East, 3Mujahideen, 78Mukhtar, Fahridin Muhidin, 199,

200Müller, Gottfried, 186–191, 196, 198,

209–210n16Müller, Hans, 188Mundhiriya, 159Munich, 223, 224Munitions dump(s), 98, 100Murmansk, 76Mushaq, 118Mussolini, Benito, 125, 133, 184, 204Muthanna Club, see Nadi al-Muthanna

NNadi al-Muthanna, 33Nairn Transport Company, 160,

166n21Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh

Del (NKVD), 232, 237Nashdom Abbey, 1Nasret, Su’ad Saadet Fatma, 198, 199National Cooperative Society (NCS),

76Nationalsozialistischer

Rechtswahrerbund (NSRB), 182Naumann, Fritz, 183, 208n6Naval intelligence, 23n5, 27n40Naval power, 48Nazi secrets, 248Nazi(s), Nazism

foreign policy, 47racial policy, 48

Near East, 58n7, 194, 241n42Near East Broadcasting Service

(NEBS), see Sharq al-AdnaNetwork(s), xiv, 17, 34, 71, 81, 103,

108, 120, 139, 152, 153, 158,

167n32, 173, 175, 176, 184, 201, 202, 221, 230, 234

Netzer Sereni, 83Neustift, 229Neutrality, neutral countries, 15, 20,

184, 185, 195New Jersey, 239n9Newton, Basil C., 95, 96, 107, 238n5New Zealand, 112n33, 176Nicolson, Harold, 2, 25n27Nilgiri Hills, 115NKVD, see Narodnyi Kommissariat

Vnutrennikh DelNomad, nomadism, xiii, 11, 17, 220Non-commissioned officer (NCO),

51, 127, 129, 134, 151, 165n9, 191, 194

Normandy, 182North Africa, 3, 53, 57n3, 69, 174,

176, 178n3, 192, 217n77Norway, 194Nuremberg, 252, 254, 260n26Nuri, Taha, 201, 202Nurse, nursing, 4, 10, 11, 41

OOffice of Strategic Services (OSS)

Cairo bureau, 220OSS-SI, 220, 222, 226, 235, 237,

241n42, 243n60; Near East Section, 220, 225

OSS-SO, 233OSS X-2, 195, 220relations with State Department,

226, 230Research and Analysis (R&A),

232Office of the Coordinator of

Information (COI), 220Office of the Surgeon General (SGO),

226

318 INDEX

Official Secrets Act, 250Oil

companies, 43n5, 128, 129, 143denial, 96, 101, 192, 195experts, 51, 194infrastructure, 48, 52, 101, 110n8,

128, 161, 193installations, 96, 121, 128, 161,

193, 239n18oilfield(s), xv, 52, 53, 112n36, 192,

193, 209n16, 258n15pipeline(s), xv, 52, 101, 160, 191,

193pumping stations; H1, 39; H4, 171;

K1, 39refineries, xv, 128, 192tankers, 128, 162wells, 101, 191, 192

Old Etonian, see Eton CollegeOld Haileyburian, 248Old Stoic, see Stowe SchoolOperational space, 13, 14, 17Operations/plans/initiatives (Allied)

COUNTENANCE, 115PLUM, 100WONDERFUL, 192YAK, 69

Operations/plans/initiatives (Axis)Achat Khan, 198ANTON, 203, 206ASLAN, 191BARBAROSSA, 49, 206BASRA, 193Bedaux-Felmy, 192, 207DODGERS, 127, 200, 202FRANZ, 203, 206, 242n51Khidir & Co, 199KINO, 147n34, 194, 195LIBERATORS, 127, 196, 197, 199,

223, 224MAMMUT, 136, 158, 183,

187–191, 196–198, 203, 206, 207, 209n15, 223, 239n18

Nasret, 198, 199OMAR, 198REISERNTE, 147n34, 193Robert College, 197RUVANDIZ-SCHLUCHT, 186SMUDGERS, 202TEL AFAR, 202–205, 216n74, 253

Orientalism, orientalist(s), xviiin4, 66, 98

Oriental secretary, 22, 66, 95, 96, 107, 145n13, 177

Oster, Hans, 248, 252, 259n22Other ranks (ORs), xv, 4, 106, 162Ottoman, 66, 97, 118, 122, 133, 141,

200, 220Oybin, 202, 204

PPahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah of

Persia), 98Palestine, Palestinian(s), xii, 21, 34,

36, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57n3, 61n30, 71, 77, 79, 81–83, 96, 107, 116, 121, 124, 125, 133, 142, 170, 171, 175, 203–205, 220, 225, 234, 249, 253, 259n17, 259n25

Palestine Police, 55, 116, 117Pan-Arabism, pan-Arab(ist), xii, 2, 33,

34, 36, 44n13, 47, 48, 67, 78, 134, 141, 142, 206, 254

Papen, Franz von (ex-chancellor of Austria), 185, 209n14, 247

Parachute drop, see Aerial insertionParachutist(s), 83, 136, 190, 203,

205, 211n27, 223, 253Paris, 9, 10, 182Passport control, 126Pearl Harbor, 220Penrose, Stephen B.L. ‘Binks,’

220–222, 224–228, 230, 231, 235, 236, 240n30, 240n31, 242n53, 243n60

319 INDEX

Perowne, Stewart, xiii, xviiin6, xxi, 16, 20, 23n5, 27n45, 64, 67–71, 96, 97, 104, 119, 131, 136, 145n15, 146n19, 176, 177, 247–249, 251, 258n9, 259n18

Persia (Iran), xiii–xvii, xixn10, 4, 5, 12, 17, 20, 24n13, 37, 48, 50, 55, 56, 60n23, 61n27, 67, 85, 86, 93, 94, 99, 101–103, 107, 112n31, 115, 116, 121, 126, 128, 131, 140, 146n22, 146n25, 146n26, 148n39, 152, 153, 155, 159–162, 164, 172, 179n15, 182, 186, 192, 198, 206, 220, 222, 224, 229–232, 236, 237, 242n51, 242n54, 249, 256, 257n6

Persian Azerbaijan, 112n30, 231, 234Persian Gulf, xv, 48, 50, 128, 147n34,

161–163, 176, 193, 194, 201Persian (s), xv, 2, 17, 50, 59n15, 65,

77, 86, 100, 110n8, 129, 140, 159, 161, 167n29, 167n36, 168n39, 181, 186, 191, 192, 223, 231, 232, 237, 242n53, 252

Persuasion, 23n5, 68–71Peshmerga (Kurdish irregulars), 86Philby, H.A.R. ‘Kim,’ 18, 24n24, 176,

247, 258n11Philby, Harry St John, 9, 25n24Philip, Aidan L.B., 3, 26n39, 71, 83,

95, 98, 99, 102–104, 113n42, 177, 248–250, 257n8, 258n14, 258n15

Photographer, photography, 1, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25n33, 51

Piekenbrock, Hans ‘Heinz,’ 252, 259n23

Plan(s), planner(s), planning officer(s), 3, 4, 31, 35, 51–53, 99–102, 104, 105, 107, 185–189, 191–194, 198, 207, 209n15, 210n16, 216n74, 225, 226, 228, 235, 244n63

Poland, Pole(s), Polish, 4, 35, 36, 41, 77, 88n15, 124, 130, 164, 168n40, 193, 259n23

PolicyForeign Office policy, 56, 105, 120,

132, 140, 225, 236SOE-PWE Policy Committee, 106

Polish-Jewish soldiers, 130Political adviser (PA), xvii, 4, 66, 71,

110n8, 119, 120, 138–140, 149n56, 162, 251, 254

Political Advisory Staff (PAS), 66, 119Political intelligence, see Tribal and

political intelligence (T&P)Political Intelligence Bureau (PIB)

[India], 131Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 5,

23n5, 103, 104, 107, 256Pollock, George, 55, 61n30, 95Port security, 128, 152

PSO Shatt al-Arab, 128Portugal, 185Postoccupational, xv, 96, 98, 100,

102, 104, 107, 112n36Postwar, xiii, 14, 71, 76, 107, 129,

130, 135, 142, 146n25, 147n37, 150n65, 229, 233, 234, 236, 237, 239n16, 253

Pouch, see Diplomatic bagPreoccupational, 96, 102, 104, 206Presbyterian, 230Press officer, 67Prison-camp, 152Prisoner(s) of war (POW), 68, 69, 81,

88n15, 183, 190, 218n84Privilege, 8, 155Pro-Axis, 65, 73, 84, 102, 132,

135Pro-German, see Pro-Nazi(s)Pro-Nazi(s), 32, 33, 35, 44n13, 50,

65, 73, 74, 78, 84, 85, 91n52, 93, 98, 131, 132, 134, 148n39, 163, 187, 192, 199, 243n60

320 INDEX

Propagandablack, 19, 23n5, 26n39, 28n58,

60n23, 67, 68, 96, 97, 105, 146n15

communist, 75German (Nazi), 33, 34, 43n8, 52,

64, 65grey, 28n58, 103oral, 69, 106–108radio, 52, 104, 119white, 19, 28n58, 51, 68, 97,

103–105, 119Propagandist, propaganda officer, xiii,

2, 4, 23n5, 34, 60n23, 67, 68, 229

Prussia, 184Public Information Office (PIO), 96,

119Publicity, 23n5, 28n58, 51, 68,

87n12, 99, 104, 119, 120Public relations, 67, 68, 119, 131,

142, 177Public school(s), 7, 248

QQaiyara, 153Qashgai tribe (Persia), 93, 162Qassim, Bay, 196, 197, 199Quinan, Edward P., 56Quwwat al-Sab’awi al-Wataniya

(Sabawi Nationalist Force), 78

RRace/racism, 140Radio Berlin, 97Radio communications, see Wireless

telegraphy (W/T)Railway security, 153Ramadi, 35, 159Ramzi, Rashid, 188–191, 197

Ranfurly, Hermione (Countess of Ranfurly), 16, 27n46

Ranks, xv, xvi, 15, 21, 57n3, 65, 76, 130, 138, 144n7, 145n12, 182

Rasul, Khalil, 204–206, 216n74, 217n76

Rayat, 188Raziel, David, 54, 55, 61n26Rebels, 41, 46n29, 56, 65, 68, 133,

172, 174Reconnaissance, 5, 25n34, 26n36, 41,

115, 152, 163, 164, 174, 189Red Army, 76, 122, 232Red assimilation, 82Red Sea, 101Regent of Iraq, see Abdulillah of

Hejaz, Emir (Regent of Iraq)Regional administrator(s), 234Regional commander (SOE), 102Registry, see Combined Intelligence

Centre Iraq and Persia (CICI), records section (registry)

Rehovot, 80Reichert, Franz, 203Reichert, Hugo Ernst, 203Reichsmarine, 194Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)

RSHA IV (secret police [Gestapo]), 252

RSHA VI (foreign intelligence), 57n3, 135, 148n44, 163, 186, 189–191, 194, 196, 203, 206, 207, 219, 242n51, 253

RSHA Amt Mil (successor to Abw II) (see Militärisches Amt)

Reit-im-Winkl, 183Rhodes, 51, 216n74Rhodes scholarship, 252, 257n4Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 48, 51,

57n3Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, 74Richardson, Leonard, 108, 109

321 INDEX

Road reports, 222Robert College (Istanbul), 197, 211n24Roberts, Douglas, 200Roberts, John, 106Robinson, Gerald, 152Rogers, T.E., 162Roman Catholic clergy, 69Rome, 80, 204Rommel, Erwin, 53, 135Roosevelt, Archibald B. ‘Archie,’ 227,

237, 241n39Rowanduz, 32, 85, 101, 159, 186,

188Royal Air Force (RAF)

Air Officer Commanding (AOC), 13, 37, 118

Assyrian Levies, 32, 99, 112n29chief intelligence officer (CIO),

131‘I’ Branch (air intelligence), 98,

117, 120, 123, 131No. 4 FTS, 37RAF Habbaniya, 37, 43n7, 50–52,

55, 116, 117, 170, 171RAF Jask, 161RAF Shaiba, 153RAF Volunteer Reserve, 116

Royal Flying Corps (RFC), 37Royal Geographical Society (RGS),

18Royal Haditha Hunt, 247Royal Indian Navy, 162Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital

(RNOH), 250Royal Navy, 50, 53, 200Russell, L.F.P. ‘Pat,’ 259n21Russian Front, 59n10, 193, 207, 252,

259n23Russia/Russian(s), see Soviet, Soviet

UnionRutbah, 171Ryan, Edward P.J., 116, 144–145n7

SSabawi, Yunis, 78, 79, 123,

133Sabotage, saboteur(s), sabotage

officer(s), xiii, 2, 4, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57n3, 60n23, 65, 78, 79, 81, 86, 88n15, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 107, 128, 135, 136, 158, 171, 177, 181, 186, 188, 191–194, 196, 204, 206, 217n78, 239n18, 256

Safwat, Ismail, 134Said, Edward, xii, xviiin4Said, Fahmi, 38Said, Saif-ud-Din, 134Salt mines, 162Samarra, 173Samawah, 153Sana’a, 20, 21Sargon, Arthur, 118, 145n12,

259n17Satia, Priya, xii, xviin3, 105Saudi Arabia, 126, 161, 171, 175,

192, 220, 234Saxony, 183, 202Scaife, Christopher H.O., 71Schein und Wirklichkeit, 47Schellenberg, Walter, 148n44, 182,

218n82, 248Schools, 7, 33, 59n10, 76, 79, 98,

122, 133, 143, 198, 217n78, 228, 248

Schuback, Kurt, 207Schulze-Holthus, Berthold, 163Scotland, Scots, Scottish, xviiin6, 12,

35, 116, 167n34, 248Scouting operation, see ReconnaissanceScout(s), 5–7, 9–12, 15, 18, 20, 21,

28n53, 79, 115, 220, 251Searches, 129, 152, 155, 156,

201Second British Occupation, xvi

322 INDEX

Second World War, xii–xiv, xvi, xixn10, 1, 3, 15, 17, 28n63, 43n5, 44n12, 117, 120, 121, 153, 171, 175, 207, 248, 255

Secret ink, 196, 199, 201, 215n60Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), see

MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service)Section D, see MI6 (Secret Intelligence

Service)Security

authorities, 77, 126, 127, 190equilibrium, 219, 234forces, 66, 189, 205measures, xvisecurity control officer (SCO/

SCOPG), 128, 153security intelligence, xiv, xv, 3, 66,

72, 74, 76, 116, 117, 120, 122, 138, 142, 144, 149n50, 164, 237

security officer (SO), 2, 84, 124, 129, 162, 164, 165n2

situation, 84, 121, 122, 135, 142, 143, 158

zones, 152Security Intelligence Middle East

(SIME), xiv–xvi, 105, 116, 120, 121, 123, 126, 137, 144n4, 146n21, 146n25, 152, 155, 156, 164, 166n28, 177, 178, 184, 196, 198, 200, 206, 211n24, 235, 239n16, 244n65, 256

Security Service, see MI5 (Security Service)

Selassie, Haile (emperor of Ethiopia), 125

Self-determination, 255Serbs, 18, 254Serdab, 98, 111n24, 118Sereni, Enzo, 80–83, 90n44, 90n47Shahraban (Miqdadiyah), 200, 201

Shaiba, 153See also Royal Air Force (RAF),

ShaibaShammar tribe (Jazirah), 172, 173Sharq al-Adna, 83, 250, 258n14Shatt al-Arab, 86, 128, 152, 161–163,

191, 193, 194Shavuot, 77Shawkat, Hamdi, 132Shawkat, Naji, 132, 133Shawkat, Saib, 33, 35, 91n52,

132–134Shawkat, Sami, 75, 132–134Sheikh(s), 66, 186Shemiran, 94, 95Shepheard’s Hotel (Cairo), 4Sherifian(s), 87n2, 143Shia, xi, 36, 77, 87n2, 103, 108, 121,

140–142, 254Shipping, 48, 161, 162, 164, 167n32,

193, 194, 226, 255Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 57n3, 148n44,

203Siege, xvi, 32, 37, 38, 40–42, 45n26,

131, 250Sikh(s), xxiSikorski, Władysław, 98Simferopol, 188Simmons, Frederic, see Sereni,

EnzoSinai, 192Sinderson, Harry ‘Sinbad,’ 35, 41,

248Sinjar, 159, 204Six, see MI6 (Secret Intelligence

Service)SKK (Seekampfkutter) 203, 194Skorzeny, Otto, 78, 183, 208n8,

218n82Sleeping-car staff, 154, 155Smart, Harry G. ‘Reggie,’ 37Smith, A.L., 249, 257n6

323 INDEX

Smuggler(s), smuggling, 55, 86, 101, 156, 160, 162, 165, 189, 196, 200, 202, 232

Social class, 245, 255Socialism, socialist(s), 76,

80–82Social set (the Baghdad Set), 16, 17,

63, 83, 98, 144n4, 176, 245, 246, 248–256, 257n9

SOE charter, 107, 119Sofia, 191Solel Boneh, 81South Africa, 6, 221South Gate, 16, 22, 26n39, 67, 83,

93–109, 113n42, 118, 131, 247, 249, 258n14

Soviet-occupied zone (northern Persia), 85, 86, 230–232, 237

Soviet political interestexpansionism, xiiin Iraq, 222in Persia, 222

Soviet, Soviet Union, xii, xv, 5, 48, 59n10, 73–76, 81, 82, 85, 86, 96, 98, 108, 112n30, 115, 121, 122, 128, 135, 143, 164, 176, 177, 179n15, 192, 207, 208n3, 218n84, 219, 222, 231, 232, 234, 237, 242n55, 259n23

Spain, 185Special forces, 52, 54, 59n10, 192,

248Special Operations Executive (SOE)

G-2 Plans, 104HQ (Baker Street), 97, 104SO1, 5, 15, 95SO2, 5, 95SOE–PWE Policy Committee

(see policy)Spencer, E.L. ‘Joe,’ 121, 135,

146n25, 152Spyscape, 120, 146n20, 247

Spy, spies, xv, 2, 6, 7, 11, 24n18, 59n10, 79, 93, 177, 223, 224, 250, 255

Stalin, Josef, 48, 74, 75, 232Stalingrad, 106, 135, 164, 188,

192–194, 206Stalino (Donetsk), 192Stark, Flora (mother of Freya Stark),

10, 12Stark, Freya, xi, xiii, xviiin6, 1–3,

9–11, 31, 63, 93, 119, 177, 187, 246

Stark, Robert (father of Freya Stark), 9State Department, 129, 221,

226–230, 240n31Staybehind (agent(s)), 100Steptoe, Harry N., 176, 177, 179n17St Margaret’s Church (Westminster),

249Stockholm, 185Stonehewer-Bird, Hugh, 47Stowe School, 116Strange, Roy, 80Strasser, Georg, 223Strasser, Otto, 223Strategic analysis, 222Strategic location (of Iraq), 108, 143Student(s), 33, 70, 78, 79, 195, 197,

199, 243n56Submarine(s), xv, 26n40, 68, 70,

161–164, 191Subversion, 34, 60n23, 65, 69, 95,

98, 132, 135, 163, 181, 206Sudan, 152Suez, Suez Canal, 3, 48, 135, 161,

162Šufflay, Milan, 18Sulaymaniyah, 39, 117Suleiman, Nadjat, 196Sunni, xi, 36, 108, 121, 140, 254Surveillance, 72, 82, 134, 152, 156,

161, 195, 199–202

324 INDEX

Sweden, 185Switzerland, 185Sykes, Christopher, xiii, 16, 21,

26n37, 60n23, 68, 83Syrian Sureté, 158Syria, Syrian(s), 12, 13, 34, 36, 37,

49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 65, 72, 73, 76, 79, 83, 84, 126, 133, 142, 153–155, 157–161, 165n11, 167n34, 174, 181, 188, 191, 200, 204, 220, 222

Système d’ensablement (Bedaux sanding-up technique), 192

TTabriz, 112n30, 232, 242n55, 243n56Taji, 174T&P, see Tribal and political

intelligenceTank transporters, 249Taurus Express, 153–157, 160,

165n8, 199Taurus Mountains, 100, 162Teachers, 33, 34, 74, 76, 79, 84, 133,

142Tehran, xv, 7, 22, 26n37, 59n15,

60n16, 60n23, 76, 93–95, 102–104, 110n8, 121, 127, 135, 146n25, 163, 168n40, 190, 224, 230–232, 237, 241n44, 249, 257n8

Tel Afar, 202–205, 216n74, 216n75, 217n79, 253

See also Operations/plans/initiatives (Axis)

Television, 37, 247, 248Tel Kotchek, 153–155, 157–161,

166n25Tel Ziouane, 153Tennant, Christopher G. (Lord

Glenconner), 101

Terrain analysis, 222Terrorism, terrorist(s), 50, 107, 196,

253, 259n25Third Reich, 78, 248Thomas Cook & Son (travel agency),

160Thompson, Geoffrey, 108, 109Thornhill, Cudbert, 16, 20, 27n44,

68, 69, 80, 81, 83, 88n15Tigris, 36, 39, 97, 118, 170, 173,

188, 247, 252Tilley, Edmund, 190, 209n15,

210n20, 210–211n24, 239n18The Times, 167n34, 251Tirpitzufer, 182, 184Topography, topographical, 12, 19,

126, 139, 252Torino, 10Toughs, 54, 55, 78, 88n17, 103,

144n7, 167n34Toulmin, John G., 220, 244n72Transcaspia, 192Transcaucasia, 4, 192Transjordan, 57n3, 161, 170–172,

174, 175, 178n6, 220Travel permit(s), 72Trevor-Roper, Hugh (Baron Dacre of

Glanton), 196, 214n48Trial(s), xi, 72, 197, 202, 206,

214n51, 225, 254Tribal and political intelligence

(T&P), xvii, 117, 119, 120, 122, 138, 139, 141, 142, 149n57

Tribal dress, 190Tribal territory, 152, 163, 188Tribe(s), tribesmen, xv, 4, 32, 34, 78,

93, 100, 101, 103, 109n5, 139, 141, 162, 163, 172–174, 187, 226, 231–233

Trieste, 10Trott zu Solz, Adam von, 247, 257n4

325 INDEX

Tunnat, Heinz, 207Turkey, Turkish, Turks

Turkish police, 200Turkish secret service(s), 200

Turning point, 106, 135Typhus, 10, 228, 229Tyrolean Alps, 252

UUkraine, Ukrainian, 122, 237Umm Qasr, 161Underwood, H. John, 94, 95, 102,

110n8Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR), see Soviet, Soviet UnionUnited Kingdom, 166n27, 178n7United Kingdom Commercial

Corporation (UKCC), 131, 160United States of America, 53, 128,

147n36, 212n33, 216n68, 219, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 237, 239n8, 239n16, 244n63, 248

UniversitiesAmerican University of Beirut

(AUB), 220, 227, 228, 236Berlin, 223Cambridge, 7Columbia, 227, 228Halle, 223Ivy League, 239n9Leipzig, 223London; Bedford College, 10;

School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 24n22, 112n29, 243n56

Oxford; Balliol College, 249; Christ Church College, 175; St Antony’s College, xiii, 8, 58n9, 136, 165n2; Wadham College, 2, 248

Rome, 80

Rutgers, 239n9Texas, xviiin6, 39Vienna, 18, 27n48, 203, 208n7,

223, 224, 227–229, 242n47; Neurologisch-Psychiatrische Universitäts-Klinik, 229

Upton, Joe, 231, 232, 242n54US Army Air Force (USAAF), 227US citizenship, 226, 229US commercial interests, 147n37,

233, 234US Department of State, see State

DepartmentUS military intelligence (G2), 3,

148n38, 227US Steel, 220, 239n8Ustinov, Jona ‘Klop’ (Baron Ustinov),

124Ustinov, Peter, 124

VV-Day (Victory in Europe Day), 232Venice, 10Ventimiglia, 10Vermehren, Erich, 195, 197, 199,

247, 252Vetting, 126, 131, 132Vichy French, 55Victorian, 45n26, 246Vienna, 18, 27n48, 203, 208n7, 223,

224, 227–229Vilayet(s), 66, 141Virkow, V., 100, 112n30Visa control, 122, 126Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD), 10

WWagner, Hans-Otto, 182, 184–186,

193, 194, 207, 207n2, 208n4Wahbi, Sabhi, 84, 91n52

326 INDEX

Waldegrave Initiative, xiiiWar Censor’s Office, 11War crimes, war criminal(s), 142,

212n35, 254, 259n23Warne, Calvin, see Allen, Thomas B.W.

‘Tom’War Office (WO), 13, 128Washington, 57n3, 130, 220,

225–228, 232, 237, 239n8, 241n42, 252

Wavell, Archibald ‘Archie’ (Field Marshal Earl Wavell), xiv, 69

Wehrmacht (German armed forces), 49, 122, 135, 148n44, 181, 182, 186, 203, 204, 209n16, 212n35, 217n76

Weimar Republic, 21Werwolf organization, 78West Africa, 194West Country, 250Western Desert, 53, 70West Indies, 119, 251, 259n18Whispering, 2, 97, 106White, Dick, 177, 178Whitehall, 15, 175White House, 227Wilde, Oscar, 21Wilkins, J.T., 129Williams, L.F. Rushbrook, 19, 97Wilson, Henry Maitland ‘Jumbo’

(Field Marshal Lord Wilson of Libya), xiv, 16, 19, 102, 105, 106, 247

Wilson, Patrick Maitland, xiiiWilsonian self-determination,

255Windsor, Duke and Duchess of, 192Wireless telegraphy (W/T), 101, 102,

107, 158, 177, 185, 188, 191, 198, 204, 211n27, 230

Wolfson, W., 200

Wood, E.K. ‘Chokra,’ 66, 87n6, 103, 115, 116, 118–123, 125–127, 129, 131, 132, 134–138, 144, 146n19, 152, 161–163, 166n28, 168n40, 206, 221–224, 226, 235, 236, 240n30, 250, 259n17

Woolf, Virginia, 2Wordsworth, Robin, 152Wright, Ed, 237W/T (radio) set(s), 4, 100, 188, 190,

196, 197, 205, 224Wünsdorf, 184, 209n12

YYahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din

(Imam of Yemen), 27n41Yemen, 20, 68, 134Yezidi(s), xi, 85, 102, 140, 230,

254Youth(s), 33, 45n26, 78, 79, 122,

133, 143Yugoslavia, 18, 204, 217n76, 224,

235Yusuf, Mustafa, 200–202

ZZaehner, R.C. ‘Robin,’ 3, 24n11,

26n37, 95, 237, 243n56Zagros Mountains, 100, 103, 189,

231Zainal, Mudhaffar, 199, 200Zakho, 159, 161, 166n25Zarbatiya, 159Zionism, Zionist(s), xii, 2, 77, 79–82,

86, 90n47, 95, 142, 143, 206, 229, 233, 253

Zossen, 184, 185Zuhur Palace, 36